7423

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Higher Education

Umm Al Qura University
Faculty of Applied Sciences for Girls
Department of Mathematics
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A thesis Submitted
by
Sharefa Eisa Ali Al-Hazmi
The Department of Mathematics
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Philosophy Doctorate in Sciences
Applied Mathematics
(Elasticity and Numerical Analysis)
Supervised by
Prof. Mohamed Abdella Ahmed Abdou
Professor of Applied Mathematics-Department of Mathematical
Sciences-Faculty of Applied Sciences Umm Al-Qura University
and
Dr. Fatheah Ahmed Al-Hendi
Associative Professor of pure Mathematics-Girls Colleges of
Education-King Abdu-Alaziz University

1430 AH 2009 AD
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

The thesis contains an introduction, five chapters, including (91) references, tables, appendix and
arabic summary.
Chapter one: contains the basic fundamental equations in the thermoelasticity, in the
presence of the heat, the displacement technique in one dimensional problem of cylindrical solid
bodies due to axi-symmetric temperature is discussed. Numerical results and discussions for the
thermal and radial stresses are considered.
Chapter two: is divided into six sections, we describe the fundamental problem for
nonlinear viscoelastic martial of a cylinder bar of elliptic cross section, where we obtain a
nonlinear Volterra integral equation of the second kind with weakly kernel. Moreover, we prove
the existence of a unique solutions by using Picard's method and Banach fixed point theorem.
Chapter three: is divided into five sections. We developed the Toeplitz matrix and the
product Nystrm methods to obtain numerically the solution of the nonlinear Volterra integral
equation. Also, the errors of the two methods are analyzed. Then, we prove the existence of a
unique solution of the nonlinear algebraic system. Also, we discussed the equivalence and the
convergence of error for each method. Finally, we obtained numerical results, when the kernel
takes a logarithmic form and Carleman function.
Chapter four: is divided into eight sections. We deduce a mixed integral equation from
plane strain problem when the medium material contains a crack on one of the interface, under
certain conditions. Then, by using Banach fixed point theorem, the existence of a unique solution
is discussed. The general solution represented as a product of weight function and unknown
function which represents as a series of special orthogonal polynomials, depending on the value
of index K of the integral equation. When 0 K = , we use Gauss-Jacobi formula, and for 1 K = ,
we use Gauss- Chebyshev formula of the first kind. Finally, for 1 K = , we use Gauss-
Chebyshev formula of the second kind. Moreover, we use the Toeplitz matrix and the product
Nystrm methods. Also, some different applications and numerical results are obtained.
Chapter five: divided into nine sections. The integro-differential equation in the
presence of time is established from a planar geometry problem of one-dimensional of the
neutron transport. Also, we used Banach fixed point theorem, to prove the existence of a unique
solution. Then, we use a numerical method obtain a system in one dimensional. Moreover, the
general solution of the linear system of first- order of differential equation is obtained with the
aid of properties of Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials. Also, the Sumudu transform and the
Trazaska's method are used to transform the linear system of first- order differential equation
into the linear algebraic system of the angular flux function. Finally, we presented some
applications to solve our problem numerically and we discussed the results.


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a
Contents
Nomenclatures
General Introduction i-vi
1 Analysis and Numerical Treatments for Problem of Solid Hollow Circular
Cylinder in the Presence of Heat....... 1
1.1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Basic Concepts of Problems.................................................................................. 2
1.2.1: Plane Stress and Strain.................................................................................... 2
1.2.2: The Equilibrium Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates........................ 2
1.2.3: The Generalized Hook's Law.................................................................. 4
1.2.4: Compatibility Equation of Strain in the Cartesian Coordinates 6
1.2.5: Compatibility Equation in Polar Coordinate with Thermal Strain....... 6
1.3. Displacement Technique in One Dimensional Problem............................. 8
1.4. Numerical Results.................................................................................................. 15
2 Problem of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material of Bar and the Nonlinear
Volterra Integral Equation.......... 30
2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 30
2.2. Fundamental Equations of Elasticity in Three Dimensional in Presence
Time............................................................................................................................. 31
2.3. The Statement of the Viscoelastic Nonlinear Material Problem................. 34
2.4. The Solution of the Problem in the Form of Nonlinear Integral Equation.. 37
b
2.5. The Volterra Integral Equation.............................................................................. 40
2.6. The Existence of a Unique Solution of the Nonlinear Volterra Integral
Equation..................................................................................................................... 41
2.6.1: Picard Method............................................................................................... 42
2.6.2: The Banach Fixed Point Theorem............................................................ 45
3 Some Numerical Methods for Solving the Nonlinear Volterra Integral
Equation with Weakly Kernels...... 48
3.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 48
3.2. Numerical Methods for Solving the Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equation
with Weakly Kernels................................................................................. 50
3.2.1: The Toeplitz Matrix Method................................................................. 50
3.2.2: The Product Nystrm Method.................................................................. 52
3.3. The Error Analysis.................................................................................................. 55
3.3.1: The Integral Equation of the Error.......................................................... 56
3.3.2: The Continuity and the Normality of the Integral Operator of Error. 56
3.4. The Nonlinear Algebraic Systems....................................................................... 58
3.4.1: The Existence of a Unique Solution for Nonlinear Algebraic of the
Toeplitz Matrix........... 58
3.4.2 : The Equivalence Between the Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equation
and the Nonlinear Algebraic System of the Toeplitz Matrix.............. 63
3.4.3 : The Existence of a Unique Solution of the Nonlinear Algebraic
System of the Product Nystrm Method.................................................. 65
c
3.4.4 : The Equivalence Between the Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equation
and the Nonlinear Algebraic System of the Product Nystrm.... 69
3.5. Applications and Discussions................................................................................ 70
3.6. The Conclusions...................................................................................................... 108
4 Some Different Numerical Methods for Treating the Surface Cracks in
Finite Layers of Materials..... 110
4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 110
4.2. Formulation of the Problem................................................................................ 113
4.3. The Existence of a Unique Solution of the Mixed Integral Equation....... 120
4.4. The System of Fredholm Integral Equations.................................................. 123
4.5. The Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution of the System of Fredholm
Integral Equations................................................................................................... 125
4.6. The Numerical Methods for Solving Fredholm Integral Equation of First
Kind....... 128
4.6.1: Gauss-Jacobi Polynomials Integration "Formula K= 0".............. 130
4.6.2 : Gauss-Chebyshev Polynomials Integration "Formula K =1"... 137
4.6.3 : Gauss-Chebyshev Polynomials Integration "Formula K = -1".... 138
4.7. The Numerical Methods for Solving Fredholm Integral Equations of the
Second Kind.......................................................................................................... 140
4.7.1: Solution by Jacobi Polynomials Integration........... 140
4.7.2 : The Toeplitz Matrix Method................................................................... 144
4.7.3 : The Product Nystrm Method................................................................ 145
d
4.8. Applications and Discussions............................................................................. 146
5 The Neutron Transport Equation and Integro-Differential Equation.. 179
5.1. Back Ground and Introduction........................................................................... 179
5.2. The Formulation of the Problem........................................................................ 182
5.3. The Existence of a Unique Solution of the Integro-Differential Equation 185
5.4. The System of Integro-Differential Equations................................................ 188
5.4.1: The Existence of a Unique Solution of the System of the Integro-
Differential Equation.................................................................................. 189
5.5. Error Analysis of Quadrature Method.........,,.................................................... 192
5.5.1: The Integro-Differential Equation of the Error........ 193
5.5.2: The Continuity and the Normality of the Integral Operator of the
Error...... 194
5.5.3: Convergence of the Quadrature Method....... 195
5.6. The Method Solution of the Integro-Differential Equation............ 196
5.7. The Sumudu Transform and the First- Order of Differential Equation... 200
5.8. Applications and Discussions......... 203
5.9. Conclusions........................................................................................................... 218
Appendices
A.1: Definitions.......................................................................................................... 219
A.2 : .................................................................................................................. 220
A.2-1 : The Torque Function................................................................................... 220
A.2-2 : Polyurethane Material............................................................................... 223
e
A.2-3 : Fiberglass Material............,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,....................................................... 224
A.3 : .......................................................................................................,,,........ 226
A.3-1 : Elasticity Equations in Terms of Displacement................................... 226
A.3-2 : Definitions of Jacobi's Polynomials and other relations.................... 226
A.3-3 : Definitions of Chebyshev polynomials and other relations............. 228
A.4 : .................................................................................................................. 230
A.4-1 : Some Properties and Relations for the Legendre Polynomials....... 230
A.4-2 : The Sumudu Transform............................................................................ 231
A.4-3 : The Trzaska#s Method............................................................................... 236
References.. 242
Arabic Summary

i
General Introduction

A body is called elastic if it returns to it's original shape upon the
removal of applied forces. All bodies exhibit elastic behavior under
sufficiently small loads. The mathematical analysis of elastic behavior of
a solid body is called the theory of elasticity.
The first name to be linked with the history of the theory of elasticity
is Galileo [1564-1642]. The theory of elasticity embraces a wide field of
phenomena. It contains the theory of heat conduction and the theory of
stresses and strains due to the flow of heat, when coupling of temperature
and strain fields occurs. The elasticity makes it possible to determine the
stresses produced by the temperature field. Moreover, to calculate the
distribution of temperature due to the action of internal forces which vary
with the time.
The elasticity may be defined as the property of returning back to the
original shape and size for some bodies after removing the forces causing
deformation, deals with the study of the behavior of deformable bodies. It
is often assumed in this theory that the body is homogeneous, perfectly
elastic. Worth mentioning, theory of elasticity is the fundamental reference
for all researchers in different areas of analytic engineering, because it
consists of all items of modern structural engineering, also we derive from
it all rules of strain and deformation, and by the use of it we describe most
of the dynamic phenomena, core of solid mechanics, various areas , such as
engineering structural mechanics, materials science, geophysics and others.
A problem in the theory elasticity is completely solved, when the
displacement has been found in all points in the plane.
We have to illustrate that the linear elasticity or (the first order elasticity)
is the ability of a material to not be deformed under the effect of certain
forces. But the nonlinear elasticity or (second order elasticity) is the ability
of a material to be deformed under the effect of certain forces.

ii
displacement has been found in all points in the plane, where we apply the
principle equations of the theory of elasticity on the problem as
1-The equilibrium equations

,
0
i ij j
F + = , ( ) , , , i j x y z = . (1)
2-The generalized Hook's law (The stress-strain relations)
2
ij ij ij
e e = + ,
xx yy zz
e e e e = + + , ( ) , , , i j x y z = . (2)
3-The compatibility equations

, , , ,
0
ij kl kl ij ik jl jl ik
e e e e + = , , , , , , i j k l x y z = . (3)
4- Boundary Conditions
( , , ) ( , , )
i ij j
T x y z x y z
= , , , , i j x y z = . (4)
The rapid development of computer science has aroused the
considerable interest of researches for the development of universal
numerical methods for discussing and obtaining the solutions of the
problems in the theory of elasticity with its different kinds. To solve the
problems in the elasticity domain, thermoelasticity and viscoelasticity, we
can use one of the following methods:
(1) Inverse method.
(2) Semi inverse method.
(3) Potential theory method.
(4) Betti's method.
(5) Integral equation methods.
(6) Numerical methods.
(7) Integral transformation method.
(8) Complex variable method.
In this thesis, we concerned our attention for the IE methods and numerical
methods. i.e. the domain of the thesis contains elastic problems of some
different kinds, IEs and it's solution and different numerical methods. The
thesis consists of (248) pages, including (91) references. Also, it contains
an introduction, five chapters, tables, appendix and arabic summary.
Chapter one is divided into four sections. In section one, the works
of some famous authors in the plane theory of elasticity are stated. In
section two, the basic fundamental equations in the thermoelasticity theory
iii
in cylindrical coordinates are considered. These fundamental equations
contain the following: the plane of the strain and stress, the equilibrium
equations in cylindrical coordinates, generalized Hook's law, compatibility
equations in rectangular coordinates. Also, we discuss the compatibility
equations in polar coordinates, in presence of the external forces and
thermal strain. In section three, the displacement technique in one
dimensional problem of cylindrical solid bodies due to axi-symmetric
temperature is discussed. Also, many special cases of this problem are
discussed. In section four, numerical results and discussions for the
thermal and radial stresses of hollow cylinder material are considered when
the Young's module and Poisson coefficient take different values.
Chapter two is divided into six sections. In section one, we state
some of the works of famous authors, in the two dimensional problem in
the theory of elasticity, before the advent of computer. Also the works of
some authors, in the recent years are considered, in the end of this section,
we stated the formulation problem for the nonlinear viscoelastic material.
In section two, we considered four basic fundamental equations in the
presence of time, beside the moment equation, for the fundamental model
of elasticity. In section three, we describe the fundamental problem for
nonlinear viscoelastic martial of a cylinder bar of elliptic cross section, in
the absence of the external forces. In section four, we reduce the nonlinear
viscoelastic problem that described in section three to a NVIE of the
second kind with weakly kernel. In section five, we establish special cases
from the NVIE of the second kind. In section six, many theorems and
lemmas are establish to prove the existence of a unique solutions of the
NVIE of the second kind using Picard's method and Banach fixed point
theorem.
Chapter three is concerned to discuss the numerical solution of the
NVIE using two famous methods. So, it is divided into five sections. In
section one, we written introduction contains some different methods to
obtain the solution of the NVIE, numerically. In section two, we
developed the Toeplitz matrix and the product Nystrm methods to obtain
numerically the solution of the NVIE with weakly kernels. In section
three, some definitions and theorems for the error analysis of the two
iv
methods are stated and proved. Also, we prove that, the NIE of the error
has a unique solution. Moreover, we prove that the integral operator of the
error is continuous and contraction operator. In section four, after using
the Toeplitz matrix and product Nystrm methods, the NVIE transform into
a NAS. Then, for each method, we derive some definitions and theorems,
to prove the existence of a unique solution of the NAS. Also, we discussed
the equivalence between the NVIE and the NAS, for each method, and we
proved the convergence of error. In section five, we derive numerical
results for the L(N)VIE when the kernel takes a logarithmic form and
Carleman function, using Toeplitz matrix method, and product Nystrm
method. These numerical results are obtained after considering some
materials which may be viscoelastic and nonlinear material or viscoelastic
only. Also, more informations for these numerical methods are given in
detail.
The new in this chapter, is the development of the Toeplitz matrix
and the product Nystrm methods to solve the NIE.
Chapter four is concerned to study the treatment of the cracks in
finite layers of materials in the presence of time. This kind of problems
leads to mixed IE (F-VIE) in position and time, where the term of
Fredholm, with Cauchy kernel is considered in position, while the Volterra
integral term in time. This chapter is divided into eight sections. In section
one, the importance of solving the crack problems considered, and some
famous papers, in this domain, are stated. All previous authors, in this
domain, neglected the time. For this, we consider the problem of crack in
the presence of time. In section two, we deduce our mixed IE from plane
strain problem when the medium material contains a crack on one of the
interface. Therefore, we derive a mixed IE from the four fundamental
equations in the theory of elasticity, under certain conditions, and by using
Fourier integral transform. In section three, by using Banach fixed point
theorem, the existence of a unique solution of the mixed IE is discussed
and proved. In section four, we use a numerical method to transform the
mixed IE to a linear system of FIEs of the second kind. In section five, the
existence of a unique solution of the linear system of FIEs, is discussed and
proved, using Banach fixed point theorem. In section six, we presented the
v
principal procedures of the solution method of our problem where the
general solution represented as a product of the weight function in the
unknown function which represents a series of special orthogonal
polynomials. Then, we use the orthogonal polynomials method to solve the
linear system of FIEs of the first kind with Cauchy kernel, using the
orthogonal polynomials, depending on the value of index K of the IE. For
example, when 0 K = , we use Gauss-Jacobi formula, and for 1 K = , we
use Gauss- Chebyshev formula of the first kind. Finally, for 1 K = , we
use Gauss- Chebyshev formula of the second kind. In section seven, we
discuss the solution of the linear system of FIEs of the second kind with
Cauchy kernel numerically, using three different methods. The first
method, we use the Jacobi orthogonal polynomials for the index 0 K = .
Then, we discuss, as special, the results when the index 1 K = and 1 K = .
Moreover, in the later of this section, we use the Toeplitz matrix and the
product Nystrm methods to discuss the solution of the crack problem
numerically. In section eight, some different applications and numerical
results are obtained. Also, many special cases are derived, and general
conclusions are given.
The new in this chapter is, introducing the time [0, ], t T T < to
IE with Cauchy kernel to obtain a mixed IE with two separately kernels,
one of them depends on position and the other on time.
Chapter five is concerned to discuss the solution of an I-DE with
continuous kernel. The I-DE is established from the nuclear transport
equation which is a linearized derivative of the equation developed by
Boltzmann for the kinetic theory of gases. This chapter is divided into
nine sections. In section one, back ground of the importance of neutron
transport equation is written in detail. Also, general introduction of some
methods for solving the neutron transport equation is represented. In
section two, the basic equation and boundary conditions for the
formulation of the problem are stated, then the I-DE in the presence of time
is established from a planar geometry problem of one-dimensional of the
neutron transport equation in the space
2
([ 1,1] [0, ]) [0, ] L a C T ,T < ,
and some special cases are derived and considered. In section three, we
used Banach fixed point theorem, under certain conditions, to prove the
vi
existence of a unique solution of the mixed I-DE. In section four, we use a
numerical method to divide the time interval [0, ], T T < , and obtain
a system of I-DEs in one dimensional in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) L a .
Therefore, by using Banach fixed point theorem, under certain conditions,
the existence of a unique solution of this system are proved. In section
five, we analyzed the error, where we represent the error function as
a mixed I-DE, then, the continuity and normality of the integral operator
for the error function, are considered, in the space
2
([ 1,1] [0, ]) [0, ] L a C T ,
T <
. Also, the convergence of the quadrature
method is proved. In section six, we prove some properties for Chebyshev
and Legendre polynomials, and then the general solution of the linear
system of first- order of differential equation is obtained with the aid of
properties of Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials. In section seven, the
Sumudu transform and the Trzaska's method are used to transform the
linear system of first- order differential equation into the LAS of the
angular flux (unknown) function. In section eight, we presented some
applications to solve our problem numerically and we discussed the results.


Analysis and Numerical Treatments for Problemof
Solid Hollow Circular Cylinder in the Presenceof Heat

1.1. I ntroduction:
The growth of the theory of elasticity proceeded for the synthesis of
solutions of special problems; see Sokolnikoff [1]. The first attempt to
deduce general equations of equilibrium of elastic solids was made by
Navier [2]. They contained only one elastic constant. Cauchy gave
a formulation of the linear theory of elasticity that remained virtually
unchanged to the present day, see Muskhelishvili [3].
displacement has been found in all points in the plane. Different methods
are established to solve the produced integral equations, which investigated
from the mixed problems in the theory of elasticity.
In this chapter, we apply the principle equations of the theory of
elasticity on a solid of hollow circular cylinder with an inner radius a and
an outer radius b situated in the axi-symmetric temperature field. Also, the
relation between the strain and stress (Hooks low) in polar coordinates are
written, using the Poisson and Young coefficients, in terms of radius
displacement adding to change of temperature where is the
thermoelasticity coefficient of material and
0 0
, T T T is the constant
heat. Also, using the Hook's low of the problem in the equilibrium equation
in r-direction, we obtain an ordinary differential equation which is
completely solved. Therefore, we represent the formula of stresses
component and the radial displacement of a hollow circular cylinder, with
an inner radius a and outer radius b in the presence of temperature ( ) r .
Moreover, under some boundaries conditions on the heat equations, we
obtain some formulas of radial displacement and components of stresses of
radius r for plane stress and strain, and many special cases are derived.
Finally, we analysis and discuss the numerical results that obtained from
the calculation values of the non-dimensional axial stresses

, , rr zz
!
corresponding to different values of radius r and
b
a
(the ratio of an outer
radius b and inner radius a). The result of this chapter is accepted for
publication in the J. Calc. Soc. (2008), under the title "Analysis and
Numerical Treatments for Problem of a Solid of a Hollow Circular
Cylinder Bodies in the Presence of Heat".
1.2. Basic Concepts of Problems :
1.2.1. PlaneStress and Strain (see Dugdale [4]) :
1- A plane stress problem is consider as one in which the stress in the
z-direction is the same at all points in the xy plane. However, this stress
may be reduced to zero by superimposing a suitable uniform stress
zz
,
i.e. a plane stress problem as one in which
zz
is everywhere zero.
2- A plane strain means that all planes initially normal to z-axis remains
normal to it's self after deformation. Also, a plane strain problem could be
taken as one in which the strain in the z-direction is the same at all points in
the xy plane. However, by super imposing a suitable uniform stress
zz
this
strain may be reduced to zero, while the additional strains and
displacements in the x and y directions may be easily calculated. Therefore,
plane strains are taken to be zero strain in the z-direction.
1.2.2. TheEquilibriumEquation in Cylindrical Coordinates :
Let an infinite small element (abcd) of elastic martial, which
corresponding to centre angle and has the lengths of sides are
, ab cd r ad r and ( ) bc r r + .

c
r

r d
x
z
y

a
b
o
"

rr

Fig. (1-1)
Consider the two perpendicular axis, one of them in the direction of
r and the other in the direction of , and the thick of element in direction
(oz) is the unit. Also, assume that the components of the volume force are
F
and
r
F .
In absence of the acceleration, and by analyzing the forces acting on the
element (abcd) in r and directions respectively, see Nowacki [5], we get
( )
rr r
rr rr r r
r r r r r r
r

_ _
+ + + +

, ,

0
2 2
r
r r F r r
_
+ +

,
. (1.2.1)
and

2 2
r
r r
r r r r

_ _
+ + + +

, ,

( ) 0
r
r r
r r r r F r r r
r

_
+ + + +

,
. (1.2.2)
Since is very small, we will neglect the terms of third degree in and
o
r
r
r
r

+

r
r

+

rr
rr
r
r

r
r

y
x

#
r , so Eqs. (1.2.1) and (1.2.2) reduce to

rr r
rr rr rr r r
r r r r r r r r
r

+ + + +

0
2
r
r
F r r

+ ,

2
2
r
r r
r r r r r
r

_
+ + + +

,

0
r
r r F r r r

+ .
Then, the equilibrium equations in r and -directions, respectively, are
1
0
rr rr r
r
F r r
r r r

1
+ + +
1

]
, (1.2.3)

1 2
0
r
r
F r r
r r r

1
+ + +
1

]
. (1.2.4)
Since 0 r , then dividing Eqs. (1.2.3) and (1.2.4) by r r , we get

1
0
rr rr r
r
F
r r r

+ + +

, (1.2.5)

1 2
0

+ + +

r
r
F
r r r
. (1.2.6)
The formulas (1.2.5) and (1.2.6) are called the equilibrium equations in
cylindrical coordinates.
If we consider the equilibrium equations, in the absence of volume
force, in r- direction and assume that stresses are functions of r only, then,
the one dimensional equilibrium equation in the radial direction in
cylindrical coordinates ) , , ( z r is
0

+
rr rr
d
dr r
. (1.2.7)
1.2.3. TheGeneralized Hook's Law :
The stress-strain relations for the elastic body are defined as the generalized
Hook's law (see Nowacki [5]) as:
2
ij ij ij
e e + , ( ) , , , i j r z , (1.2.8)
where e , the principal strain, is given by

rr zz
e e e e
+ + .
$
Here, the coefficients and are called the Lames constants. The
Hook's law can be written in terms of Young constant E , and Poisson
coefficient , where 0 1 < < , in the form

1
,
1
ij ij ij rr zz
e

+ 1
+ +
1
+
]
, (1.2.9)
where is the principle stress and the Kronecker delta
ij
is defined as

0 if
1 if
ij
i j
i j
'
. (1.2.10)
The strain components
ij
e
, in (1.2.8), are defined in terms of the
displacements ( , , ), ( , , )
r
u r z u r z
and ( , , )
z
u r z as the following:

1
, , ,
r r z
rr zz
u u u u
e e e
r r r z

+

1 1
,
2

_
+

,
r
r
u u u
e
r r r

1 1
,
2

_
+

,
z
z
u u
e
r z

1
2
r z
rz
u u
e
z r
_
+

,
,
, ,
r r z z rz zr
e e e e e e

. (1.2.11)
In our problem, we will write the strain and stress components in
terms of Young ( E ) and Poisson ( ) coefficients. Hence the generalized
Hook's law for plane problems in a cylindrical coordinate due to axi-
symmetric temperature field is
( )
1
rr rr
e c
E

+ ,
1
r r
e

,
( )
1
rr
e c
E

+ , (1.2.12)
while the components of stress can be written in terms of strain in
cylindrical coordinates as
( )
2
(1 ) (1 )
(1 )

1 + + + +
]
rr
E
e e c ,
1
r r
e

+
,
( )
2
(1 ) (1 )
(1 )
rr rr
E
e e c
1 + + + +
]
. (1.2.13)
Here, is change from the reference temperature
0 0
, T T T is a constant
heat, T is the thermal), and is called the thermoelasticity coefficient of
the materials and G is shear module. Also, we define the following
%

2
for plane strain for plane strain
, 1 1
for plane stress for plane stress
E
E
E

' '

( )
0
for plane strain 1 for plane strain
,
0 for plane stress
for plane stress

+

' '

c (1.2.14)
1.2.4.TheCompatibility Equation of Strain in theCartesian Coordinates
In the plane elasticity problems, three components of strain are
derived form two components of displacement. So, it might be expected
that the distribution of strain in the body will be restricted in some way.
The expressions of the components of strain is (see Dugdal [4])

( )
ij , , ,
1
, , , x, y,z
2 x
i
i j j i i j
j
u
e u u u i j
, (1.2.15)
or in Cartesian coordinates, we get

x
xx
u
e
x
,
y
yy
u
e
y
,
z
zz
u
e
z
,
y
x
xy
1
2 y x
u
u
e
_
+

,
,

x z
xz
1
2 z x
u u
e
_
+

,
,
y
z
yz
1
2 z y
u
u
e
_
+

,
. (1.2.16)
From Eq. (1.2.16), we deduce that

2 2
2
yy xy
xx
2 2
2 0
x y
e e
e
y x

+

. (1.2.17)
The formula (1.2.17) is called the compatibility equation of strain in
Cartesian coordinates.
1.2.5. Compatibility Equation in Polar CoordinateWith Thermal Strain :
In stress plane, the components of stress with the ( ) , r axes at any
chosen point can be evaluated in the form (see Dugdal [4]).
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1
, ,
rr
F r Q r
r r r

_
+ +

,
,
( )
( )
2
2
,
,
F r
Q r
r
,
( ) ( )
2
2
, , 1 1
r
F r F r
r r r

, (1.2.18)
where F is a stress ( Airy) function and Q is a body force potential.
If the temperature, at an element, is raised to a value T measured above
&
some initial datum temperature, the fractional elongation is T . The
additional amount of strain product by stress is unchanged. In this aim, we
can write the strain components in the presence of temperature as
( )
1
rr rr
e T
E

+ ,
( )
1
r r
e
E

+
, ( )
1
rr
e T
E

+ . (1.2.19)
Since
x
2 2
2 2
r

,
y
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
r r r

+

,
2 2
2
1 1
x y r r r

, (1.2.20)
therefore, we can write the compatibility equation (1.2.17) in the polar
coordinates as:

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 0
rr r
e e e
r r r r r r r

_ _
+ +

, ,
. (1.2.21)
Using (1.2.19) in (1.2.21), we get
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
rr rr
T T
r r r E r E

_ 1 1
+ + + +

1 1

] ]
,

( )
2
2
1 1 1
2 0
r
r r r E

+ _
+

,
. (1.2.22)
By substituting (1.2.18) into (1.2.22), and then multiplying the result by E ,
we follow
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1
F F F
Q Q
r r r r r r r r r r

1 _ _ _
+ + + + +
1

, , ,
]
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 F F F F F
Q Q
r r r r r r r r

1 _ _
+ + + +
1

, ,
]

2 2
2 2 2
1 1
0

_
+ + +

,
E T
r r r
. (1.2.23)
The formula (1.2.23) can be adapted in the form
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
F F F
r r r r r r r r r r r r

_ _ _ _ _
+ + + +

, , , , ,
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 F Q
r r r r r r r

_ 1
+ + + +
1

, ]

'
2 2
2 2
1 1
0 E T
r r r ! r
1
+ + +
1

]
. (1.2.24)
The previous equation, after some algebraic relations, takes the form
( )
2
1 F Q E T ,
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
r r r r
_
+ +

,
. (1.2.25)
The formula (1.2.25) is called the generalized Airy equation.
1.3. Displacement Techniquein OneDimensional Problem:
In this section, we treat one dimensional problem of cylindrical
bodies due to axi-symmetric temperature fields in order to demonstrate
how to use the solution techniques and to compare the various techniques.
If the displacement u as a functions of r only, then Eq. (1.2.11) takes
the form

( )
, , 0
rr r
u r du
e e e
dr r

. (1.3.1)
By using Eq. (1.3.1) in (1.2.13), the components of stress are

( ) ( )
2
1 1
1
rr
E du u
c
dr r

1
+ + + +
1
]
, 0

r
,
( ) ( )
2
1 1
1
1
+ + + +
1
]
E du u
c
dr r
, (1.3.2)
where u is the radial displacement. Then by using (1.3.2) in (1.2.7), we
have
( )
2
2 2
1
d u du u d
r
dr dr r dr

1
+ +
1
]
. (1.3.3)
The previous formula (1.3.3) can be written as
( ) ( )
1
1
d d d
ru
dr r dr dr

1
+
1
]
. (1.3.4)
The formula (1.3.4) represents an ordinary differential equation and its
general solution can be obtained in the form

( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
1 + + +
r
c
u r r rdr c r
r r
, (1.3.5)
where
1
c and
2
c are the constants of integrations will be determined from
the boundary conditions of the given problem.
(
The stress components of the axial symmetric cylinder, after using (1.3.5)
in (1.3.2), become
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
2
1 2 2
1 1
rr
r
E E Ec
r r dr c c
r r
+ +
+
, 0
r
,
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
2
1 2 2
1 1
r
E E Ec
r r dr E r c c
r r

+ + +
+
. (1.3.6)
Also, the components of strain will take the form :

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 2
1
1

+
_
+ + +

,
rr
r
c
e r rdr c r
r r
, 0
r
e

,
( )
( )
2
1 2 2
1
+
_
+ +

,
r
c
e r rdr c
r r
. (1.3.7)
Now, we will consider several important cases:
Case (1): Consider a hollow circular cylinder with an inner radius a and an
outer radius b with general study of temperature. The boundary conditions
take the form
0 at , and
rr
r a r b . (1.3.8)
Using conditions (1.3.8) in the first formula of (1.3.6), we can determine
the two constants
1
c and
2
c in the form

( )
( )
1 2 2
1

b
a
c r rdr c
b a
,
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1

b
a
a
c r rdr
b a
. (1.3.9)
Inserting (1.3.9) in (1.3.6), we obtain the stress components as the
following
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
r b
rr
a a
r a
E r r dr r r dr
r r b a

1
+ 1
1
]

,
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
( )
+ 1
1
]

r b
a a
r a
E r r dr r r dr r
r r b a
,
( ) ( )
0 2 2
0, for plane stress
2
, for plane strain,
1
b
zz
a
E
r r dr r E
b a
_
'
+

(1.3.10)
)
where
( )
zz rr zz
Ee
+ + .
Also, the radial displacement is
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
1 1 1
1
1

1
_
+ + + 1

+
1 ,
]

r b
a a
a
u r r dr r r r dr cr
r r b a
. (1.3.11)
The two formulas of (1.3.10) and (1.3.11) determine the stress
components and the radial displacement of a hollow cylinder with an inner
radius a and outer radius b in the presence of a temperature ( ) r .
To determine the axial strain
0
, for plane strain, we use the condition that
the axial force is vanishes i.e.
2 0
b
zz
a
rdr
. (1.3.12)
Substitute from the third formula of (1.3.10) into (1.3.12), on noting that
the first integral will be vanished, we obtain
( )
0 2 2
2

b
a
r r dr
b a
. (1.3.13)
The relation (1.3.13) means that the axial strain depends on the value of the
given temperature. Hence, for plane strain, with constant axial strain
0 zz
e , the axial stress and the radial displacement are
( ) ( )
2 2
2
,
1
_

,

b
zz
a
E
r r dr r
b a

( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1 1 1 3
( )
1 1
r b
a a
a
u r r r dr r r r dr
r b a r

1 _ +
_ _
+ +
1
+
, ,
,
]

. (1.3.14)
Finally, we deduce that
(i) For plane stress , the radial displacement and components of stress
for a hollow circular cylinder (thin hollow circular disk) are given by
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1 1
1
1

1 _
_
+ + +
1
+
,
,
]

r b
a a
a
u r r dr r r r dr
r b a r
. (1.3.15-a)
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
r b
rr
a a
r a
E r r dr r r dr
r r b a

1
+ 1
1
]

, 0
r
. (1.3.15-b)

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1

1
+
+ 1
1
]

r b
a a
r a
E r r dr r r dr r
r r b a
, 0
zz
. (1.3.15-c)
ii) For plane strain (long hollow circular cylinder), we have
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
0 2 2
1 1 1
1 2 , 0
1
1 1 1 1 3
,
1 1
r b
zz
a a
r b
zz
a a
a
r r dr r r r dr e
r b a r
u
a
r r dr r r r dr e
r b a r

1 +
_ _
+ +
' ;
1

, ,
]

'

1 + _ _ _
+ +
' ;
1
+
, , ,
]

( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
1
+ 1

1
]

r b
rr
a a
E r a
r r dr r r dr
r r b a
,
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
1
1
+
+ 1

1
]

r b
a a
E r a
r r dr r r dr r
r r b a
, 0
r
,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 2 2
2
, 0
1
2
,
1
b
zz
a
zz
b
zz
a
E
r r dr r e
b a
E
r r dr r e
b a

_

,
'
_
. (1.3.16)
The above solutions for radial displacement and stresses are valid for both
steady and transient temperature field in the hollow circular cylinder.

Case (2): If the temperature heat satisfies the boundary conditions

( )
( )
on
on
a a
b b
dT
h T T r a
dr
dT
h T T r b
dr
'
, (1.3.17)
where T is the initial temperature,
a
T and
b
T are the temperature of the
surrounding media,
a
h and
b
h are the heat transfer coefficients, ! is
Lame's constant and a, b correspond to the surface r = a and r = b,
respectively.
The Governing equation of the heat is

( ) ( )
2
2
1
0
d T r dT r
dr r dr
+ . (1.3.18)
!
By using Cauchy-Euler method, we have
( ) ln T r A B r + . (1.3.19)
Using the boundary conditions, the two constants A and B can be
determined, and then using the result in (1.3.19), we get
( ) ( )
1
ln ln

_ _
+ + + +

, ,
a b a
a a b
r b
T r T T T
a ah a ah bh
. (1.3.20)
The formula (1.3.20) describes the heat equation when ,
a b
T T are
describing the temperatures of the surrounding media with the presence
heat transfer coefficients.
From Eq. (1.3.20), we can discuss the following cases
(1) The surface temperatures
a
T and
b
T are prescribed at the inner and
outer surface respectively, i.e. ,
a b
h h , hence we get
( )
1
ln ln
a b a
r b
T T T T
a a
_ _
+

, ,
. (1.3.21)
(2) The surface temperature
a
T is prescribed at the inner surface and heat
transfer at the surface between the outer surface and the surrounding
medium with temperature
( )
b a
T h , hence we have
( )
1
ln ln

_
_
+ +

,
,
a b a
b
r b
T T T T
a a h b
. (1.3.22)
(3) The surface temperature
b
T is prescribed at the outer surface, while
heat transfer at the surface between the inner surface and the surrounding
medium with
a
T i.e.
b
h , then we obtain
( )
1
ln ln

_ _
+ + +

, ,
a b a
a a
r b
T T T T
a h a a ah
. (1.3.23)
(4) When both the inner surface ( r = a ) and the outer surface ( r = b )
of a hollow circular cylinder at initial temperature
i
T are heated to
a
T and
b
T respectively, we find

( ) ( )
1
ln ln

_ _
+

, ,
a i b a
r b
T r T T T T
a a
. (1.3.24)
"
Substituting from Eq. (1.3.24) into Eqs.(1.3.15) and (1.3.16) respectively,
we can state the following:
(i) For plane stress (thin hollow circular disk), we have
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
ln
1 1 1
. 1 1 ln ,
2 2 2
ln
a i b a
r
a b
a
u T T r a T T r C
b r a
a

1 + _
+ + + + +
' ;
1
,
]

( )
( )
1
2
2
1 ln ln
2
rr b a
E a b
r
T T C
a
r a
1
_
_

1

,
1 ,
]
, 0
zz r
,

( )
1
2
2
1 1 ln ln
2
b a
E a r b
T T C
r a a
1
_ _ _
_ _
+ + 1

, , , , , 1
]
. (1.3.25)
ii) For plane strain (long hollow circular cylinder), we have
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
1 1
0 2
1 1 1
1 ln 1 ln 1 2 , 0
1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 3
ln ln ln , ,
1 2 2 1 2 1
a i b a zz
a i b a zz
a
b r
T T r T T r C e
a a
r
u
a
b b r
T T r T T r C e
a a a
r
1 _ +
+ + + +
1
,
]
'
1 _ +
+ + +
1
+ +
,
]

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
1 ln ln
2 1
rr b a
E a
b r
T T C
a a
r
1 _

1
,
]
,

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
1 1 ln ln
2 1
b a
E a
b r
T T C
a a
r
1 _
+ +
1
,
]
,
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
0
2 2ln ln , 0,
2 1
2 1 2ln ln , ,
2 1
b i b a zz
zz
b a zz
E
b r
E T T T T C e
a a
E
b r
T T C e
a a
1
+ +
'
1
+
1
0
r
,
( )
2
2 2
b
C
b a
. (1.3.26)
Therefore, we can defined the non-dimensional stresses

, rr and
z z ,
respectively, as
( ) / ,
rr b a
rr E T T (1.3.27-a)

( ) /
b a
E T T
, (1.3.27-b)
#
( ) /
zz b a
zz E T T . (1.3.27-c)
We note that, the non dimensional axial stress
z z is exist for plane strain

with
0 zz
e , but for plane stress equal zero.
The radial and thermal stresses at r = a and r = b, for the plane stress,
reduce to
( ) ( ) 0

rr rr
r a r b
,
( ) ( )
1
2 ln
2
b a
r a
E b
T T C
a
_
_

,
,
,
( ) ( )
1
2
2 2
2
ln
2
_
_

,
,
b a
r b
E a a
T T
b a b
, (1.3.28)
while the radial , axial and thermal stresses at r = a and r = b, for the plane
strain, with
0 zz
e , reduce to
( ) ( ) 0

rr rr
r a r b
,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2 ln
2 1
zz b a
r a r a
E b
T T C
a

_
_

,
,
,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2
2 2
2
ln
2 1

_
_

,
,
zz b a
r b r b
E a a
T T
b a b
. (1.3.29)
6) When the thickness of the hollow circular cylinder is very small, we
have

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 /
1
2ln ln ln ln
1 1 /

1
+ +
+ _
1

+ ,
1
]
b a b a
b b
a a b a b a
,
where
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
/ + b a b a , is very small

3 5
1
ln 2 ... 2
1 3 5

_ +
+ + +

,
.
In the final form, we write

1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2ln 2 2 1 1
b b a b b
a b a a a
_ _
_
_ _
+

+
, ,
,
, ,
. (1.3.30)
$
Hence, the thermal stresses at the boundary surface ( r a , r b ) for the
plane strain with
0 zz
e reduce to
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1
zz b a
r a r a
E
T T ,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1
zz b a
r b r b
E
T T . (1.3.31)
On the other hand, for a very thick hollow circular cylinder, we have
( ) ( ) ( )
1
zz b a
r a r a
E
T T ,
( ) ( ) 0

zz
r b r b
. (1.3.32)

1.4. TheNumerical Results:
In this section, we will analyze and discuss some numerical results
as the following :

1) In Table (1-1), for some elasticity materials, we write the coefficient of
linear expansion , the Young modulus E , Poisson ratio , and the
absolute value of thermal stress per unit temperature change /T or E .

Elasticity
Material

( )
6
10 1/ k
.
YoungE (Gpa)
E

Aluminum
(AC)
23.1 72 1.66
Copper (Cu)
16.5 120 1.98
Iron (Fe)
11.8 206 2.43
Platinum (Pt)
8.8 160 1.41
Silver (Ag)
18.9 80 1.51
Zinc (Zn)
30.2 120 3.62

Table (1-1) shows some elasticity materials with coefficients

%
2) For the different elasticity materials stated in Table (1-1), we computed
the relations (1.3.15-b) and (1.3.15-c), when ( )
1
r r

, for various values
of parameters a and b which are shown in Tables (1-2) and (1-3). Hence,
for plane stress, we note that :
i) In the first case, the values of
rr
and
are increase as the radius

r increases, while the values of
rr
at r = a and r = b are vanishes, but

have the smallest and largest values at r = a and r = b, respectively (see
Figs. (1-2)-(1-7)).
ii) In the second case, the relation between the difference of a and b and
values of
rr
and
for all materials are discussed as:

a) If the difference between a and b increases, the values of
rr
and

decreases. For example for Copper materials we get,
0.0307407 0.0
rr
at 2, 4 2 a b b a , while 0.161633 0.0
rr

at 10 , 30 a b 20 b a . Also, we obtain 0.33 0.165
at a=2,
b=4 2 b a , and 0.0262653 0.33
at a = 10, 30 b .
b) From the previous discussion, we find that the values of
rr
are less
than the values of
at the same various values of a and b, for all

materials.
c) We can say that, if the thickness of the circular cylinder is large, then
rr
and
are decreases. Therefore, the minus sign means that the

heat of radial stress propagation away outer the material.
(iii) In the final case, the relations between the values of E , (absolute
value of thermal stress per unit temperature change /T ) that
corresponding to the materials, Aluminum,,Zinc) and the values of
rr

and
are represented in the Tables (1-2) and (1-3) as:

a) The Zinc material has the highest value of 3.62 E , and
the Platinum material has the least value of 1.41 E .
b) In the first state, if the values of E are increases, then
rr

decreases. For example, at a =2, b = 4 and r =3.5, we find,
0.0369388
zinc
rr
, while
platinum
0.0143878.
rr
Also, at a = 10, and b =30
&
and r=26, we find 0.00856805
zinc
rr
, while
platinum
0.00333728
rr
,
see Figs. (1-2) and (1-3).
c) In the second state, see Figs (1-5)-(1-7), the values of
,
( ) 0
>
increase, as well as the value of E increases. For example, at 2 a ,
4 b and r =3.5, we find that
0.20932
zinc

, 3 . 6 2 E , while
Platinum
0.0815306
, 1.41 E . Also, for 10 a , 30 b and 26 r ,

we find
0.0503373
Zinc

,while
platinum
0.0196065
. In the same
case, the values of

,
( ) 0
< increase when the value of E

decreases. For example, at 2 a , 4 b , and 2.5 r , we get,
-0.14015
Zinc

and
Platinum
-0.0658

. Also, at a =10, b =30, r =14,
we get -0.0480204
Zinc
and
Platinum
-0.0187041
.
.
Zinc
E
=3.62
Iron
E
=2.43
Copper
E
=1.98
Aluminum
E
=1.66
Silver
E
=1.51
Platinum

E
=1.41
r
b a
0 0 0 0 0 0 2
-0.0724 -0.0486 -0.0396 -0.0332 -0.0302 -0.0282 2.5
-0.067037 -0.045 -0.0366667 -0.0307407 -0.027963 -0.0261111
3
-0.036988 -0.0247959 -0.029637 -0.0169388 -0.0154082 -0.0143878
3.5
0 0 0 0 0 0 4
# !
0 0 0 0 0 0 2
-0.22625 -0.151875 -0.12375 -0.10365 -0.094375 -0.088125 4
-0.134074 -0.09 -0.0733333 -0.0614815 -0.0559259 -0.0522222 6
-0.056525 -0.0379688 -0.0309375 -0.0259375 -0.0235938 -0.0220313 8
0 0 0. 0 0 0 10
10 !
0 0 0 0 0 0 10
-0.018 -0.0198367 -0.0161633 -0.013551 -0.0123265 -0.0115102
14
-0.026818 -0.018 -0.0146667 -0.0122963 -0.0111852 -0.0104444 18
-0.017904 -0.0120496 -0.00981818 -0.0082314 -0.00746876 -0.00699174 22
-0.008505 -0.00575148 -0.00352899 -0.00392899 -0.00357396 -0.00333728 26
0 0 0 0 0 0 30
")
)

Table (1-2) shows the values of radial stress (
rr
) when ( )
1
r r

at various values of parameters a and b.
'

15 20 25 30
r
-0.03
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
s
r r
radial stress in stress plane
Fig. (1-4)
2.5 3 3.5 4
r
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
s
r r
radial stress in stress plane
Fig. (1-2)

4 6 8 10
r
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
s
r r radial stress in stress plane

Fig. (1-3)
Platinum
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Iron
Zinc
Platinum
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Iron
Zinc

Platinum
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Iron
Zinc
(
Thermal stress (

)
ZinC (Zn) Silver (Ag)
Platinum
(Pt)
Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu)
Aluminum
(AC)
r b a
-0.603333 -0.251667 -0.235 -0.405 -0.33 -0.276667 2
-0.168933 -0.0704667 -0.0658 -0.1134 -0.0924 -0.0774667 2.5
0.067037 0.0251667 0.0261111 0.045 0.0366667 0.0307407 3
0.20932 0.0873129 0.0815306 0.014051 0.11449 0.0959864 3.5
0.301667 0.125833 0.1175 0.2025 0.165 0.1383330 4
# !
-1.20667 -0.503333 -0.47 -0.81 -0.66 -0.553333 2
-0.0754167 -0.0314583 -0.029375 -0.050625 -0.04125 -0.0345833 4
0.134074 0.0559259 0.0522222 0.09 0.0733333 0.0614815 6
0.207396 0.0865104 0.0807813 0.139219 0.113438 0.0951042 8
0.241333 0.100667 0.094 0.162 0.132 0.110667 10
10 !
-0.181 -0.0755 -0.0705 -0.1215 -0.099 -0.083 10
-0.0480204 -0.0200306 -0.0187041 -0.0322347 -0.0262653 -0.0220204 14
0.0067037 0.0027963 0.0026111 0.0045 0.00366667 0.00307407 18
0.034405 0.0143512 0.0134008 0.0230095 0.0188182 0.0157769 22
0.0503373 0.020997 0.0196065 0.0337899 0.0275325 0.0230828 26
0.0603333 0.0251667 0.0235 0.0405 0.033 0.0276667 30
")
)

.

2.5 3 3.5 4
r
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
s
q q thermal stress in stress plane
Fig. (1-5)

Platinum
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Iron
Zinc
Table (1-3) shows the values of thermal stress (

) when ( )
1
r r

at various values of parameters a and b
!)

4 6 8 10
r
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
s
qq thermal stress in stress plane
Fig. (1-6)

15 20 25 30
r
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0.05
s
qq thermal stress in stress plane
Fig. (1-7)

3) In the following Table (1-4), we describe the relation between the
temperature heat ( ) T r and radius r by using Eq. (1.3.24), at certain values
of
a
T ,
b
T and
i
T , where r [2,6] , then we note
i) The calculated values of temperature heat ( ) T r of hollow circular
cylinder material, at 80
a
T , 90
b
T and 70
i
T , increase, as well as
the values of radius r increases.
ii) The values of ( ) T r decrease when the outer surface r = b secluded of
the heat i.e. 0
b
T . But we note that the value of ( ) T r increases when
0
a
T (i.e. when the inter surface r = a secluded of the heat).
iii) We can say that, the value of ( ) T r increases when the thick of hollow
circular cylinder increases.
Platinum
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Iron
Zinc

Platinum
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Iron
Zinc
!
( ) T r
r
i
T

b
T

a
T

20.0 2
23..6907 3
26.3093 4
28.3404 5

2
3
4
5
6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
8r, THrL<
2
3
4
5
6
Fig. (1-8)
30.0 6
60 90 !
-70.0
2
-33 .093 3
-6. 90702 4
13.4044 5
2
3
4
5
6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-50
-25
0
25
8r, THrL<
2
3
4
5
6
Fig. (1-9)
30.0 6
"! 100 !
20.0 2
-13.2163 3
-36.7837 4
-55.0639 5
2
3
4
5
6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-60
-40
-20
0
20
8r, THrL<
2
3
4
5
6

Fig. (1-10)
-70.0 6
"! ! #!

Table (1-4) shows the relation between the temperature heat ( ) T r and radius r.

4) The following Table (1-5) gives average value of E, and for some
elastic materials, where these coefficients are given in millions of pounds
per square inch. In this part, we will choose the Copper (Cu) material as
example where 0.33 , E =120 and 16.5 .

!!
Elasticity Material E

Carbon Steel 92.5 11.5 0.29
Copper (Hot rolled) 15.0 5.6 0.33
Wrought Iron (Fe) 28.0 11.0 0.28
Cost Iron (Fe) 16.5 6.5 0.25
Brass 2:1 (cold drawn) 13.0 4.9 0.33
Glass 8.0 3.0 0.25

Table (1-5) shows the average value of E, and for some elastic materials.

5) For plane strain and stress, the following Tables (1-6) and (1-7)
describe the relation between the different values of / 2, 4,8,12,16, 20 b a
and non-dimensional axial stresses
!
( , , ) rr zz of radial stress, thermal
stress and axial stress which calculated from Eqs. (1.3.27-a), (1.3.27-b) and
(1.3.27-c), for cretin points of radius [ , ] r a b of the hollow circular
cylindrical of the Copper material, we note that :
i) As / r a increases, then, the non dimensional stresses
rr ,
and
z z of
/ 2, 4,8,12,16, 20 b a decrease, i.e. the relation is inversion.
ii) If the values of / b a increase, then the calculated values of
rr ,
and
zz , also increase.
iii) The maximum value of
rr is less than the maximum value of
and
zz corresponding to the values / 2, 4,8,12,16, 20 b a , where

0.611986 0.835602, 0.0838172 0.263097
for planestress
0.27472 0.375102, 0.0376255 0.11683 , 0.611986 0.835602
for planestrain
'

rr
rr zz
iv)The minimum value of
is less than the minimum value of
rr and
zz
!"

-0.708958 -0.0221532, 0 0.0123581
for planestress
-0.17418 -0.00855216, 0.0 0.000369888 , -0.17418 -0.00309621
for planestrain
'

rr
rr zz
v) The minus sign of the resultant values of Eqs. (1.3.27-b) and (1.3.27-c)
of
and
zz means that the heat is propagation out the solid elasticity

material.

r r
"

r/a b/a
0.611986 0.0 1.0
0.276760 0.0721865 1.2
0.0927418 0.0838172 1.4
-0.1333 0.067214 1.6
-0.272918 0.0369069 1.8
axial stress in the strees plane
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
8ra,rr
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-2
-1
0
1
2
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
8ra,qq
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-0.388014 0.0 2.0

2
0.705993 0.0 1
0.263456 0.150056 1.5
0.0559929 0.15 2.
0.0724891 0. 117518 2.5
-0.164322 0.0778334 3.
-0.235642 0.0379572 3.5
1
2
3
4
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
8ra, rr
`
<
1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4
-2
-1
0
1
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
8ra,qq
`
<
1
2
3
4
-0.294007 0.0 4.0

4
0.775424 0.0 1
0.298785 0.207521 1.75
0.128436 0.206345 2.5
-0.0341 0.142857 4.0
-0.0846548 0.11077 4.75
-0.125627 0.0812399 5.5
5
10
15 -2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
8ra,rr
`
<
5
10
15
5
10
15 -2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
8ra, qq
`
<
5
10
15

-0.216422 0.0071137 8.0

8
0.805778 0.0 1.0
0.257181 0.24055 2.15
0.0273132 0.177676 4.45
-0.708958 0.108218 6.75
-0.160178 0.0313583 10.2
5
10
15
20
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
8ra,rr
`
<
5
10
15
20

5
10
15
20
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
8ra,qq
`
<
5
10
15
20

-0.182604 0.0107935 12
12
Fig . (1-12)
Fig. (1-11)
Fig. (1-13)
Fig. (1-14)
!#
0.823585 0 1
0.223565 0.255392 2.6
0.0195388 0.170033 5.8
-0.0301502 0.131854 7.4
-0.0684197 0.0995231 9.
10
20
30 -2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.1
0.2
8ra,rr
`
<
10
20
30

10
20
30 -2
-1
0
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
8ra,qq
`
<
10
20
30
-0.169367 0.0067369 16
16
0.835602 0 1
0.21139 0.263097 2.95
0.089976 0.215126 4.9
-0.0221532 0.131805 8.8
-0.11136 0.0508735 14.65
10
20
30
40
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.1
0.2
8ra,rr
`
<
10
20
30
40

10
20
30
40
-2
-1
0
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
8ra,qq
`
<
10
20
30
40
-0.151633 0.0123581 20
20

zz
rr r/a b/a
0.27472 0.27472 0.0 ".0
0.15644 0.12424 0.0324045 1.2
0.0568123 0.0191868 0.0376255 ".4
-0.029666 -0.0598384 0.0301724 1.6
-0.105945 -0.122513 0.0165675 1.8
-0.17418 -0.17418 0.0 2.0

2
0.31692 0.31692 0.0 1.0
0.185625 0.118265 0.06736 1.5
0.0924702 0.0251352 0.067335 2.0
-0.0388246 -0.0737641 0.0349394 3.0
-0.0887406 -0.10578 0.017039 3.5
-0.13198 -0.13198 0.0 4.0

4
0.348088 0.348088 0.0 1
0.198454 0.102262 0.0961929 2
0.0488211 -0.0153075 #.0641286 $
0.000649922 -0.0445233 0.0451733 %
-0.0719861 -0.0853086 0.0133224 &

8
Fig. (1-15)
Fig. (1-16)
Table (1-6) shows the relation between / 2, 4,8,12,16, 20 b a and
!
( , , ) rr zz for stress plane
!$
-0.100812 -0.100812 #.0 '
0.361714 0.361714 0.0 1
0.22782 0.11993 0.107752 2.1
0.0570648 -0.00887926 0.065944 5.4
-0.0046724 -0.0435858 0.0389134 7.6
-0.0698177 -0.0781692 0.00835144 10.9
-0.087182 -0.0871862 0.0 12.
12
0.369707 0.369707 0.0 1
0.221354 0.106253 0.115101 2.5
0.093975 0.013821 0.0798764 5.5
0.0546518 -0.00855216 0.0632039 7
-0.00309621 -0.0397714 0.0366752 10
-0.0257246 -0.0516351 0.0259105 11.5
-0.0632548 -0.0710323 0.00777751 14.5
-0.0791928 -0.0791928 0.0 16
16
0.375102 0.375102 0.0 1
0.205565 0.0887354 0.11683 3.1
0.0393393 0.00537369 0.0718521 7.3
-0.16008 -0.04424491 0.0282411 13.6
-0.0375246 -0.0553111 0.0177865 15.7
-0.0730471 -0.073417 0.000369888 20
20

axial stress in strain plane
5
10
15 -10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
8ra,rr
`
<
5
10
15
5
10
15 -10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,qq
`
<
5
10
15

5
10
15 -10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,ZZ
`
<
5
10
15

Fig. (1-17)
Table (1-7) shows the relation between / 2, 4,8,12,16, 20 b a and
!
( , , ) rr zz for strain plane
!%
1
2
3
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
8ra,rr
`
<
1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,qq
`
<
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra, ZZ
`
<
1
2
3
4

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
8ra,rr
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
8ra,qq
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
8ra,ZZ
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

10
20
30 -10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
8ra,rr
`
<
10
20
30

5
10
15
20
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,qq
`
<
5
10
15
20
5
10
15
20
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,ZZ
`
<
5
10
15
20

10
20
30 -10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
8ra,rr
`
<
10
20
30

10
20
30 -10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,qq
`
<
10
20
30
10
20
30 -10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,ZZ
`
<
10
20
30

Fig. (1-19)
Fig. (1-18)

Fig. (1-21)
Fig. (1-20)
!&

10
20
30
40
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.05
0.1
8ra,rr
`
<
10
20
30
40

10
20
30
40
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,qq
`
<
10
20
30
40

10
20
30
40
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8ra,ZZ
`
<
10
20
30
40

6) By comparing between the previous results in Tables (1-6) and (1-7),
we find that :
(i) The values of
rr and
for plane stress are larger than the resultant

due to plane strain for values of / 2,..., 20 b a , where the maximum
values of
rr and
for plane stress equal to 0.835602 and 0.263097,

while the maximum of
rr ,
and
zz equal 0.375102, 0.11683 and

0.835602 for plane strain, respectively .
(ii) For plane strain, see Eqs. (1.3.26) and (1.3.27), we deduce that, the
value of (Poisson coefficient) plays an important role, where as
decreases the values of
rr and
and
z z , decrease and the opposite is

true. So, we can see that, the Copper and Gold materials corresponding to
0.33 and 0.29, respectively, have high values of
rr and
, while in
the Glass and Iron materials at 0.25 and 0.28 respectively, have the
lower values of
rr and
.
Special Case:
For small thickness of the hollow circular cylindrical material, i.e.
2 2
2 2
ln
b b a
a b a
+
, then after using Eq. (1.3.30) in Eqs. (1.3.27-a), (1.3.27-b)
and (1.3.27-c), we deduce that the calculated values of the radial stress
rr
and the thermal stress
and axial stress
zz , are less than the values of
rr ,
, and
zz that obtained in Tables (1-6) and (1-7). Moreover,
rr ,
Fig. (1-22)
!'
, and
zz decrease when the values of / b a increase, where the

maximum values

0.0665327 0.0776227, =0.5 for plane stress
0.0232319 0.0298665, 0.22445, 0.22445
for plane strain
rr
rr zz

'
.
Some of results can be found in the following Tables (1-8) and (1-9) and
Fig. (1-23)- Fig. (1-26).
For plan stress
rr
r/a b/a
0.5 0 1
0. 144362 0.0517691 1.2
-0.29792 0.0145803 1.6
-0.450728 0.0289169 1.8

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-2
-1
0
1
2
-0.05
0
0.05
8ra,rr
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-2
-1
0
1
2
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
8ra,qq
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

-0.577623 0.0776227 2

2
0.5 0 1
-0.0260599 0.0665327 1.5
-0.467231 -0.0712314 2.5
-0.596621 -0.148473 3
-0.699696 -0.220103 3.5
1
2
3
4
-2
-1
0
1
2
-0.2
-0.1
0
8ra, rr
`
<
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
-2
-1
0
1
2
-0.5
0
0.5
8ra,qq
`
<
1
2
3
4

-0.785567 -0.285567 4

4

For plan strain
zz
rr
r/a b/a
0.22445 0.22445 0
.0
0.0880431 0.064804 0.0232319 1.2
-0.127191 -0.133736 0.0065451 1.6
-0.29414 -0.259295 -0.0348448 2.0

2
0.22445 0.22445 0 1
-0.128191 -0.13143 0.00323953 2
-0.334473 -0.267823 -0.0666495 3
- 0.480832 -0.352641 -0.128191 4.

4
Fig. (1-23)
Fig. (1-24)
Table (1-8) shows the relation between / 2, 4 b a and
!
( , , ) rr zz for small thickness

!(

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.02
0
0.02
8ra, rr
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.2
0
0.2
8ra,qq
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.2
0
0.2
8ra, ZZ
`
<
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

1
2
3
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
-0.05
0
8ra,rr
`
<
1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.2
0
0.2
8ra, qq
`
<
1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
8ra,ZZ
`
<
1
2
3
4

Fig. (1-25)
Fig. (1-26)
Table (1-9) shows the relation between / 2, 4 b a and
!
( , , ) rr zz for small thickness

!
Problemof Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material of Bar
and theNonlinear Volterra Integral Equation

2.1. I ntroduction :
The torsion of uniform bars occupies special riches in continuum
electrostatic problems because of the simplicity of the stress distribution
over the cross-section, reducing it to a simplified two dimensional problem
originated by Saint-Venant (see Sokolnikoff [1]). For elastic bars of
elliptical cross-section, Sokolnikoff [1] employed Saint Venant's principle
in the consideration of the homogeneous isotropic elastic case, while Gross
[6] and Fung [7] considered a linear viscoelastic theory for the steady creep
case. Darwish [8] has considered the case of a circular bar of NVEM,
under an abrupt change in the state of stress.
Also, the equations of the torsion problem were derived in detail
with analytical solutions, among others in texts by Frank and Mises [9],
Treffitz [10], Love [11], Muskhelishvili [3], Sneddon and Berry [12],
Weber and Glinther [13], Roase [14] and Timoshenko and Goodier [15],
all before the advent of computer. The problem can be formulated as
a boundary value problem of the Laplace equation. This can be either a
Neumann boundary value problem for the warping function, or a Dirichlet
boundary value problem for Prandtl's stress function.
Although, it occurs rarely in applications that a bar is used to
transmit torsion only this may be an independent components or a rod or
beam under various loading and deformation cases according to linear
elastic and infinitesimal deformation theory. The torsion solution is equally
applicable to the analog cases in hydrodynamics. This gave flexure of
beams an incomplete theory of torsion, the rudiments of the theory of
stability of cofumns and a few isolated results on bending and vibration of
plates.
Interest in the potential problems involved in the general analysis of
the small flexure of prismatic or cylindrical beams has recently been
revived by Stevenson [16] and Morris [17]. Nolte and Findly [18]
performed two steps loading creep tests in torsion and in tension to
"
evaluate some of the kernel functions for mixed time parameters and
demonstrated the difficulty of making sufficiently accurate measurements.
Recently, Findly and Lai [19,20] conducted stress relaxation tests on
polyurethane and used the relaxation form of the representation to describe
the test results.
In this chapter, we state the basic equations in the theory of
elasticity. Then, we shall consider a long homogeneous bar consists of the
NVEM type, with a fixed elliptical cross section. The bar is subjected to
a twisting moment at one end while the other end is fixed. This produces an
angle of twist ( ) ( ) t t z , which is a function of time. Then, we discuss
the stress distribution which depends on the angle of twist ( ) t . The
function ( ) t can be obtained as the solution of a NVIE of the second kind.
Also, the existence of a unique solution for NVIE will be discussed and
proved by using the Picard method and Banach fixed point theorem
(see Kreyszig [21]).
2.2. Fundamental Equations of Elasticity in Three Dimensional in
PresenceTime:
Let the field defining the displacement of particles be denoted by
i
u , , , i x y z . The deformation of the medium can be expressed in terms
of the gradients of the displacement vector. We denote by
ij
e the
components of the strain tensor, and by
ij
the components of the stress
tensor , , , i j x y z . We consider a continuous medium, contained within
a volume V and bounded by a closed surface S , acted upon by a body
force
i
F per unit mass and surface traction
v
i ij j
T v on S .
From the fundamental model of elasticity, we write
(1) TheStress-Strain Relation (Hook's Law) :
The stress-strain relation is written in the form
( , , ; ) ( , , ; )
ij ijkl kl
x y z t C e x y z t , (t is the time), , , , i j x y z , (2.2.1)
we define the strain tensor
ij
e by the relations

( )
, ,
1
( , , ; ) ( , , ; ) ( , , ; )
2
ij i j j i
e x y z t u x y z t u x y z t + . (2.2.2)
It is clear from the definition of
ij
e that
ij ji
e e .
#
For isotropic materials the constants
ijkl
C may be expressed as
( )
ijkl ji kl ik jl il jk
C + + + , 0,
ij
if i j , 1, if
ij
i j .
The constants
ijkl
C are called the elastic module or the constant of the
material. It must satisfy the symmetric relation

ijkl jikl klij ijlk
C C C C .
Hence, the relation (2.2.1) (Hook's law) takes the form
( , , ; ) ( , , ; ) 2 ( , , ; )
ij kk ij ij
x y z t e x y z t e x y z t + , (2.2.3)
where and are called the Lame's coefficients. If we putting i j in
(2.2.3), we get
(3 2 )
ii ii
e + , (2.2.4)
and the corresponding strain components in terms of stress components are

1
( , , ; )
2 (3 2 ) 2
ij kk
ij ij
e x y z t

+
+
. (2.2.5)
(2) Equations of Motion :
The formulas of the motion take the following form

i ij j i
V S V
F dV dS u dV +

, , , , i j x y z . (2.2.6)
Now, we assume that the functions (stresses)
ij
and their first
partial derivatives are continuous and single valued in V. Then, apply the
divergent theorem to get

,
[ ] 0
i ij j i
V
F u dV +
. (2.2.7)
Since V is an arbitrary part of the body, it follows that wherever the
integral is continuous, we have equation of motion, see Shield [22]

, i ij j i
F u + , (2.2.8)
where , F and uare the density, body force and acceleration of the
material, respectively.
In an equilibrium state (neglecting acceleration), Eq. (2.2.8) reduces to

,
0
i ij j
F + . (2.2.9)
In the absence of body force, the formula (2.2.9) represents the equilibrium
equations and will take the form (see Shield [22])

,
( , , ; ) 0
ij j
x y z t , (2.2.10)

which may be expressed in Cartesian coordinate as
0, 0, 0.
xy yx yy yz zy
xx xz zx zz
x y z x y z x y z

+ + + + + +

(2.2.11)
(3) Boundary Conditions :
The boundary conditions are
( , , ; ) ( , , ; )
i ij j
T x y z t x y z t
, , , , i j x y z , (2.2.12)
where
j
are the directions cosine of the material. Eq. (2.2.12) can be
written in Cartesian coordinates as
, , ,
xx xy xz x yx yy yz y zx zy zz z
m n T m n T m n T

+ + + + + + ! ! !
(2.2.13)
where cos( , ), cos( , ) x m y ! and cos( , ) n z are the directions
cosine , is the unit normal vector and
i
T

are the normal vectors on S .
(4) Compatibility Equations :
The compatibility equations are

, , , ,
0
ij kl kl ij ik jl jl ik
e e e e + , , , , , , i j k l x y z . (2.2.14)
Also, Eqs. (2.2.14) will be expressed in Cartesian coordinates as

2
zy xy
xx zx
e e
e e
y z x x y z

_
+ +

,
,
2 2
2
2 2
2
xy yy
xx
e e
e
x y y x

+

,

2
,
yy yz xy
zx
e e e
e
z x y y x z

_
+

,

2 2
2
2 2
2
yz yy
zz
e e
e
y z z y

+

,

2
,
xy yz
zz zx
e e
e e
x y z z x y

_
+ +

,

2 2 2
2 2
2
zx zz xx
e e e
z x x z

+

. (2.2.15)
(5) ThePrincipal of Momentum:
The principal of momentum, for the linearized theory, states that
( ) ,
k ijk j i i ijk j ij j
V S
M x F u dV x n dS +

( , , , , i j k x y z ), (2.2.16)
where

1 for even permutation,
1 for odd permutation,
0 neither even nor odd permutation.
ijk

'
(2.2.17)
$
2.3.TheStatement of theNonlinear Viscoelastic Material Problem:
In this section, we consider the problem of twisting of a cylindrical
bar of elliptic cross-section. The bar is assumed to consist of a NVEM.
Therefore, we consider the bar is subjected to no body forces and free from
forces acting on its lateral surface. Assume that the bar has a length ! and
that one end of its is fixed in the plane z = 0, with the axis of the bar lying
along the positive z-axis from z = 0 to z =! .
Assume that the major axis of the elliptic cross-section is lying on
the x-axis from x = - a to x = a and the minor lies on y-axis is from y = - b
to y = b. The bar end in the plane z = ! is exhibited to a twisting moment
M, whose direction along z-axis, see Fig (2-1).

Fig. (2-1)

Referring to the Fig.(2-2), any point ( , , ) p x y z in the ellipse cross-
section goes to ( , , ) Q x u y v z w + + + after deformation. We choose
( , ) r as a polar coordinates of ( , , ) p x y z . Then the deformation u and v
are given by

M
a
-a

b
-b
o
x
y
z
%
cos( ) cos , u r r +
cos - sin x x y ,
(cos -1) sin x y .

Similarly
v sin( ) sin , r r +
(cos -1) sin y x + .

Let the angle of twist ( ) t be small and variant with time according to the
following formulas
( ) u t y , v ( ) t x . (2.3.1)
According to the Saint-Venant theorem of torsion, see Sokolnikoff [1] and
Illyushin and Pobedri [23], if ( ) ( ) t t z , we can write the components
of the displacement vector at any point p in the form
( ) u t yz , v ( ) , ( ) ( , ) t zx w t x y . (2.3.2)
Here, ( ) t is the twist angle per unit length of the bar (t is the time) and
( , ) x y is the torque function which is also called the warping function
and which depends only on the x and y coordinates.
The strain displacements tensor, in this case, has the form

( )
( )
0 0
2
( )
( , , ; ) 0 0
2
( ) ( )
0
2 2
ij
t
y
x
t
e x y z t x
y
t t
y x
x y

_
,

_
+

,

_
_

+

,
, ,
, (2.3.3)
where
( )
,
2
xz
t
e y
x

_

,

( )
2
yz
t
e x
y
_
+

,
, 0
xx yy zz xy
e e e e .(2.3.4)
From the Hook's law (2.2.3) and the strain tensor (2.3.4), we see that
all components of the stress will be vanished except the components
( ) , ( )
zx yz
t y t x
x y

_
_
+

,
,
. (2.3.5)
Hence, the equilibrium equation (2.2.11) reduces to the single equation
x
y
Q ( x+u,y+v,z+w )

r
p (x,y,z)

Fig. (2-2)

&
0
zy
zx
x y
+

. (2.3.6)
Now, differentiating
zx
e and
yz
e in Eq. (2.3.4), with respect to y and x
respectively, we get

2
( )
1 ,
2
zx
e t
y x y
_

,

2
( )
1 .
2
yz
e
t
x x y

_
+

,
(2.3.7)
Then, from (2.3.7) we get
( )
yz
zx
e
e
t
y x

. (2.3.8)
We recall that the strain deviator tensor is defined as (see Gross [6])

1
, , , , ,
3
ij ij kk ij kk xx yy zz
E e e e e e e i j x y z + + . (2.3.9)
Also, the deviator stress tensor is given by (see Tanner [24])
1
, , , , ,
3
ij ij kk ij kk xx yy zz
S i j x y z + + . (2 .3.10)
In Eqs. (2.3.9) and (2.3.10),
ij
is the Kronecker function.
The second invariant of strain and stress tensor are given,
respectively, by the following forms

2
1
3
ij ij kk kk
E e e e e , (2.3.11)
and

2
1
3
ij ij kk kk
S . (2.3.12)
Also, the principal cubic theory of NVEM by Huilgol and Thien [25]
(Postulates stress-strain relations) are given by

2
0 0
2 ( ) ( )
t t
ij ij ij ij
S GE J t x E dx k t x E E dx + +

, (2.3.13)
where, G is the instantaneous shear modulus of the material, ( ) J t x and
( ) k t x are the kernel functions for linear and nonlinear relaxation
functions of the material, respectively.
Returning now, to the boundary condition of the bar, where there are
no surface forces acting on the lateral surface of the cylinder, we obtain
( , ; ) 0, , , ,
ij j
x y t i j x y z , (2.3.14)
'
where
j
denote the components of the unit vector normal, direction
cosine, and ( , ) x y denote the coordinates of a point of the ellipse

2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ . (2.3.15)
Also, from Eq. (2.2.16), the bar is subject to the moment of torque at any
point is given by
( ) ( )
z yz xz
R
M t x y dxdy
. (2.3.16)
Here, we applied Green's theorem, see formula (2.2.16), and R is the cross-
section of the bar which is the region in the xy-plane bounded by the
ellipse whose equation is (2.3.15).
2.4. TheSolution of theProblemin theFormof NVI E :
From the deviator strain of the NVEM, we have
,
xz xz yz yz
E e E e . (2.4.1)
Using (2.3.2) in (2.4.1), we get

( )
2
xz
t
E y
x

_

,
,
( )
2
yz
t
E x
y
_
+

,
. (2.4.2)
Also, Eq.(2.3.11) in view of (2.3.3), becomes

{ }
2 2 2
( , , ) 2 ( , , ) ( , , )
yz zx
E x y t e x y t e x y t + , (2.4.3)
then using again (2.3.11), we obtain

2
2
2
2
( ) ( , ) ( , )
( , , )
2
t x y x y
E x y t x y
y x

_ _
+ +
' ;

,
,

. (2.4.4)
Also, for the stress components, we see that
xz
and
yz
are the only
non-vanishing components of stress, thus we find
0
xx yy zz xy
.
Therefore, Eq. (2.3.10) yields
0, ,
ii yz yz xz xz
S S S . (2.4.5)
From Eqs. (2.3.13) and (2.4.5), we have

2
0 0
2 ( ) ( )
t t
xz xz xz xz
GE J t x E dx k t x E E dx + +

, (2.4.6)
(

2
0 0
2 ( ) ( )
t t
yz yz yz yz
GE J t x E dx k t x E E dx + +

. (2.4.7)
By using (2.4.2) and (2.4.4) in (2.4.6), we find
3
0
1 1
( , , ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
t
xz
x y t G y t y J t x x dx y
x x x

_ _ _
+ +

, , ,

2
3
0
( ) ( )
t
x y k t x x d x
y x

1
_
_
+ + 1

,
, 1
]
. (2.4.8)
Also, the formula (2.4.7) becomes
2
0
1 1
( , , ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
t
yz
x y t x G t J t x x dx y
y x

_
_
+ + +
' ;

,
,

2
3
0
( ) ( )
t
x k t x x dx
y
1
_
+ + 1

, 1
]
. (2.4.9)
The two formulas (2.4.8) and (2.4.9) define the stress components for the
NVEM. Thus, using (2.4.8) and (2.4.9) in (2.3.16), we have
3
1 2
0 0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
2 4
t t
M t H G t J t x x dx H k t x x dx
1
+ +
1
]

(2.4.10)
where,

2 2
1
R
H x y x y dxdy
y x
1
+ +
1

]
, (2.4.11)
and
2
2
2 2
2
R
H x y x y x y dxdy
y x y x

1
1 _
_
+ + + + 1
1

,
] , 1
]
.(2.4.12)
For the elliptic function, we can be obtained the torque function ( , ) x y in
the form (Sokolnikoff [1])

2 2
2 2
( , )
b a
x y xy
a b
+
, (2.4.13)
where a is the semi-major axis and b is the semi-minor axis of the ellipse
(to obtain Eq. (2.4.13) in detail see appendix (A.2-1)).
Then, by calculating
x

and
y

from Eq. (2.4.13), and introducing the

result in (2.4.12), we get
)

3 3
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
1
R
a b
H b x a y dxdy
a b a b
1 +
]
+ +
. (2.4.14)
Also, we find that

( )
( ) ( )
4 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 4 4
R
b x a y
H b x a y dxdy
a b
a b a b
1
1
+ +
+
1
+ +
]
.
Hence, we have

( )
5 5
2 2
2 2
4
3
a b
H
a b
+
, (2.4.15)
where
1
H is the torsinal rigidity and
2
H is the polar moment of inertia of
the cross-section of the bar.
Adapting the formula (2.4.10) in the following form
3
2
1 1 0 0
1 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
t t
H M t
G t J t x x dx k t x x dx
H H
+ +

. (2.4.16)
It is known that, see Huilgol and Thien [25], for the nonlinear elastic
materials, the relaxation kernels are given by
( ) (1 ) ( ) J t x t x

, ( ) (1 ) ( ) k t x K t x

. (2.4.17)
Using (2.4.17), the formula (2.4.16) reduces to
3
2
1 1 0 0
( ) (1 ) (1 )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
2 4
t t
M t K H
t t x x dx t x x dx
H G G H G

+ +

(2.4.18)
where the Bulk modulus ( ) K and Lame's constant are related by the
relations

( )
2
,
1 2
G

( )
( )
2 1
3 1 2
G
K
+
, (2.4.19)
and , (0 1) < < is the Poison ratio. Hence, we obtain a NVIE in the form

3
0
( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ( ) ( ))
t
t f t t x m x n x dx
+ +
, (2.4.20)
where

1
( )
( )
M t
f t
H G
,
2
m
G
and
2
1
4
K H
n
H G
. (2.4.21)

$!
2.5. TheVolterra I ntegral Equation:
The formula (2.4.16) can be adapted in the form

3
1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
t J t x x dx k t x x dx f t + +

, (2.5.1)
where

1
2G
,
2
2
1
4
KH
H G
and
1
( )
( )
M t
f t
H G
.
The formula (2.5.1) represents the NVIE of the second kind, where
( ) J t x is the kernel of the linear term, while ( ) k t x is the kernel of
the nonlinear term. The kernel of the IE in the theory of elasticity means
the properties of the material.
In the special case, if the bar is linear and viscoelastic material (there
is no nonlinear relaxation function,i,e. ( ) 0 k t x ) we have the LVIE of
the second kind in the form

1
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
t J t x x dx f t +
,
1
2G
. (2.5.2)
where its solution depends on the properties of the kernel ( ) J t x and
the free term ( ) f t .
Many different methods are used to solve the LVIE (2.5.2) when the
kernel ( ) J t x is continuous. These methods are : Laplace method,
Iterated kernel method, successive approximation method and resolvent
kernel method. For more information, the reader can see Green [26],
Hochstadt [27], Kanwal [28] and Schiavone et. al [29]. Also, for
a discontinuous kernel ( ) J t x , the formula (2.5.2) can be solved
numerically. Many different numerical methods can be found in Atkinson
[30], Linz [31] and Delves & Mohammed [32].
Therefore, if the case of the material of the bar in the nonlinear form,
and viscoelastic (there is no linear relaxation function, i.e. ( ) 0 J t x ),
we have the following equation

3
2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
t k t x x dx f t +
,
2
2
1
4
H K
H
. (2.5.3)

$"
The formula (2.5.3) is called the NVIE of the second kind with continuous
or discontinuous kernel.
In general, we assume the following NVIE of the second kind
1 1 2 2
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ( )) ( )
t t
t k t x x dx k t x x x dx f t + +

, (2.5.4)
where

1
2G
,
2
2
1
4
H K
GH
,
( )
2
,
1 2
G

( )
( )
2 1
.
3 1 2
G
K

(2.5.5)
Here, ( ) f t with its derivatives and ( ) ( )
, x x are given continuous
functions belong to the class [ ] 0, C T . The known functions
1
( ) k t x and
2
( ) k t x are in general, have singular terms, called the kernels of the
integral term, while ( ) t represents the unknown function to be found.
The constant defines the kind of the IE. Also,
1
and
2
are known
constants, may be complex, which have many physical meaning, and G is
known as the instantaneous shear modulus of the material.
2.6. TheExistenceof a UniqueSolution of theNVI E :
In this part, the existence of a unique solution of Eq.(2.5.4), under
certain conditions, will be discussed and proved using Picard method and
Banach fixed point theorem in Banach space [ ] 0, C T .
In order to prove the existence of a unique solution of Eq. (2.5.4), we
assume the following conditions :
(i) ( ) f t is a given continuous function in 0 t T < , such that
( )
[ ]
( )
0,
0
max
C T
t T
f t f t H

, (H is constant).
(ii) The discontinuous functions
1
( ) k t x and
2
( ) k t x are absolutely
integrable with respect to x for all 0 x t T < , and satisfy the
following conditions
a) For the constants
1 2
, L L L L > >

1 1
0
( )
t
k t x dx L
,
2 2
0
( )
t
k t x dx L

$#
b) For each continuous function ( ) ( )
, x x and
1 2
0 t x t t , the
integrals
( )
2
1
1
( ) , ( )
t
t
k t x x x dx
, ( )
2
1
2
( ) , ( )
t
t
k t x x x dx
,
and
( )
1
0
( ) , ( )
t
k t x x x dx
, ( )
2
0
( ) , ( )
t
k t x x x dx
,
are continuous functions in interval [0,T].
(iii) The known continuous function ( ) ( )
, x x in 0 x t T < ,
satisfies for the constant
1 2
, > > M M M M the following conditions
a)
( ) ( )
1
, ( ) x x M x ,
b)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2
, , x x x x M x x ,
where
[ ]
( )
0,
0
( ) max
C T
x t T
x x

.
2.6.1. Picard Method :
In this section, we prove the existence of a unique of the solution of
(2.5.4), under the conditions (i-iii) by using Picard method. This consists of
the following simple iteration.
Theorem2.1 :
The solution of the NVIE (2.5.4) with weakly kernels is exist and
a unique under the condition

1 2
( ) M
L
+ < . (2.6.1)
The proof of Theorem 2.1 comes as a result of the following lemmas.
lemma 2.1 :
Beside the conditions (i)-(iii), the infinite series
0
( )
i
i
t
,is
uniformly convergent to a continuous solution function ( ) t .
Proof :
We construct the sequence of the functions ( )
n
t as
$
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 1
0 0
( ) ( ) ,
t t
n n n
t f t k t x x dx k t x x x dx

+ +

,(2.6.2)
with
( ) ( )
0
t f t , n =1,2,. (2.6.3)
It is convenient to introduce
( ) ( ) ( )
1 n n n
t t t

, (2.6.4)
where
( ) ( )
0
n
n i
i
t t
, n =1,2,..., ( ) ( )
0
t f t . (2.6.5)
Using the properties of the modulus, the formula (2.6.4) takes the form
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 2
0
( )
t
n n n
t k t x x x dx

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 2
0
( ) , ,
t
n n
k t x x x x x dx
. (2.6.6)
Using the condition (iii-b), we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) ,
t t
n n n n n
t k t x x x dx M k t x x x dx

+

with the aid of (2.6.4) and taking the maximum over t , we have
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2 1
0 0 0
0 0
( ) ( ) .
max max max
t t
n n n
t T x t T x t T
t k t x x dx M k t x x dx

+

Thus, we have
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2
[0, ] [0, ]
0 0
1
( ) ( )
t t
n n
C T C T
t x k t x dx M k t x dx

1
+
1
]

.
Using the condition (ii-a), we obtain
( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]
1 2 1
0, 0,
1
n n
C T C T
t L M x

+ 1
]
,
which take the form
[ ] [ ]
1
0, 0,
n n
C T C T

, (
1 2
1
( ) 1 L M
+ < ). (2.6.7)
Let, in (2.6.7), n = 1, in the light of condition (i), we obtain

[ ]
1
0, C T
H .
$$
Using the mathematical induction method, we get

[ ] 0,
, 0,1, 2, .
n
n
C T
H n " (2.6.8)
This bound makes the sequence { }
n
converges under the condition (2.6.1)
and hence the sequence ( ) { }
n
x converges, so we can write
( ) ( )
0
.
i
i
t t
(2.6.9)
The infinite series (2.6.9) is uniformly convergent since the terms ( )
i
t
are dominated by
i
.
lemma 2.2:
A continuous function ( ) t represents a unique solution of Eq. (2.5.4).
Proof :
To prove that ( ) t represents a unique solution of Eq.(2.5.4), we first
prove that ( ) t defined by (2.6.9) satisfies Eq.(2.5.4), so we set
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( 0 as )
n n n
t t z t z t n + .
From Eq. (2.5.4), we get

1
1 1
0
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ( ) ( ))
t
n n
t z t f t k t x x z x dx

2
2 1
0
( )( ( , ( ) ( ))
t
n
k t x x x z x dx
.
Therefore, using the condition (iii-b) we have
( )
1 2
1 2
0 0
0 0
1
max ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ( )) max
t t
n
t T t T
t f t k t x x dx k t x x x dx z t

( )
1 2
1 1 2 1
0 0
0 0
( ) max ( ) ( ) max
t t
n n
x t T x t T
k t x z x dx M k t x z x dx

+ +

.
In view of the condition (ii-a), the above inequality takes the form
1 2
1 2
0 0
[0, ]
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ( ))
t t
C T
t f t k t x x dx k t x x x dx

( ) ( )
1
[0, ] [0, ]
n n
C T C T
z t z x

+ , (
1 2
1
( ) L M
+ ). (2.6.10)
$%
So that, by taking n large enough, the right-hand side of (2.6.10) can be
made as small as desired. Thus, the function ( ) t satisfies

1 1 2 2
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ( )) ( )
t t
t k t x x dx k t x x x dx f t + +

,
and therefore it is a solution of Eq. (2.5.4).
To show that ( ) t is the unique solution, we assume another one
( ) t
#
is also a continuous solution of (2.5.4), hence we write
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) , , ,
t t
t t k t x x x dx k t x x x x x dx

+

# # #
(2.6.11)
with the help of conditions (iii-b) and (ii-a), Eq. (2.6.11) leads to
( ) ( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
1 2
0, 0,
, 1
C T C T
L
t t x x M
_
+ <

,
# #
.(2.6.12)
Since 1 < , then the inequality (2.6.12) is true only if ( ) ( ) t t
#
; that is
the solution of (2.5.4) is unique.
The Picard method fails to prove the existence of a unique solution,
if the viscoelastic martial is represented as L(N)VIE of the first kind or
a homogeneous form. So, it is suitable to use the Banach fixed point
theorem to prove the existence of a unique solution, of the NIE of the first
and second kind when the given function ( , ( )) x x satisfies the Lipschitz
condition.
2.6.2. TheBanach Fixed Point Theorem:
In this section, we will use the Banach fixed point theorem in the
Banach space [ ] 0, C T to prove the existence of a unique solution of
Eq. (2.5.4). For this, we write it in the integral operator form

( ) ( ) ( )
1
, 0 W t f t W t
+ , (2.6.13)
and
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
W t W t W t + , (2.6.14)
where
$&
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1
0
t
W t k t x x dx
, (2.6.15)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
0
,
t
W t k t x x x dx
. (2.6.16)
Note that, for the first kind, we write the integral operator in the form
( ) ( ) W t f t . (2.6.17)
Theorem2.2 :
Under the condition (2.6.1), the solution of the NVIE (2.5.4) is exist
and unique.
The proof of Theorem 2.2 comes as a result of the following lemmas.
Lemma 2.3 :
If the conditions (i)-(iii-a) are satisfied, then the integral operator W
defined by (2.6.13), maps the space [ ] 0, C T into itself.
Proof :
In view of the formulas (2.6.13),(2.6.15) and (2.6.16), we obtain
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
0 0
1
( ) ,
t t
W t f t k t x x dx k t x x x dx

+ +

.
(2.6.18)
After taking the maximum over t and using the conditions (i) and (iii-a), we
get
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
t t
H
W t x k t x dx M x k t x dx

+ +

.(2.6.19)
In view of condition (ii-a), we have
( ) ( )
1 2
[0, ] [0, ] [0, ]
( )
C T C T C T
H
W t L x M L x

+ + .
The last inequality takes the form

[0, ]
[0, ]
( ) ( )
C T
C T
H
W t x
+ , (
1 2
1
( ) L M
+ ). (2.6.20)
The inequality (2.6.20) shows that the operator W maps the ball S
into
itself, where
$'

1 2
1 ( )
H H
L M

+
.
Since 0 > , 0 H > , therefore we have 1 < . Moreover, the inequality
(2.6.20) involves the boundedness of W of Eq. (2.6.14), where

[0, ] [0, ]
( )
C T C T
W t . (2.6.21)
Also, the inequalities (2.6.20) and (2.6.21) involve the boundedness of W .
Lemma 2.4:
Under the conditions (2.6.1), W is a continuous and is contraction
operator in the Banach space [ ] 0, C T .
Proof :
Let ( )
1
t and ( )
2
t be any two functions in Banach space [ ] 0, C T , then
we get

( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 2 1 1 2
0
( ) ( )
t
W t W t k t x x x dx

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 2
0
, ,
t
k t x x x x x dx
. (2.6.22)
Using the condition (iii-b), we get
( ) ( )
1
1 2 1 1 2
0 0
0
max ( ) max
t
t T x t T
W W k t x x x dx

( ) ( )
2
2 1 2
0
0
( ) max
t
x t T
M k t x x x dx
.
In view of condition (ii-a), we have

[ ]
[ ]
1 2 1 2
0,
0,
C T
C T
W W , (
1 2
1
( ) L M
+ ). (2.6.23)
The inequality (2.6.23) shows that the operator W is a continuous operator
in the Banach space [ ] 0, C T . Moreover, under the condition 1 < , W is
a contraction operator.
The previous two lemmas 2.3 and 2.4 show that, the operator
W defined by Eq. (2.6.13) is a contraction operator in the Banach space
[ ] 0, C T . Hence, by Banach fixed point theorem, W has a unique fixed
point which is, of course, the unique solution of Eq. (2.5.4).
!
SomeNumerical Methods for Solving theNonlinear
Volterra Integral Equation with Weakly Kernels

3.1. Introduction :
The IEs of various types and kinds play an important role in many
branches of mathematics. Over the past thirty years substantial progress
has been made in developing innovative approximate analytical and purely
numerical solution techniques to a large class of SIEs. In recent years,
a SIE arises in many problems of mathematical physics, such as the theory
of elasticity, viscoelasticity, and hydrodynamics. Also, many problems of
fracture mechanics, aerodynamics, theory of porous filtering, antenna
problems in electromagnetic theory, viscodynamics fluids, contact
problems in the theory of elasticity, mixed boundary problems in
mathematical physics, biology, chemistry and engineering can be
formulated as IEs of the first, second or third kind, see Green [26],
Hoschstadt [27], Kanwal [28] and Schiavone et. al [29]. The solution of
these applications can be obtained analytically; using the theory developed
by Muskhelishvili [3,33].
At the same time, the scens of numerical methods takes an important
place in solving IEs. Abdalkhani [34] obtained a numerical solution of the
NVIE of the second kind when the kernel taken the form of Abel's
function form. Guoqiang et. al [35] obtained numerically the solution of
two dimensional of the NVIE by collocation method and iterated
collocation method.
The NIE with weakly singular kernels must be solved numerically,
because it is difficult to solve it analytically. Many different methods are
used to obtain the solution of the NIE. Brunner et. al [36], introduced
a class of methods depending on some parameters to obtain numerically
the solution of Able's IE of the second kind. In [37], Kauthen applied
a linear multistep method to obtain the solution of a SVIE of the second
kind numerically. In [38], Kibas and Saigo used an asymptotic method to
obtain the solution of NVIE. In [39], Orsi used product Nystrm method
"
to get the solution of NVIE when its kernel takes a logarithmic and
Carleman forms. A new quadrature method for solving weakly NVIE of
the second kind could be found, see Tao and Young [40]. Badr, in [41],
introduced a family of methods depending on a few parameters to obtain
the solution of NVIE of the second kind with logarithmic kernel. Some
books were edited by Atkinson [30], Linz [31], Kreyszig [21], and
Dzhuraev [42], containing many different numerical methods to get the
solution of the NVIE.
In this chapter, the Toeplitz matrix and the product Nystrm
methods are presented, to solve the linear and NVIE with weakly kernels,
numerically. Therefore, the two methods are used, to obtain L(N)AS. Also,
many important theorems related to prove the existence of a unique
solution of the produced L(N)AS will be derived and discussed. Moreover,
some numerical examples are considered and discussed, when the kernel
takes a logarithmic form and Carleman function. Finally, the error in each
case is calculated and plotted.
In the present work, we consider the bar in the NVEM form, only,
then, the NVIE with weakly kernel (2.5.4) reduces to
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
,
t
t f t k t x x x dx +
, (3.1.1)
where the kernel can take one of the following form

( )
( )
ln
, (0 1)
t x
k t x
t x

'
< <
. (3.1.2)
Here, ( ) f t with its derivatives and ( ) ( )
, x x are given functions
belonging to the class [ ] 0, C T of all continuous functions in [0, ] T . The
known function
( )
k t x is called the kernel of the NVIE and has a weak
singularity, while
( ) t
represents the unknown function, that will be found.
The constant defines the kind of the IE, where 0 , for the first kind,
and constant 0 , for the second kind. Also, # is a known constant,
which that may be complex, which has many physical meanings.
From this chapter, we considered two papers
#$
(1) The first paper entitled '' The nonlinear Volterra integral equation with
weakly kernels and the Toeplitz matrix method '' is submitted to J.
Comp.Appl. Math.
(2) The second paper entitled '' The nonlinear Volterra integral equation
with weakly kernels and the Nysttom product method '' is submitted to J.
Comp.Appl. Math.
3.2. Numerical Methods for Solving TheNnlinear Volterra I ntegral Equation
With Weakly Kernels :
In this section, we discuss the numerical solution of (3.1.1) by using
two different methods.
3.2.1. TheToeplitz Matrix Method :
For using the Toeplitz matrix method (see Abdou et. al [43]), the
integral term of Eq. (3.1.1) can be written as

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0
0
, ,
i
t jh h
i
i i
j
jh
k t x x x dx k t x x x dx
+

, (3.2.1)
where
i
t ih ,
T
h
N
, 1, 2,..., i N and 0 t T <,
N
T t . The integral
term of the right hand side of Eq. (3.2.1) takes the form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
, , 1 , ,
jh h
T
i j i jh j i j
jh
k t x x x dx A t jh B t j h R
+
+
+ + +
(3.2.2)
where ( )
j i
A t and ( )
j i
B t are arbitrary elements which will be determined,
and
( ) T
R is the estimate error.
To determine the unknown elements ( )
j i
A t and ( )
j i
B t , in the light
of Teoplitz matrix method, we put in Eq. (3.2.2) ( ) 1 x and ( ) x x ,
respectively. In these cases, the error
( ) T
R will be vanished, then we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
,1 ,1 ,1
a h
i i j i j i
a
I t k t x x dx A t a B t a h
+
+ +
, (3.2.3)
and
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
, , ,
a h
i i j i j i
a
I t k t x x x dx A t a a B t a h a h
+
+ + +
, (3.2.4)
#%
where a jh . The values of the elements ( ) ( ) and
j i j i
A t B t , after solving
the two Eqs. (3.2.3) and (3.2.4), can be obtained in the form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1
1
, ,1
j i i i
A t a h a h I t a h I t
h
+ + + 1
]
, (3.2.5)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
1
1
,1 ,
j i i i
B t a I t a a I t
h
1
]
, (3.2.6)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
,1 , , ,1 , 0 h a a h a h a a a h h + + + . (3.2.7)
In view of (3.2.1) - (3.2.6), the integral term of the formula (3.1.1) becomes

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0
0
, , ,
i
t
i
i j i j j
j
k t x x x dx D t t t
1, 2,..., i N , (3.2.8)
where

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
1
1
0
0
i
j i j i j i
i i
A t if j
D t A t B t if j i
B t if j i
+ < <
'
(3.2.9)
Thus, the NVIE (3.1.1) takes the form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
,
i
i j i i
j
t D t jh jh f t
,
0 0
( ) f t , 1 i N .(3.2.10)
Putting the following notations
i
t ih ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , , ,
i i ij j j j
ih f f ih D D ih jh jh .
(3.2.11)
The formula (3.2.10) takes the form
( ) ( )
1
0 0
0
, ( ), 1
i
i i ii i i ij j j
j
f D D f t i N
1
1
+ +
1
]
. (3.2.12)
The formula (3.2.12) represents a NAS, which contains ( ) N equations and
is a vector of N elements. Using Newton-Raphson method, the values
of
N
can be obtained after determining
1 2 1
, ,...,
N

.
The error term
( ) T
R of the Toeplitz matrix method is defined by
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
, , , .
a h
T
i j i j i
a
R k t x x x dx A t a a B t a h a h
+
+ + +

(3.2.13)
#&
3.2.2. TheProduct NystrmMethod :
In this section, we discuss the solution of NVIE (3.1.1) numerically,
using the product Nystrm method (see Atkinson [30] and Linz [31]) in the
Banach space [0, ] C T . For a singular kernel, we set
( ) ( ) ( ) , k t x p t x k t x
, (3.2.14)
where
( )
p t x and ( ) , k t x
are badly behaved and well behaved functions

of their arguments, respectively. Divide the interval [0,T] in Eq.(3.1.1) as
the following
0 1 2
0 ..... ,
N
t t t t T < T < , let
i i
t t x x ih ,
2,4,6,..., i N with ,
T
h
N
and N is even, then Eq. (3.1.1) can be written as
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
,
i
t
i i i
t f t k t x x x dx +
. (3.2.15)
Using (3.2.14) in (3.2.15), we get

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ,
i
t
i i i i
t f t p t x k t x x x dx +
. (3.2.16)
For this, the integral term of Eq. (3.2.16) can be approximated as

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
, , , ,
i
t
i
i i j i j i j j j
j
p t x k t x x x dx U p t t k t t t t

.(3.2.17)
If we write
( )
ij j i j
w U p t t , we get

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
, , , ,
i
t
i
i i ij i j j j
j
p t x k t x x x dx w k t t t t

, (3.2.18)
where
ij
w are called the weights of the IE (see Delves and Mohammed
[32]). Also, we approximate the integral term by a product integration form
of Simpson's rule, when
i i
t t x x , 2, 4, 6,..., i N , to get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
0
0
, , , ,
j
i
j
i
x
t
i i i i
j
x
k t x p t x x x dx k t x p t x x x dx
+

. (3.2.19)
Now, we go to approximate the non-singular part ( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
i
k t x x x
over
the interval
2 2 2
[ , ]
j j
x x
+
by using the second degree of Lagrange
interpolation polynomial. Hence, write the formula (3.2.19) as

#'
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2
2
2
2 1 2 2
0
0 2 2 1 2 2 2
, ,
j
i
j
i
x
t
j j
i i i
j
x j j j j
x x x x
k t x p t x x x dx p x x
x x x x

+
+ +
+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
, , , ,
j j
i j j j i j j j
j j j j
x x x x
k x x x x k x x x x
x x x x

+
+ + +
+ + +

+

( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 1
, ,
j j
i j i j
j j j j
x x x x
k x x x x dx
x x x x

+
+ +
+ + +
1

+ 1

1
]
. (3.2.20)
Since

1 1
, ( 1) ,
j j j j
t jh t j h t t h
+ +
+ , (3.2.21)
and from (3.2.18) and (3.2.20), we get
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
2
2
2
2 1 2 2
2
0 0
, ,
2
j
j
i
x
i
j j
ij i j j j i
j j
x
x x x x
w k t x x x p x x
h

+
+ +

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, , , ,
j j
i j j j i j j j
x x x x
k x x x x k x x x x
h

+
+ + +

+

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
, ,
2
j j
i j i j
x x x x
k x x x x dx
h

+
+ +
1

+ 1
1
]
, (3.2.22)
where, the weight functions
ij
w are given by
( )( ) ( )
2
0
,0 1 2 2
1
2
x
i i
x
w x x x x p t x dx
h

,

( )( ) ( )
2 2
2
,2 1 2 2 2 2
1
,
j
j
x
i j j j i
x
w x x x x p t x dx
h
+
+ +

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
,2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
1
2
j j
j j
x x
i j j j i j j i
x x
w x x x x p t x dx x x x x p t x dx
h
+
+ +
1 +
1
]

( )( ) ( )
2
, 2 1 2
1
2
i
i
x
i i i i i
x
w x x x x p t x dx
h

. (3.2.23)
Now, set
#

( )( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 1 2
1
,
2
j
j
x
ij j j i
x
x x x x p t x dx
h

( )( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 1 2 2
1
2
j
j
x
ij j j i
x
x x x x p t x dx
h

,

( )( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2
j
j
x
ij j j i
x
x x x x p t x dx
h

. (3.2.24)
Thus, we get

,0 1 ,2 1 , 1
, 2 ,
i i i j i j
w w
+ +

,2 , 1 , , / 2
,
i j ij i j i i i i
w w
+
+ . (3.2.25)
Let
i i
t x ih , and assume, in general,
2 2
, 0 2
j
x x h
+ ; thus
Eq. (3.2.24) becomes
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
0
( ) 1 ( )
2
j i i i j
h
x p t x p x x h d
,
( )( )
( )
2
2 2
0
( ) 1 2 ( )
2
j i i j
h
x p x x h d
,
( )
( )
2
2 2
0
( ) 2 ( )
2
j i i j
h
x p x x h d
. (3.2.26)
If we define

( )
2
2 2
0
( ) , 0,1, 2
k
k i j
p x x h d k
,
and let
2 2
( 2 2)
i j
x x i j h
+ , we have

( )
2
0
( ) , 0,1, 2
k
k
p z h d k
, 2 2 + j i z . (3.2.27)
Hence, the system (3.2.25) yields

[ ]
,0 0 1 2
2 ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) , ,
2
i
h
w z z z z i +
[ ]
,2 1 1 2
2 ( ) ( ) , 2 ,
i j
w h z z z i j
+

[ ]
,2 2 1 0 1 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( 2) 3 ( 2) ( 2) , 2 2,
2
i j
h
w z z z z z z i j + + +
[ ]
, 2 1
( ) ( )
i i
w z z , 2 z . (3.2.28)
Finally, Eq. (3.2.16) becomes
##
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0 0
0
, , , , , ( ),
i
ii ij
j
ih f ih w k ih ih ih ih w k ih jh jh jh f t
_
+ +

,

2, 4,..., i N . (3.2.29)
The formula (3.2.29) represents a NAS, which contains ( )
2
N
equations.
The approximate solution of ( ) t can be written in a matrix form
2,0 2,0 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2
2 2
4 4,0 4,0 4,1 4,1 4,2 4,2 4,3 4,3 4,4 4,4 4
,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,2 ,3 ,3 ,4 ,4
. . . . . . . . 1
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. N N
N N N N N N N N N N
w k w k w k
f
w k w k w k w k w k f
f
w k w k w k w k w k
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
+
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]

0 0
1 1
, ,
( )
( )
.
.
. . .
.
. . . .
.
( ) . . . .
. N N N N N N
w k

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
]
(3.2.30)
or take the vector form
( ) F WK +
. (3.2.31)
3.3. TheError Analysis of theMethod :
In any practical if we use the numerical methods, we need to have
some idea of the size of the error involved. Fortunately, the following two
definitions enable us to calculate the error of these methods.
Definition 3.1 :
The estimate local error
i
R of the numerical methods can be
determined by the following equation
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , ,
i
t
i i i i
t t k t x x x x x dx R 1 +
]
(3.3.1)
where ( )
i
t is the approximate solution of Eq. (3.1.1).
Also, Eq.(3.3.1) can be written in the form

( )
0
0
( , ( )) ( , ( ))
i
t
i
i i ij
j
R k t x x x dx A jh jh
, (3.3.2)
where
ij
A is the transformed matrix.

#(
Definition 3.2 :
The numerical method is said to be convergent of order r, in the
interval
[ ]
0,T , if for N sufficiently large, there exist a constant 0 > D
independent of N such that
( ) ( )
r
N
t t DN

. (3.3.3)
3.3.1. TheI ntegral Equation of theError :
Assume that the function ( ) t
represents the approximate solution of

the NVIE (3.1.1), i.e.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
, ( ).
t
t f t k t x x x dx R t + +

(3.3.4)
If we set
( ) ( ) ( ) t t t
. (3.3.5)
By subtracting (3.3.4) from (3.1.1), we obtain
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
, , ( )
t
t k t x x x x x dx R t
1
+
]
. (3.3.6)
Thus, we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
, ( ),
t
t k t x x x x dx R t +
(3.3.7)
where
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
, , , x x x x x x x

.
By using (3.3.5) in (3.3.7), we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ( )
t
t k t x x x dx R t +
. (3.3.8)
From Eq. (3.3.8), we find that the error ( ) t satisfies the NVIE of (3.1.1).
3.3.2. TheContinuity and theNormality of theI ntegral Operator of the
Error :
Assume the integral operator
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
( ) , , 0
t
V t k t x x x dx
. (3.3.9)
#)
Hence, the NVIE (3.3.8) can be written in the integral operator form

( )
1
( ) ( ) V t R t V t
+ , ( 0 ). (3.3.10)
Lemma 3.1:
Under the condition
ML
< , the integral operator of (3.3.9) is bounded.

Proof :
From the formula (3.3.8) we obtain

( ) ( ) ( )
0
( ) ,
t
V t k t x x x dx
, ( ) 0 . (3.3.11)
Thus, we have
[ ]
( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
0,
0,
0
,
t
C T
C T
V x x k t x dx
,
[ ]
( )
0,
0
max
C T
t T
t

(3.3.12)
In view of conditions (ii-a) and (iii-a) of Theorem 2.1 in Chapter (2), we
get
[ ] [ ] 0, 0, C T C T
V , ML
. (3.3.13)
The inequality (3.3.13) shows that the operator V is bounded, therefore, V
is also bounded under the condition 1 < .
Lemma 3.2:
Also, under the condition
ML
< , V is a contraction operator.

Proof :
Let
1
( ) t and
2
( ) t any two errors in [ ] 0, C T , then we get
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) , ( ) .
t
V t V t V t V t k t x x x x x dx
(3.3.14)
In view of condition (iii-b) of Theorem 2.1, we get

( )
1 2 1 2
0 0
0
max ( ) ( ) max ( ) ( )
t
t T x t T
V t V t M k t x x x dx
, (3.3.15)
with the aid of the condition (ii-a) of Theorem 2.1, we have
#!

1 2 1 2
V V LM
, ( )
0
max
t T
t

. (3.3.16)
Therefore, V is a continuous operator in [ ] 0, C T , then, under the condition
1 < , V is a contraction operator. Hence, using Banach fixed point
theorem, the formula (3.3.8) has a unique solution.
The normality and continuity of the integral operator V are very
important to prove the existence of a unique solution of SIE of the first
kind and for homogeneous IE.
3.4. TheNonlinear Algebraic Systems (NAS) :
In this section, our aim is to prove the existence of a unique solution
for the NASs (3.2.12) and (3.2.29) in the Banach space
! where
sup
j
j

!
.
3.4.1. TheExistenceof a UniqueSolution for theNonlinear Algebraic System
of theToeplitz Matrix Method :
Here, the existence of a unique solution of the NAS (3.2.12), will be
proved according to the Banach fixed point theorem. For this, we write it in
the operator form

1
i i i
T T f
+ , 0 , (3.4.1)
where

0
( )
i
i ij j j
j
T D

, ( ) 0, 1 i N . (3.4.2)
Then, consider the following

Lemma 3.3 :
If the discontinuous kernel ( ) k t x of Eq. (3.1.1) is absolutely
integrable with respect to x for all 0 x t T < , and satisfies the
condition
( )
a h
a
k t x dx L
+

, ( a =jh) , (3.4.3)
then,
0
sup
i
ij
i
j
D
is bounded.
#"
Proof:
From the formula (3.2.5), we obtain

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
, ,1
a h
j i i
a
A t a h a h k t x x dx
h

+
+ +

( ) ( ) ( ) ,1 ,
a h
i
a
a h k t x x x dx
+
1
+ +
1
]
, (3.4.4)
where ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
,1 , , ,1 , 0 h a a h a h a a a h h + + + .
By using the condition (iii-a) of Theorem 2.1, we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, ,1
a h
j i i
a
A t a h a h x k t x dx
+
+ +

( ) ( ) ( )
, 1 ,
a h
i
a
a h x x k t x dx
+
1
+ +
1
]
. (3.4.5)
Using condition (3.4.3) and summing from 0 j to i , we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1
, ,1 , 1 ,
i i
j i
j j
ML
A t a h a h x a h x x
h

1
+ + + +
]

. (3.4.6)
Using the fact that each term of the inequality (3.4.6) is bounded for each i,
we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1
sup sup , ,1 ,1 , .
i i
j
i i
j j
ML
A ih jh h jh h x jh h x x
h

1 + + + +
]

Therefore, from the continuity of the function ( ) ( )
, x x in the interval
[0,T], there exists a small constant
1
z , such that
( )
1
0
sup ,
i
j
i
j
A ih z i
. (3.4.7)
Similarly, from the formula (3.2.6), we have
( )
2
0
sup
i
j
i
j
B ih z i
, (
2
z is a small constant). (3.4.8)
Therefore, from (3.4.7) and (3.4.8), the formula (3.2.9) can be written as

1 2
0
sup , ,
i
ij
i
j
D z z z z i
, (z is small constant). (3.4.9)

Hence,
0
sup
i
ij
i
j
D
is exist (bounded).
($
Lemma 3.4.
If the kernel of Eq. (3.1.1) under the condition (3.4.3) satisfies

( ) ( )
lim 0 ; , [0, ]
i i
a h
i i i i
t t
a
k t x k t x dx t t T
+
, (3.4.10)
then

0
limsup 0
i
i j ij
i i
i
j
D D
. (3.4.11)
Proof :
By virtue of the formula (3.2.5) for , [0, ]
i i
t t T
, we get
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
, ,1
a h
j i j i i i
a
A t A t a h a h k t x k t x x dx
h

+
+ +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , 1 ,
a h
i i
a
a h k t x k t x x x dx
+
1
+ +
1
]
. (3.4.12)
Applying condition (iii-a) of Theorem 2.1, and summing from 0 j to i ,
we obtain
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1
, ,1
a h
i i
j i j i i i
j j
a
M
A t A t k t x k t x dx a h a h x
h

+

+ +
( ) ( )
0
,1 ,
i
j
a h x x
1
+ +
1
]
. (3.4.13)
From the continuity of ( ) ( )
, x x in the interval [0,T], we have
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1
sup sup ,
a h
i i
j i j i ii i
i i
j j
a
M
A t A t k t x k t x dx a h a h
h

+

+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
0
,1 sup ,1 ,
i
i
j
x a h x x
1
+ +
1
]
. (3.4.14)
Using the condition (3.4.10) in (3.4.14), we obtain
( ) ( )
0
limsup 0
i
j j
i i
i
j
A i h A ih
,
i i
t t

> , ,
i i
t ih t i h
. (3.4.15)
Similarly, in view of formula (3.2.6), we can prove
( ) ( )
0
limsup 0
i
j j
i i
i
j
B i h B ih
. (3.4.16)
(%
Finally, from the relation (3.2.12), with (3.4.15) and (3.4.16), we have

0
limsup 0
i
i j ij
i i
i
j
D D
. (3.4.17)
Theorem3.1 :
The NAS (3.2.12), when i has a unique continuous solution in
the Banach space

! , under the following conditions
iv ) sup
i
i
f H < , ( H is a constant ).
v )
0
sup
i
ij
i
j
D E
, ( E is a constant ).
vi) The known elements ( ) , ( ) jh jh , for the constants
1 2
, P P P P > >
satisfy the conditions
(a)
( )
1
sup , ( )
j
jh jh P

!
.
(b)
( ) ( )
2
sup , ( ) , ( )
j
jh jh jh jh P

!
.
where sup
j
j

!
, j.
The proof of Theorem 3.1 comes as a result of the following lemmas:
Lemma 3.5 :
If the conditions (iv) $ (vi-a) are verified, then the operator T
defined by Eqs.(3.4.1) and (3.4.2) maps the Banach space
! into itself.
Proof:
Let U be the set of all elements { }
i
in
! such that
,

!
is a constant. Define the norm of the operator T by
sup
i
i
T T

!
, i. (3.4.18)
From the formulas (3.4.2) and (3.4.3), we get

0
1
sup ( , ( ))
i
i ij i
j
j
T D jh jh f
.
In view of conditions (iv)-(vi-a), the above inequality can be adapted in the
form
(&

0
1
sup sup sup
i
i ij i
i i i
j
T P D f
!
.
Since, the above inequality is true for each integer i, then with the aid of
condition (v), we deduce

1
, T H PE
_
+

,
!
!
. (3.4.19)
The inequality (3.4.19), shows that the operator T maps the set U into
itself, where

( ) 1
H
. (3.4.20)
Since 0, 0 H > > , therefore we have 1 < . Also, the inequality (3.4.19)
involves the boundedness of the operator T, where
T

!
!
. (3.4.21)
Furthermore, the inequalities (3.4.19) and (3.4.21) define the boundedness
of the operator T .
Lemma 3.6 :
The operator T is a continuous and contractive in the Banach space
! .
Proof :
For two sequences { } { } and
i i
in space
! , we have
0
sup ( , ( )) ( , ( ))
i
i i ij
j
j
T T D jh jh jh jh
. (3.4.22)
Using the condition (vi-b) and in view of (3.4.18), we obtain

0
sup sup
i
i i ij
i i
j
T T P D

!
,
the above inequality is true for each integer i , and with condition (v) , we
have
- T T

!
!
, ( PE
). (3.4.23)
The inequality (3.4.23) shows that, the operator T iscontinuous in Banach
space

! . Moreover, T is a contraction operator, under the condition 1 < .
('
In the light of lemmas 3.5 and 3.6, the operator T is a continuous
and contraction operator in the Banach space
! . Hence, by Banach fixed

point theorem, the operator T has a unique fixed point which is the unique
solution of the NAS (3.2.12) in the space
! .
In order to examine the uniform convergence of the sequence of
approximate solutions ( )
i
t to the exact solution ( ) t of Eq. (3.1.1) in the
Banach space
! , it is convenient to consider the following theorem.

Theorem3.2 :
If the conditions (v) and (vi-b) of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied, and the
sequence of functions
{ } ( ) { }
N i
N
F f converges uniformly to the function
{ }
i
F f in

! . Then, the sequences of approximate solution
{ } ( ) { }
N i
N

converges uniformly to the solution { }
i
in
! of the system (3.2.12).

Proof :
By virtue of Eq. (3.2.12), we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
sup , ,
i
i i ij N i i
N N
j
j
D jh jh jh jh f f
(3.4.24)
After using the condition (vi-b), we obtain
( ) ( )
0
1
sup sup sup ( ) sup
i
i i ij j j N i i
N N
i i j i
j
M D f f
By using condition (v), we find

( )
1
N N
F F
EP

! !
. (3.4.25)
Since 0
N
F F as N , so that 0
N
as N .
3.4.2. TheEquivalenceBetween theNonlinear Volterra I ntegral Equation
and theNonlinear Algebraic Systemof theToeplitz Matrix :
The sum
0
( )
i
ij j j
j
D
becomes
( ) ( ) ( )
0
,
t
k t x x x dx
when
i tends to , and also the solution of the NAS (3.2.12) is equivalent to the
solution of the NVIE (3.1.1).
(
In the next theorem, the convergence of sequence of approximate
solution ( )
i
t of NAS (3.2.12) to the exact solution ( ) t of NVIE (3.1.1)
in the Banach space [ ] 0, C T , will be proved.
Theorem3.3 :
If the sequence of the continuous functions ( ) { }
i
f t converges
uniformly to the function ( ) f t as i . Then, under the conditions of
Theorem 2.1, the sequence of the approximate solution ( ) { }
i
t
convergences uniformly to the exact solution ( ) t of Eq. (3.1.1).
Proof :
The formula (3.1.1) with its approximate solution gives
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
, , .
t
i i i
t t k t x x x x x dx f t f t
By taking the maximum over t, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
, , .
t
i i i
Using the conditions (ii) and (iii-b) of Theorem 2.1, the above inequality
takes the form
( ) ( )
( )
1
i i
t t f f
LM

. (3.4.26)
Hence, ( ) ( ) 0
i
t t , since 0
i
f f as i .
Definition 3.4:
The estimate error
( ) T
N
R of the Toeplitz matrix method is determined
by the following
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
, ,
T
i
i i ij N N
N
j
D jh jh jh jh R
1 +
]
, (3.4.27)
where ( )
i
N
is the approximate solution of Eq. (3.2.12). The error
( ) T
N
R
may be written in the form

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
0
, ,
i
t
i
T
N i ij N
j
R k t x x x dx D jh jh
. (3.4.28)

(#
Theorem3.4 :
Under the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1, the estimate error
( ) T
N
R satisfies

( )
lim 0
T
N
N
R
. (3.4.29)
Proof :
From the formula (3.4.27), we find
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
sup , ,
i
T
N i i ij N
N
j
j
R D jh jh jh jh
.
Therefore, with condition (vi-b), we get

( )
0
sup
i
T
N N N ij
i
j
R P D

+

! !
!
. (3.4.30)
The above inequality is true for each integer N, hence, from condition (v),
we have

( )
( )
1
T
N N
R EP

+
!
!
, N. (3.4.31)
Since 0
N
as N , then
( )
0
T
N
R and
( )
0
T
N
R .
3.4.3. TheExistenceof a UniqueSolution of theNonlinear Algebraic System
for theProduct NystrmMethod :
Here, the existence of a unique solution of the NAS (3.2.29), will be
proved according to the Picard method. For this, we state the following
lemma and theorem.
Lemma 3.6 : (without proof)
If the badly behaved kernel ( ) p t x of Eq. (3.2.16) satisfies the
conditions (3.4.3) and (3.4.10), then

0
sup
i
ij
i
j
w
is bounded, and
,
0
limsup 0
i
i j ij
i i
i j
j
w w
.
By using the same previous steps of lemmas 3.5 and 3.6, we can
prove the requires.
Theorem3.5 :
The solution of NAS of (3.2.29), when i , is bounded and
unique in the Banach space
! , under the conditions (vi) and (iv) and the

following condition
((
vii)
( )
0
sup ,
i
ij i j
i
j
w k t t Q
, (Q is a constant).
Proof
For the existence, we will prove that the infinite series
0
( )
y i
y
t
, is
uniformly convergent to a continuous function ( ) t . For this, we construct
a sequence defined by
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0
, , , 2,4,..., , 1,2,...
i
y i i ij i j j y j
j
t f w k t t t t i N y

, (3.4.32)
where
( ) ( )
0 i i
t f t .
It is convenient to introduce
( ) ( ) ( )
1 y i y i y i
t t t

, (3.4.33)
with
( ) ( )
0
N
N i y i
y
t t
, ( ) ( )
0 i i
t f t . (3.4.34)
Hence, the formula (3.4.33) after using the properties of the modulus, gives
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0
, , , sup
i
y i ij i j j y j j y j
j
j
t w k t t t t t t
. (3.4.35)
From the condition (vi-b) and in view of (3.4.33), we get
( ) ( ) ( )
1
0
, sup sup sup
i
y i ij i j y j
i i j
j
t P w k t t t
, 1, 2,... y .
Thus, with the condition (vii), we obtain

1 y y
PQ

! !
,
( ) sup
y y i
i
t
_

, !
. (3.4.36)
Using the mathematical induction method, with the aid of condition (iv),
we get.

1
, 0,1, 2,
y
y
H y

!
",
1
1 PQ
_
<

,
. (3.4.37)
()
This bound makes the sequence
{ }
( )
y i
t converges, under the condition
1
1 < , and hence the sequence
( ) { }
y i
t is uniformly converges, so we can
write

( ) ( )
0
i y i
y
t t
. (3.4.38)
To prove that ( )
i
t , defined by (3.4.38) satisfies the system (3.2.29),
we set
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( 0 as )
i y i y i y i
t t z t z t y + . (3.4.39)
In view of Eqs. (3.4.32) and (3.4.39), we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
1
, ,
i
i i ij i j j j y i
j
t f t w k t t t t z t

+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0
, , ,
i
ij i j j j y j j j
j
w k t t t t z t t t
.
With the help of conditions (vii) and (vi-b), the above inequality takes the
form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
0
1
, , ,
i
i i ij i j j j y i y j
j
t f t w k t t t t z t z t
!
!

1
1 . PQ
_
<

,
(3.4.40)
So that, by taking y large enough, the right-hand side of (3.4.40) can be
made as small as desired. Thus the function ( )
i
t satisfies the NAS of
(3.2.29).
To show that ( )
i
t is the only solution, we assume another
continuous solution ( )
i
t
satisfies Eq. (3.2.29), hence

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , , sup
i
i i ij i j j j j j
j
j
t t w k t t t t t t

. (3.4.41)
In view of conditions (vi-b) and (vii), we have

1

! !

,
1
1
PQ
, ( sup
j
j

!
). (3.4.42)
(!
Since
1
1 < , then the inequality (3.4.42) is true only if ( ) ( )
i i
t t
; that
is the solution of (3.2.29) is unique.
Now, in the next theorem, the convergence of the sequence of
approximate solutions
{ }
* *
i
of Eq.(3.1.1) to the solution
( )
* *
i N
N

of the NAS of Eq. (3.2.29), will be proved in the Banach space
! .
Theorem3.6 :
If the conditions (vii) and (vi-b) of Theorem 3.5 are satisfied for the
NAS of (3.2.29), and the sequence set of elements
{ } ( ) { }
N i
N
F f
converges uniformly to the function { }
i
F f in
! . Then, the sequence of

approximate solution
{ } ( )
{ }
* *
N i
N
converges uniformly to the solution
{ }
* *
i
of NAS (3.2.29).
Proof :
By virtue of Eq. (3.2.29), we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
* * * *
0
1
, sup , , .
i
i i ij i j j j j N j i i
N
N
j
j
w k t t t t t t f f
(3.4.43)
After using the condition (vi-b), we obtain
( ) ( ) ( )
* * * *
0
1
sup sup , sup .
i
i i N ij i j i i
N
N
i i i
j
P w k t t f f
In view of the condition (vii), we find

* * * *
1
N N N
QP F F

+
!
! !
.
Finally, the previous inequality takes the form

( )
* *
1
N N
F F
QP

!
!
. (3.4.44)
Since 0
N
F F as N , so that
* *
0
N
as N .

("
3.4.4. TheEquivalenceBetween theNonlinear Volterra I ntegral Equation and
theNonlinear Algebraic Systemof theProduct NystrmMethod :
The sum
( )
0
, ( )
i
ij i j j j
j
w k t t
becomes
( ) ( ) ( )
0
,
t
k t x x x dx

when i , and also the solution of the NAS (3.2.29) equivalence to the
exact solution of the NVIE (3.1.1) in the space [ ] 0, C T .
Theorem3.7 :
If the sequence of the continuous functions ( ) { }
i
f t converges
uniformly to the function ( ) f t as i , then under the conditions of
Theorem 2.1, the sequence of approximate solution
( ) { }
*
i
t convergences
uniformly to the exact solution ( ) t of Eq. (3.1.1).
Proof :
The formula (3.1.1) with its approximate solution gives
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* *
0
1
, , .
t
i i i
Using the conditions (ii-a) and (iii-b) of Theorem 2.1, the above inequality
takes the form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* *
1
i i i
t t LM t t f t f t

< + ,
then, the previous inequality, yields
( ) ( )
( )
*
1
i i
t t f f
LM

. (3.4.45)
Finally, we have

( ) ( )
*
0
i
t t , since 0
i
f f as i .
Definition 3.5 :
The estimate local error
( )
( )
N
N i
R t of the product Nystrm method, is given

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
, , ,
i
N
i
t
N i
N i i ij i j j j
j
R t k t x x x dx w k t t t t
. (3.4.46)
Also, the error can be determined using the following formula
)$
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
* *
0
, , ,
i
N
i i ij i j j j j N j N i
N
j
w k t t t t t t R t
. (3.4.47)
Theorem3.8 :
Under the hypothesis of Theorem 3.5, the estimate error
( ) N
N
R satisfies

( )
lim 0
N
N
N
R
. (3.4.48)
Proof :
From the formula (3.4.47), we find
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
* * * *
0
( ) , sup , ,
N
i
N
N i i i ij i j
N
j
j
R t w k t t jh jh jh jh
.
(3.4.49)
Therefore, form the condition (vi-b) and (vii), we get

( ) * * * * N
N N N
R QP

+
! !
!
, (
* *
sup
j
j

!
).
The above inequality is true for each integer N. Hence, we obtain

( )
( )
* *
1
N
N N
R QP

+
!
!
, N. (3.4.50)
Since
* *
0
N

!
as N , then
( )
0
N
N
R

!
and
( )
0
N
N
R .
3.5. Applications and Discussions :
Here, we will consider the NVIE (3.1.1) of the second kind ( 1 ),
when the singular kernel
( )
k t x takes a logarithmic form and Carleman
function, and the given nonlinear function ( ) ( ) ( ) , ,
k
x x x
( )
1 k N , N is a finite number. Then, we apply the Toeplitz matrix and
the product Nystrm methods, to obtain the numerical solutions of
Eq. (3.1.1). As a special case, we obtain the LVIE at ( 1 k ). For this, from
Eq. (2.5.5) we take
2G
, where
( )
2
,
1 2
G
also, for the nonlinear

case we let 3 k , and take
2
1
4
H K
GH
, where
( )
( )
2 1
3 1 2
G
K

and from
Eqs.(2.4.14) and (2.4.15), we find that
3 3
1 2 2
a b
H
a b
+
and
( )
5 5
2 2
2 2
4
3
a b
H
a b
+
,
)%
where we choose a = 7 and b = 2.5 are the major and the minor axis of the
ellipse. Also, the elasticity module satisfying the condition (2.6.1) and
the Poisson ratio , 0 1 < are corresponding to the following materials
as (see appendix (A.2-2) and (A.2-3)):-
Materials
G(shear modules) (linear) (nonlinear)
Nickle 0.28 7900*10^7 0.63636360 2.351569998
Fibber 0.22 1*10^7 0.3928571429 1.451734540
Polyurethane 0.389 0.132*10^7 1.752252252 6.475140300
Since 0 t T < , we choose the time T = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, corresponding to
the values of 20, 40 N . Also, we consider the exact solution ( )
2
t t .
3.5.1 Application 1:
Consider the NVIE (3.1.1) with Carleman kernel in the form
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, (0 1)
t
k
t t x x dx f t
< <
, 3 k ,
2
1
4
H K
H G
. (3.5.1)
The importance of Carleman kernel came from the work of
Arutiunian [44], who had shown that the plane contact problem in the
theory of creep, in its first approximation could be reduced to FIE of the
first kind with Carleman kernel. Also, If we set 1 k , in (3.5.1), one has
( ) ( ) ( )
0
t
t t x x dx f t
,
2G
. (3.5.2)
which called the LVIE of the second kind.
Case (1) : By applying the Toeplitz matrix method of Eq. (3.5.1), we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a h
k i i
n n
a
t x x dx A t a B t a h R
+ + +
.
For ( ) 1 x and ( ) x x , the values of
1
( ) I x and
2
( ) I x are
1 1
1
1
( ) | | | |
1
nh h
nh
I t t x dx nh h t nh t

1 +
]
, (3.5.3)
Using the famous formula (see Gradshteyn and Ryzhik [45]), we get
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 1
2
0
! ( )
( )
! 1 2 ... 1
L L k L
k L
nh h
k
k
L
nh
k nh t nh nh h t nh h
I t x t x dx
k L L
+ +
1
+
]

+

. (3.5.4)
)&
Thus, we obtain
( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 1
0
! ( ) 1
1
( )
! 1 2 ... 1
( ) 1
L L k L
k L k L
k
n
k
k k
L
k nh t nh h n t nh h
A t
k L L
nh h n

+ +

1
+
]
+ 1
+
]

( )
( )
1 1
1
1
k
k
h n
t nh h t nh

1
+
1
+ 1
]
1
]
, (3.5.5)
and
( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 1
0
! (( 1) ) ( 1)
1
( )
! 1 2 ... 1
1 ( )
L L k L
k L
k
n
k
k k
L
k nh t nh n h t n h
B t
k L L
h n nh
+ +

1
+ +
]
+ 1
+
]

( )
( )
1 1
( 1) .
1
k
nh
t n h t nh

1
1
+ +
1
]
1
]
(3.5.6)
Now, put , 0 , 0 t mh n m m N < < , and remove n by ) 1 ( n in
(3.5.6), the element of the Toeplitz matrix
mn
D of (3.2.9), reduce to
( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1
1
0
! 1 1
1 1
! 1 2 ... 1 1
1
L L k L
k L
k
k
mn
k
k
L
k n m n n m n
n
D h
k L L
n n

+ +
1
+
+
+
'
+ 1
+
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 1
0
1 !
1
! 1 2 ... 1
1
k
k
k
L
k
m n m n
k L L
n n

1
1
+
]
]
+ 1

]
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 .
1
k
L L k L
k L
n
n m n n m n m n m n

+ +

1

1 1
+ + + 1
;
] ]
(3.5.7)
Also, the estimating error can be determined from Eq. (3.2.13)
1 1
1 1
2
2 1
0 0
1 1
! 1 (2 )! 1
( )!(1 )(2 )...( 1 ) (2 )!(1 )(2 )...( 1 )
L L
L L
k k
k
L L
k m k m
m m
R h
k L L k L L
+ +
+ +
+

+ +

(3.5.8)
Hence, the error R can be written in the form
2 1 k
R Ch
+
, (3.5.9)
where
)'
1 1
1 1
2
0 0
1 1
! 1 (2 )! 1
.
( )!(1 )(2 )...( 1 ) (2 )!(1 )(2 )...( 1 )
L L
L L
k k
L L
k m k m
m m
C
k L L k L L
+ +
+ +

+ +

(3.5.10)
Case (2): In this case, we will apply the product Nystrm method to
solve Eq. (3.5.1), for this, we put z = i-2j+2, in Eq. (3.2.27), then we have

2 2
( )
j i
p x h x
+ = ( ) ) z h

. (3.5.11)
Hence, we get

1 1
0
( ) 2
1
h
z z z

1

]
,

1 1 2 2
1
( ) 2 2 ,
1 2
zh h
z z z z z

1 1
+
] ]

(3.5.12)
2
1 1 2 2 3 3
2
2
( ) 2 2 2 .
1 2 3
z h zh h
z z z z z z z

1 1 1
+ +
] ] ]

Substituting from Eq. (3.5.12) into the relations (3.2.28), we have
1
1 1 2 2
,0
(2 )(1 ) 2 3
2 2
2 1 2
i
h z z z
w z z z z

1 1
+
'
] ]

3 3 1
2 .
3
z z

1
+
;
]

1 1 2 2
1
,2 1
(2 ) 2(1 )
2 2
1 2
i j
z z z
w h z z z z

+

1 1
+
'
] ]

3 3 1
2
3
z z

1

;
]

.
1
1 1 2 2
,2
( 1) 2 1
2 2
2 1 2
i j
h z z z
w z z z z

1 1
+
'
] ]

3 3 1 1 1 ( 3)( 4)
2 4 2
3 1
z z
z z z z

1 1
+ +
] ]

2 2 3 3 2 7 1
4 2 4 2
2 3
z
z z z z

1 1
+ +
;
] ]

.
1
1 1 2 2 3 3
,
( 1) 2 1 1
2 2 2
2 1 2 3
i i
h z z z
w z z z z z z

1 1 1
+ +
' ;
] ] ]

(3.5.13)
)
The reader can be deduce that
1) The LVIE can be obtained from Eq. (2.5.4) when the axes of the ellipse
0 a or 0 b .
2) In the Toeplitz matrix method, the step size
1
h
N
,
i i
x t ih and
i j
D
,
are given by Eq. (3.2.9), while in the product Nystrm method, we take
2
h
N
,
1 i i
t t h
+ and
, i j
w are given by (3.2.27).
3) By using the Toeplitz matrix, we get a NAS of Eq. (3.2.12) contain ( N )
equations, while the NAS (3.2.29) for the product Nystrm method
contains (
2
N
) equations.
4) The formulas
T
and
N
are refer to the resulting errors of the Toeplitz
matrix and the product Nystrm methods, respectively.
3.5.2 TheNumerical Results and Discussions :
The Maple (10) program is used to compute the two approximate
numerical solutions ,
T N
of Eqs. (3.5.1) and (3.5.2). Also, the
corresponding errors
T
,
N
for the nonlinear and linear cases are
computed. The Toeplitz matrix and the product Nystrm methods, are used
for different materials, Polyurethane, Nickel and Fibber, which have the
values of = 0.22, 0.389, 0.28 respectively, and consider the free
functions
2 (139/50)
( ) - 0.2035660026 f t t t ,
2 (2611/1000)
( ) -1.363587464 f t t t
and
2 (68/ 50)
( ) - .3778378864 f t t t , for the linear case. While in the
nonlinear case, we find
2 (339/ 50)
( ) - 0.1034976576 f t t t ,
2 (6611/1000)
( ) - 0.7947956184 f t t t , and
2 (168/ 25)
( ) - 0.2015383802 f t t t
respectively, for the exact solution
2
) ( t t . In the following
Tables (3-1)-(3-4), we present the exact and the two approximate numerical
solutions ,
T N
and the corresponding errors
T
,
N
in the linear and the
nonlinear cases for some points of t , 0 t T and times T = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, at
N =20,40. Also, we plot the result errors
T
,
N
as shown in the following
Figs.[(3-1)-(3-18)], for the two methods .
)#
Toeplitz matrix method
Linear k=1
Polyurethane v=0.389 Fibber v=0.22 Nickel v=.28
T N
t Exact sol.
Approximate
sol.
Error
T

Approximate
sol.
Error
T

Approximate
sol.
Error
T

0.0000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.07825E-04 7.82467E-06 4.00397E-04 3.97239E-07 4.01094E-04 1.09422E-06
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.68042E-03 8.04162E-05 1.60322E-03 3.22116E-06 1.60944E-03 9.43545E-06
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.85210E-03 2.52101E-04 3.60935E-03 9.34788E-06 3.62762E-03 2.76157E-05
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.94731E-03 5.47312E-04 6.41915E-03 1.91500E-05 6.45680E-03 5.67954E-05
20 1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.09898E-02 9.89804E-04 1.00329E-02 3.28827E-05 1.00978E-02 9.78171E-05
0.0000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.12232E-04 1.22317E-05 4.00466E-04 4.66028E-07 4.01412E-04 1.41225E-06
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.67808E-03 7.80822E-05 1.60276E-03 2.75562E-06 1.60840E-03 8.40446E-06
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.81669E-03 2.16690E-04 3.60000E-03 7.26792E-06 3.62219E-03 2.21891E-05
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.84323E-03 4.43233E-04 6.41419E-03 1.41906E-05 6.44338E-03 4.33802E-05
0.1 40 1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.07728E-02 7.72808E-04 1.00237E-02 2.36560E-05 1.00724E-02 7.24421E-05
0.0000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.05875E-02 5.87513E-04 1.00355E-02 3.54832E-05 1.00902E-02 9.01707E-05
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.80771E-02 8.07711E-03 4.02937E-02 2.93651E-04 4.08141E-02 8.14068E-04
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.22397E-01 3.23965E-02 9.08674E-02 8.67433E-04 9.24719E-02 2.47185E-03
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 2.50185E-01 9.01850E-02 1.61806E-01 1.80614E-03 1.65255E-01 5.25464E-03
0.5
20 5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 4.61709E-01 2.11709E-01 2.53149E-01 3.14940E-03 2.59336E-01 9.33594E-03
)(
0.0000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.10445E-02 1.04450E-03 3.14940E-03 4.17997E-05 1.01180E-02 1.17969E-04
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.84977E-02 8.49774E-03 4.02520E-02 2.52000E-04 4.07306E-02 7.30613E-04
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.19610E-01 2.96099E-02 9.06760E-02 6.76000E-04 9.19951E-02 9.19951E-02
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 2.36522E-01 7.65216E-02 1.61340E-01 1.34000E-03 1.64024E-01 4.02391E-03
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 4.20728E-01 4.20728E-01 2.52268E-01 2.26800E-03 2.56922E-01 6.92212E-03
0.0000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.53327E-02 2.93269E-03 3.25846E-02 1.84558E-04 3.28581E-02 4.58082E-04
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.82022E-01 5.24217E-02 1.31154E-01 1.55373E-03 1.33894E-01 4.29438E-03
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 5.68144E-01 2.76544E-01 2.96260E-01 4.66037E-03 3.05062E-01 1.34621E-02
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.57689E+00 1.05849E+00 1.42160E-01 5.28244E-01 5.47887E-01 2.94870E-02
20 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 4.38785E+00 3.57785E+00 8.27403E-01 1.74028E-02 8.63942E-01 5.39417E-02
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.82667E-02 5.86667E-03 3.26182E-02 2.18155E-04 3.30059E-02 6.05926E-04
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.90888E-01 6.12878E-02 1.30937E-01 1.33660E-03 1.33480E-01 3.88003E-03
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 5.75205E-01 2.83605E-01 2.95238E-01 3.63755E-03 3.02513E-01 1.09132E-02
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.53742E+00 1.01902E+00 5.25714E-01 7.31450E-03 5.41042E-01 2.26417E-02
0.9 40 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 4.11712E+00 3.30712E+00 8.22544E-01 1.25440E-02 8.50050E-01 4.00500E-02
Table (3-1)

))

Nonlinear k =3
Polyurethane v=0.389 Fibber v = 0.22 Nickel v =0.28
T
N
t Exact sol.
Approximate
sol.
error
T

Approximate
sol.
Error
T

Approximate
sol.
Error
T

2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 6.10000E-12 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 1.10000E-12
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 2.06000E-10 1.60000E-03 8.00000E-12 1.60000E-03 1.80000E-11
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60000E-03 4.86600E-09 3.60000E-03 3.24000E-10 3.60000E-03 9.14000E-10
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.40004E-03 3.75760E-08 6.40000E-03 2.93300E-09 6.40001E-03 6.82800E-09
20 1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00002E-02 1.72580E-07 1.00000E-02 1.32400E-08 1.00000E-02 3.10700E-08
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 9.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 1.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 2.00000E-13
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 3.64000E-10 1.60000E-03 2.40000E-11 1.60000E-03 6.00000E-11
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60001E-03 5.96600E-09 3.60000E-03 3.93000E-10 3.60000E-03 9.70000E-10
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.40004E-03 3.92790E-08 6.40000E-03 2.62800E-09 6.40001E-03 6.47100E-09
0.1
40
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00002E-02 1.65450E-07 1.00000E-02 1.13000E-08 1.00000E-02 2.76900E-08
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99995E-03 4.75770E-08 1.00000E-02 8.72000E-09 1.00000E-02 6.56000E-09
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00086E-02 8.59661E-06 4.00012E-02 1.20246E-06 4.00023E-02 2.25545E-06
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.02096E-02 2.09587E-04 9.00221E-02 2.21118E-05 9.00458E-02 4.58300E-05
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.61785E-01 1.78492E-03 1.60164E-01 1.63942E-04 1.60352E-01 3.51789E-04
20 5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.60866E-01 1.08655E-02 2.50769E-01 7.69067E-04 2.51714E-01 1.71422E-03
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00001E-02 8.76200E-08 1.00000E-02 1.09400E-08 1.00000E-02 2.13700E-08
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00161E-02 1.61383E-05 4.00015E-02 1.46417E-06 4.00032E-02 3.22868E-06
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.02582E-02 2.58200E-04 9.00223E-02 2.23186E-05 9.00499E-02 4.99204E-05
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.61890E-01 1.88981E-03 1.60149E-01 1.49261E-04 1.60338E-01 3.38087E-04
0.5
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.60751E-01 1.07511E-02 2.50657E-01 6.56981E-04 2.51533E-01 1.53293E-03
)!
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23977E-02 2.32368E-06 3.24005E-02 4.69400E-07 3.24003E-02 3.41110E-07
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.30043E-01 4.42645E-04 1.29665E-01 6.53677E-05 1.29719E-01 1.19175E-04
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.08529E-01 1.69292E-02 2.92884E-01 1.28359E-03 2.94314E-01 2.71433E-03
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 2.31891E+00 1.80051E+00 5.30723E-01 1.23226E-02 5.52506E-01 3.41065E-02
20
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 9.99311E+00 9.18311E+00 9.61432E-01 1.51432E-01 3.83488E+00 3.02488E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.24043E-02 4.27736E-06 3.24006E-02 5.88460E-07 3.24011E-02 1.11057E-06
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.30445E-01 8.45425E-04 1.29680E-01 7.96364E-05 1.29771E-01 1.70969E-04
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.14787E-01 2.31867E-02 2.92901E-01 1.30062E-03 2.94592E-01 2.99165E-03
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 6.11611E+00 5.59771E+00 5.29755E-01 1.13547E-02 5.52633E-01 3.42329E-02
0.9
40 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 9.54141E+01 9.46041E+01 9.41196E-01 1.31196E-01 5.27042E+00 4.46042E+00
Table (3-2)

The product Nystrm method
Linear k =1
T N
t Exact sol.
Approximate
sol.
error
N

Approximate
sol.
error
N

Approximate
sol.
Error
N

2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.03078E-04 3.07757E-06 4.00015E-04 1.47322E-08 4.00080E-04 8.28887E-08
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.62185E-03 2.18465E-05 1.60010E-03 1.04528E-07 1.60058E-03 5.79920E-07
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.66844E-03 6.84441E-05 3.60033E-03 3.25156E-07 3.60178E-03 1.78465E-06
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.55504E-03 1.55043E-04 6.40073E-03 7.26999E-07 6.40396E-03 3.95932E-06
0.1
20 1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.02945E-02 2.94518E-04 1.00014E-02 1.35765E-06 1.00074E-02 7.35131E-06
)"
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.02078E-04 2.07830E-06 4.00077E-06 8.78330E-09 4.00052E-04 5.23491E-08
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.61411E-03 1.41085E-05 1.60045E-05 6.08400E-08 1.60035E-03 3.54479E-07
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.64368E-03 4.36833E-05 3.60019E-03 1.88668E-07 3.60108E-03 8.40800E-08
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.49837E-03 9.83678E-05 6.40042E-03 4.21586E-07 6.40240E-03 2.39963E-06
40
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.01861E-02 1.86119E-04 1.00008E-02 7.87270E-07 1.00044E-02 4.45052E-06
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.09863E-02 9.86296E-04 1.00047E-02 4.73070E-06 1.00231E-02 2.30943E-05
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.84412E-02 8.44119E-03 4.00340E-02 3.40074E-05 6.27345E-04 1.65880E-04
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.22567E-01 3.25672E-02 9.01072E-02 1.07178E-04 9.05240E-02 5.24002E-04
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 2.52379E-01 9.23792E-02 1.60243E-01 2.42681E-04 1.61192E-01 1.19223E-03
20 5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 4.73773E-01 2.23773E-01 2.50459E-01 4.58780E-04 2.52269E-01 2.26860E-03
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.05633E-02 5.63321E-04 1.00028E-02 2.79112E-06 1.00143E-02 1.42556E-05
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.45750E-02 4.57502E-03 4.00196E-02 1.96154E-05 4.00994E-02 9.93666E-05
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.07018E-01 1.70182E-02 9.00617E-02 6.16512E-05 9.03121E-02 3.12104E-04
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 2.06464E-01 4.64636E-02 1.60140E-01 1.39533E-04 1.60709E-01 7.08539E-04
0.5
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 3.57887E-01 1.07887E-01 2.50264E-01 2.63789E-04 2.51347E-01 1.34655E-03
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 4.46008E-02 4.46008E-02 3.24397E-02 3.97186E-05 3.25882E-02 1.88189E-04
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.72550E-01 1.42950E-01 1.29889E-01 2.88765E-04 1.30983E-01 1.38313E-03
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 1.12466E+00 8.33055E-01 2.92521E-01 9.20586E-04 2.96074E-01 4.47361E-03
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 4.41743E+00 3.89903E+00 5.20508E-01 2.10807E-03 5.28821E-01 1.04207E-02
20 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 1.76509E+01 1.68409E+01 8.14030E-01 4.02979E-03 8.30301E-01 2.03013E-02
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.78528E-02 5.45276E-03 3.24232E-02 2.32265E-05 1.01180E-02 1.13934E-04
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.85208E-01 5.56082E-02 1.29765E-01 1.65258E-04 1.30414E-01 8.14004E-04
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 5.63525E-01 2.71925E-01 2.92126E-01 5.25514E-04 2.94218E-01 2.61765E-03
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.54445E+00 1.02605E+00 5.19603E-01 1.20287E-03 5.24481E-01 6.08105E-03
0.9
40
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01
4.26984E+00
3.45984E+00 8.12299E-01 2.29928E-03 8.21824E-01 1.18242E-02
Table (3-3)
!$

Nonlinear k=3
T N
t Exact sol.
Approximate.
sol.
Error
N

Approximate
sol.
Error
N

Approximate
sol.
Error
N

2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 5.80000E-12 4.00000E-04 5.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 1.10000E-12
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 1.35000E-10 1.60000E-03 1.30000E-11 1.60000E-03 2.60000E-11
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60000E-03 7.72000E-10 3.60000E-03 7.20000E-11 3.60000E-03 1.52000E-10
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.40000E-03 2.57900E-09 6.40000E-03 2.42000E-10 6.40000E-03 5.11000E-10
20 1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99999E-03 6.48100E-09 1.00000E-02 6.10000E-10 1.00000E-02 1.28900E-09
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 1.30000E-12 4.00000E-04 0.00000E+00 4.00000E-04 2.00000E-13
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 2.60000E-11 1.60000E-03 2.00000E-12 1.60000E-03 6.00000E-12
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60000E-03 1.41000E-10 3.60000E-03 1.20000E-11 3.60000E-03 2.60000E-11
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.40000E-03 4.58000E-10 6.40000E-03 3.80000E-11 6.40000E-03 8.50000E-11
0.1
40
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.11500E-09 1.00000E-02 9.40000E-11 1.00000E-02 2.08000E-10
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 2.71100E-08 1.00000E-02 3.31000E-09 1.00000E-02 6.48000E-09
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00004E-02 4.08390E-07 4.00000E-02 3.71300E-08 4.00001E-02 7.72600E-08
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00124E-02 1.23955E-05 9.00004E-02 4.00520E-07 9.00011E-02 1.10134E-06
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60311E-01 3.10702E-04 1.60007E-01 6.89330E-06 1.60021E-01 2.12531E-05
0.5
20 5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.55483E-01 5.48296E-03 2.50079E-01 7.94334E-05 2.50257E-01 2.57421E-04
!%
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 3.04000E-09 9.99999E-03 6.32500E-09 1.00000E-02 6.50000E-10
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00001E-02 1.33270E-07 4.00000E-02 5.06000E-09 4.00000E-02 1.32200E-08
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00089E-02 8.86710E-06 9.00002E-02 1.87410E-07 9.00006E-02 6.06810E-07
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60219E-01 2.19091E-04 1.60004E-01 4.09150E-06 1.60014E-01 1.35426E-05
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.53379E-01 3.37859E-03 2.50047E-01 4.73255E-05 2.50161E-01 1.60861E-04
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.24013E-02 1.34275E-06 3.24002E-02 1.78870E-07 3.24003E-02 3.38450E-07
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29713E-01 1.13037E-04 1.29604E-01 4.48020E-06 1.29611E-01 1.12926E-05
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.25141E-01 3.35406E-02 2.91884E-01 2.83597E-04 2.92508E-01 9.08121E-04
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.31172E+00 7.93322E-01 5.28523E-01 1.01227E-02 5.95871E-01 7.74706E-02
20 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 2.31020E+00 1.50020E+00 8.91517E-01 8.15168E-02 7.74706E-02 3.16823E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.24002E-02 1.81050E-07 3.24000E-02 1.76100E-08 3.24000E-02 3.63200E-08
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29688E-01 8.78724E-05 1.29602E-01 2.08030E-06 1.29606E-01 6.36730E-06
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.09447E-01 1.78471E-02 2.91775E-01 1.74644E-04 2.92186E-01 5.85825E-04
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 8.28280E-01 3.09880E-01 5.23800E-01 5.40030E-03 5.45010E-01 2.66097E-02
0.9 40 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 3.67411E-02 7.73259E-01 2.70322E+00 1.89322E+00 3.14070E+00 2.33070E+00
Table (3-4)
!&
In general, from the previous numerical results of Tables (3-1)-(3-4), we deduce
the following discussion :
i. For linear (k =1) and nonlinear (k =3) cases of Eqs. (3.5.2) and (3.5.1), the
errors
T
and
N
are decreases as well as N increases for the three materials
as shown in Figs. (3-2), (3-5) and (3-8) and Figs (3-11), (3-14) and (3-17) at
T = 0.5, respectively.
ii. The errors
T
and
N
are increases as well as the values of time T increasing
(T = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9) for linear and nonlinear cases, for example as shown in
Figs (3-1), (3-2) and (3-3) for Fibber material at T = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, respectively.
iii. As t is increasing in each interval [0,T], T = 0. 1, 0.5, 0.9, the errors
T
and
N
are also increasing for each materials.
iv. The errors
T
and
N
are equal 0.0 for 0 t , for each materials
(Fiber, Polyurethane, Nickel ), for the linear and the nonlinear cases.
v. If the major a and the minor b axis of the ellipse in the NVIE with Carleman
kernel (3.5.1) are increases then the errors
T
and
N
are also increasing for
each materials.
vi. In the three materials, the errors results
T
and
N
for linear case are larger
than the nonlinear case, for example at T = 0.5, for linear case (see Figs. (3-2),
(3-5), (3-8)), and for nonlinear (see Figs. (3-11), (3-14) and (3-17)).
vii. In the LVIE (3.5.2) with Carleman kernel, the Nystrm method represent the
best method, since the minimum error
N
for each materials is less than the
minimum error
T
of Toeplitz matrix method, for example at T = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9,
see Figs. (3-2) and (3-8) at N =20, 40, and T=0.5, for Fibber (v = 0.22) and
Polyurethane (v = 0.398) materials.
viii. In the NVIE (3.5.1), with Carleman kernel, for k = 3, also, the Nystrm
method represent the best method, since the minimum error
N
in each
materials is less than the minimum error
T
of the Toeplitz matrix method,
where is shown in Figs. (3-10) and (3-17), for Fibber and Polyurethane
materials, at N =20, 40, T = 0.5.
Hence, we can decide that the Nystrm method is the best numerical method
for solving the LVIE and NVIE, with Carleman kernel.
ix. We obtain the smallest error
T
for the nonlinear case when N increases and
the value of tends to zero. Under the assumption data at t = 0.2, N = 40,
!'
7
10 , 0.22 G and, T = 0.1, we find the smallest errors
T
,
N
for k = 3,
are 1.00000E-13 , 0.00000E+00 , respectively, as shown in Fig. (3-1).
x. Due to the kernel of Carleman, as the values of corresponding to the Fibber,
polyurethane and Nickle materials are increasing (0 0.4) < < , then the
resultant errors
T
and
N
are increases, for [0, 0.1] t , [0, 0.5] t .
xi. Due to the kernel of Carleman, if the value of parameter tends to one, i.e.
(0.3 1) < and
1
( )
2
(the material is solid), and T =.9, [0, 0.9] t , then the
resultant errors
T
and
N
are greater than 1. (i.e. the elasticity modules do
not satisfying the condition (2.6.1) with respect to the kernel of Carleman) see
the result error of v = 0.398 in Tables (3-1)-(3-4) at [0, 0.9] t , this shown in
Figs.(3-9) and (3-18).
Also, it can be observed from these Tables the following
1. For Fiber material (
7
10 , 0.22 G )
(a) The minimum value of the errors
T
and
N
in linear and nonlinear (k = 1, 3)
cases are 4.66028E-07, 8.78330E-09 and 1.00000E-13, 0.0000E+00, respectively,
and each of which occurs at T= 0.1 , t = 0.02 for N = 40.
(b) The maximum value of the errors
T
and
N
in the linear case are 1.74028E-02
and 4.02979E-03, while the maximum value of the errors in the nonlinear case is
1.51432E-01, 8.15168E-02 at T= 0.9, t = 0.9 for N = 20.
2. For Nickle material (
7
7900 10 , 0.28. G )
(c) The minimum value of the errors
T
and
N
and 5.23491E-08, also, the minimum value of the errors
T
and
N
in the
nonlinear case (k =3) are 2.00000E-13, 2.00000E-13, respectively, at T = 0.1,
t = 0.02 for N = 40.
(d) The maximum values of the errors
T
and
N
in the linear and nonlinear (k =1,3)
cases are 5.39417E-02, 2.03013E-02, and 3.42329E-02, 7.74706E-02, respectively
and each of them occurs at T= 0.9, t = 0.9 for N = 20.
3. For Polyurethane material, (
7
0.132 10 , 0.389 G )
(e) The minimum value of the errors
T
and
N
and 2.07830E-06, respectively, also, the minimum value of the errors
T
and
!
N
in the nonlinear case are 9.00000E-13, 1.30000E-12, respectively, and each of
them occur at T= 0.1, t = 0.02 for N= 40 .
(f) The maximum values of the errors
T
and
N
in the linear case are 2.76544E-01,
8.33055E-01, at T= 0.9, t = 0.54 for N = 20, also in the nonlinear (k =3) are
2.31867E-02 and 7.93322E-01, occurs at T= 0.9, t = 0.75 for N = 20.

Fig.(3-1) The change of errors
T
and
N
of T=0.1 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.22
and k=1

Fig. (3-2) The change of errors
T
and
N
of T=0.5 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.22
and k=1
T

N1-----
N2- - -
-
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
T

N1-----
N2- - -
!#

T
and
N
of T=0.9 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.22
and k=1

T
and
N
of T=0.1 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.28
and k=1

T
and
N
of T =0.5 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.28
and k=1
T

N1-----
N2- - -
T

N1-----
N2- - -
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
T

N1-----
N2- - -
-
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
-
!(

T
and
N
of T=0.9 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.28
and k=1

T
and
N
of T=0.1 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.389
and k=1

T
and
N
of T=0.5 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.389
and k=1
T

N1-----
N2- - -
T

N1-----
N2- - -
T

N1-----
N2- - -
-
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
-
!)

T
and
N
of T=0.9 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.389
and k=1

T
and
N
of T=0.1 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.22
and k =3

T
and
N
of T=0.5 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.22
and k =3
T

N1-----
N2- - -
-
T

N1-----
N2- - -
-
T

N1-----
N2- - -
N

N1 -----
N2- - -
-
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
!!

T
and
N
of T=0.9 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.22
and k=3

T
and
N
of T=0.1 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.28
and k=3

T
and
N
of T=0.5 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.28
and k=3
T

N1-----
N2- - -
T

N1-----
N2- - - -
T

N1-----
N2- - - -
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
!"

Fig (3-15) The change of errors
T
and
N
of T=0.9 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.28
and k=3

T
and
N
of T =0.1 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.389
and k =3

T
and
N
of T = 0.5 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.389
and k =3
T

N1-----
N2- - - -
T

N1-----
N2- - - -
T

N1-----
N2- - - -
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
"$

T
and
N
of T = 0.9 and
1 2
20, 40 N N at
0.389
k=3
3.5.3. Application 2
If the kernel of the NVIE of the second kind (3.1.1) can be represented in the
logarithmic kernel i.e. ( ) ln k t x t x , then, we get
( ) ( ) ( )
0
ln
t
k
t t x x dx f t
,
2
1
4
H K
HG
, (3.5.14)
when k = 1, we have the LVIE of the second kind with logarithmic kernel
( ) ( ) ( )
0
ln
t
t t x x dx f t
,
2G
. (3.5.15)
Also, the solution of NVIE with logarithmic kernel can be obtained using the
following famous relation
( ) ( )
log , log , y z h y z y z h y z y z y z

0 1. < < (3.5.16)
Case (3) : As in the case (1), the solution of Eq. (3.5.14) will be obtained
numerically, by the Toeplitz matrix method. For this, using the famous formula (see
Gradshteyn and Ryzhik [45])
1 2 1 1
1
1 1
1
1 ( ) 1 ( 1)
ln( ) ln( )
1 1 ( 2)
k L k L L k
k k
k L
L
a x a
x a bx dx x a bx
k b k k L b
+ + +
+
+
1
+ + +
1
+ + +
]

(3.5.17)
Then, we write
1 2
( ) and ( ) I x I x of Eq. (3.5.14), in the form
1
( ) ( )ln ( )ln I t nh h t t nh h t nh t nh h + + , (3.5.18)

T

N1-----
N2- - - -
N

N1 -----
N2 -----
"%
and
( ) ( )
2 1
1
1 1
2
1
1 1
( ) ln ( )
1 1 2
nh h
k L L
k
k k
L
nh
x t
I t t x x t
k k k L
+
+
+
+ +
1 1
]
1
+ + +
1
]

( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1 1
ln ln
1 1
k k
k k
nh h t t nh h nh t t nh
k k
+ +
+ +
1 1 1 1
+
] ] ] ]
+ +

( )
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
1
( )
1
1 2
k L
k L L
k
L
nh h nh t
k k L
+
+
+
1
+
]
+ +
. (3.5.19)
Now, put , 0 , 0 t mh n m m N < , then we have
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
1
( ) 1 ln 1
1
1
k
k k k
n k
k
h
A mh n m m n h n m
k
n n
+
+ + +
+
'
+ 1
+
]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ln 1 1 ln 1 ln 1
k
m n h n m n m n h m n m n h 1 1 + +
] ]
( )
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
1
1
1
1 2
k L
k L L
k
L
n n m
k k L
+
+
+
1
+
;
+ +
, (3.5.20)
and
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1 1 1
1
1
ln 1
1
1
k
k k k
n
k
k
h
B mh n m m n h n m
k
n n
+
+ + +

'
+ 1

]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ln 1 1 ln 1 ln 1 1
k
m n h n m n m n h m n m n h 1 1 + + + + +
] ]

( )
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
1
1
1
1 2
k L
k L L
k
L
n n m
k k L
+
+
+
;
+ +
. (3.5.21)
Therefore, the elements of the Toeplitz matrix
mn
D are given by
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
,
1
1 ln 1 ln
1
1
k
k k k
m n
k
k
h
D n m m n h n m m n h
k
n n
+
+ + +
1 1
1 +
'
]
] ]
+ 1
+

]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 ln 1 ln 1
k
n m n m n h m n m n h 1 + + +
]

( )
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
1
1
1
1 2
k L
k L L
k
L
n n m
k k L
+
+
+
1
+
;
+ +

"&
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
1
ln 1 ln 1
1
1
k
k k k
k
k
h
n m m n h n m m n h
k
n n
+
+ + +
1 1
1 + +
'
]
] ]
+ 1

]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ln 1 ln 1 1
k
n m n m n h m n m n h 1 + + + +
]

( )
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
1
1
1
1 2
k L
k L L
k
L
n n m
k k L
+
+
+
;
+ +
. (3.5.22)
Also, the estimate error takes the form

( )
ln ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
nh h
T k k k
n n
nh
R t x x dx A t nh B t nh h
+
+
. (3.5.23)
which can be adapted in the form

2 1 1 2 1 1
( ) 2 1
1 1 1
ln ln 1
2 1 1 2 1 1
k k k k
T k
m m m m
R h mh mh
k k k k m
+ + + +
+
_ _
_

+ + + +
,
, ,

1 1 2 1 1
1 1
(2 2)(2 1) ( 2)( 1)
L L k k
L L
m m
k L k k L k
+ +

+
+ + + +

.
Since,
2 3 4 5
ln(1 )
2 3 4 5
y y y y
y y .
Hence, the error R can be written in the form

( ) 2 1 T k
R Ch
+
, (3.5.24)
where

( )( ) ( )( )
1
1
1
ln
2 1 1 2 1 1
k
L
L
k k
C mh
k k k k Lm
+
+
+ + + +

. (3.5.25)
Case (4): By using the product Nystrm method to Eq.(3.5.14), we put
z 2 2 i j + in (3.2.27) then, we have

2 2
( , )
j i
p x h x
+ = ( ) ln ) z h . (3.5.26)
Hence, we get

0
( ) 2ln (2 )ln 2 2 ln z h z z z z + + ,

2 2
1
4
( ) 2ln ln 2 ln 1
2 2
z z
z h z z z
1
+ +
1
]
,

3 3 2
2
8 1 8
( ) ln (8 )ln 2 ln 2 2
3 3 3
z h z z z z z z
1
+ +
1
]
. (3.5.27)
"'
Substitute from (3.5.27) in the relations (3.2.28), we get
2 2 2
,0
34
(ln( 2) )(2 ) ( 2 1) (ln ) (2 9 12) 4 14 ,
12 3
i
h
w z h z z z h z z z z z
1
+ + + +
1
]
2 2 2
,2 1
10
(ln( 2 ) )(2 ) ( 1) (ln ) (3 ) 2 4
3 3
i j
h
w z h z z z h z z z z
+
1
+ + +
1
]
,
2 2
,2
1 1
(ln( 2 ) )(2 ) ( 3) (ln ) ( )(ln( 4 ) )
2 3 2
i j
h
w z h z z h z z z h
+
'

3 2
2
7 40 4 16 82
12
3 2 3 3 3 9
z z
z z z
_
+ + +
;

,

,
2 2 2
,
2
(ln( 2 ) )(2 )(2 2) (ln ) (2 3) 4 2
12 3
i i
h
w z h z z z z h z z z z
1
+ + + + + +
1
]
.
(3.5.28)
3.5.4. Numerical Results and Discussions :
In the following Tables (3-5)- (3-8), for some points of t, and for different
value of the parameter that corresponding to the materials Fiber,
Polyurethane, Nickel where the values of ( = 0.22, 0.389, 0.28 ) respectively,
we used Maple (10) programm to computing the exact and approximate
solutions ,
T N
, corresponding to the errors ,
T N
of Eqs .(3.5.14) in the
nonlinear (k = 3) case and (3.5.15) for linear (k =1) case. The Toeplitz matrix
and the product Nystrm methods are used for N=20, 40, and T= 0.1 ,0.5 , 0.9 .
Also, the two result errors ,
T N
for each method are plotted as shown in the
following Figs.(3-19)-(3-36). Also, for the exact solution
2
) ( t t , the free
functions f(t) again determined as:
For linear case
2 3 3
( ) - 0.1309523810 ln( ) 0.2400793651 f t t t t t + ,
2 3 3
( ) - 0.5840840839 ln( ) 1.070820821 f t t t t t + ,
2 3 3
( ) - 0.2121212120 ln( ) 0.3888888887 f t t t t t + .
While for nonlinear case, we find
2 7 7
( ) - 0.9939937529 0.3833584723ln( ) f t t t t t + ,
2 7 7
( ) 2.854704252 -1.100987866ln( ) f t t t t t + ,
2 7 7
( ) 1.327300151 - 0.5119063944ln( ) f t t t t t + .
"
The Toeplitz matrix method
Linear k=1
Polyurethane v=0.389
=1.752252252
Fibber v=0.22
=0.3928571429
Nickel v=0.28
=0.6363636364
T N
t Exact sol.
Approximate
so.
error
T

Approximate
sol.
Error
T

Approximate
sol.
Error
T

2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 3.97660E-04 2.33962E-06 3.99453E-04 5.47047E-07 3.99121E-04 8.79387E-07
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.58262E-03 1.73804E-05 1.59579E-03 4.21273E-06 1.59327E-03 6.72717E-06
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.55075E-03 4.92497E-05 3.58767E-03 1.23276E-05 3.58043E-03 1.95661E-05
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.30111E-03 9.88877E-05 6.37454E-03 2.54551E-05 6.35982E-03 4.01836E-05
20 1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.83349E-03 1.66512E-04 9.95606E-03 4.39421E-05 9.93097E-03 6.90286E-05
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 3.97708E-04 2.29238E-06 3.99462E-04 5.37541E-07 3.99136E-04 8.63670E-07
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.58664E-03 1.33628E-05 1.59675E-03 3.25108E-06 1.59481E-03 5.18789E-06
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.56521E-03 3.47915E-05 3.59127E-03 8.73021E-06 3.58615E-03 1.38497E-05
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.33315E-03 6.68516E-05 6.38277E-03 1.72342E-05 6.37280E-03 2.71981E-05
0.1
40
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.89049E-03 1.09514E-04 9.97108E-03 2.89222E-05 9.95457E-03 4.54271E-05
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.76514E-03 2.34863E-04 9.93987E-03 6.01260E-05 9.90499E-03 9.50067E-05
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.83116E-02 1.68844E-03 3.95150E-02 4.84990E-04 3.92511E-02 7.48866E-04
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 8.54732E-02 4.52679E-03 8.85934E-02 1.40656E-03 8.78652E-02 2.13485E-03
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.51277E-01 8.72290E-03 1.57130E-01 2.87036E-03 1.55701E-01 4.29892E-03
20 5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.35746E-01 1.42538E-02 2.45098E-01 4.90220E-03 2.42737E-01 7.26349E-03
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.75811E-03 2.41891E-04 9.93668E-03 6.33189E-05 9.90037E-03 9.96304E-05
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.86924E-02 1.30758E-03 3.96205E-02 3.79452E-04 3.94154E-02 5.84563E-04
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.54046E-01 5.95353E-03 1.58045E-01 1.95519E-03 1.57071E-01 2.92934E-03
0.5
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.40519E-01 9.48133E-03 2.46755E-01 3.24536E-03 2.45186E-01 4.81380E-03
"#
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.11840E-02 1.21595E-03 3.20695E-02 3.30454E-04 3.18840E-02 5.16043E-04
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.21165E-01 8.43514E-03 1.26911E-01 2.68881E-03 1.25542E-01 4.05839E-03
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.69434E-01 2.21657E-02 2.83860E-01 7.74045E-03 2.80172E-01 1.14282E-02
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 4.76011E-01 4.23887E-02 5.02690E-01 1.57095E-02 4.95563E-01 2.28375E-02
20 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 7.40782E-01 6.92181E-02 7.83258E-01 2.67423E-02 7.71565E-01 3.84347E-02
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.11394E-02 1.26064E-03 3.20437E-02 3.56266E-04 3.18480E-02 5.51975E-04
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.23044E-01 6.55554E-03 1.27487E-01 2.11316E-03 1.26420E-01 3.18021E-03
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.75709E-01 1.58909E-02 2.86056E-01 5.54374E-03 2.83415E-01 8.18457E-03
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 4.89193E-01 2.92074E-02 5.07653E-01 1.07468E-02 5.02751E-01 1.56487E-02
0.9
40
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 7.63443E-01 4.65570E-02 7.92209E-01 1.77910E-02 7.84360E-01 2.56405E-02
Table (3-5)

Nonlinear k=3
Polyurethane v= 0.389
=7.706915060
Fibber v= 0.22
=2.683509305
Nickel v=.28
=3.583344760
T N
t Exact sol.
Approximate
sol.
error
T

Approximate
sol.
error
T

Approximate
sol.
Error
T

2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 1.70000E-12 4.00000E-04 6.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 8.00000E-13
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 3.50000E-11 1.60000E-03 1.30000E-11 1.60000E-03 1.70000E-11
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60000E-03 1.62900E-09 3.60000E-03 5.67000E-10 3.60000E-03 7.57000E-10
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.39999E-03 1.16820E-08 6.40000E-03 4.06800E-09 6.39999E-03 5.43300E-09
0.1
20
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99995E-03 5.27670E-08 9.99998E-03 1.83720E-08 9.99998E-03 2.45380E-08
"(
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 3.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 1.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 5.00000E-13
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 8.30000E-11 1.60000E-03 2.90000E-11 1.60000E-03 3.90000E-11
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60000E-03 1.35200E-09 3.60000E-03 4.71000E-10 3.60000E-03 6.29000E-10
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.39999E-03 9.38900E-09 6.40000E-03 3.20800E-09 6.40000E-03 4.28300E-09
40
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99996E-03 4.03040E-08 9.99999E-03 1.40310E-08 9.99998E-03 1.87410E-08
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99995E-03 5.40800E-08 9.99998E-03 1.88280E-08 9.99997E-03 2.51460E-08
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.99935E-02 6.45051E-06 3.99977E-02 2.25066E-06 3.99970E-02 3.00425E-06
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 8.98847E-02 1.15298E-04 8.99593E-02 4.07252E-05 8.99458E-02 5.42414E-05
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.59199E-01 8.00514E-04 1.27542E-03 2.94796E-04 1.59610E-01 3.89660E-04
20 5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.46857E-01 3.14277E-03 2.48725E-01 1.27542E-03 2.48345E-01 1.65512E-03
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99995E-03 5.47060E-08 9.99998E-03 1.90460E-08 9.99997E-03 2.54330E-08
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.99931E-02 6.93176E-06 3.99976E-02 2.41871E-06 3.99968E-02 3.22852E-06
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 8.98948E-02 1.05192E-04 8.99628E-02 3.71740E-05 8.99505E-02 4.95071E-05
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.59338E-01 6.62402E-04 1.59756E-01 2.44202E-04 1.59677E-01 3.22721E-04
0.5
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.47554E-01 2.44555E-03 2.49007E-01 9.93453E-04 2.48711E-01 1.28896E-03
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23975E-02 2.45670E-06 3.23991E-02 8.56690E-07 3.23989E-02 1.14366E-06
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29250E-01 3.50500E-04 1.29474E-01 1.26082E-04 1.29433E-01 1.67372E-04
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.86537E-01 5.06329E-03 2.89439E-01 2.16126E-03 2.88823E-01 2.77683E-03
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 4.99077E-01 1.93228E-02 5.06566E-01 1.18340E-02 5.04398E-01 1.40018E-02
20 9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 7.72153E-01 3.78467E-02 7.79116E-01 3.08843E-02 7.76603E-01 3.33968E-02
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23969E-02 3.12765E-06 3.23989E-02 1.09039E-06 3.23985E-02 1.45570E-06
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29203E-01 3.97181E-04 1.29457E-01 1.43136E-04 1.29410E-01 1.89948E-04
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.86943E-01 4.65711E-03 2.89595E-01 2.00499E-03 2.89028E-01 2.57162E-03
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.02405E-01 1.59946E-02 5.08564E-01 9.83564E-03 5.06781E-01 1.16192E-02
0.9
40
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 7.80303E-01 2.96970E-02 7.85807E-01 2.41931E-02 7.83824E-01 2.61763E-02
Table (3-6)
")

product Nystrm method
linear k=1
=1.752252252
Fiber v=0.22
=0.3928571429
nickle v=.28
=0.6363636360
T N
t Exact sol.
Approximate
sol.
error
N

Approximate
sol.
error
N

Approximate
sol.
Error
N

2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 3.79545E-04 2.04550E-05 3.94693E-04 5.30741E-06 3.91633E-04 8.36681E-06
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.44716E-03 1.52841E-04 1.55826E-03 4.17418E-05 1.53485E-03 6.51476E-05
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.11591E-03 4.84090E-04 3.46143E-03 1.38567E-04 3.38578E-03 2.14217E-04
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 5.31875E-03 1.08125E-03 6.07678E-03 3.23221E-04 5.90483E-03 4.95174E-04
20
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 8.00273E-03 1.99727E-03 9.37848E-03 9.37848E-03 9.05602E-03 9.43982E-04
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 3.75250E-04 2.47503E-05 3.93790E-04 6.20986E-06 3.90392E-04 9.60782E-06
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.42194E-03 1.78063E-04 1.55269E-03 4.73136E-05 1.52546E-03 7.45390E-05
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.04661E-03 5.53393E-04 3.44518E-03 1.54820E-04 3.35567E-03 2.44333E-04
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 5.17866E-03 1.22134E-03 6.04191E-03 3.58095E-04 5.83675E-03 5.63247E-04
0.1
40
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 7.76323E-03 2.23677E-03 9.31533E-03 6.84670E-04 8.92892E-03 1.07108E-03
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 8.82208E-03 1.17792E-03 9.58671E-03 4.13285E-04 9.38792E-03 6.12078E-04
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.19828E-02 8.01721E-03 3.68582E-02 3.14178E-03 3.54670E-02 4.53301E-03
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 6.62926E-02 2.37074E-02 7.98840E-02 1.01160E-02 7.57268E-02 1.42732E-02
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.09813E-01 5.01867E-02 1.37051E-01 2.29494E-02 1.28246E-01 3.17541E-02
0.5
20
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 1.61172E-01 8.88282E-02 2.06980E-01 4.30196E-02 1.91492E-01 5.85077E-02
"!
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 8.35596E-03 1.64404E-03 9.47491E-03 5.25093E-04 9.23824E-03 7.61760E-04
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 2.95785E-02 1.04215E-02 3.61984E-02 3.80164E-03 3.44464E-02 5.55362E-03
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 6.03973E-02 2.96027E-02 7.80485E-02 1.19515E-02 7.27423E-02 1.72577E-02
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 9.89625E-02 6.10375E-02 1.33288E-01 2.67123E+05 1.22025E-01 3.79752E-02
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 1.44011E-01 1.05989E-01 2.00454E-01 4.95457E-02 1.80686E-01 6.93144E-02
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.79278E-02 4.47222E-03 3.05279E-02 1.87211E-03 2.97376E-02 2.66238E-03
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 9.99744E-02 2.96256E-02 1.15625E-01 1.15625E-01 1.10349E-01 1.92508E-02
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.04971E-01 8.66294E-02 2.47252E-01 4.43479E-02 2.32037E-01 5.95633E-02
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 3.35933E-01 1.82467E-01 4.19001E-01 9.93994E-02 3.87667E-01 1.30733E-01
20
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 4.87577E-01 3.22423E-01 6.25549E-01 1.84451E-01 5.71650E-01 2.38350E-01
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.61072E-02 6.29280E-03 2.98974E-02 2.50260E-03 2.89257E-02 3.47434E-03
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 8.99749E-02 3.96251E-02 1.12017E-01 1.75832E-02 1.05111E-01 2.44890E-02
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 1.80229E-01 1.11371E-01 2.37501E-01 5.40985E-02 2.17404E-01 7.41956E-02
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 2.90517E-01 2.27883E-01 3.99516E-01 1.18884E-01 3.58285E-01 1.60115E-01
0.9
40
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 4.16235E-01 3.93765E-01 5.92519E-01 2.17481E-01 5.22180E-01 2.87820E-01
Table (3-7)

""

Nonlinear k=3
=7.706915060
Fibber v=0.22
=2.683509305
Nickel v=.28
=3.583344760
T N
t Exact sol.
Approximate
so.
error
N

Approximate
sol.
Error
N

Approximate
sol.
Error
N

2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 2.20000E-12 4.00000E-04 8.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 1.10000E-12
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 5.10000E-11 1.60000E-03 1.80000E-11 1.60000E-03 2.30000E-11
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60000E-03 2.95000E-10 3.60000E-03 1.03000E-10 3.60000E-03 1.36000E-10
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.40000E-03 9.89000E-10 6.40000E-03 3.44000E-10 6.40000E-03 4.59000E-10
20
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 2.51000E-09 1.00000E-02 8.70000E-10 1.00000E-02 1.16000E-09
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
2.00000E-02 4.00000E-04 4.00000E-04 5.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 2.00000E-13 4.00000E-04 2.00000E-13
4.00000E-02 1.60000E-03 1.60000E-03 8.00000E-12 1.60000E-03 2.00000E-12 1.60000E-03 3.00000E-12
6.00000E-02 3.60000E-03 3.60000E-03 4.50000E-11 3.60000E-03 1.60000E-11 3.60000E-03 2.00000E-11
8.00000E-02 6.40000E-03 6.40000E-03 1.47000E-10 6.40000E-03 5.10000E-11 6.40000E-03 6.80000E-11
0.1 40
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 3.70000E-10 1.00000E-02 1.20000E-10 1.00000E-02 1.70000E-10
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99998E-03 1.64230E-08 9.99999E-03 5.71800E-09 9.99999E-03 7.64600E-09
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.99999E-02 1.11800E-07 3.99999E-02 5.30900E-08 3.99999E-02 6.74900E-08
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00049E-02 4.94855E-06 9.00005E-02 4.64830E-07 9.00009E-02 9.27480E-07
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60119E-01 1.18750E-04 1.60015E-01 1.52060E-05 1.60027E-01 2.69759E-05
0.5
20
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.51128E-01 1.12847E-03 2.50165E-01 1.65132E-04 2.50284E-01 2.84412E-04
%$$
1.00000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.42800E-09 1.00000E-02 5.10000E-10 1.00000E-02 6.70000E-10
2.00000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00000E-02 3.11000E-08 4.00000E-02 6.10000E-10 4.00000E-02 3.26000E-09
3.00000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00036E-02 3.56790E-06 9.00004E-02 4.28620E-07 9.00008E-02 7.69830E-07
4.00000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60075E-01 7.54578E-05 1.60010E-01 9.70350E-06 1.60017E-01 1.71275E-05
40
5.00000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50717E-01 2.50717E-01 2.50102E-01 1.01649E-04 2.50176E-01 1.76031E-04
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23991E-02 9.22600E-07 3.23997E-02 3.24580E-07 3.23996E-02 4.32630E-07
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29639E-01 3.89601E-05 1.29603E-01 2.82370E-06 1.29606E-01 6.47870E-06
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.94554E-01 2.95388E-03 2.92082E-01 4.82466E-04 2.92414E-01 8.14228E-04
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.47928E-01 2.95279E-02 5.26044E-01 7.64424E-03 5.30008E-01 1.16078E-02
20
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 9.14397E-01 1.04397E-01 8.53447E-01 4.34472E-02 8.68238E-01 5.82383E-02
1.80000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23999E-02 6.55900E-08 3.24000E-02 2.70500E-08 3.24000E-02 3.51200E-08
3.60000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29637E-01 3.66925E-05 1.29604E-01 4.48840E-06 1.29608E-01 8.05660E-06
5.40000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.93797E-01 2.19746E-03 2.91941E-01 3.41123E-04 2.92180E-01 5.80335E-04
7.20000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.41912E-01 2.35118E-02 5.23820E-01 5.42045E-03 5.26849E-01 8.44937E-03
0.9
40
9.00000E-01 8.10000E-01 9.01926E-01 9.19262E-02 8.42835E-01 3.28352E-02 8.55728E-01 4.57284E-02
Table (3-8)
%$%
In general, from the previous results in Tables (3-5), (3-6), (3-7) and (3-8), we
discuss the following discussions :
i) For linear (k =1) and nonlinear (k =3) cases of NVIE (3.5.14) and (3.5.15), the
errors
T
and
N
are decrease as well as N increases for the three materials as
shown in Figs (3-19-b),(3-20-b),and (3-21-b) at T=0.5 for linear case, and in
Figs (3-22-b), (3-23-b) and (3-24-b), for nonlinear case.
ii) The errors
T
and
N
are increasing as well as the value of time T (increases)
tends to unity (T = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9) for linear and nonlinear cases, for example see
Fibber material as shown in Figs. (3-19-a), (3-19-b) and (3-19-c) at T = 0.1, 0.5,
0.9, respectively.
iii) In the three materials, the errors results
T
and
N
for linear case are larger
than nonlinear case, for example at T= 0.5, for linear case (see Figs. (3-19-b),
(3-20-b) and (3-21-b)), for nonlinear (see Figs. (3-22-b), (3-23-b) and (3-24-b)).
iv) In the linear case, in Eq. (3.5.18) with logarithmic kernel, the Nystrm
method represent the best method, since the minimum error
N
for each
materials is less than the minimum error
T
of Toeplitz matrix method, for
example, at T = 0. 1, 0.5, 0.9, and N = 20, 40, see Fig. (3-19,a,b,c) for Fibber
material ( = 0.22) and Figs. (3-22-a,b,c ) for =0.398.
v) In the nonlinear case in Eq. (3.5.17) (k = 3), also, the Nystrm method
represents the best method, since the minimum error
N
in the three materials is
less than the minimum error
T
of the Toeplitz matrix method, where is shown
in Figs (3-22-b) and (3-24-b), for Fibber and Polyurethane materials, at
N =20, 40, and T = 0.5.
vi) Due to the kernel of the logarithmic, as the value of parameter
corresponding to the Fibber, Polyurethane and Nickle materials are increasing
(0 0.5) < < , then the resultant errors
T
and
N
are increase.
vii) Due to the logarithmic kernel, if the value of parameter increases,
(0.5 1) < < (i.e. the material is solid), and the time T also tends to unity
(T = 0.9), [0, 0.9] t , then, the resultant errors
T
and
N
are greater than 1
(i.e. the elasticity modules do not satisfying the condition (2.6.1) with respect
to the kernel of logarithmic).
%$&

a)
T
T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -

a)
N

T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -
Figs.(3-19) The change of errors
T
,
N
at T=0.1, 0.5, 0.9 ,
1 2
20, 40 N N , v = 0.22, k =1,

c)
N

T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -
b)
N

T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -
b)
T
T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -

c)
T
T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -

%$'

T
and
N
at T= 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 ,
1 2
20, 40 N N , 0.28 , k =1

a)
N

T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -
a)
T
T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -

c)
T
T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
T
T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
N

T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -
c)
N

T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -
%$

T
and
N
at T= 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 ,
1 2
20, 40 N N , 0.389 , k =1,
a)
N

T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -
a)
T
T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -

c)
T
T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
T
T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
N

T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -
c)
N

T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -
%$#

Figs.(3-22)The change of errors
T
,
N
at T=0.1, 0.5, 0.9 ,
1 2
20, 40 N N , v =0.22, k =3,

a)
N

T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -
a)
T
T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -

c)
T
T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
T
T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
N

T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -
c)
N

T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -
%$(

T
and
N
at T=0.1, 0.5, 0.9 ,
1 2
20, 40 N N , v =0.28, k =3,
a)
N

T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -
a)
T
T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -

c)
T
T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
T
T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
N

T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -
c)
N

T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -
%$)
T
and
N
at T=0.1, 0.5, 0.9,
1 2
20, 40 N N , 0.389 , k=3

a)
N

T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -
a)
T
T= 0.1
N1 __ N2 - - -

c)
T
T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
T
T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -

b)
N

T= 0.5
N1 __ N2 - - -
c)
N

T= 0.9
N1 __ N2 - - -

%$!
3.6. TheConclusions :

In our results, we deduce that the result error of the numerical solutions
(where the exact solution
2
t ), depend on the type of L(N)VIE, the type of
kernel of IE and the technique of numerical method. Therefore, the values of
the Poisson ratio and the constants , .of different elastic materials play an
important role for obtaining the best numerical solution.
In general, we can apply these methods for other different values of
corresponding to (different elastic materials).
From the previous results, we can deduce the following :

i) In general, the Nystrm method represents the best method, since the
minimum error
N
in the three materials is less than the corresponding
minimum error
T
of the Toeplitz matrix method.

ii) For a linear (k =1) and nonlinear (k =3) cases of NVIE (3.1.1), the result
error
T
of Toeplitz matrix of NVIE with a logarithmic kernel is less than the
T
of Toeplitz matrix method of NVIE with the Carleman kernel, for all elastic
materials that have values of 0.4 at the time T = 0.1,0.5,0.9. But this not
true for elastic materials have values of 0.4 > at T tends to unity, as shown in
the following Tables (3-1),(3-2),(3-5) and (3-6).

iii) For different values of , , the linear (k =1) and the nonlinear (k =3) cases
of NVIE (3.1.1), the result errors
N
of the product Nystrm method of NVIE
with Carleman kernel is less than the
N
of NVIE with logarithmic kernel for
the materials have values of 0.3 , at the time T = 0.1,0.5,0.9. But this not
true for elastic materials have values of 0.3 > at T tends to unity, as shown in
Tables (3-3), (3-4),(3-7) and (3-8).

iv) The result errors
N
and
T
of Eqs. (3.5.14) and (3.5.15) with logarithmic
kernel are better than the errors
N
and
T
of Eqs. (3.5.1) and (3.5.2) with
Carleman kernel at values of ( 0.3 0.5 < ) for the time T tends to unity.

v) From the previous conclusion (iv), we can generalized that, for obtaining the
better approximate solution of NVIE with Carleman kernel (i.e, the better
treatment of the deformation in NVEMs that have values of ( 0.3 0.5 < )) we

%$"
transfer the Carleman kernel to logarithmic kernel by using the relation (3.5.16)
and then we apply the previous numerical methods.

vi) For all materials, the maximum value of the errors
T
and
N
in the linear
case is less than the maximum value of the errors in the nonlinear case, while the
minimum value of the errors
T
and
N
in the linear case is greater than the
minimum value of the errors in the nonlinear case.

110
SomeDifferent Numerical Methods for Treating the
Surface Cracks in FiniteLayers of Materials

4.1. I ntroduction :

The SIE arise in many problems of mathematical models of physical
phenomena, specifically in various kinds of mixed boundary value problems
of mathematical physics and engineering problems. The important theory of
these IEs is contained, with some of its applications, in the classical analytic
book by Muskhelishvili [33]. Since closed form solutions to these IEs are
generally not available, much attention has been focused on numerical
methods of solution. Generally, these methods based on Gaussian
quadrature techniques chosen such that the singular behavior of the solution
is handled implicity. The first efficient direct method for the numerical
solution of these equations is due to Kalandiya [46, 47]. This method has
been widely used and developed by many researchers (see Abdou [48],
Erdogan et. al [49], Cuminato [50] and Theocaris and Lokimidis [51]).
The solution of a large class of mixed boundary value problems of
a great variety of contact and cracks problems in solid mechanics, physical
and engineering can be related to a system of the SIEs have a simple
Cauchy-type singularity (see Erdogan et. al [49]). After separating the
dominant parts, these equations expressed in our work as the following

1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
dy
x y k x y y dy x
y x

+ +

, ( 1 1) x < < ,(4.1.1)
where ( 1,..., )
i
i n is the unknown (vector) functions, the kernel
( , ) k x y and the vector ( 1,..., )
i
i n are the known input functions
satisfies a Hlder condition in the closed interval [-1,1]. Also, the
coefficient is a constant, may be complex, and has a physical meaning,
and the constant define the kind of the IE.
The IEs with a simple Cauchy kernel given by (4.1.1) may, in
principle, be regularized (i.e. may be reduced to a system of FIEs type with

111
weakly singular kernels), and hence it can be solved numerically by
conventional methods. In Gross [6], numerical solution of Cauchy-type
IE (4.1.1) with index-1 are obtained by using collocation method. Also, the
regularization may be accomplished either by using the method of
Muskhelishvili and Vekua (see Muskhelishvili [33]) or by following more
direct method due to Carlemann and Vekua (see Pogorzelski [52] and
Gakhov [53]). In the former method the SIE is operated upon by another
singular operator of the same form (usually the adjoint operator). In the
method of Carlemann and Vekua, the terms containing the Fredholm
kernels
ij
k are assumed to be part of the input functions and the method of
solution of the dominant equations is followed, reducing the system of SIEs
to that of FIEs. In practice the difficulty arises in evaluating the Fredholm
kernels in the regularized system (even in the simple cases where the
original Fredholm kernels
ij
k are known in closed form, which in crack
problems, is seldom the case).
In physical problems the unknown function ( ) x may be either
a potential (e.g. temperature, displacement velocity potential, electrostatic
field) or a flux-type quantity (e.g. heat flux, stress, dislocation, velocity
charge density) see Erdogan and Gupta [54,55,56]. The end points 1 t are
points of geometric singularity. At these points ( ) x is bounded if it is
a potential, and ( ) x has an integrable singularity if it is a flux-type
quantity of the SIE (4.1.1).
The formula (4.1.1) may be obtained by considering the plane or the
axi-symmetric elastestatic problem for layered materials containing
2
n
non-
coplanar cracks located parallel to the interfaces. Here, the unknown
function ( ) x refer to the derivative of the crack opening displacements
and ( ) x is the crack surface tractions.
Also, this equation may be arising from the formulation of elasticity
problems for the parallel layers compressed by stamps with arbitrary profile.
If the contact between the parallel layers and the stamps is frictionless the
corresponding constant is zero (if there are no interface cracks, or the
cracks are finite) and the related SIE is of the first kind, while if the contact

112
is perfect adhesion (i.e. the cracks are infinite between the stamp and the
layers) the related equation is a SIE of the second kind, where the lengths of
the cracks or size of the stamps are not equals.

In this chapter, we consider a formula of a mixed IE with Cauchy
kernel. We established our problem from the plane strain problem for the
bounded layer medium composed of three different materials contains
a crack on one of the interface. Also, the existence of a unique solution of
the problem, under studied, proved by using the Banach fixed point theorem.
Therefore, a numerical method is used to translate our problem to a system
of FIEs as (4.1.1). Also, the existence of a unique solution of the equivalent
system of the FIE is proved.
Then, the Jacobi polynomials and the Chebyshev polynomials are
presented and used, to solve the FIE of the first kind with Cauchy kernel,
while the Jacobi polynomials and the Toeplitz matrix and the Nystrm
product methods are used to solve the FIE of the second kind with Cauchy
kernel. The mention latter two methods are failed to solve the first kind of
SIE, where the LAS becomes AX F and the matrix A don't has inverse.
These techniques depend on the rule of removing the singularity and based
on the approximation of the unknown function of the SIE by interpolation
polynomials in trigonometric form at the nodes used roots of some the
orthogonal polynomials. Also, to demonstrate the effectiveness of these
methods, somel examples are given and discussion, and the developing
programm are used to computing the approximate solution and the estimated
error for each method, and the results are compared.

In the following work, we consider a generalized formula of mixed
IE of the second kind with Cauchy kernel as
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
, ( ) , ( , ) , x t p y x y t dy k x y y t dy

+ +

+ ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , , ,
t
t x d f x t

1
( ) p y x
y x

. (4.1.2)


113
This formula (4.1.2) is called F-VIE of the second kind with Cauchy
kernel (mixed SIE), The given function ( , ) f x t is called the free term and
( ) , x t is the unknown function in the space [ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T , where the
interval [-1,1] is the domain of integration with respect to position x, and the
time [0, ] t T . Here, in (4.1.2), we consider the first part of Fredholm
integral terms has a singular kernel ( ) p y x , while the kernel ( , ) k x y in
other part is continuous and the kernel ( , ) t of Volterra integral term in
time is positive and continuous for all time , [0, ], t T T < .
From Eq. (4.1.2), we can discuss the following special cases:
a) If, in Eq. (4.1.2), the continuous kernel of Fredholm term ( , ) k x y = 0,
we obtain
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 0
1
, , , , ,
t
x t y t dy t x d f x t
y x

+ +

. (4.1.3)
The formula (4.1.3) represents a F#VIE, of the second kind and its
solution is obtained by Abdou et. al [57], using Legendre polynomials.
b) If, in Eq. (4.1.3), 0 , we get

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 0
1
, , , ,
t
y t dy t x d f x t
y x

, (4.1.4)
which represented a F#VIE of the first kind.
c) If, in Eq. (4.1.4), the continuous kernel of Volterra term ( , ) 0 t , we
have

( ) ( )
1
1
1
, , y t dy f x t
y x
. (4.1.5)
The formula (4.1.5) is called a FIE of the first kind. In [58], Abdou and
Salma, obtained many spectral relationships for the V-FIE of the first kind,
when the kernel takes Cauchy form.
4.2. Formulation of TheProblem:
Consider the plane strain problem for the bounded layer medium (see
Fig.(4-1)) composed of three different materials. Let the medium material
contains a crack on one of the interface. Without any loss in generality, the
half length of the crack is assumed to be unity.


114

Fig. (4 -1)
We will consider with the effect of the ratio of the layer thickness to
the crack length on the stress, intensity factors and the strain energy release
rate. For interesting the disturbed stress state, whiles is variable also with
time, caused by the crack. We assume that the over all stress distribution
(0)
( , , )
ij
x y t , in the imperfection free medium, is known. The stress state
(1)
( , , )
ij
x y t , in the cracked medium, may be expressed as

(1) (0)
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
ij ij ij
x y t x y t x y t + , , , , i j x y z , (4.2.1)
where,
ij
is the disturbed state which may be obtained by using the
tractions

(0)
1
( , ) ( , 0; )
yy
P x t x t ; [ ]
(0)
2
( , ) ( , 0; ), | | 1, 0,
xy
P x t x t x t T < , (4.2.2)
which are the only external loads applied to the medium (the symmetry is
considered with 0 x ). The general problem can always be expressed as
the sum of a symmetric component and an anti-symmetric component. The
tractions ( , ), ( 1, 2)
i
P x t i , have the following properties
[ ]
1 1 2 2
( , ) ( , ), ( , ) ( , ), | | 1, 0, P x t P x t P x t P x t x t T < . (4.2.3)
The solution of the anti-symmetric problem requires only a slight
modification.
Let ,
i i
u v be the , x y components of the displacement vector in the ith
materials and satisfy the field equations in the form (see appendix (A.3-1))
x
y

2
a
2 2
( , ) II

1 1
( , ) I

3 3
( , ) III

115

2
2
2
( )
i i i
i i i i
u v d u
u
x x y dt

_
+ + +

,
, (4.2.4)

2
2
2
( )
i i i
i i i i
u v d v
v
y x y dt

_
+ + +

,
. (4.2.5)
Then, assume the displacement functions in the following
( , , ) ( , ) ( )
i i
u x y t U x y F t + , (4.2.6)
( , , ) ( , ) ( )
i i
v x y t V x y F t + , (4.2.7)
where ( ) F t is known function of t.
Hence, using (4.2.6) and (4.2.7) in Eqs. (4.2.4) and (4.2.5), we have

2 2 2
2 2
( 2 ) ( ) 0
i i i
i i i i i
U U V
x y x y

+ + + +

, (4.2.8)

2 2 2
2 2
( 2 ) ( ) 0
i i i
i i i i i
V V U
y x x y

+ + + +

, (4.2.9)
and

2
2
( )
( )
i
d F t
F t
dt

. (4.2.10)
The formula (4.2.10) has a solution
( ) , ( ( ) 0)
i
t
F t Be F
. (4.2.11)
Also, for solving the two formulas (4.2.8) and (4.2.9), we use the following
Fourier integral transform

0
2
( , ) ( , )sin , ( 1, 2, 3)
i i
U x y y xd i
. (4.2.12)

0
2
( , ) ( , ) cos
i i
V x y y x d

. (4.2.13)
Then, we have

2
2
2
( 2 ) ( ) 0
i i
i i i i i i
d d
dy dy

+ + + , (4.2.14)

2
2
2
( 2 ) ( ) 0
i i
i i i i i i
d d
dy dy

+ + + + . (4.2.15)
After solving the system of Eqs. (4.2.14) and (4.2.15), and then using the
two formulas (4.2.12) and (4.2.13), we get

116
1 2 3 4
0
2
( , ) ( ) ( ) sin
y y
i i i i i
U x y A A y e A A y e xd

1 + + +
]
, (4.2.16)
1 2 3 4
0
2
( , ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] cos
y y i i
i i i i i
K K
V x y A y A e A y A e xd

+ + + +
' ;

(4.2.17)
where
i
K have physical meaning and 3 4
i i
K for plane strain and
(3 ) /(1 )
i i i
K + for generalized plane stress,
i
are Poisson$s
coefficients for each materials, and
,
, 1, 2,3, 4
i j
A j , are functions of
which can be determined from the boundary conditions. After obtaining
the values of ,
i i
U V , the stresses may be evaluated by Hook$s law.
In particular, the components of the stress vector at the interfaces and
boundaries may be expressed as
{
1 2 2 3 4
0
2
1
{ ( ) 2(1 ) ] [ ( )
2
i y
yy i i i i i i
i
A A y A e A A y
+ + + +

+
4
2(1 ) ] }cos
y
i i
A e xd
, (4.2.18)
and
{
1 2 2 3 4
0
1 2
[ ( ) (1 2 ) ] [ ( )
2
i y
xy i i i i i i
i
A A y A e A A y
+ + + +

4
(1 2 ) ] }sin
y
i i
A e xd
. (4.2.19)
On the boundaries, the medium may have formally any one of the
following four groups of homogeneous boundary conditions
(a) 0
i i
yy xy
, (b) 0
i i
u v ,
(c) 0
i
xy i
v , (d) 0 ,
i
yy i
u 1, 2, 3 i . (4.2.20)
The continuity requires that on the interfaces the stress and
displacement vectors in the adjacent layers be equal i.e.

1 1
0 , 0
i i i i
u u v v
+ +
,

1 1
0, 0
i i i i
yy yy xy xy

+ +
, 1, 2, 3 i . (4.2.21)
Now, to obtain the IE, we first assume that at 0 y the bond
between the two adjacent layers is perfect except for the (symmetrically
located) dislocations at 0, y x y defined by

117

( ) ( )
2 3 1 2 3 2
( , ), ( , ) u u f x t v v f x t
x x
+ +

, (4.2.22)
where the superscripts + and # refer to the limiting values of the
displacement as y approaches zero from + and # sides respectively.
In addition to (4.2.22), on the interface 0, y we have the following
conditions

2 3 2 3
0, 0, (0 , 0)
yy yy xy xy
x y < . (4.2.23)
After some algebraic relations, the components of the stress vector at
0 y and 0 x > may be expressed as

3 3
11 1 12 2
0
3 0
1 2
( , 0, ) lim { ( , ) ( , )}cos
x
yy
y
K
x t e a A t a A t xd
+
+

+
11 1 12 2
0 0
2
{ ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )}cos ( ) ( , 0, )
t
i
H A t H A t xd F f x d
+ +

,
(4.2.24)

3 3
21 1 22 2
0
3 0
1 2
( , 0, ) lim { ( , ) ( , )}sin
x
xy
y
K
x t e a A t a A t xd
+
+

+
21 1 22 2
0 0
2
{ ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )}sin ( ) ( , 0, )
t
i
H A t H A t xd F f x d
+ +

,
(4.2.25)
where ( ) H are the Heaviside functions and
i
A are the Fourier transforms
of
i
f defined as follows

1 1
0
( , ) ( , ) cos A t f z t z dz
,

2 2
0
( , ) ( , )sin A t f z t zdz
. (4.2.26)
The constants
ij
a depend on the elastic properties of the materials
adjacent to the crack only and are given by

11 22 2 4 4 12 21 4 2 4 4
(1 ) / , (1 2 ) / a a a a + + ,
2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 3
( ) /( ), ( ) /( ) K K K K + + , (4.2.27)
where
i
is the shear modulus and 's are Lame$s constants.

118
The integrals on the right hand side are uniformity convergent; as a result,
certain operations such as change of order of integration are permissible.
Also, note that once the dislocations ( )
i
f x on the interface are specified
the formulas (4.2.24), (4.2.25) and (4.2.26) give the stresses for all values
of x . The crack problem under consideration ( )
i
f x are zero for 1 x > and
are unknown for 1 x < . On the other hand, the stress vector on the
interface 0 y is unknown for 1 x > and is given by the following known
functions for 1 x < i.e.

3 3
1 2
( , 0, ) ( , ), ( , 0, ) ( , ), 1
yy xy
x t P x t x t P x t x < . (4.2.28)
Using these information and the symmetric properties in the presence of
time, i.e.

1 1 2 2
( , ) ( , ), ( , ) ( , ) f x t f x t f x t f x t ,
then
1 1
1 1
0 0 1 0
1
( )cos ( , )cos ( , ) ( )cos ( )
2
H xd f z t zdz f z t dx H z x d

.
(4.2.29)
Hence, we obtain
1 1
3 11 12
1 1 2
0
3 1 0 1
1
( , ) lim ( , ) cos ( ) ( , )
y
y
K a a
P x t f z t dz e z x d f z t dz
+
+

1
2
1 1
1
0 1 0
1
sin ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )
t
y
j j
j
e z x d k x z f z t dz F f x d
1
+ +
1
]

,
and
1 1
3 21 22
3 1 2
0
3 1 0 1
1
( , ) lim ( , ) sin ( ) ( , )
y
y
K a a
P x t f z t dz e z x d f z t dz
+
+

1
2
2 2
1
0 1 0
1
cos ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )
t
y
j j
j
e z x dx k x z f z t dz F f x d
1
+ +
1
]

.
(4.2.30)
Here, the bounded kernels
ij
k are given by

119

11 11
0
( , ) ( ) cos ( ) k x z H z x d
,

12 12
0
( , ) ( )sin ( ) k x z H z x d
,

21 21
0
( , ) ( )sin ( ) k x z H z x d
,
22 22
0
( , ) ( ) cos ( ) k x z H z x d
. (4.2.31)
Evaluating the infinite integrals in (4.2.30), passing to the Cauchy
theorems in complex analysis, we have
1 1
2
3 2
1 1 1
1
12 3 12 1 1
1 1 ( , ) 1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
j j
j
K y t dy
P x t x t k x y y t dy
a x y a

+
+

1
12 0
1
( ) ( , )
t
F x dt
a
+

,
1 1
2
3 1
2 2 2
1
21 3 21 1 1
1 1 ( , ) 1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
j j
j
K y t dy
P x t x t k x y y t dy
a y x a

+

2
21 0
1
( ) ( , )
t
F x d
a
+

, (4.2.32)
where

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2 3 11 22
12 21 2 2 3 3 3 2
K K
a a
a a K K

+ +

+ + +
. (4.2.33)
The two formulas of (4.2.32) represent a system of mixed IEs with
Cauchy kernel. For one layer, we can have the following mixed IE with
Cauchy kernel, on noting the difference notations.
1 1
12 12 1 1 0
1 ( , ) 1 1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ).
y t dy
x t k x y y t dy F t x d f x t
x y a a

(4.2.34)
In general, we can write Eq. (4.2.34) in the following form
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
, ( ) , ( , ) , x t p y x y t dy k x y y t dy

+ +

+ ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , , ,
t
t x d f x t

1
( ) p y x
y x

. (4.2.35)

120
4.3. TheExistenceof a UniqueSolution of theMixed I ntegral Equation :
In this section, we use Banach fixed point theorem to prove the
existence of a unique solution of the mixed IE (4.2.35). For this, we write
this formula in the integral operator form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
, , , , 0 W x t f x t W x t
, (4.3.1)
where
W H D + + , (4.3.2)
and

1 1
1 1
( ) ( , ) , ( , ) ( , ) H p y x y t dy D k x y y t dy

,

0
( , ) ( , )
t
t x d
. (4.3.3)
For this aim, we assume the following conditions
i) The singular kernel of Fredholm integral term satisfies in
[ ]
2
1,1 L the
discontinuity condition
1
1 1
2
2
1 1
( ) , ( is a constant ) p y x dydx M M

1

1
]

.
ii) The kernel of Volterra integral term ( , ) t is continuous in the Banach
space [ ] T C , 0 , 0 t T < , and satisfies for constant N , the condition
( ) , t N , [ ] , 0, t T .
iii) The continuous kernel of Fredholm integral term satisfies for
a constant L , the condition
( , ) k x y L .
iv) The given function ( , ) f x t , with its partial derivatives with respect to
t x and , are continuous in the Banach space
[ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T , and its norm
is defined as
1
1
2
2
0
0 1
( , ) ( , ) , ( is a constant)
max
t
t T
f x t f x dx d R R

1

1
]

.

121
iiv) The unknown function ( ) , x t in the space
[ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T , behaves
as the known function ( , ) f x t .
Theorem4.1 :
The SIE (4.2.35) has an exact unique solution in the space
[ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T , under the condition
( 2 ( ))
M
T L N
> + + ,
0
max
t
T t

. (4.3.4)
To prove Theorem 4.1, we must prove the following lemmas.
lemma 4.1 :
The integral operator W maps [ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T into itself.
Proof :
From the formulas (4.3.1)-(4.3.3), the normality of the integral operator
, and H D will take the forms
( )
1 1
1 1
1
( , ) , ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) W x t f x t p y x y t dy k x y y t dy

+ +

0
( , ) ( , )
t
t x d
+

. (4.3.5)
Applying Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have

1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , ) H p y x dy y t dy

_ _

, ,

.
Using the definition of the norm in the space [ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T , we get

1 1
1 1 1
2
2
2 2
0
1 1 0 1
( ) ( , )
max
t
t T
H p y x dy dx y dy d

1 _ 1

1 1
1
, ] ]

.
Therefore, using condition (i), we obtain
H M
. (4.3.6)
Also, the term D take the form

1
1
( , ) ( , ) D k x y y t dy
.

122
Using the condition (iii), we get

1
1
2
2
0
0 1
( , )
max
t
t T
D L y dy d
1
]

.
Hence, the above
2 . D LT
(4.3.7)
In the same manner, we can write
( ) ( )
0
, ,
t
t x d
.
Using the conditions (ii), we obtain

1
1
2
2
0
0 1
( , )
max
t
t T
N y dy d

,

.
Thus, one has

0
2 ,
max
t
NT T t

. (4.3.8)
Hence, with the aid of condition (iv) and (4.3.6), (4.3.7) and (4.3.8),
Eq. (4.3.5) takes the form
R
W
+ ,
( )
1
0
2 ,
max
t T
M
T L N T t

_ _
+ +

,
,
. (4.3.9)
The inequality (4.3.9) shows that, the operator W maps the ball S
in
[ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T into itself, where

1
1
R
,
. (4.3.10)
Since 0 1, 0 R < < > , therefore we must have ( 1) < . Moreover, the
inequality (4.3.9) involves the boundedness of the operators W

and W .
Lemma 4.2 :
The integral operator (4.3.1), under the condition (4.3.4), is
continuous and contraction operator.


123
Proof :
For the two functions ( )
1
, x t and ( )
2
, x t in the Banach space
( )
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T the formula (4.3.1), yields
( )( ) ( )( )
1 2 1 2
, , W W x t W x t . (4.3.11)
Hence, we have

( )( )
1
1 2 1 2
1
, ( ) ( , ) ( , ) W W x t p y x y t y t dy

1
1 2 1 2
1 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
t
k x y y t y t dy t x x d

+ +

. (4.3.12)
Using the formula (4.3.12) with the conditions (i),(ii) and (iii), then applying
Cauchy # Schwarz inequality , we obtain

1
1 2 1 2
, 2 ( )
M
W W T L N
_ _
+ +

,
,
. (4.3.13)
Hence, W

is a continuous operator in the space [ ]
2
1,1 [0, ] L C T , and under
the condition ( 1) < , W

is a contraction operator .
From Lemma 4.1 and Lemma 4.2 and Banach fixed point theorem,
we can decide that the operator W has a unique fixed point which is the
unique solution of Eq. (4.2.35). Then Theorem 4.1 is completely proved.
4.4. TheSystemof FredholmI ntegral Equations :
For representing the mixed IE (4.2.35) as a system of FIEs in
position, we use the following numerical method; see Abdou [59,60]. For
this, we divide the interval
[ ]
0,T , 0 t T <, as
0 1
0
n
t t t T < < < ,
where
i
t t , 0,1, 2,..., i n , to get
1 1
1 1 0
1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ).
i
t
i i i i i
x t y t dy k x y y t dy t x d f x t
y x

+ + +

(4.4.1)
Using the quadrature formula, see Atkinson [30,61], the Volterra integral
term, in (4.4.1) becomes

124
( ) ( )
0
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) , ,
i
t
i
i j i j j i
j
t x d w t t x t R x t
. (4.4.2)
The values of i and the order of the truncation error
i
R are depending on the
number of derivatives of ( , ) t for all
[ ]
0,T , with respect to t and
j
w
is the weights, where
0 0
1 1
,
2 2
i i
w h w h and
j j
w h 0 j i < < , h
denotes the constant stepsize for integration. Now, using (4.4.2) in (4.4.1),
we have
( )
1 1
,
0
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( )
i
i i i j i j j
j
x y dy k x y y dy w x
y x

+ + +

( ) ( )
i i
f x R x + , (4.4.3)
where we used the following notations :
,
( ) ( , ) , ( ) ( , ) , ( , )
i i i i i j i j
x x t f x f x t t t , 0,1,2,..., , 0 i n j i .(4.4.4)
The formula (4.4.3), can be adapted in the form

( )
1 1
,
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( )
i i i i i i i
w x f x p y x y dy k x y y dy

+

1
,
0
( )
i
j i j j
j
w x

, 0 1 j i . (4.4.5)
Then, the general form of Eq. (4.4.5) can be represented as
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
i i i i i
x p y x y dy k x y y dy x

+ +

, (4.4.6)
where
( )
, i i i i
w + ,
1
,
0
( ) ( )
i
i i j i j j
j
f x w x
1
]
, 0,1, 2,..., i n . (4.4.7)

The formula (4.4.6) represents a linear system of FIEs of the second kind,
which contains (n+1) equation of (n+1) unknown functions of ( )
i
x
corresponding to the time interval ] , 0 [ T . To obtains the system of FIEs of
the first kind, we let 0
i
in (4.4.6) (i.e.
( )
,
0
i i i i
w + ,if
,
2
,
i i
h

!
!
and
2
i
h
w ), hence, we have

125

1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
i i i
p y x y dy k x y y dy x

+

, 0,1, 2,..., i n . (4.4.8)
4.5. TheExistenceof a UniqueSolution of theSystemof FredholmI ntegral
Equations :
To prove the existence of a unique solution of (4.4.6) according to the
Banach fixed point theorem, we let E be the set of all continuous functions
( )
p
x in the space
[ ]
2
1,1 L , where
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
0 1
, ,..., ,...
p
x x x x and
define the norm in the Banach space E by
( )
2
1,1
( )
max
i
E L
i
x
and
( )
2
1,1
( )
max
i
E L
i
x
.
For this, for the formula (4.4.7), we consider the integral operator

1
,
0
( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( )
i
i i i i j i j j
j
V x f x V x V x w x
1
]
. (4.5.1)
Hence, to prove that the integral operator V is bounded and have a unique
representation, in the Banach space E, we consider the following lemma :
Lemma 4.3 :
With the following conditions :
1)
2
( )
max
i
L
i
f x Q , (Q is constant),
2)
1
,
0
max
i
j i j
j
j
w P
, ( P is constant).
The operator V , in (4.5.1), is bounded, continuous and contractive operator
in the space E .
Proof :
From the formula of (4.5.1), we get

( ) ( ) ( )
1
,
0
i
i i j i j j
j
V x f x w x
+

.
If we take the maximum over i of the last inequality, we have
( ) ( ) ( )
1
,
0
max max max max
i
i i j j i j
i i j j
j
V x f x x w
+

.
The above inequality with the aid of conditions (1) and (2) of lemma 4.3,
can be adapted in the form

126
( ) ( )
E
E
V x Q x + , P . (4.5.2)
The inequality (4.5.2) tells us that V is bounded operator in the space E.
For the two functions ( ) x and ( ) x
!
in the space E, then (4.5.1), yields
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
,
0
i
i i j i j j j
j
V x V x w y y
1

]
!
! . (4.5.3)
Using the same previous arguments, we obtain

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
E E
V x V x x x
! !
, P . (4.5.4)
The inequality (4.5.4), tells us that V is a continuous operator in the space
E, and under the condition 1 < , V is contraction operator.
Now, to proof the existence of a unique solution of the system of FIE
(4.4.6), we write it in the operator form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
, 0
i i i i
i
U x V x U x
, (4.5.5)
where
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( )
i i i
i i
U x p y x y dy k x y y dy

+

. (4.5.6)
Theorem4.2 :
If the conditions (i), (iii),(1) and (2) are satisfied, the system of FIEs
(4.4.6) has a unique solution in the space E, under the condition

* *
2 , ( max )
i
i
M
P L i
_
+ + <

,
. (4.5.7)
To prove Theorem 4.2, we must prove the following lemmas.
Lemma 4.4 :
The operator U is bounded and maps the space E into itself under the
condition (4.5.7).
Proof :
The formulas (4.5.5) and (4.5.6), lead to

( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1
( )
i i i
i i
U x V x p y x y dy

1
1
( , ) ( )
i
i
k x y y dy
.

127
Applying Cauchy # Schwarz inequality to the first Fredholm integral term,
and in view of conditions (i),(iii), and taking the maximum over i, we obtain
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* * *
1
.
max max max max
i i i i
i i i i
U x V x M x L x

+ +
with the help (4.5.2), the above inequality can be adapted in the form
( )
* *
1
( ( ) ) 2 ( )
E E
E
M
U x Q P x L x

1
+ + +
1
]
. (4.5.8)
The inequality (4.5.8) shows that the operator U maps the ball S E
into
itself, where

( )
*
1
1 Q ,
1 *
2
M
P L

_
_
+ +

,
,
. (4.5.9)
Hence, 0 1, 0 Q < < > , then
1
1 < . Moreover, the inequality (4.5.8)
involves the boundedness of the operator U .
Lemma 4.5 :
Under the condition (4.5.7), the operator U is continuous and
contractive
Proof :
For the two functions ( ) x and
( ) x
!
in the space E, the two formulas
(4.5.5) and (4.5.6), become

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
( )
i i i i
i
U x U x p y x y y dy
! !

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1
( , )
i i i i
i i
k x y y y dy V x V x
+ +
!
! .
Applying Cauchy # Schwarz inequality and in view of conditions (i), (iii)
and with the help of (4.5.4), we obtain
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
E E
U x U x x x
! !
,
1 *
2
M
P L

_
_
+ +

,
,
.
(4.5.10)
Thus, under the conditions
1
1 < , the operator U is continuous and is
contractive operator in the space E.
Lemma 4.4 and Lemma 4.5, with a Banach fixed point theorem, show
that the operator U is continuous and contractive operator, which maps the

128
space E into itself. Hence, it has a fixed point which is the unique solution of
(4.4.6) in the space E.
4.6. TheNumerical Methods for Solving FredholmI ntegral Equation of the
First Kind :
In this section, we will present some methods to obtain numerically the
solution of the system of FIEs (4.4.8) with Cauchy kernel
see Abdalkhani [34] and, Erdogan et. al [49].
Consider the system of FIEs (4.4.8) with Cauchy kernel, each equation
in this system can be written in simplifying form by removing the
subscript, in the form

1 1
1 1
( )
( , ) ( ) ( ), ( 1 1)
y
dy k x y y dy x x
y x

+ < <

,(4.6.1)
where ( ) x is unknown, and ( ) x and ( , ) k x y are known functions which
are continuous in the closed interval [-1,1]. After obtaining the solution of
Eq. (4.6.1), we will use the recurrence relation to obtain the general solution
of the system (4.4.8).
The general solution given by Eq. (4.6.1) indicates that the unknown
function ( ) x , can be represented in the following form
( ) ( ) ( ) x w x g x , ( 1 1) x < < . (4.6.2)
This method leads to a system of FIEs in the new unknown function ( ) g x ,
where it represents a series of special orthogonal polynomials and it is
a bounded continuous function in closed interval [-1,1], where the
orthogonal polynomials depends on the type of a fundamental function
( ) w y , which can be defined as a real function in the form
( ) (1 ) (1 ) w x x x

+ , ( 1 , 1, 1) x < < < . (4.6.3)
Or the form

1 1
2 2
( ) (1 ) (1 )
N M
w x x x
+ +
+ , (4.6.4)
where N and M are integers determined such that the index K of the problem
defined by
( ) ( ) K N M + + , (4.6.5)
which K is restricted to -1, 0, 1 to insure integrable singularities.

129
In our studied, we will discuss some special cases of ( ) w y , that depends
on the value of the index K that is defined by (4.6.5) as the following:
Case (1): If 1 K , (the function ( ) x is bounded at both ends), we have

1
2
, or 0, 1 N M , then
1
2
2
( ) (1 ) w x x . (4.6.6)
Case (2): If 0 K , this means physically that we find
1 1
, ,
2 2
or
1 1
2 2
0, 0, ( ) (1 ) (1 ) N M w x x x
+ . (4.6.7)

1 1
,
2 2
, or
1 1
2 2
1, 1, ( ) (1 ) (1 ) N M w x x x

+ . (4.6.8)
In this case, the unknown function ( ) x is bounded at one end and
has an integrable singularity at the other one. Also, no extra condition is
needed (the condition is the constant be zero), the solution being a unique.
Case (3): If 1 K (i.e. the function ( ) x has singularities at both ends),
then
1
2
, or 1, 0 N M ,
1
2
2
( ) (1 ) w x x

, (4.6.9)
and ( ) x must satisfy an additional condition

1
1
( ) x dx P
, (P is known constant or may be zero). (4.6.10)

Now, by substituting from (4.6.2), the IE (4.6.1) reduce to
1 1
1 1
( )
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( 1 1)
g y
w y dy k x y g y w y dy x x
y x

+ < <

.(4.6.11)
Then, by using a quadrature formula of the Gaussian type to evaluate the
integral on the left hand side for selected values of ;( 1,..., )
i
x i n and the
unknown ( );( 1,... )
j
g y j n (see Abramowitz and Stegun [62]). Thus, the
formula (4.6.11) may be represent as
1 1
( )
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 1, 1,... ,
n n
j j
j i j j n i i i
j j
j i
W g y
W k x y g y R x x x i n
y x

+ + <

(4.6.12)
where , ( 1,..., )
j
W j n are the weights and
n
R is the error, and by selecting
n sufficiently large,
n
R may be neglected. The locations , ( 1,..., )
j
y j n ,

130
corresponding to the zeros of the orthogonal polynomials related to the
particular Gaussian quadrature.
The formula (4.6.12) represents a LAS in ( )
j
g y , ( 1,... ) j n , which may be
written as
1
1
( ) ( , ) ( ), ( 1,..., )
n
j j i j i
j
j i
W g y k x y x i n K
y x

1
+
1
1
]
. (4.6.13)
Here, the related orthogonal polynomials are selected in such a way that the
fundamental function ( ) w y is corresponding to the weight function
, ( 1,..., )
j
W j n . Hence, the fundamental function ( ) w y can be written of
the general form
( ) (1 ) (1 ) , ( 1 , 1,| | 1) w y y y y

+ < < < . (4.6.14)
4.6.1. Gauss-J acobi Polynomials I ntegration " Formula K=0 " :
In the case 0 K i.e.
1 1
, ,
2 2
we find ( ) y as
1
2
1
2
(1 )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),
(1 )
y
y w y g y g y
y

1 1
2 2
( ) (1 ) (1 ) w y y y
+ . (4.6.15)
We consider the singular term in (4.6.11) as the integral operator form

1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) , ( 1 1)
dy
S x g y w y x
y x

< <
, (4.6.16)
where ( ) w y in Eq. (4.6.15) is the weight function of the Jacobi polynomials,
1 1
( , )
2 2
( )
j
P y
of degree j (see appendix (A.3-2)) and the function g (y) can be

approximated with a sufficient degree of accuracy by the following
truncated series
1 1
( , )
2 2
0
( ) ( ), ( 1 1)
p
j j
j
g y B P y y
< <
" , (4.6.17)
where
j
B are constants that will be determined.
The development of the Gauss-Jacobi integration formula is, in part,
based on the following relation (see Szeg [63])

1
( , ) ( , )
1
1 2 ( ) (1 )
( ) ( ) ( ), ( 1 1)
K
n n K
dy
P y w y P x x
y x

< <
,(4.6.18)

131
and
( , ) ( , )
1 ( 1)
( ) ( )
2 ( 1)
m
m m
n n m m m
d m n
P x P x
dx n
+ +
+ + + +
1
]
+ + +

. (4.6.19)
Now, substituting from (4.6.17) into (4.6.16), and using (4.6.18) in the result
equation, we find

1 1
3 1
( , )
2 2 2 2
0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
p
j j
j
S x B P x
. (4.6.20)
Then, using the properties of the gamma function, we get

1 1
( , )
2 2
0
( ) ( )
p
j j
j
S x B P x
" . (4.6.21)
Now, assume the simple fraction expansion
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
( , )
1
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
n
n j n j
i
i
i
n
P x P x P x P x
a
y x
P x

, (4.6.22)
where, for , j n < we have
1 1
( , )
2 2
( ) 0, ( 1,...., )
n i
P y i n
, and the
coefficients
i
a may be obtained as

1 1 1 1
( , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2
1 1
( , )
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
n i j i
i
n i
P y P y
a
P y

. (4.6.23)
On the other hand, if
i
y are given by
( , )
( ) 0
n i
P y

, the first derivative of
( , )
( )
n i
P y

at
i
x y may be expressed as (see Szeg [63])

( , ) ( 1, 1)
( )
1
n n i
i
n
P P y
y

+
+

+
, (
( , )
( , )
( )
n
n
dP
P x
dx

). (4.6.24)
Thus, we have

1 1 1 1
( , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2
1 1
( , )
2 2
2(1 ) ( ) ( )
(2 1) ( )
i n i j i
i
n i
y P y P y
a
n P y

+
, (4.6.25)
which can be adapted in the form

1 1
( , )
2 2
2(1 )
( )
(2 1)
i
i j i
y
a P y
n

+
+
. (4.6.26)
Therefore, if a discrete set of points ( 1,... )
r
x r n is selected as

132

1 1
( , )
2 2
( ) 0
n r
P x
, (4.6.27)
and with the help of (4.6.27), the formula (4.6.22) reduces to

1 1 1 1
( , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2
1
2(1 ) 1
( ) ( )
(2 1) ( )
n
i
j r j i
i
i r
y
P x P y
n y x

. (4.6.28)
Substituting from (4.6.28) into (4.6.21), we have
1 1
( , )
2 2
1 0
2(1 ) 1
( ) ( ) , 1,...
2 1
p n
i
r j j i
i j
i r
y
S x B P y r n
n y x

_ +

+
,

. (4.6.29)
In other words, we get
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1 (1 ) ( ) 2(1 ) ( )
( ) , 1,...
2 1
(1 )
n
i i
r
i
r i r
y g y dy y g y
S x r n
y x n y x
y
+ +

+
, (4.6.30)
where

1 1
( , )
2 2
1 1
( , )
2 2
2 1
( ) 0 cos , 1,..., ,
2 1
2
( ) 0 cos , 1,..., .
2 1
n i i
n r r
i
P y y i n
n
r
P x x r n
n
_

+
,
_

+
,
(4.6.31)
Also, for a bounded condition function ( ) g y , the Gauss-Jacobi integration
formula, given by (see Abramowitz and Stegun [62])

1
1
2
1
1
1 2
(1 ) 2(1 )
( ) ( )
2 1
(1 )
n
i
i
i
y y
g y dy g y
n
y

+
+
. (4.6.32)
Now, using Eq. (4.6.30) and (4.6.32) in (4.6.11), we get
1
(1 ) 1
2 ( ) ( , ) ( ), 1, 2,...
2 1
n
i
i r i r
i
i r
y
g y k x y x r n
n y x
1 +
+
1
+
]
.(4.6.33)
The formula (4.6.33) represents a finite LAS of the unknown functions
( )
i
g y , or in the coefficient ( )
j
B , where ( )
i
g y ,
i
y and
r
x are given by
(4.6.17) and (4.6.31).
For the second case of 0, K i.e. when
1 1
,
2 2
, the weight
function ( ) w y is given by (4.6.8) and

1
2
1
2
(1 )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),
(1 )
y
y w y g y g y
y

+
(4.6.34)

133
where ( ) g y can be represented as a series

1 1
( , )
2 2
0
( ) ( )
p
j j
j
g y B P y
. (4.6.35)
Then, the formula (4.6.16) reduces to

1 1
( , )
2 2
0
( ) ( )
p
j j
j
S x B P x
. (4.6.36)
By using the previous manner of techniques in the first case, the coefficient
i
a can be obtained as

1 1 1 1
( , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2
1 1
( , )
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
n i j i
i
j i
P y P y
a
P y

. (4.6.37)
Also, the derivative of
( , )
n
P

may be expressed as (see Szeg [63])

( , ) ( 1, 1)
( ) ( )
1
n n i
i
n
P x P y
y

+
+

. (4.6.38)
Hence, we have

1 1 1 1
( , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2
(2 1)
( ) ( )
2(1 )
n n i
i
n
P x P y
y

+

. (4.6.39)
Thus, from (4.6.39) and (4.6.37), Eq. (4.6.22) leads to

1 1 1 1
( , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2
1
2(1 )
( ) ( )
(2 1)( )
n
i
j i j r
i
i r
y
P y P x
n y x

, (4.6.40)
where, the discrete of points
r
x is selected, such that

1 1
( , )
2 2
( ) 0, 1,...,
n r
P x r n
. (4.6.41)
Thus, we find that

1
1
2
1
1
1 2
(1 ) ( ) 2 (1 ) ( )
( )
2 1
(1 )
n
i i
r
i
r i r
y g y y g y
S x dy
y x n y x
y

+
+

=
( )
1 1
( , )
2 2
1 0
2 (1 )
( )
(2 1)
p n
i
j j i
i j
i r
y
B P y
n y x

_

+
,

, 1,..., r n . (4.6.42)
Also, when the unknown function is bounded and continuous, we have (see
Abramowitz and Stegun [62])

134

1
1
2
1
1
1 2
(1 ) 2(1 )
( ) ( )
(2 1)
(1 )
n
i
i
i
y y
g y dy g y
n
y

+
+
. (4.6.43)
Using Eqs. (4.6.42) and (4.6.43) in (4.6.11), we obtain
1
2(1 ) 1
( ) ( , ) ( )
(2 1)
n
i
i r i r
i
i r
y
g y k x y x
n y x
1
+
1
+
]
, 1,..., r n , (4.6.44)
or
1 1
( , )
2 2
0 1
2(1 ) 1
( ) ( , ) ( )
(2 1) ( )
p n
i
j j i r i r
j i
i r
y
B P y k x y x
n y x

1 _
+
1
+
, ]

, (4.6.45)
where
i
y and
k
x given by

1 1
( , )
2 2
2 1
( ) 0, cos , 1,...,
2 1
n r r
r
P x x r n
n

_

+
,
,

1 1
( , )
2 2
2
( ) 0, cos , 1,...,
2 1
n i i
i
P y y i n
n

_

+
,
. (4.6.46)
The formula (4.6.45) represents a finite LAS with the unknown
functions ( )
i
g y , 1,..., i n , which it defined by (4.6.35), and the Jacobi
polynomials
( , )
( )
n
P x

defined as Szeg [63] (see appendix (A.3-2)).
Gauss-Chebyshev Polynomials I ntegration "Formula K =1,-1" :
Here, consider the FIE of the first kind as (4.6.1), and assume its
solution ( ) y may be expressed as (4.6.2), where the bounded function
( ) g y is the new unknown.
If ( ) y is bounded at the singular points, then
1
2
and 1 K .
Hence, the fundamental function ( ) w y is given by Eq.(4.6.6).
In the case of
1
1,
2
K , and the fundamental function ( ) w y
is defined by (4.6.9). Hence, the solution ( ) y of (4.6.1) has singularity at
the end points of integral.
An effective approximate method preserving the correct nature of
singularities of the functions ( ) x is described by Erdogan [64]. Here, the
fundamental functions ( ) w y given by (4.6.6) or (4.6.9) are the weights of

135
Chebyshev polynomials of the first and the second kinds of degree n,
( )
n
T y and ( )
n
U y , respectively, and the function ( ) g y becomes

0
( ) ( )
n n
n
g y A T y
, or
0
( ) ( )
n n
n
g y B U y
. (4.6.47)
In this part, we will describe a more direct numerical method of
solving the FIEs (4.6.11). This method is based on the notion that by
selecting the nodal points
k
y and
r
x in the interval [-1, 1] properly. The
formula (4.6.1) can be treated as if it was a system of FIE and the unknown
functions ( ) g y may be determined by using the conventional technique
(see Cuminato [50]).
After selecting values of ;( 1,..., )
r
x r m K and the unknown
( );( 1,... )
k
g y k m of the left hand side of Eq. (4.6.11), and then using
a quadature formula of Gaussian type, the formula (4.6.11) written as
1
1 1
( ) ( , ) ( ), 1,...,
m
k k r k r
k
k r
w g y k x y x r m K
y x

1
+
1
, (4.6.48)
which it represents an infinite LAS in the unknown coefficients
n
A or
n
B
( 0,1, 2,...) n , where the unknown functions ( )
k
g y given by (4.6.47).
Lemma 4.1 : Two Auxiliary Formula (seeEerdogan [56])
Before describing the numerical method, we will prove the validity of
the following formulas:

1
1
0 0
( )
( ), 0 ( )
n
i k
k
i r k r
if i
T y
U x if i n n y x
'
< <

(4.6.49)
where
1
( ) 0, ( ) 0
n k n r
T y U x
, 1,..., r n K , K = -1, 0, 1 and

2
1
1
(1 ) ( )
( ),
( 1)( )
n
k i k
i r
k
k r
y U y
T x
n y x
+

+
( ) n i > , (4.6.50)

1
( ) 0, ( ) 0
n k n r
U y T x
+
.
Here, ( )
n
T x and ( )
n
U x are Chebyshev polynomials of the first and the
second kinds of degree n, respectively, defined by

sin( 1)
( ) cos , ( ) , cos
sin
n n
n
T x n U x x
+

. (4.6.51)
Proof :
To prove (4.6.49), we consider the following simple fraction expansion:

136

1
1
( )
, ( ) 0
( )
n
n i k
n k
k
n k
U x a
T y
T x y x

, (4.6.52)
where

1 1 1
( ) / ( ) ( ( )) / ( )
k n i k k n i k n k
a U y T y U y nU y

. (4.6.53)
Using the recursion formula (see Erdelyi [65])

1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n i i n n i
U x T x U x T x U x

, (4.6.54)
and noting that ( ) 0
n k
T y , then from (4.6.52) and (4.6.53), we obtain

1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n
i k n i
k
k n
T y U x
n y x T x

, (4.6.55)
for
r
x x and
1
( ) 0, 0
n r
U x i
, the first part of (4.6.49) follows from

(4.6.55). For 0 i > , and from (4.6.54) and (4.6.55), we obtain

1
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
n
i k i n
i
k
k n
T y T x U x
U x
n y x T x
, (4.6.56)
which reduces to (4.6.49) for
1
, ( ) 0
r n r
x x U x
, 1,..., r n K .
To prove the relation (4.6.50), we consider the following expansion:

1
1
( )
( )
n
n i k
k
n k
U x b
U x y x

, ( ) 0
n k
U y . (4.6.57)
Using the relation, see Erdelyi [65]

2
1
(1 ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( )
n n n
y U y n U y nyU y
+ , (4.6.58)
the constants
k
b are given by

2
1 1
1
( ) (1 ) ( )
( ) ( 1) ( )
n i k k n i k
k
n k n k
U y y U y
b
U y n U y

+
. (4.6.59)
Using the formula (4.6.54) and the recursion formulas (see Erdelyi [65])

1 1
( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n i i i
T y U y yU y U y T y yU y

+ , (4.6.60)
with the notation that ( ) 0,
n k
U y and from the formulas (4.6.55) and
(4.6.60), we obtain

2
1
1
(1 ) ( ) ( )
( 1)( ) ( )
n
k i k n i
k
k n
y U y U x
n n y x U x

+
. (4.6.61)
If we let in (4.6.54) 1 i i + and 1 n n + , the formula (4.6.61) becomes
2
1
1
1
(1 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( 1)( ) ( )
n
k i k i n
i
k
k n
y U y U x T x
T x
n n y x U x
+
+
+
+
. (4.6.62)

137
which reduces to (4.6.50) for
1
, ( ) 0
r n r
x x T x
+
, 1,..., r n K .
4.6.2. Gauss-Chebyshev Polynomials I ntegration "Formula K =1" :
Consider the following singular integral part of (4.6.11) as

1
1
1 ( )
( ) ( ) , 1 1
w y
S x g y dy x
y x

< <
. (4.6.63)
Here, for
1
1,
2
K , the fundamental function ( ) w y given by
(4.6.9). In this case, the related orthogonal polynomials
1 1
2 2
( , )
( )
n
P y

reduce to
the Chebyshev polynomials, ( )
n
T y of the first kind of degree n
(the property of it considered in appendix (A.3-3)), and the bounded
function ( ) g y can be approximate to a sufficient degree of accuracy by the
truncated series

0
( ) ( )
p
n n
n
g y A T y
" , (4.6.64)
where the polynomials ( )
n
T y defined as Eq. (4.6.51). Hence, the condition
(4.6.10), is written by

1
1
2
1 2
( )
(1 )
g y
dy P
y
, (P is a constant). (4.6.65)
Also, from (4.6.9) and (4.6.64), we may write (4.6.63) as
1 1
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
0
1 1
1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1
( )
(1 ) ( ) (1 )
p
n
n
n
g y dy T y
S x A dy
y x y y x y

" . (4.6.66)
Then, using the following relation (see Erdelyi [65])

1
1
2
1 1 2
0 0
1 ( )
( ) 0
( )(1 )
n
n
n
T y
dy
U x n
y x y
'
>
, 1 1 x < < , (4.6.67)

hence, for
r
x x , the formula (4.6.66) is adapted as
1 1
1 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
1 1
1 1
1 ( ) ( ) 1
( ) ( )
(1 ) (1 )
p p
n
r n n n r
n n
r r
g y dy T y
S x A AU x
y x y y x y

" . (4.6.68)
Now, from the formula (4.6.49), we get
1
1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
p p m m
n n k k
r n n r
n n k k
k r k r
A T y g y
S x A U x
m y x m y x

, (4.6.69)

138
where for 0 n m < < and ,
r k
x y , we have

1
( ) 0, cos(( (2 1) / 2 )), ( 1,..., ),
( ) 0, cos( / ), ( 1,..., 1).
m k k
m r r
T y y k m k m
U x x r m r m

(4.6.70)
If we consider the Gauss-Chebyshev integration formula (see Abramowitz
and Stegun [62])

1
1
1 2
1 2
1 ( ) ( )
, ( ) 0
(1 )
m
k
m k
k
g y g y
dy T y
m
y
, (4.6.71)
and using the relations (4.6.69), (4.6.71) and (4.6.64) in (4.6.11), we get

1
1 1
( , ) ( )
( ) ( )
p m
k n k
n n r
n k
k x y T y
A U x x
m

1
+
1
]

. (4.6.72)
For
r
x x , ( 1,... 1) r m , we obtain
1 1 1
( ) ( , ) ( )
( )
( )
p m m
n k r k n k
n r
n k k
k r
T y k x y T y
A x
m y x m

1
+
1
]

. (4.6.73)
Thus, Eq. (4.6.73) can be written as
1
1
( ) ( , ) ( )
m
k r k r
k
k r
g y k x y x
m y x
1
+
1
, 1,..., 1 r m , (4.6.74)
where, the condition (4.6.65) takes the form

1
( )
m
k
k
g y P
m
. (4.6.75)
The formula (4.6.74) represents a finite LAS of the unknown functions
( )
k
g y , or in the coefficient ( )
n
A , where
k
y is given by Eq. (4.6.70).
4.6.3. Gauss-Chebyshev Polynomials I ntegration "Formula K=-1 " :
If the function ( ) y is bounded at both ends of integral, i.e.
1
1,
2
K , and the fundamental function takes the form (4.6.6).
Hence, the related Jacobi polynomials
1 1
2 2
( , )
( )
n
P y reduce to ( )
n
U y , which
defined as Eq. (4.6.51). Here, we will again assume that the following
truncated series represents ( ) g y with sufficient accuracy

0
( ) ( )
p
n n
n
g y B U y
" . (4.6.76)
Substituting from the relation (4.6.76) into (4.6.63), we obtain

139
1 1 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
1
0 0
1 1
1 ( )(1 ) 1 ( )(1 )
( ) ( )
( )
p p
n
n n n
n n
g y y U y y
S x dy B dy B T x
y x y x
+

" ,
(4.6.77)
where, we used the relation, (see Erdelyi [65 ])

1
1 2
2
1
1
1 ( )(1 )
( ), 1 1
n
n
U y y
dy T x x
y x
+
< <
. (4.6.78)
For ,
r
x x ( 1,... 1) r m + and using the relation (4.6.50), the formula
(4.6.77) may be expressed as
2 2
1
0 0 1 1
(1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( )
( ) ( )
( 1)( ) ( 1)( )
p p m m
k n n k k k
r n n r
n n k k
k r k r
y B U y y g y
S x B T x
m y x m y x
+

+ +

,(4.6.79)
where,
( ) 0, cos( /( 1)), ( 1,... ),
m k k
U y y k m k m +
1
( ) 0, cos( (2 1) / 2( 1)), ( 1,... 1)
m r r
T x x r m r m
+
+ + . (4.6.80)
Again, we consider the related Gauss-Chebyshev integration formula
(see Erdogan [49]) as

1 1 2
2
2
1
1
1 (1 ) ( )
( )(1 ) , ( ) 0
( 1)
m
k
m k
k
y g y
g y y dy U y
m

, (4.6.81)
and substitute from Eqs. (4.6.79) and (4.6.81) into (4.6.11), we obtain
2
1
0 1
( , ) ( )(1 )
( ) ( )
( 1)
p m
k n k k
n n r
n k
k x y U y y
B T x x
m

+

1
+
1
+
]

. (4.6.82)
For
r
x x , and using (4.6.50) in Eq. (4.6.82), we have
2 2
0 1 1
(1 ) ( ) ( )(1 ) ( , )
( )
( 1)( ) ( 1)
p m m
k n k n k k r k
n r
n k k
k r
y U y U y y k x y
B x
m y x m

1
+
1
+ +
]

,
(4.6.83)
which may be expressed as
2
1
(1 ) ( ) 1
( , ) ( ), 1,..., 1
( 1) ( )
m
k k
r k r
k
k r
y g y
k x y x r m
m y x
1
+ +
1
+
]
. (4.6.84)
where ,
r k
x y defined as given in (4.6.80). Also, Eq. (4.6.84) represents
a finite LAS in the unknown ( ), 1, 2,...,
k
g y k m .


140
4.7. TheNumerical Methods for Solving FredholmI ntegral Equation of the
Second Kind :
In this section, we consider the general system of the SIEs (4.4.6),
where the dominant part of the system can be uncoupled. Thus, the
numerical techniques developed to obtain an approximate solution of the
FIE of the second kind with Cauchy kernel, which it expresses in the form
1 1
1 1
( )
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
y
x dy k x y y dy x
y x

+ +

, ( 1 1) x < < . (4.7.1)
Then, we may easily apply these techniques to a system of FIEs (4.4.6)
where the known functions ( ) x and ( , ) k x y are continuous in the closed
interval [-1,1] and ( ) x is the unknown function.
4.7.1. Solution by J acobi Polynomials I ntegration :
In this problem also, the index K equals to -1, 0, or 1, and is
determined by
( ) K + , (4.7.2)
and the fundamental function of the (4.7.1), written as
( ) (1 ) (1 ) w x x x +

. (4.7.3)
where

1
log
2
i
N
i i

_
+

+
,
,

1
log
2
i
M
i i

_
+

+
,
,
1 Re( ) 1, 1 Re( ) 1 < < < < ,
where the integer N and M are integers determined.
The singular behavior of the solution may be characterized by
a fundamental function (4.7.3). The solution of the problem (4.7.1) can be
also written as
( ) ( ) ( ) y g y w y . (4.7.4)
The unknown function ( ) g y is regular on 1 1. y Also, it approximated
by quadratic polynomials leading to a numerical collection scheme.
Similar to the SIE of the first kind, we deduce the following cases:

141
(1) For K = 1 the solution contains one arbitrary constant which is
determined from an equilibrium or a compatibility condition (4.6.10).
(2) For K = 0, the inversion of equation (4.7.1) does not contain any
arbitrary constants.
(3) For K = -1, there is no arbitrary constant to be determined, however, the
solution must satisfy the following consistency condition
[ ]
1
1
( ) 0
( )
dx
F x
w x
, (4.7.5)
where the function ( ) F x defined as

1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x k y x y dy F x
. (4.7.6)
Once the fundamental function, ( ) w y is determined in relation
(4.7.3) which are the weight functions (4.6.6)- (4.6.9), that corresponding to
( , )
( ), ( 0,1, )
n
P y n

when the index K = -1, 0, 1. Hence, the solution of
Eq. (4.7.1) may be writing as

( , )
0
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n
y w y c P y

, (4.7.7)
where , ( 0,1,...)
n
c n are undetermined constants.
To obtain the solution, substitute (4.7.7) into (4.7.1), to have (see
Szeg [63], and Tricomi [66])
1 ( )
( , ) ( , )
1
1 2 ( ) ( 1)
( ) ( ) cot( ) ( ) ( )
( 1)
n n
dy n
w y P y w x P x
y x n

+ +

+ + +

2 1
1
1, ;1 ,
2
x
F n n

_
+

,
, ( 1) x < , 0,1, 2, . n , (4.7.8)
where
1
cot cot log
2
i
N
i i

_ _
+

+
, ,
. (4.7.9)
Also, the polynomials
2 1
1
1, ;1 ;
2
x
F n n K

_
+ +

,
and
,
( )
n
P x

are
denoted the Hypergeometric function and the Jacobi polynomials,
respectively.
Then, by using the following relation (see Szeg [63])

142
( , )
2 1
( 1) 1
( ) 1, ;1 ;
( 1) (1 ) 2
n K
n K x
P x F n n K
n K

+
_
+ +

+
,
, (4.7.10)
the relation (4.7.8), yields
1
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1
1 2 ( ) (1 )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
K
n n n K
dy
w y P y w x P x P x
y x

. (4.7.11)
Substituting from (4.7.11) into (4.7.1) and using the properties of the gamma
function, we have

( , )
0
2
( ) ( ) ( )
sin( )
K
n n K n
n
c P x h x x

1
+
1
]
, ( 1 1) x < < , (4.7.12)

where
1
( , )
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) , ( 1 1)
n n
h x w y P y k x y dy x

< <
. (4.7.13)
The functional equation (4.7.12) can be reduced to an infinite LAS in the
unknown coefficients
n
c by expanding both sides into series of Jacobi
polynomials
( , )
( ), ( 0,1,...)
k
P x k

. Multiplying both sides of
Eq. (4.7.12) by
( )
( , )
( , ) ( ) , ( 0,1, 2...)
k
w P x k

and integrating the
result in interval [ 1,1] , we have

1 1
( , ) ( , ) 1 ( , ) 1
0
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
sin
K
n k n K k n
n
c P x P x w x dx P x h x w x dx

+
1
]

1
( , ) 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
k
x P x w x dx

,
1
( ) (1 ) (1 ) w x x x

+ . (4.7.14)
Thus, from the orthoganality relations (see Abramowitz and Stegun [62])

1
( , ) ( , )
( , )
1
0
( ) ( ) ( )
n k
k
n k
P x P x w x dx
n k

'
, (4.7.15)
where
1
( , )
2 ( 1) ( 1)
,
2 1 ! ( 1)
k
k k
k k k

+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
( 0,1,...) k . (4.7.16)
Truncating the series (4.7.12), and comparing the respective coefficients,
Eq. (4.7.14) may be written as

143

( , )
0
2
, ( 0,1,..., )
sin
K N
k k K nk n k
n
c d c F k N

, (4.7.17)
where

1
( , )
1
1
( , )
1
( ) ( , , ) ( )
( ) ( , , ) ( )
nk k n
k k
d P x w x h x dx
F P x w x x dx

. (4.7.18)
1) In the case K = - 1, we note that the first term in the series (4.7.12) is
a constant times
( , )
1
( ).
o
c P x

Hence, in solving (4.7.17) it can be formally
assumed that
1
0. c
Also, from (4.7.12) to (4.7.18) it is seen that, since

( , )
0
( ) 1 P x

, the first equation obtained from (4.7.17) for k = 0 is seen to
be equivalent to the consistency condition (4.7.5). Thus, (4.7.17) provides
N + 1 LAS for the unknown constants
0
,..., .
N
c c
2) In the case K=0, there are no additional arbitrary constants or conditions,
and (4.7.17) gives the unique solution.
3) In the case K = 1, the N + 1 equations given by (4.7.17) contains N + 2
unknown constants,
0 1
,..., .
N
c c
+
The additional equation for a unique solution
is provided by the equilibrium or compatibility condition (4.6.10), by
substituting from (4.7.16) and using the orthogonality condition, hence
Eq. (4.7.17) one finds

0 0
( , ) c P . (4.7.19)
where
1
( , ) 1
0
1
( 1) ( 1)
( ) 2
( 2)
w t dt

+ +
+ +

+ +
, k = 0. (4.7.20)
The method described in this section is valid for the most general SIE
given by (4.7.1), and may easily be reduced to the special case described in
section (4.6), by substituting 0 and 1 .
Note that a Gauss-Jacobi type integration method similar to that
described in section (4.6) may also be developed for the solution of (4.7.1).
However, in this case because of the existence of the free term ( ) x in the
IE (which has zeros or singularities at the end points), such a method may
not be as effective as that described in this section.

144
4.7.2. TheToeplitz Matrix Method :
In this section, we present the Toeplitz matrix method to obtain
numerically the solution of the FIE (4.7.1), which it may be adapted as
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
x x F y x y dy
, (4.7.21)
where
( )
( )
( ) ( )
(1 , ( )) 1
1 , ( )
k x y y x
F y x k x y y x
y x y x
+ _
+

,
. (4.7.22)
Then, write the integral term in Eq. (4.7.21.) as the form

( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1
1
( ) ,
nh h
N
n N
nh
F x y y dy F x y y dy h
N

+
_

,

. (4.7.23)
By applying the same techniques of this method as that used to solve NVIE
in section (3.2.1) in Chapter (3). The formula (4.7.23), reduces to

( )
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
N
n
n N
F x y y dy D x nh
, (4.7.24)
where

1
1
( ) ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
( ) , .
N
n n n
N
A x n N
D x A x B x N n N
B x n N
+ < <
'
(4.7.25)
The SIE (4.7.21), after putting x mh becomes

( )
,
1
( ) ( ),
N
n m
n N
mh nh mh h
N

_
+

,
. (4.7.26)
The formula (4.7.26) represents a LAS, where ( ) x is a vector of 1 2 + N
elements, while
, n m
is a matrix whose elements are given by
, ,
1
,
( ) ( ) , .
n m n m n m
n m n n
G P
G A mh B mh N n N

+
+
(4.7.27)
The matrix
m n
G

is the Toeplitz matrix of order 2N+1, where
, N m n N and the elements of the second matrix are zeros except

145
the elements of the first and last rows (columns). We can evaluate the
values of the first row by substituting in
1
( )
n
B mh
by n N ,
, 0 2 m N i i n + , and the values of the last row (column) by
substituting in ( )
n
A mh by , n N m N i + . Then, the solution of the
formula (4.7.26) takes the form
( ) ( )
1
, ,
, 0
n m n m
mh I mh I
1
]
, (I :identity matrix). (4.7.28)
4.7.3. TheProduct NystrmMethod :
In this section, we discus the solution of the FIE (4.7.21), using the
product Nystrm method. For this, we rewrite it as the following form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
, x x p y x k x y y dy
, (4.7.29)
where
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
, 1 , ( ) p y x k x y k x y y x
y x

_
+

,
, (4.7.30)
where k p and are 'badly behaved` and `well behaved` functions of their
arguments , respectively, in Eq. (4.7.29), divide the interval
[ ]
1,1 into N
equal subinterval, where , 0,1 , ,
i i
x y a ih i N + , with 2 h N ,
N even, then the singular part of Eq. (4.7.29) reduces to
( ) ( ) ( )
1
0
1
, ( , ) ( )
N
i i ij i j j
j
k x y p y x y dy w k x y y
,
( )
ij j i
w u p y x .
(4.7.31)
Also, by following the same manner of this method as in section (3.2.2) in
Chapter (3), the IE (4.7.29) can be transformed to the following system of
LAS (see Chapter (3))

0
( , ) ( )
N
i i ij i j j
j
w k x y y

, 0,1 , , i N , (4.7.32)
where
, i j
w are given by the formula (3.2.28).
The LAS (4.7.32) represents ( 1) N + equations in
i
, 0,1 , , i N .
Therefore, the approximate solution can be expressed in the matrix form as

146
0,0 0,0 0,1 0,1 0, 0,
0 0
1 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1, 1, 1
,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 , ,
...
...
. .
. . . .
. .
. . . .
. .
. . . .
...
N N
N N
N N
N N N N N N N N
w k w k w k
w k w k w k
w k w k w k

1

1
1 1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
] ]
1

1
]
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

(4.7.33)
Also, it can be written in the vector form
( ) I WK
. (4.7.34)
When 0 I WK
, the LAS of Eq. (4.7.34) has a unique solution in

the form
1
I WK
1

1
]
, (4.7.35)
where I is the identity matrix .
In this section, we state some applications and numerical results to
discuss the approximate solution of Eq.(4.7.1) (i.e. the treatment of the
surface cracks that occurs in the materials as a result the contact in finite of
materials, which the deformation is increases as well as the time increases
in the interval [0, T]).
Application.1
From strategic of our problem, we consider a mixed SIE of the
second kind ( 1 ) with Cauchy kernel as
1 1
1 1
1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) x t f x t y t dy x y y t dy
y x

0
- ( , ) , (0 ; 1)
t
t x d t T x <
. (4.8.1)

147
Here, we will employ the procedures of the Toeplitz matrix, the
product Nystrm, the Jacobi polynomials and the Chebyshev polynomials
methods to solve the mixed SIE (4.8.1), where the exact solution
2 2
( , ) x t x t , and the dissection will be considered at times
0.1 , 0.5 and 0.9 T ,also, we consider the continuous kernel of
Fredholm integral term ( , ) k x y x y , while the given function
( , ) t t , with 2 k (k is the division of the interval of time [0, T]). In
this case, the free function ( , ) f x t can be computed from Eq. (4.8.1). For
the basis of the Polyurethane and the Fibber materials, we compute
( )
2
,
1 2
G
that corresponding to the value of Poison ratio

0.22, 0.389 and
7 7
1 10 , 0.132 10 G , respectively.
In our applications, we let 2 N 0, for the Toeplitz matrix method, whereas
we take N = 40 for the product Nystrm method, the Jacobi polynomials
and the Chebyshev polynomials of the first and the second kinds formulas,
at the same points t x , , to get the approximate solutions
T
,
N
,
P
,
C
and
U
and the corresponding errors
T
E ,
N
E ,
P
E ,
C
E and
U
E , respectively.
Now, we will illustrate these methods as:
1) Result of the Toeplitz matrix method :
For the Toeplitz matrix method, the values of ) ( and ) ( x J x I are obtained
as

1 ( )
( )
a h
a
y x x y
I x dy
y x
+
+

( )
2
1
2ah 2 2ln -2ln
2
h h x a x a h x + + + , (4.8.2)
and

(1 ( ) )
( )
a h
a
y x x y
J x y dy
y x
+
+

( )
2 2 3 2
1
6 6 6 2 6 3 6 ln 6 ln .
6
h a h ah h ah x h x x a x x a h x + + + +
(4.8.3)
Then, we get

148
( )
2
1 1
( ) ( ) 2ah 2 2ln -2ln
2
n
A x a h h h x a x a h x
h

_
+ + + +

,

( )
2 2 3 2
1
6 6 6 2 6 3 6 ln 6 ln ,
6
h a h ah h ah x h x x a x x a h x
1
+ + + +
1
]
(4.8.4)
and
(
2 2 3 2
1 1
( ) 6 6 6 2 6 3 6 ln
6
n
B x h a h ah h ah x h x x a x
h

+ +
) ( )
2
a
6 ln 2ah 2 2ln -2ln
2
x a h x h h x a x a h x
1
+ + + + +
1
]
.
(4.8.5)
Let a nh and removing, in result every n by 1 n , we get
(
3 2
1
1 1
( ) 6 (6 ( 1) 2) (6 3) 6 ln ( 1)
6
n
B x h n n h h x n x n h x
h

+ +
) ( )
2
( -1)
6 ln (2 3) 2 2ln -2ln .
2
n h
x nh x n h h x nh h x nh x
1
+ + +
1
]
(4.8.6)
After putting , , x mh N n N N m N , in the relations
(4.8.4) and (4.8.6), the elements of the Toeplitz matrix
, n m
G of (4.7.27) are
given as
( )
2
( ) (5 4 ) 2 ( ) ln -ln 1
n m
G mh n m h h n m n m n m
1 + + + +
]
. (4.8.7)
The elements of the first column of the second matrix are given by
,
2
11
1 ( 2 ) (1 )ln ( 1 ) (1 )ln ( )
6
N N i
p i h i i h i i h
+
+ + + + , (4.8.8)
while, the elements of the last column (row) of the second matrix are given
by
,
2 2
5 5
1 (2 2 ) (2 1 ) ln (2 )
6 2
N N i
q N Ni i N h N i h N i
+
+ + + +
(2 1 )ln (2 1) N i h N i + + + . (4.8.9)
In the following Table (4-1), we consider the results of the exact and
the approximate solutions and the error
T
E of Eq.(4.8.1), that obtained
numerically by applying the Toeplitz matrix method together with lists

149
various values of
[ ]
1,1 x and N =20 for different cases of time
0.1 , 0.5 and 0.9 T .
It can be observed from the following Table (4-1), that :
1. The result error
T
E is 0 for t =0 and [ 1,1] x .
2. The approximate solution is nearly coincident with the exact solution for
0 t > at each value of [ 1,1] x .
3. In general, if the value of N increases, then
T
E is decreases, because as
N the approximate solution tends to the exact solution.
4. If the time T is increases the values of
T
E is also increases, since the
increasing of times is causes more deformation for the material.
5. The larger values of
T
E is record at 1 x t , for each time 0 T > .
6. The smallest values of
T
E is record at 0 x , for each time 0 T > .
7. As x is increasing through[ ]
1,1 , the error is also increasing for 0 T > .
8. The values of
T
E is increases as will as the value of (elasticity
module) is increases ( i.e. if the value of (Poison ratio) is increases ,
(0 1), 0.5 < < ) see Figs. (4-2).


150

Fibber v= 0.22 Polyurethane v= 0.389
T x Exact sol.
aproximate error aproximate error
-1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 1.09688E-02 9.68812E-04 1.11407E-02 1.14074E-03
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.32794E-03 7.20606E-05 6.32091E-03 7.90856E-05
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.54318E-03 5.68221E-05 3.53784E-03 6.21611E-05
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.54753E-03 5.24675E-05 1.54263E-03 5.73719E-05
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 3.49154E-04 5.08459E-05 3.44398E-04 5.56021E-05
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.04113E-05 5.04113E-05 5.51300E-05 5.51300E-05
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 3.49154E-04 5.08459E-05 3.44398E-04 5.56021E-05
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.54753E-03 5.24675E-05 1.54263E-03 5.73719E-05
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.54318E-03 5.68221E-05 3.53784E-03 6.21611E-05
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.32794E-03 7.20606E-05 6.32091E-03 7.90856E-05
0.1
1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 1.09688E-02 9.68812E-04 1.11407E-02 1.14074E-03
-1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 2.74211E-01 2.42110E-02 2.78485E-01 2.84853E-02
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.58232E-01 1.76829E-03 1.58059E-01 1.94083E-03
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 8.85975E-02 1.40249E-03 8.84657E-02 1.53429E-03
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.86961E-02 1.30387E-03 3.85744E-02 1.42565E-03
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 8.73063E-03 1.26937E-03 8.61206E-03 1.38794E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.26051E-03 1.26051E-03 1.37830E-03 1.37830E-03
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 8.73063E-03 1.26937E-03 8.61206E-03 1.38794E-03
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.86961E-02 1.30387E-03 3.85744E-02 1.42565E-03
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 8.85975E-02 1.40249E-03 8.84657E-02 1.53429E-03
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.58232E-01 1.76829E-03 1.58059E-01 1.94083E-03
0.5
1.000E+00
2.50000E-01 2.74211E-01 2.42110E-02
2.78480E-01
2.84853E-02
-1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 8.88311E-01 7.83115E-02 9.01797E-01 9.17969E-02
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.13192E-01 5.20835E-03 5.12680E-01 5.71953E-03
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.87339E-01 4.26093E-03 2.86938E-01 4.66183E-03
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.25498E-01 4.10186E-03 1.25116E-01 4.48364E-03
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.83151E-02 4.08489E-03 2.79361E-02 4.46391E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 4.08762E-03 4.08762E-03 4.46663E-03 4.46663E-03
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.83151E-02 4.08489E-03 2.79361E-02 4.46391E-03
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.25498E-01 4.10186E-03 1.25116E-01 4.48364E-03
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.87339E-01 4.26093E-03 2.86938E-01 4.66183E-03
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.13192E-01 5.20835E-03 5.12680E-01 5.71953E-03
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 8.88311E-01 7.83115E-02 9.01797E-01
9.17969E-02
Table (4-1)


151

T
E

Figs. (4-2) show the change of errors
T
E of Fibber and Polyurethane
materials at N = 40 for T = 0.1,0.5,0.9.
Fibber
T = 0.9,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.1,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
T
E
x
t
x
t
T
E

152
2) Results of the product Nystrm method :
Here, by using the product Nystrm method, evaluating the integrals
2
0
1
, 0,1, 2
( )
k
k
d k
z h

, 2 2 z i j + , (4.8.10)
Hence, we get
[ ]
0
1
ln(2 ) ln( ) z z
h
.
[ ]
1
1
2 ln(2 ) ln( ) z z z z
h
.
2 2
2
1
2 2 ln(2 ) ln( ) z z z z z
h
1 +
]
. (4.8.11)
Then, introducing the results (4.8.11) in the values of w' s (3.2.28), we get
2 2
,0
1
(2 3 ) ln(2 ) (3 2 ) ln( ) (4 2 ) ,
2
i
w z z z z z z z z i 1 + + + +
]
.
2 2
,2 1
(2 )ln(2 ) (2 )ln( ) 2 2 , 2
i j
w z z z z z z z z i j
+
1 + + +
]
.
2 2
,2
1
4 (6 12)ln(2 ) ( )ln( ) ( )ln(4 ) , 2 2,
2
i j
w z z z z z z z z z z i j 1 + + + + +
]
and

2 2
,
1
2 ( )ln(2 ) ( )ln( ) , 2
2
i N
w z z z z z z z z i N 1 + + + +
]
.(4.8.12)
In the following Table (4-2), for lists various values of [ ] 1,1 x , at
and N = 40 for 0.1 , 0.5, 0.9 T , the exact and approximate solutions and
the error
N
E of Eq. (4.8.1) are computed numerically by using the product
Nystrm method .
It can be observed from this table that :
1. The product Nystrm method has the same results that mentioned in
the previous case but the values of
N
E is less than
T
E at the same
data of T and N and , i.e. the product Nystrm method is more
better than the Toeplitz method in treatment the surface cracks in the
materials, see Figs. (4-3).


153
Fibber v=0.22 Polyurethane v=0.389
T x Exact sol.
-1.00E+00 1.00000E-02 9.99978E-03 2.21150E-07 9.99974E-03 2.61179E-07
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.40003E-03 3.25060E-08 6.40004E-03 3.53500E-08
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.60003E-03 3.18110E-08 3.60003E-03 3.45560E-08
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.60003E-03 3.00040E-08 1.60003E-03 3.26010E-08
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 4.00029E-04 2.87218E-08 4.00031E-04 3.12136E-08
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.82714E-08 2.82714E-08 3.07282E-08 3.07282E-08
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 4.00029E-04 2.87215E-08 4.00031E-04 3.12138E-08
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.60003E-03 3.00040E-08 1.60003E-03 3.25990E-08
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.60003E-03 3.18110E-08 3.60003E-03 3.45570E-08
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.40003E-03 3.25070E-08 6.40004E-03 3.53510E-08
0.1
1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 9.99978E-03 2.21152E-07 9.99974E-03 2.61157E-07
-1.00E+00 2.50000E-01 2.50086E-01 8.59903E-05 2.50100E-01 1.00376E-04
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60030E-01 3.02324E-05 1.60032E-01 3.24255E-05
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00160E-02 1.59567E-05 9.00170E-02 1.69962E-05
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00059E-02 5.91002E-06 4.00062E-02 6.15041E-06
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99991E-03 8.80600E-08 9.99968E-03 3.22302E-07
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.08415E-06 2.08415E-06 2.47606E-06 2.47606E-06
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99991E-03 8.80830E-08 9.99968E-03 3.22304E-07
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00059E-02 5.91002E-06 4.00062E-02 6.15044E-06
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00160E-02 1.59566E-05 9.00170E-02 1.69961E-05
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60030E-01 3.02324E-05 1.60032E-01 3.24255E-05
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 2.50086E-01 8.59898E-05 2.50100E-01 1.00376E-04
-1.00E+00 8.10000E-01 8.11705E-01 1.70502E-03 8.11988E-01 1.98774E-03
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.18960E-01 5.59521E-04 5.19000E-01 5.99722E-04
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.91890E-01 2.89712E-04 2.91908E-01 3.08249E-04
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29700E-01 1.00332E-04 1.29704E-01 1.03895E-04
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23873E-02 1.26549E-05 3.23820E-02 1.79811E-05
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.02461E-05 5.02461E-05 5.85250E-05 5.85250E-05
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23873E-02 1.26549E-05 3.23820E-02 1.79810E-05
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29700E-01 1.00332E-04 1.29704E-01 1.03895E-04
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.91890E-01 2.89712E-04 2.91908E-01 3.08249E-04
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.18960E-01 5.59521E-04 5.19000E-01 5.99723E-04
0.9
1.00E+00 8.1000E-01 8.11705E-01 1.70502E-03 8.11988E-01 1.98774E-03
Table (4-2)


154

N
E of Fibber and Polyurethane
materials at N =40 for T=0.1,0.5,0.9.
Fibber
T = 0.1,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.9,N = 40
t
N
E
x
t
N
E
x

155
3) Results of Jacobi and Cheypshev polynomials formulas :
In this part, we using the Jacobi and Cheypshev polynomials methods, to
solve Eq. (4.8.1).
In the first case, we let 0 K , and the unknown function ( ) x is
expressed in the Jacobi polynomials form

1 1
( , )
2 2
0
( ) ( ) ( ),
N
n n
n
x c w x P x

1 1
2 2
( ) (1 ) (1 ) , w x x x

+ (4.8.13)
The unkown coefficients
1
,...,
N
c c can be obtained from Eq.(4.7.17) and then
substituted into Eq. (4.8.13) to get the approximate solution.
Secondly, if we take K=1, then the unknown function is expressed in Cheypshev
polynomials formula of the first kind as
0
( ) ( ) ( ),
N
n n
x c w x T x

1
2
2
2
1
( ) (1 )
1
w x x
x
. (4.8.14)
The system of IEs (4.7.17) may be solved, after determining the unknown
coefficients
1 1
,...,
N
c c

. Also, the physics of the problem requires that the
solution satisfies the compatibility conditions (4.6.10), which used to determine
the N arbitrary constants in the solution.
In the later case, we assume K = -1, then the unknown function ( ) x is
expressed as
0
( ) ( ) ( ),
N
n n
x c w x U x

1
2
2
( ) (1 ) w x x . (4.8.15)
In the following Tables [(4-3), (4-4), (4-5)], the results of the approximate
solutions
P
,
C
and
U
and the errors
P
E ,
C
E and
U
E , respectively, are
obtained numerically by applying Jacobi polynomials methods of (4.8.1), where
0, 1, 1 K , and N = 40 for different cases of time 0.1 , 0.5 and 0.9 T .
In this part, we note the following results:
1. For 0.1 , 0.5 and 0.9 T , the values of the approximate solutions
P
,
C
and
U
equal to zero at 1 x t , or at 1 x t , the values of the errors
P
E ,
C
E and
U
E are equal the exact solutions.
2. The values of
C
E are less than the other errors
P
E and
U
E , where we have
C P U
E E E < < .

156
3. In general, the product Nystrm method represents the best method for
treating the deformation (cracks) of the finite materials, with increasing the time
T ,in the interval [0.T], since
N T C
E E E < < .
Case1 : In this case, we apply the Jacobi polynomials method to solve Eq.(4.8.1)
Jacobi polynomials method
T x exact
-1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.0000E+00 1.00000E-02
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 4.07770E-04 5.99223E-03 3.83395E-04 6.01661E-03
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 5.16827E-03 1.56827E-03 4.82983E-03 1.22983E-03
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.09648E-03 5.03524E-04 1.03868E-03 5.61318E-04
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 2.22057E-04 1.77943E-04 2.14271E-04 1.85729E-04
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.25243E-04 1.25243E-04 1.20771E-04 1.20771E-04
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 9.75134E-05 3.02487E-04 9.53307E-05 3.04669E-04
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 2.94895E-03 1.30510E-03 2.79064E-04 1.32094E-03
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 7.89209E-04 2.81079E-03 7.39294E-04 2.86071E-03
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.96019E-04 5.70398E-03 6.48536E-04 5.75146E-03
0.1

1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.0000E+00 1.00000E-02
-1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.0000E+00 2.50000E-01
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.02119E-02 1.49788E-01 9.60263E-03 1.50397E-01
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 2.74549E-02 1.25451E-02 2.60101E-02 1.39899E-02
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 5.55642E-03 4.44358E-03 5.36183E-03 4.63817E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 3.13340E-03 3.13340E-03 3.02169E-03 3.02169E-03
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 2.43947E-03 7.56053E-03 2.38490E-03 7.61510E-03
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 7.38428E-03 3.26157E-02 6.98853E-03 3.30115E-02
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.74368E-02 1.42563E-01 1.62498E-02 1.43750E-01
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.0000E+00 2.50000E-01
-1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.0000E+00 8.10000E-01
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 3.33655E-02 4.85034E-01 3.13929E-02 4.87007E-01
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 4.21640E-01 1.30040E-01 3.94359E-01 1.02759E-01
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 8.96331E-02 3.99669E-02 8.49526E-02 4.46474E-02
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 1.80817E-02 1.43183E-02 1.74521E-02 1.49479E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.01889E-02 1.01889E-02 9.82809E-03 9.82809E-03
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 7.92961E-03 2.44704E-02 7.75281E-03 2.46472E-02
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.41129E-02 1.05487E-01 2.28312E-02 1.06769E-01
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 6.46317E-02 2.26968E-01 6.05911E-02 2.31009E-01
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.70683E-02 4.61332E-01 5.32234E-02 4.65177E-01
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.0000E+00 8.10000E-01
Table (4-3)

157

P
E of Fibber and Polyurethane materials
at N = 40 for T=0.1,0.5,0.9
Fibber
T = 0.1,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.9,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

158
Case2 : In this case, we apply the Cheypshev polynomials formula of the first
kind T(x) to solve Eq.(4.8.1).
Cheypshev polynomials method T(x)
T x exact
-1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 5.14279E-03 1.25721E-03 4.82352E-03 1.57648E-03
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.85709E-03 2.57094E-04 3.61764E-03 1.76403E-05
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 3.36675E-03 1.76675E-03 3.15774E-03 1.55774E-03
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 3.14930E-03 2.74930E-03 2.95379E-03 2.55379E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 3.08567E-03 3.08567E-03 2.89411E-03 2.89411E-03
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 3.14930E-03 2.74930E-03 2.95379E-03 2.55379E-03
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 3.36675E-03 1.76675E-03 3.15774E-03 1.55774E-03
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.85709E-03 2.57094E-04 3.61764E-03 1.76403E-05
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 5.14279E-03 1.25721E-03 4.82352E-03 1.57648E-03
0.1

1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02
-1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.28759E-01 3.12412E-02 1.20781E-01 3.92192E-02
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.65691E-02 6.56907E-03 9.05856E-02 5.85603E-04
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 8.42924E-02 4.42924E-02 7.90696E-02 3.90696E-02
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 7.88483E-02 6.88483E-02 7.39628E-02 6.39628E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 7.72553E-02 7.72553E-02 7.24685E-02 7.24685E-02
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 7.88483E-02 6.88483E-02 7.39628E-02 6.39628E-02
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 8.42924E-02 4.42924E-02 7.90696E-02 3.90696E-02
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.65691E-02 6.56907E-03 9.05856E-02 5.85603E-04
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.28759E-01 3.12412E-02 1.20781E-01 3.92192E-02
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01
-1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 4.20159E-01 9.82407E-02 3.94371E-01 1.24029E-01
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.15119E-01 2.35195E-02 2.95778E-01 4.17831E-03
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.75059E-01 1.45459E-01 2.58176E-01 1.28576E-01
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.57294E-01 2.24894E-01 2.41502E-01 2.09102E-01
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.52096E-01 2.52096E-01 2.36623E-01 2.36623E-01
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.57294E-01 2.24894E-01 2.41502E-01 2.09102E-01
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.75059E-01 1.45459E-01 2.58176E-01 1.28576E-01
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.15119E-01 2.35195E-02 2.95778E-01 4.17831E-03
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 4.20159E-01 9.82407E-02 3.94371E-01 1.24029E-01
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01
Table (4-4)

159

C
at N = 40 for T=0.1,0.5,0.9
Fibber
T = 0.1,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.9,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

160
Case(3) : In this case, we apply the Cheypshev polynomials method of the second
kind U(x) to solve Eq.(4.8.1)
Chebyshev polynomials method U(x)
Fibber y v=0.22 Polyurethane v=0.389
T x exact
-1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 1.80253E-03 4.59747E-03 9.09242E-04 5.49076E-03
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 2.40338E-03 1.19662E-03 1.21232E-03 2.38768E-03
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 2.75342E-03 1.15342E-03 1.38889E-03 2.11109E-04
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 2.94353E-03 2.54353E-03 1.48479E-03 1.08479E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 3.00422E-03 3.00422E-03 1.51540E-03 1.51540E-03
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 2.94353E-03 2.54353E-03 1.48479E-03 1.08479E-03
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 2.75342E-03 1.15342E-03 1.38889E-03 2.11109E-04
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 2.40338E-03 1.19662E-03 1.21232E-03 2.38768E-03
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 1.80253E-03 4.59747E-03 9.09242E-04 5.49076E-03
0.1

1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02
-1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 4.58015E-02 1.14199E-01 2.34509E-02 1.36549E-01
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 6.10686E-02 2.89314E-02 3.12679E-02 5.87321E-02
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 6.99629E-02 2.99629E-02 3.58218E-02 4.17817E-03
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 7.47935E-02 6.47935E-02 3.82951E-02 2.82951E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 7.63358E-02 7.63358E-02 3.90848E-02 3.90848E-02
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 7.47935E-02 6.47935E-02 3.82951E-02 2.82951E-02
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 6.99629E-02 2.99629E-02 3.58218E-02 4.17817E-03
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 6.10686E-02 2.89314E-02 3.12679E-02 5.87321E-02
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 4.58015E-02 1.14199E-01 2.34509E-02 1.36549E-01
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01
-1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.60052E-01 3.58348E-01 8.73479E-02 4.31052E-01
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.13403E-01 7.81967E-02 1.16464E-01 1.75136E-01
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.44484E-01 1.14884E-01 1.33426E-01 3.82613E-03
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.61365E-01 2.28965E-01 1.42639E-01 1.10239E-01
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.66754E-01 2.66754E-01 1.45580E-01 1.45580E-01
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.61365E-01 2.28965E-01 1.42639E-01 1.10239E-01
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.44484E-01 1.14884E-01 1.33426E-01 3.82613E-03
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.13403E-01 7.81967E-02 1.16464E-01 1.75136E-01
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.60052E-01 3.58348E-01 8.73479E-02 4.31052E-01
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01
Table (4-5)

161

U
at N = 40 for T = 0.1,0.5,0.9.
Fibber
T = 0.1,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
Fibber
T = 0.9,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

162
Special case:
If in Eq.(4.8.1), we let the kernel of Volterra integral term ( , ) 0.0 t , we have
the following form
1 1
1 1
1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) x t f x t y t dy x y y t dy
y x

,
(0 ; 1) t T x < , (4.8.16)
where the exact solution
2 2
( , ) x t x t .
The formula (4.8.16) represents the FIE in position x and time t. In this part, we
apply the same approaches as above, and then, we compute
( )
2
,
1 2
G
where
we take only
7
10 , 0.22 G that corresponding to the Fibber material.
By using Maple (10) program, we computed the exact and approximate
solutions and the errors
N
E ,
T
E ,
P
E ,
C
E and
U
E of Eq. (4.8.16) that
corresponding to the Toeplitz matrix , product Nystrm, Jacobi polynomials and
Cheypshev polynomials formulas of the first and the second kinds, respectivily ,
at lists various values of [ ] 1,1 x and the time T = 0.1,0.5,0.9, and N = 40.
From the following Table (4-6), we noted that :
1. The resultant errors
N
E ,
T
E ,
P
E ,
C
E and
U
E of Eq.(4.8.16) are less than
the previous result errors of Eq. (4.8.1) (i.e. the continuous kernel of Volterra
term (time) of Eq. (4.8.1) are causes to increasing the deformation (cracks) in
finite materials ). Also, this is shown in Figs. (4-7) at T= 0.5 and 0.22 for
the Fibber material.


163
Fibber v=0.22
T x
Exact
sol.
T
E
N
E
P
E
C
E
U
E
-1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 2.50705E-07 9.68815E-04 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 2.30140E-08 7.20714E-05 5.99224E-03 1.25727E-03 4.59770E-03
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 2.69120E-08 5.68279E-05 1.56821E-03 2.57048E-04 1.19694E-03
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 2.83400E-08 5.24700E-05 5.03538E-04 1.76671E-03 1.15305E-03
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 2.89827E-08 5.24700E-05 1.77945E-04 2.74927E-03 2.54314E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.91731E-08 5.04112E-05 1.25242E-04 3.08564E-03 3.00383E-03
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 2.89831E-08 5.08465E-05 3.02487E-04 2.74927E-03 2.54314E-03
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 2.83420E-08 5.24700E-05 1.30511E-03 1.76671E-03 1.15305E-03
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 2.69160E-08 5.68279E-05 2.81080E-03 2.57048E-04 1.19694E-03
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 2.30140E-08 7.20714E-05 5.70399E-03 1.25727E-03 4.59770E-03
0.1
1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 2.50731E-07 9.68815E-04 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02
-1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 6.26790E-06 2.42204E-02 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 5.75200E-07 1.80178E-03 1.49806E-01 3.14317E-02 1.14943E-01
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 6.72850E-07 1.42070E-03 3.92054E-02 6.42620E-03 2.99235E-02
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 7.08540E-07 1.31175E-03 1.25885E-02 4.41677E-02 2.88263E-02
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 7.24600E-07 1.27116E-03 4.44862E-03 6.87317E-02 6.35784E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 7.29326E-07 1.26028E-03 3.13105E-03 7.71410E-02 7.50957E-02
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 7.24590E-07 1.27116E-03 7.56218E-03 6.87317E-02 6.35784E-02
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 7.08560E-07 1.31175E-03 3.26277E-02 4.41677E-02 2.88263E-02
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 6.72770E-07 1.42070E-03 7.02701E-02 6.42620E-03 2.99235E-02
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 5.75300E-07 1.80178E-03 1.42600E-01 3.14317E-02 1.14943E-01
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 6.26830E-06 2.42204E-02 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01
-1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 2.03088E-05 7.84740E-02 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.86370E-06 5.83778E-03 4.85371E-01 1.01839E-01 3.72414E-01
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.18010E-06 4.60306E-03 1.27025E-01 2.08209E-02 9.69520E-02
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.29590E-06 4.25007E-03 4.07866E-02 1.43103E-01 9.33973E-02
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.34759E-06 4.11856E-03 1.44135E-02 2.22691E-01 2.05994E-01
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.36302E-06 4.08331E-03 1.01446E-02 2.49937E-01 2.43310E-01
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 2.34760E-06 4.11856E-03 2.45015E-02 2.22691E-01 2.05994E-01
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.29580E-06 4.25007E-03 1.05714E-01 1.43103E-01 9.33973E-02
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.18030E-06 4.60306E-03 2.27675E-01 2.08209E-02 9.69520E-02
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 1.86400E-06 5.83778E-03 4.62023E-01 1.01839E-01 3.72414E-01
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 2.03090E-05 7.84740E-02 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01
Table (4-6)


164

N
E ,
T
E ,
P
E ,
C
E and
U
E of Fibber
material v = 0.22 at N = 40 for T =0.5.
T
E of Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
P
E of Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
U
E of Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
C
E of Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40
N
E of Fibber
T = 0.5,N = 40

165
Application 2 :
In this section, we shall discuss different formulas that can be established
from Eq. (4.8.1), as a special case when the continuous kernel in Fredholm
integral term neglecting i.e. when , ( , ) 0 h k x y and the IE (4.8.1)
reduces to its dominant part, hence, we get
1
1 0
( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ,
t
x t f x t P y x y t dy t x d

(0 ; 1) t T x < . (4.8.17)
The formula (4.8.17) represents a F-VIE of the second kind, where we assume
that the exact solution
2 2
( , ) x t x t , the given function ( , ) t t and the
kernel takes the two forms

ln
( )
1
x y
P y x
y x

'
. (4.8.18)
In the following Tables (4-7), (4-8) and (4-9), we are presented the results
of the exact and approximate solutions and the errors
N
E ,
T
E , ,
P
E of
Eq.(4.8.17), with the kernel take the forms (4.8.18) that obtained numerically by
using the Toeplitz matrix and product Nystrm methods and orthogonal
polynomials of Jacobi series when the index 0 K at lists various values of
[ ] 1,1 x and N = 40 for the time 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 T , and
( )
2
,
1 2
G
where
7
0.132 10 , 0.389 G for the Polyurethane material. Also, we compared the
resultant solutions of (4.8.17) at the same points of x and time T for each
method.
It can be seen from the following Tables (4-7)-(4-9) that:
1. The same notes that mentioned in the previous case of (4.8.1).
2. The exact and approximate solutions are coincident for t=0, at each value of x.
3. The results errors
N
E ,
T
E ,
P
E of Eq.(4.8.17),with Cauchy kernel is less
than the errors with logarithm kernel.
N
E ,
T
E ,
P
E of Eq.(4.8.17), with Cauchy kernel is less
than the
N
E ,
T
E ,
P
E of (4.8.1), with Cauchy kernel (i.e. the continuous
Fredholm term of (4.8.1) is causes to increasing the deformation of materials).

166
Logarithmic kernel Cauchy kernel
Polyurethane v=0.389 Polyurethane v=0.389
T x Exact sol.
-1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 8.70133E-01 8.70133E-01 1.05731E-02 5.73132E-04
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 7.42370E-03 1.02370E-03 6.36371E-03 3.62911E-05
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 4.20208E-03 6.02084E-04 3.57945E-03 2.05499E-05
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.56509E-03 3.49128E-05 1.58427E-03 1.57288E-05
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 1.93653E-04 5.93653E-04 3.86190E-04 1.38101E-05
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 8.14166E-04 8.14166E-04 -1.32745E-05 1.32745E-05
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 1.93653E-04 5.93653E-04 3.86190E-04 1.38101E-05
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.56509E-03 3.49128E-05 1.58427E-03 1.57288E-05
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 4.20208E-03 6.02084E-04 3.57945E-03 2.05499E-05
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 7.42370E-03 1.02370E-03 6.36371E-03 3.62911E-05
0.1
1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 8.50304E-03 1.49696E-03 1.05731E-02 5.73132E-04
-1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 2.50629E-01 3.20536E-02 2.64370E-01 1.43695E-02
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.81543E-01 1.81543E-01 1.59128E-01 8.71680E-04
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.81543E-01 1.10211E-02 8.95054E-02 4.94632E-04
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.76042E-02 2.39576E-03 3.96148E-02 3.85204E-04
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 3.40822E-03 1.34082E-02 9.65623E-03 3.43770E-04
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.76396E-02 1.76396E-02 -3.32542E-04 3.32542E-04
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 3.40823E-03 1.34082E-02 9.65623E-03 3.43770E-04
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.76042E-02 2.39576E-03 3.96148E-02 3.85204E-04
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.01021E-01 1.10211E-02 8.95054E-02 4.94632E-04
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.81543E-01 2.15429E-02 1.59128E-01 8.71680E-04
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 2.17946E-01 3.20536E-02 2.64370E-01 1.43695E-02
-1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 7.76838E-01 3.31618E-02 8.57209E-01 4.72088E-02
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.82916E-01 6.45159E-02 5.16134E-01 2.26639E-03
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.08992E-01 1.73917E-02 2.90297E-01 1.30293E-03
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 9.86874E-02 3.09126E-02 1.28478E-01 1.12233E-03
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.42471E-02 6.66471E-02 3.13095E-02 1.09048E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 7.97794E-02 7.97794E-02 -1.08800E-03 1.08800E-03
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.42472E-02 6.66472E-02 3.13095E-02 1.09048E-03
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 9.86874E-02 3.09126E-02 1.28478E-01 1.12233E-03
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 3.08992E-01 1.73916E-02 2.90297E-01 1.30293E-03
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.82916E-01 6.45159E-02 5.16134E-01 2.26639E-03
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 7.76838E-01 3.31618E-02 8.57209E-01 4.72088E-02
Table (4-7)


167

Figs. (4-8) show the change of error
T
E , of Polyurethane materials v=0.389 at
N = 40 for T = 0.1,0.5,0.9, for the kernel takes Cauchy and logarithmic forms.

Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

168

Cauchy kernel Logarithmic krrnel
T x Exact sol.
-1.00E+00 1.00000E-02 9.99978E-03 2.21150E-07 9.99974E-03 2.61179E-07
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.40003E-03 3.25060E-08 6.40004E-03 3.53500E-08
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.60003E-03 3.18110E-08 3.60003E-03 3.45560E-08
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.60003E-03 3.00040E-08 1.60003E-03 3.26010E-08
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 4.00029E-04 2.87218E-08 4.00031E-04 3.12136E-08
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.82714E-08 2.82714E-08 3.07282E-08 3.07282E-08
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 4.00029E-04 2.87215E-08 4.00031E-04 3.12138E-08
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.60003E-03 3.00040E-08 1.60003E-03 3.25990E-08
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.60003E-03 3.18110E-08 3.60003E-03 3.45570E-08
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.40003E-03 3.25070E-08 6.40004E-03 3.53510E-08
0.1
1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 9.99978E-03 2.21152E-07 9.99974E-03 2.61157E-07
-1.00E+00 2.50000E-01 2.50086E-01 8.59903E-05 2.50100E-01 1.00376E-04
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60030E-01 3.02324E-05 1.60032E-01 3.24255E-05
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00160E-02 1.59567E-05 9.00170E-02 1.69962E-05
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00059E-02 5.91002E-06 4.00062E-02 6.15041E-06
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99991E-03 8.80600E-08 9.99968E-03 3.22302E-07
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.08415E-06 2.08415E-06 2.47606E-06 2.47606E-06
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.99991E-03 8.80830E-08 9.99968E-03 3.22304E-07
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 4.00059E-02 5.91002E-06 4.00062E-02 6.15044E-06
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 9.00160E-02 1.59566E-05 9.00170E-02 1.69961E-05
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.60030E-01 3.02324E-05 1.60032E-01 3.24255E-05
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 2.50086E-01 8.59898E-05 2.50100E-01 1.00376E-04
-1.00E+00 8.10000E-01 8.11705E-01 1.70502E-03 8.11988E-01 1.98774E-03
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.18960E-01 5.59521E-04 5.19000E-01 5.99722E-04
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.91890E-01 2.89712E-04 2.91908E-01 3.08249E-04
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29700E-01 1.00332E-04 1.29704E-01 1.03895E-04
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23873E-02 1.26549E-05 3.23820E-02 1.79811E-05
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.02461E-05 5.02461E-05 5.85250E-05 5.85250E-05
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.23873E-02 1.26549E-05 3.23820E-02 1.79810E-05
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29700E-01 1.00332E-04 1.29704E-01 1.03895E-04
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.91890E-01 2.89712E-04 2.91908E-01 3.08249E-04
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.18960E-01 5.59521E-04 5.19000E-01 5.99723E-04
0.9
1.00E+00 8.1000E-01 8.11705E-01 1.70502E-03 8.11988E-01 1.98774E-03
Table (4-8)

169

Figs. (4-9) show the change of the errors
N
E of Polyurethane material v = 0.389
at N = 40 for T = 0.1,0.5,0.9, for the kernel takes Cauchy and logarithmic forms
log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40

170

Jacobi polynomials method
Cauchy kernel logarthmic kernel
T x exact
-1.00E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 5.21405E-04 5.21405E-04 8.21506E-07 5.87860E-03
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 6.00419E-03 6.00419E-03 7.53054E-05 2.40419E-03
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 9.71659E-04 9.71659E-04 3.01341E-05 6.28341E-04
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 1.23459E-04 1.23459E-04 1.08251E-05 2.76541E-04
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 3.03532E-05 3.03532E-05 6.74516E-06 3.33365E-04
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 6.66350E-05 6.66350E-05 5.84262E-06 3.33365E-04
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 2.22875E-04 2.22875E-04 6.91201E-06 1.37712E-03
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 6.63117E-04 6.63117E-04 8.31679E-06 2.93688E-03
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.19108E-04 6.19108E-04 9.75443E-07 5.78089E-03
0.1

1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.00000E-02
-1.00E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.30663E-02 1.30663E-02 1.12907E-05 1.46934E-01
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.50311E-01 1.50311E-01 1.53359E-03 6.03110E-02
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 2.43357E-02 2.43357E-02 7.01504E-04 1.56643E-02
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 3.09080E-03 3.09080E-03 2.65983E-04 6.90920E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 7.58774E-04 7.58774E-04 1.68641E-04 7.58774E-04
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.66829E-03 1.66829E-03 1.43552E-04 8.33171E-03
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 5.58342E-03 5.58342E-03 1.60865E-04 3.44166E-02
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.66149E-02 1.66149E-02 1.69200E-04 7.33851E-02
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.55146E-02 1.55146E-02 1.34062E-05 1.44485E-01
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01
-1.00E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 4.28270E-02 4.28270E-02 5.38878E-04 4.75573E-01
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 4.90259E-01 4.90259E-01 5.47416E-04 1.98659E-01
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 7.95462E-02 7.95462E-02 1.45423E-03 5.00538E-02
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 1.00823E-02 1.00823E-02 7.88489E-04 2.23177E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.45755E-03 2.45755E-03 5.46592E-04 2.45755E-03
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 5.44345E-03 5.44345E-03 4.25428E-04 2.69566E-02
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.82723E-02 1.82723E-02 3.32829E-04 1.11328E-01
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 5.44157E-02 5.44157E-02 6.29501E-05 2.37184E-01
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.08494E-02 5.08494E-02 6.39849E-04 4.67551E-01
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-01
Table (4-9)

171

P
E of Polyurethane material v=0.389 at
N = 40 for T = 0.1,0.5,0.9, for the kernel takes Cauchy and logarithmic forms
log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

172
Special Case:
If in Eq.(4.8.17), we set the Volterra integral term ( , ) 0.0 t , we have the
following equation
1
1
( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) x t P y x y t dy f x t
, (0 ; 1). t T x < (4.8.19)

The formula (4.8.19) represents the FIE of the second kind, with only
discontinuous kernel of the Fredholm term, that takes the two forms

ln
( )
1
x y
P y x
y x

'
. (4.8.20)
Abdou et. al, in [43], obtained numerically the solution of (4.8.19) with the
kernel take the form (4.8.20) using Toeplitz matrix and product Nystrm
method. Also, Abdou and Nasr in [67], obtained the solution of (4.8.19) when
the kernel takes a Cauchy form by using a numerical method and orthogonal
polynomials of Legendre series.
In this part, the following Tables (4-10)-(4-11), show the results of the exact and
approximate solutions and the errors of Eq. (4.8.19) with the kernels (4.8.20)
that obtained numerically by using Toeplitz matrix and product Nystrm
methods and Jacobi polynomials formula for K = 0, 1, at lists various values of
[ ]
1,1 x and N = 40 for the time , 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 t T T , and
( )
2
,
1 2
G

where
7
0.132 10 , 0.389 G (Polyurethane material).
Also, we observe from the following Tables (4-10) and (4-11) that:
1. The exact and approximate solutions are coincident for t=0, at each value of x.
N
E ,
T
E and
P
E of Eq. (4.8.19), with Cauchy kernel is less
than the errors with logarithm kernel.
N
E ,
T
E ,
P
E and
C
E of Eq.(4.8.19), with Cauchy kernel
is less than the
N
E ,
T
E and
P
E of F-VIE (4.8.17), with Cauchy kernel (i.e. the
continuous kernel of Fredholm term and the continuous kernel of Volterra term
of Eq. (4.8.17) are causes to increasing the deformation (cracks) of materials ).
4. In general, the product Nystrm method represents the best method for
treating the deformation (cracks) of the finite materials, since
N T C P
E E E E < < < .


173
Toeplitz matrix method product Nystrom method
Polyurethane v= 0.389 Polyurethane v= 0.389
Logarithmic
kernel
Cauchy
kernel
Logarithmic
kernel
Cauchy
kernel
T x Exact sol.
error error error error
-1.00E+00 1.00000E-02 1.49841E-03 5.73119E-04 1.20000E-11 1.20000E-11
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 1.02642E-03 3.63027E-05 4.00000E-12 4.00000E-12
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 6.04473E-04 2.05561E-05 1.00000E-12 2.00000E-12
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 3.42842E-05 1.57314E-05 2.00000E-12 1.00000E-12
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 5.94963E-04 1.38106E-05 3.00000E-13 1.00000E-13
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 8.16301E-04 1.32743E-05 3.20000E-12 5.50000E-14
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 5.94963E-04 1.38106E-05 1.00000E-13 3.00000E-13
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 3.42842E-05 1.57314E-05 1.00000E-12 1.00000E-12
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 6.04473E-04 2.05561E-05 3.00000E-12 4.00000E-12
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 1.02642E-03 3.63026E-05 1.00000E-12 5.00000E-12
0.1
1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 1.49841E-03 5.73119E-04 3.00000E-12 1.10000E-11
-1.00E+00 2.50000E-01 3.74601E-02 1.43280E-02 2.00000E-10 2.00000E-10
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 2.56604E-02 9.07566E-04 3.00000E-10 1.00000E-10
-6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.51118E-02 5.13903E-04 4.00000E-11 2.00000E-11
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 8.57106E-04 3.93286E-04 1.00000E-11 1.00000E-11
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.48741E-02 3.45264E-04 1.30000E-10 6.00000E-12
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.04075E-02 3.31857E-04 1.28000E-10 4.10000E-12
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 1.48741E-02 3.45264E-04 9.10000E-11 8.00000E-12
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 8.57106E-04 3.93286E-04 7.00000E-11 1.00000E-11
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 1.51118E-02 5.13903E-04 1.30000E-10 6.00000E-11
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 2.56604E-02 9.07566E-04 1.00000E-10 1.00000E-10
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 3.74601E-02 1.43280E-02 2.00000E-10 2.00000E-10
-1.00E+00 8.10000E-01 1.21371E-01 4.64226E-02 2.00000E-10 3.00000E-10
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 8.31396E-02 2.94051E-03 4.00000E-10 1.00000E-10
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 4.89623E-02 1.66505E-03 3.00000E-10 4.00000E-10
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.77702E-03 1.27425E-03 1.00000E-10 3.00000E-10
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 4.81920E-02 1.11866E-03 2.50000E-10 4.00000E-11
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 6.61204E-02 1.07522E-03 2.30000E-10 5.70000E-12
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 4.81920E-02 1.11866E-03 6.00000E-11 1.00000E-11
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 2.77702E-03 1.27425E-03 5.00000E-10 1.00000E-10
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 4.89623E-02 1.66505E-03 2.00000E-10 2.00000E-10
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 8.31396E-02 2.94051E-03 1.00000E-10 1.00000E-10
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 1.21371E-01 4.64226E-02 1.00000E-10 4.00000E-10
Table (4-10)

174

Figs (4-11) show the change of errors
T
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

175

Figs (4-12) show the change of errors
N
at N = 40 for T = 0.1,0.5,0.9, for the kernel takes Cauchy and logarithmic forms .

Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
log kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

176
Jacobi method Chepyshev method
Logarithmic
kernel
Cauchy
kernel
Logarithmic
kernel
Cauchy
kernel
T x Exact sol.
error error error error
-1.00E+00 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02
-8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.39917E-03 5.87861E-03 6.32400E-03 4.58342E-04
-6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.52458E-03 2.40412E-03 3.54300E-03 1.54376E-03
-4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.56985E-03 6.28355E-04 1.55025E-03 2.88984E-03
-2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 3.89173E-04 2.76542E-04 3.53462E-04 3.79986E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 6.74516E-06 3.03532E-05 4.55980E-05 4.11500E-03
2.000E-01 4.00000E-04 3.94157E-04 3.33366E-04 3.53462E-04 3.79986E-03
4.000E-01 1.60000E-03 1.59308E-03 1.37713E-03 1.55025E-03 2.88984E-03
6.000E-01 3.60000E-03 3.59167E-03 2.93690E-03 3.54300E-03 1.54376E-03
8.000E-01 6.40000E-03 6.39901E-03 5.78090E-03 6.32400E-03 4.58342E-04
0.1
1.000E+00 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02 1.00000E-02
-1.00E+00 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01
-8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.59979E-01 1.46965E-01 1.58100E-01 1.14585E-02
-4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.92462E-02 1.57089E-02 3.87562E-02 7.22460E-02
-2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.72934E-03 6.91355E-03 8.83654E-03 9.49965E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.68629E-04 7.58830E-04 1.13995E-03 1.02875E-01
2.000E-01 1.00000E-02 9.85391E-03 8.33414E-03 8.83654E-03 9.49965E-02
4.000E-01 4.00000E-02 3.98271E-02 3.44282E-02 3.87562E-02 7.22460E-02
6.000E-01 9.00000E-02 8.97918E-02 7.34224E-02 8.85751E-02 3.85939E-02
8.000E-01 1.60000E-01 1.59975E-01 1.44523E-01 1.58100E-01 1.14585E-02
0.5
1.000E+00 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01 2.50000E-01
-1.00E+00 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01
-8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.18333E-01 4.76167E-01 5.12244E-01 3.71257E-02
-6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.85491E-01 1.94734E-01 2.86983E-01 1.25044E-01
-4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.27158E-01 5.08968E-02 1.25570E-01 2.34077E-01
-2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.15230E-02 2.23999E-02 2.86304E-02 3.07789E-01
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.46358E-04 2.45861E-03 3.69344E-03 3.33315E-01
2.000E-01 3.24000E-02 3.19267E-02 2.70026E-02 2.86304E-02 3.07789E-01
4.000E-01 1.29600E-01 1.29040E-01 1.11547E-01 1.25570E-01 2.34077E-01
6.000E-01 2.91600E-01 2.90925E-01 2.37889E-01 2.86983E-01 1.25044E-01
8.000E-01 5.18400E-01 5.18320E-01 4.68253E-01 5.12244E-01 3.71257E-02
0.9
1.000E+00 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01 8.10000E-01
Table (4-11)

177

P
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40

178

C
E of Polyurethane material v = 0.389 at
N = 40 for T = 0.1,0.5,0.9, for the kernel takes Cauchy and logarithmic forms

Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.5,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Log kernel of
Polyurethane
T = 0.9,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40
Cauchy kernel
of Polyurethane
T = 0.1,N = 40

179
The Neutron Transport Equation and theI ntegro-
Differential Equation

5.1. Back Ground and I ntroduction :
The principal equation that used in nuclear reactor analysis is the
neutron transport equation, a linearized derivative of the equation
developed by Boltzmann for the kinetic theory of gases (see Bell and
Glasstone [68]). This equation may be used to determine the distribution of
neutrons and/or photons in a reactor as a function of position, energy,
direction and time. Typically, a solution for either a neutron or photon
source distribution is sought in a given problem, and the coupling between
the two is treated externally. This research will focus on the problem of
neutron transport.
The neutron transport equation may be presented in various forms,
and simplifications are often applied to tailor the equation to the
requirements of a specific application. In nuclear engineering applications,
the transport equation is often written in terms of the angular neutron flux
as the dependent variable. The angular neutron flux is defined as the
product of the angular neutron density and the neutron velocity.
The neutron transport equation models the transport of neutral
particles in a scattering, fission, and absorption events with no self-
interactions (see Chandrasekhar [69]). It is used in radiation shielding and
reactor core calculations, as well as in radiative transfer of stellar and
planetary atmospheres and it also describes dispersion of light, the passage
of (gamma) - rays through dispersive media.
Neutron transport or simply neutronics is the term used to describe
the mathematical treatment of neutron and (gamma) ray transport
through materials. In general, the transport equation can be difficult to
apply, and can be solved analytically only for highly idealized cases.
Hence, simplifications and numerical approximations are often necessary to
apply the equation in engineering applications. The methods for the
numerical solution of the neutron transport equation can be divided into

180
two types in common use. First deterministic methods in which the particle
flux distribution in space angle and energy is found by solving the transport
equation numerically, for example the S
N
(spectral relation) method.
Second, the Monte Carlo method is used in which the physical processes
involved when particles (neutron or gamma rays) interact with matter are
stochastically simulated. By tallying the results generated by many particle
histories, quantities of interest, eg fluxes, energy deposition etc, can be
estimated. The Monte Carlo method can represent the physical system
being simulated accurately and is relatively free of the numerical
approximations inherent in deterministic methods. It does however have the
disadvantage that the answers produced are liable to statistical uncertainty
depending as they do on the number of particle histories involved.
Deterministic methods are chosen for speed of calculation in simple
geometries, for their ability to assess the impact of small changes and for
their provision of a solution over the whole phase space of the problem. As
the processing power of computers has increased however, and with the
advent of massively parallel computing platforms, it has become viable to
perform more geometrically complex tow and three dimensional
deterministic computations.
Various methods have been developed to investigate this problem,
and special attention has been given to the task of searching methods that
generate accurate results to transport problems. In the context of
deterministic methods based on analytical procedures, for the
multidimensional transport problems, one of the effective methods to treat
the linear transport equation is the spectral methods (see Arnold [70],
Kadem [71] and Greenberg et. al [72]) etc., whose basic goals is to find
exact solution for approximations of the transport equation. Also, several
approaches have been suggested, among them, the method proposed by
Chandrasekhar [73] solves analytically the discrete equations, S
N
equations.
The spherical harmonics method (see Duderstadt and Martin [74]) expands
the angular flux in Legendre polynomials. The F
N
(Fourier transform)
method (Garcia [75]) transforms the transport equation into an integral
equation. The integral transform techniques like Laplace, Fourier and

181
Bessel also have been applied to solve the transport equation in semi-
infinite domain (Ganapol et. al [76] and Ganapol [77]).
In recent years, a new class of equations has acquired great
significance in mathematical physics in connection with the rapid
development of neutron physics and its associated studies. These are the
so-called kinetic (transport) equations which describe the process of
neutron transport in a substance. These equations are linear I-DEs in partial
derivatives of the first order. Much of the efforts in transport theory are
devoted to searching for methods that generate accurate results.
The solution of problems dealing with transport phenomena is the
subject of several works, especially in the context of transfer
multidimensional problems based on analytical and numerical approaches.
One can refer, Chebyshev spectral methods for radiative transfer problems
are also studied, for example, by Kim and Ishimaru [70], Asadzadeh and
Kadem [78], Kadem [71,79] and Arnold and Miguel [80].
According to Gottlieb and Orszag [81], spectral method involve
representation the solution to a problem as a truncated series of known
functions of the independent variables, of course there exist other method
to determine the coefficients of expansion, but in regard to that, we should
prefer to use orthogonal basis such that those coefficients could be
determined by orthogonality properties. Thereby, the orthogonal functions
(see Szeg [64]) and polynomial series have received considerable
attention in dealing with various problems. The main characteristic of this
technique is that reduces this problem to a system of algebraic equations,
thus greatly simplifying the problem and making it computational
plausible. Note that, in the case of one speed neutron transport equation,
taking the angular variable in a disc, this problem would corresponds to
a three dimensional case with all functions being constant in the
azimuthally directions of the z variable. In this way the actual spatial
domain may be assumed to be a cylinder with the cross section and the
axial symmetry in z. The previous background is taken from the work of
Asadzadeh and Kadem [78] and Kadem [79].


182
In the present work, we consider the neutron transport equation of
one dimensional in presence the time (the mixed of I-DE). The existence of
a unique solution of this equation are proved using Banach fixed point
theorem, then a numerical method is used to translate our problem to
a system of one dimensional of neutron transport equation, where the
existence of a unique solution also is studied. Therefore, the Chebyshev
spectral method is illustrated to solve one dimensional of transport
equation. This approach is based on expansion of the angular flux in
a truncated series of Chebyshev polynomials in the angular variable. By
replacing this development in the neutron transport equation, we obtain the
linear system of a first-order of differential for the spatial function
coefficients, which is solved by application of the Sumudu transform
technique (see Belgacem [82], and Watugala [83].
Then, the inversion of the transformed coefficients is obtained using
Trazaska's method (Trazaska [84]) and the Heaviside expansion technique.
In general, the combination of the Chebyshev polynomials and the Sumudu
transform is used to solve the one-dimensional transport equation. Finally,
two examples are stated to explain this method.
For convenience of the reader, most of the ideas and results of
Sumudu transform and Trazaska's method are consolidated in appendices
(A.4-2) and (A.4-3).
5.2. TheFormulation of theProblem:
The stationary mono-energetic transport of neutrons in 3-D in
a domain surrounded by vacuum was studied analytically by Rivlin [85]
and Davison [86], which represented by the following I-DE
2
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) a r r f r d S r
+ +
, (5.2.1)
where { } : ( , , ): 0 , , r x y z x y z a . The formula (5.2.1) is called the
neutron transport problem in 3-D, where the unknown function ( , ) r is
the angular flux at the point r (per unit volume) moving in direction
( , ) u (per unit solid angle), which defined by [ ] 1,1 u and

183
[ ] 0,2 , while ( , ) u is the differential scattering cross section.
Also, we have
3
1
( ). ( )
i
i
a a
r

.
Hence, Eq. (5.2.1) can be rewrite as the form
( , ) ( , , , , ) ( , , , , ) ( , , , , ) ( , , , , ) a u x y z u x y z u x y z u x y z u
x y z
1
+ + +
1

]

1 2
1 0
( , , ) ( , , , , ) ( , , , , ) f u u x y z u d du S x y z u
. (5.2.2)
Also, with Eq. (5.2.2) we associate the following boundary conditions
(i) For the boundary term in x; for [ ] 0,2

1
( 0, , , , ) ( , , , ) x y z u h y z u , ]0,1] u .
( , , , , ) 0 x a y z u , [ 1,0[ u . (5.2.3)
(ii) For the boundary term in y; for [ 1,1[ u

2
( , 0, , , ) ( , , , ), 0 cos 1 x y z u h x z u < .
( , , , , ) 0, x y a z u 1 cos 0 < . (5.2.4)
(iii) For the boundary term in z and for ] 1,1] u

3
( , , 0, , ) ( , , , ), 0 x y z u h x y u < .
( , , , , ) 0, 2 x y z a u < , (5.2.5)
where,
1 2 3
( , , , ), ( , , , ), ( , , , ) h y z u h x z u h x y u are the prescribed incident
flux at r =0. For simplicity, we assume that the region , where neutron
transport occurs, is convex and bounded by a smooth surface, where
( , ) f is the transfer kernel (collision function), and ( , ) S r is the
external neutron source term at the point r =( , , ) x y z in direction per
unit solid angle. The neutron transport equation (5.2.1) describes different
physical process in particle transport.
A planar Geometry Problemof theNeutron Transport Equation of One-
Dimensional in PresencetheTime:
In our work, we consider a planar (slap)-geometry problem of one-
dimensional in the x direction in presence the time t of the neutron transport
equation (5.2.1), where the source term (surface function) ( , , ) S x u t is

184
taken in variables x and t only as ( , ) S x t (see Asadzadeh and Kadem [78]).
Hence, the neutron transport equation (5.2.1) is written as the following

1
1
( , )
( , , )
( ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) S x t
x u t
a u x u t f u v x v t dv
x

0
( , ) ( , , )
t
G t x u d +

. (5.2.6)
Here, the unknown function ( , , ) x u t is the angular flux in the u direction
and defined in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T , where x and u are the
spatial variation and angular variables, respectively, and the interval [0,a],
a > 0, is the domain with respect to the spatial variable x, and the angular
variable [ 1,1] u and [0, ], t T T < , and ( ) a u is a continuous function
in the spaces [ ] ( )
2
1,1 L . Also, the known function ( , ) f u v is positive,
bounded and continuous which called the kernel of Fredholm integral term,
where it may be represented in the form

0
2 1
( , ) ( ) ( )
2
k k
k
k
f u v P u P v
, (5.2.7)
where ( )
k
P u are the Legendre polynomials of degree k (the property of it
represented in appendix (A.4-1)).
Therefore, the problem (5.2.6) is subject to the boundary conditions
( 0, , ) ( , ) x u t h u t , ( , , ) 0 x a u t , (5.2.8)
where ( , ) h u t is the prescribed incident flux at 0 x and is a constant
composed of several physics properties.
The formula (5.2.6) represents the mixed I-DE with continuous kernel, and
we can discuss the following special cases :
(1) If, in Eq. (5.2.6), the continuous function ( ) 0 a u , we obtain
1
1
( , ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) S x t x u t f u v x v t dv
+

0
( , ) ( , , )
t
G t x u d +

. (5.2.9)
The formula (5.2.9) represents a F-VIE of the second kind.
(2) If, Eq. (5.2.9), is in position x only, and ( ) 1 a u , 0 and ( , ) G t = 0,
we obtain

185

1
1
( )
( , ) ( ) ( )
x
f x y x dy q x
x

. (5.2.10)
The formula (5.2.10) represents the I-DE of Frankle (see [87]), where the
kernel takes Cauchy form and the boundary conditions are
( 1) 0 x t . (5.2.11)
5.3. TheExistenceof a UniqueSolution of theI ntegro-Differential
Equation :
In this section, the existence of a unique solution of Eq. (5.2.6),
under certain conditions, will be discussed and proved using Banach fixed
point theorem. For this, we write Eq. (5.2.6) in the integro-differential
operator form
1 2 3
1
( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ); 0 W x u t S x t W x u t W x u t W x u t
+ + + ,(5.3.1)
where

1
( , , )
( , , ) ( )
x u t
W x u t a u
x
, (5.3.2)

1
2
1
( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) W x u t f u v x v t dv

, (5.3.3)

3
0
( , ) ( , , )
t
W G t x u d
. (5.3.4)
Also, we assume the following conditions:
(i) The continuous kernel
2
( , ) ([ 1,1] [ 1,1]) f u v L satisfies for the
constant
*
c , the condition

*
( , ) f u v c .
(ii) The kernel of Volterra integral term ( , ) G t is continuous in the space
[ ] T C , 0 , 0 t T < , and satisfies for the constant N , the condition
( ) , G t N , [ ] , 0, t T .
(iii) The given function ( , ) S x t with its partial derivatives with respect to
the variables x, t are continuous in the space
2
([0, ]) [0, ] L a C T , and its
norm is defined as

186
2 0
0
1
2
2
([0, ]) [0, ]
0
( , ) max ( , )
t
t T
a
L a C T
S x t S x d dx r

' ;

, (r is a constant).
(iv) The unknown function ( , , ) x u t with its partial derivatives are
continuous in the space,
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T and satisfy, for the
constants
1 2
, , A A A A > > the conditions :
(a)
1
( , , ) ( , , ) x u t A x u t
x
,
(b)
1 2
2 1 2
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , )
x u t x u t
A x u t x u t
x x

,
where
2
0
0
1
1 2
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ]
1 0
max ( , , ) ( , , )
t
t T
a
L a C T
x u d x u t dxdu

' ;

.
(v) The given function ( ) a u , with its partial derivatives with respect to u ,
are continuous in the space [ ] ( )
2
1,1 L , ( ) a u may be discontinuous and its
norm is defined as

[ ] ( )
2
1
1
2
2
* *
1,1
1
( ) ( ) , ( is a constant)
L
a u a u du e e
1

1
]
.
Theorem5.1 :
If the conditions (i) # (v) are satisfied, then Eq. (5.2.6) has an exact
of a unique solution in the Banach space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T , under the
condition
* *
( ) BTc e A NTB > + + ,
0
max
t
T t

. (5.3.5)
The proof of this theorem depends of the following lemmas.
Lemma 5.1 :
The operator W defined by Eq. (5.3.1) maps the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T into itself.
Proof:
In the light of Eqs. (5.3.1)-(5.3.4), we have

187
1
1
( )
1 ( , , )
( , , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , , ) a u
x u t
W x u t S x t f u v x v t dv
x

+ +

0
( , ) ( , , )
t
G t x u d
+

. (5.3.6)
Using the conditions (iii), (i) and (iv # a), the inequality (5.3.6) becomes
1
1
2
* 2
0
0 1 0
( ) ( , , ) max | ( , , ) | ( , , )
t a
t T
r
A a u x u t c x v dxdv d W x u t

+
' ;

+

( )
1
1 2
2
0
0 0 1 0
, | ( , , ) | .
max
t t a
t T
G t x u dxdu d

+
' ;

(5.3.7)
In view of conditions (ii) and (v), we obtain
* *
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) , x u t Ae x u t c BT x u t NBT x u t
r
W

+ + +
( )
0
2 ,
max
t T
B a T
t

. (5.3.8)
Hence, we get
( )
1 * *
( , , ) ( , , ) ( ) ,
| |
x u t x u t c TB e A NTB
r
W
+ + + . (5.3.9)
The inequality (5.3.9), shows that, the operator W maps the ball
c
B into
itself, where

1
1
r
c
_

. (5.3.10)
Since 0, 0, c r > > therefore we have 1 < ; i.e. the theorem is proved.
Also, the inequality (5.3.9), defines the boundedness of the operator W .
Lemma 5.2 :
Under the condition (5.3.5), W is a continuous and contraction
operator in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T .
Proof:
For the two functions
1
( , , ) x u t and
2
( , , ) x u t in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T , and from Eqs. (5.3.1) - (5.3.4), we obtain

188
1 2
1 2
( )
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) a u
x u t x u t
x x
W x u t W x u t

1 2 1 2
0
1
1
( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) .
t
f u v x v t x v t G t x u x u d dv
+ +

After using the conditions (i) ,(ii), (v) and (iv # b), the above inequality
takes the form

1 2 1 2
W W ,
( )
1 * *
( ) c TB e A NTB

+ + . (5.3.11)
From the inequality (5.3.11), we see that, the operator W is continuous in
the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T , then W

is a contractive operator under
the condition 1 < .
The previous two lemmas 5.1 and 5.2 prove that, the operator W of
Eq. (5.3.1) is contractive in the Banach space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T . So,
from the Banach fixed point theorem, W has a unique fixed point which is
the unique solution of (5.2.6).
5.4. TheSystemof I ntegro-Differential Equations :
For representing the mixed I-DE (5.2.6) of the second kind as
a system of one-dimensional of I-DEs in position only, we divide the
interval [ ] 0,T , 0 t T <, as
0 1
0
n
t t t T < < < , where
i
t t ,
0,1, 2,..., i n , and follow the same previous procedures that used in
section 4.4 in Chapter (4), to get

1
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( )
i
i i i i
a u x u x u f u v x v dv q x
x
+ +

, (5.4.1)
where
,
( , ) ( , , ) , ( ) ( , ) , ( , )
i i i i i j i j
x u x u t q x q x t G G t t , 0,1,2,..., , 0 i n j i , (5.4.2)
and

( )
, i i i i
w G ,
1
,
0
( ) ( ) ( , )
i
i i j i j j
j
q x S x w G x u
1 +
]
. (5.4.3)
The formula (5.4.1) represents a system of I-DEs of the second kind of
(n+1) of the unknown functions ( ) ,
i
x u , 0,1,2,..., i n .

189
5.4.1. TheExistenceof a UniqueSolution of theSystemof theI ntegro -
Differential Equation :
In this section, we use Banach fixed point theorem to prove the
existence of a unique solution of the system of I-DEs (5.4.1) (the system of
one-dimensional of neutron transport equations).
Let E be the set of all continuous functions ( , )
p
x u in the space
[ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a ,where
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
0 1
, , , , ,..., , ,...
p
x u x u x u x u and
define the norm in the Banach space E by
[ ] [ ] ( ) 2
0, 1,1
max ( , )
i
E L a
i
x u

.
Firstly, for the formula (5.4.3), we consider the integral operator
1
,
0
( ) ( ) ( , ) , ( , ) ( , )
i
i i i i j i j j
j
Yq x S x Y x u Y x u w G x u
1 +
]
.(5.4.4)
Hence, to prove that the integral operator Y is bounded and have a unique
representation, in the Banach space E, we consider the following lemma:
Lemma 5.3 : (without proof)
For the constants for
1 2
, , P P P P > > the following conditions are satisfied
1) The functions ( )
i
S x are continuous for each i, such that

[ ]
2
1
0,
( )
max
i
L a
i
S x P , (
1
P is constant).
2)
1
, 2
0
max
i
j i j
j
j
w G P
, (
2
P is constant).
Then, the operator Y , in (5.4.4), is bounded, and is continuous which maps
the space E into itself. Also, Y is a contraction operator under the condition
1
P
< in the space E.
Note: By using the same previous steps in lemma 4.5 and lemma 4.6 in
Chapter (4), we can prove the requires.
To proof the existence of a unique solution of the system (5.4.1), we
write it in the integral operator form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
, , , 0
i i i i
i i
V x u q x V x u i

+ , (5.4.5)
where

190
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, , ( ) ,
i i i
V x u V x u a u V x u , (5.4.6)
and
1
1
1
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
i i
V x u f u v x v dv
,
2
( , ) ( , )
i i
V x u x u
x
. (5.4.7)
For this aim, we assume the conditions (i) and (v) of Theorem 5.1, and the
conditions of lemma 5.3, and the following conditions :
(a) The unknown functions ( , )
i
x u with its partial derivatives are
continuous in the space [ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a and satisfy, for the constants
1 2
, Q Q Q Q > >
(a)
2
2
([0, ] [ 1,1])
([ 0, ] [ 1,1])
1
max max
( , )
( , )
i
L a
i i
L a
i
x u
Q x u
x
.
(b)
1 2
1 2
2
2
([0, ] [ 1,1])
([0, ] [ 1,1])
2
max max .
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
i i
L a i i
L a
i i
x u x u
Q x u x u
x x

Theorem5.2 :
The system of I-DEs (5.4.1) has an exact of a unique solution in the
space [ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a , under the condition

( )
( )
*
*
* *
, max
i
i
i
P Qe c B
<
+ +
. (5.4.8)
To prove Theorem 5.2, we must prove the following lemmas:
lemma 5.4 :
The integral operator V defined by (5.4.5) maps [ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a
into itself.
Proof :
From the formulas (5.4.5)-(5.4.7), the normality of the integral
operator
1
V ,
2
V will take the forms
( )
1
1
1 ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( )
i
i i i
i i i
x u
V x u Yq x f u v x v dv a u
x

+ +
,
( )
*
max
i
i
i . (5.4.9)

191
Therefore, using condition (i) and with help the definition of the norm in
the space [ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a , we obtain
( )
1
1
2
2
*
1
1 0
, ( , )
a
i i
V x u c x v dxdv
1
]

.
Thus, we have

*
1
( , ) ( , )
i i
V x u c B x u , ( 2 B a ). (5.4.10)
Also, using the conditions (a) and (v), the term
2
V takes the form

*
2
( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , )
i i i
V x u Q a u x u Qe x u . (5.4.11)
With the aid of conditions (1) and (2) of lemma 5.3, the formula (5.4.4) can
be adapted in the form
i i
i i
P
Yq P

+ . (5.4.12)
Using condition (i), and take the maximum for all i on the inequalities
(5.4.10), (5.4.11) and (5.4.12) and substitute the result in Eq. (5.4.5), we get

* E
E
P
V
+ ,
( )
* *
*
P Qe c B
_
+ +

,
. (5.4.13)
The inequality (5.4.13) shows that, the operator V maps the ball S
in
[ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a into itself, where

*
1
1
P
,
,
( )
* *
*
P Qe c B
_
+ +

,
,
( )
*
max
i
i
i . (5.4.14)
Since 0 , 0 P > > , therefore we must have ( 1) < . Moreover, the
inequality (5.4.13) involves the boundedness of the operator V where
E E
V . (5.4.15)
Also, the inequalities (5.4.13) and (5.4.15) define the boundedness of the
operator V .
Lemma 5.5 :
The integral operator (5.4.5) under the condition (5.4.8), is a continuous
and contraction operator in the space [ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a .

192
Proof :
For the two functions ( )
1
,
i
x u and ( )
2
,
i
x u in the Banach space
[ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a , the formula (5.4.5) yields

( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1
1
, ( , ) , ,
i i i i
i
V V x u f u v x v x v dv

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, ,
( )
i i
i
x u x u
a u
x

. (5.4.16)
Using the conditions (b) and (i), we have
( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1
1
2
2
*
*
1 0
, , ,
a
i i i i
V V x u c x v x v dxdv

_

,

( ) ( )
1 2
*
( ) , ,
i i
a u Q x u x u
+ . (5.4.17)
Finally, using the condition (v) and then taking the maximum for all i of
(5.4.17), we obtain
( )
1 2 1 2
E
E
V V ,
( )
* *
*
Qe c B
_
+

,
, 2 B a . (5.4.18)
Hence, the inequality (5.4.18) shows that

V

is continuous operator in the
space [ ] [ ] ( )
2
0, 1,1 L a , and under the condition ( 1) < , V is a contraction
operator.
From Lemmas 5.4 and 5.5 with Banach fixed point theorem, we can
decide that the operator V has a unique fixed point which is the unique
solution of the system (5.4.1), hence Theorem 5.2 is proved.

5.5. Error Analysis of theQuadratureMethod :
When i , the sum
,
0
( , )
i
j i j j
j
w G x u
becomes
0
( , ) ( , , )
t
G t x u d
, and
the solution of the system (5.4.4) becomes the solution of the mixed
I-DE (5.2.6).


193
5.5.1. TheI ntegro-Differential Equation of theError :
Assume that the function ( ) , , x u t ! represents an approximate
solution of (5.2.6), thus we have

1
1
( , )
( , , )
( , , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , , ) S x t
x u t
x u t a u f u v x v t dv
x

!
! !

0
( , ) ( , , ) ( , )
t
G t x u d R x t + +

! . (5.5.1)
where ( , ) R x t is the estimate error. If we set
( ) ( ) ( ) , , , , , , e x u t x u t x u t ! , for the error in our result , then by
subtracting (5.5.1) from (5.2.6), we can easily find that

1
1
( , , )
( , , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , , )
e x u t
e x u t a u f u v e x v t dv
x

0
( , ) ( , , ) ( , )
t
G t e x u d R x t + +

. (5.5.2)
The formula (5.5.2) says that the error function satisfies a mixed I-DE.

Taking the norm in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T , we obtain
1
1
( )
( , )
1 ( , , )
( , , ) ( , ) ( , , )
a u
R x t f
e x u t
e x u t u v e x v t dv
x

+ +

0
( , ) ( , , )
t
G t e x u d
. (5.5.3)
In view of conditions (i), (ii) and (iv-b), we get
1
1
2
2
*
0
0 1 0
( ) ( , , ) ( , , )
max
( , , )
a
t T
A a u e x u t c e x v t dx dv d e x u t

' ;

+

1
1
2
2
0
0 1 0
( , )
( , , )
max
t a
t T
R x t
N e x u dxdu d
_
+ +

,

.
Using condition (v), we obtain

( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
| |
R x t
x u t x u t e e
+ , (5.5.4)
which yields that

194
( )
( , )
( , , )
1
R x t
e x u t

,
( )
( )
1 * *
0
, max
t T
TBc e A NBT T t

+ + . (5.5.5)
5.5.2.TheContinuity and Normality of theI ntegral Operator of theError :
Assume the integral operators

*
1
( , , )
( , , ) ( )
e x u t
W e x u t a u
x
. (5.5.6)
1
*
2
1
( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) W e x u t f u v e x v t dv

. (5.5.7)

*
3
0
( , ) ( , , )
t
W e G t e x u d
. (5.5.8)
Hence, the mixed I-DE (5.5.2) can be written in the integral operator form
* * * *
1 2 3
1
( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ), ( 0). W e x u t R x t W e x u t W e x u t W e x u t
+ + +
(5.5.9)
Lemma 5.6:
Under the condition (5.3.5), the integral operator of (5.5.9) is
bounded.
Proof:
From Eq. (5.5.2), we obtain
*
1
1
( ) 1 ( , , )
( , , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , , )
a u
f
e x u t
W e x u t R x t u v e x v t dv
x

+ +

0
( , ) ( , , )
t
G t e x u d +

. (5.5.10)
Using the conditions (i), (ii), (iii), (iv-a) and (v), we get
*
( , )
| |
R x t
W e e
+ ,
( )
( )
1 * *
0
, max
t T
c BT e A NBT T t

+ + .(5.5.11)
The inequality (5.5.11), defines the boundedness of the operator
*
W .
Lemma 5.7 :
Under the condition (5.3.5),
*
W is a continuous and contraction
operator in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T .


195
Proof:
For the two errors
1
( , , ) e x u t and
2
( , , ) e x u t in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T , and from Eqs. (5.5.6) - (5.5.9), we obtain

* *
1 2
1 2
( )
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) a u
e x u t e x u t
x x
W e x u t W e x u t

1 2 1 2
0
1
1
( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) .
| |
t
f u v e x v t e x v t G t e x u e x u d dv

+ +

After using the conditions (i), (ii), (iv # b) and (v), the above inequality
takes the form
* *
1 2 1 2
e e e e W W ,
( )
( )
1 * *
0
, max
t T
c BT e A NBT T t

+ + .(5.5.12)
From the inequality (5.5.12), we see that, the operator
*
W is a continuous
in the space
2
([0, ] [ 1,1]) [0, ] L a C T , then
*
W is a contraction operator
under the condition 1 < .
5.5.3. Convergenceof theQuadratureMethod :
The numerical method is said to be convergence if the approximating
set of the solution of the equations converges to the exact solution of the
problem as the steplength 0 h , that is if
( ) ( )
0
, , 0
lim
i i
h
x u x u
! , with ih fixed. (5.5.13)

To examine the conditions under which convergence can be
guaranteed, we make the necessary and obvious assumption that the
quadrature formula converges; that is the system of I-DEs (5.4.1) become
after using the quadrature formula, and the equations of multistep are
1
1
,
0
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
i
i
i i i j i j j
j
a u x u x u f u v x v dv w G x u
x
1 + +
]
!
! ! !
( ) ( )
i
S x R x + + . (5.5.14)
Now let ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ,
i i i
e x u x u x u ! , and subtracting (5.5.14) from
(5.4.4) to get
1
1
,
0
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ).
i
i
i i i j i j j
j
e
a u x u e x u f u v e x v dv w G e x u R x
x

1 + + +
]
. (5.5.15)

196
Taking the norm of (5.5.15) and using the conditions (i) and (iv-a), we
obtain
1
1
2
2
*
1 0
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( , )
1
( , )
a
i i i
i i i
R x Q a u e x u c e x v dxdv e x u

1
1
]
+ +

1
,
0
( , )
i
j i j j
j
i
w G e x u
+

. (5.5.16)
With the help of the conditions (v) and (2), and taking the maximum for all
i on inequality (5.5.16), we have

( )
* *
*
(1 )
E E
E
c BT P e Q e R
e

+ + +
+
( )
( )
* *
*
exp
1
c BT P e Q ih

1
+ +
1
+
1
]
,
( ) ( )
( )
* * *
*
, , , max
max
j i
E
i
e x u e c BT P e Q i
j

_
_

+ +

,
,
. (5.5.17)
Consequently 0 as 0
E
e h with ih fixed.
5.6. TheMethod Solution of theI ntegro-Differential Equation :
In this section, consider the system of the I-DEs as the form
1
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( )
i
i i i i
a u x u x u f u v x v dv q x
x
+ +

, (5.6.1)
where
( )
, i i i i
w G ,
1
0
( ) ( ) ( , )
i
i i j ij j
j
q x S x w G x u
1 +
]
, 0,1,2,..., i n , (5.6.2)
each equation in this system can be written in simplify form by remove the
subscript, in the form

1
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) a u x u x u f u v x v dv q x
x
+ +

. (5.6.3)
After obtaining the solution of Eq. (5.6.3), we will use the recurrence
relation to obtain the general solution of the system (5.4.1).
Firstly, for convenience, we state the following proposition and some
well known algebraic and integral relations associated with Legendre
polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind (for more detail

197
of property of Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials see appendices
(A.4-1) and (A.3-4)).

Proposition 5.1 :
Let the recurrence relations for the Chebyshev and the Legendre
polynomials are

1 1
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 0
n n n
T u uT u T u
+
+ , (5.6.4)
and

1 1 1
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]/( 1)
i i i i i
P u uP u P u uP u P u i
+
+ . (5.6.5)
Then, we have for 2 i and 2,3 k

,
1 1, 1, , 1
2 1
2 2 1
k k k k
n i n i n i n i
i i
i i
+ +
+
1 +
]
+ +
, (5.6.6)
hence, in particular, for i = 0 and 1 the coefficients
2
, n i
and
3
, n i
take the
values

2
,
2 2
0 if + odd,
2
if even,
(1 )
n i
n i
n i
i n
'
+
(5.6.7)
and

, 3
,
,0
2
n i
n i
i
,
0
0 0
1 0
i
i
'
. (5.6.8)
Proof:
It easy to see that for k =1
1
| | 1
,
2
,1 1
( )
( )
2(2 )
1
n m
m
n m n
n m
T u
uT u du
u

. (5.6.9)
Here, we can rewrite (5.6.4) and (5.6.5) as

1 1
( 1) ( ) (2 1) ( ) ( )
i i i
i P u i uP u iP u
+
+ + ,
1 1
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
n n n
T u T u uT u
+
+ .
To prove the relation (5.6.6), we will multiply the Chebyshev and the
Legendre recurrence formula, to have

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 ( 1) ( ) ( ) (2 1) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] ( )[ ( ) ( )].
i n i n i n n i n
u i P u T u i u P u T u P u T u iP u T u T u
+ + +
+ + + +
(5.6.10)

198
Using (5.6.4) in (5.6.10), we get
1 1 1 1
2 1
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
2 2 ( 1)
i n i n i n i n
i i
P u T u P u T u P u T u P u T u
i i
+ +
+
+
+ +
.(5.6.11)
Then, after doing some algebraic manipulations and integrating over
[ 1,1] u on the relation (5.6.11), we get the following :
For i = 0, 1 and k =2, we get
1 1
2
,0 0
1 1
2
0 if n odd
( ) ( ) ( )
2
if n even
1
n n n
T u P u du T u du
n

'

1 1
2
,1 1
1 1
2
0 if n+1 odd,
( ) ( ) ( )
2
if n+1 even.
4
n n n
T u P u du uT u du
n

'

But for k =2, 2 i , we get

2 2 2 2
, 1 1, 1, , 1
2 1
2 2 1
n i n i n i n i
i i
i i

+ +
+
1 +
]
+ +
,
where

1
2
, 1 1
1
( ) ( )
n i n i
T u P u du
+ +

,
1
2
, 1 1
1
( ) ( )
n i n i
T u P u du

,
1
2
1, 1
1
( ) ( )
n i n i
T u P u du
+ +

,
1
2
1, 1
1
( ) ( )
n i i n
T u P u du

. (5.6.12)
Therefore, when 3 k , it is treated similarly, but in this case we multiply
the relation (5.6.10) by
2
1
1 u
and integrate over [ 1,1] u , we have
1
, 3
,
2
,0 1
( ) ( )
, 0,1
2
1
n i
n i
n i
i
T u P u
du i
u

,
while for 2 i , we get the following result

3 3 3 3
, 1 1, , , 1
2 1
2 2 1
n i n i n l i n i
i i
i i
+ +
+
1 +
]
+ +
,
where
1
1
3
1
, 1
2
( ) ( )
1
n i
n i
T u P u
du
u
+
. (5.6.13)

199
The Solution Method :
Consider the I-DE (5.6.3) subject to the boundary conditions
expressed by (5.2.8). Then, we expand the angular flux ( , ) x u via
a truncated series of Chebyshev polynomials ( )
n
T u in the u variable
(see Vladimirov [88])

2
0
( ) ( )
( , ) ( ) ( , )
1
N
n n
n
g x T u
x u w u x u
u

" , (5.6.14)
where

0
( , ) ( ) ( )
N
n n
n
x u g x T u
" . (5.6.15)
Here, notice that only even powers of Chebyshev polynomials are
preserved (i.e. N = 0, 2, 4, ), where the expansions coefficients ( )
n
g x
should be determined. We then determine the components ( )
n
g x ,
0,1,..., , n N to define the angular flux given by (5.6.14).
After using Eq. (5.6.14) in (5.6.3), we have
{ }
1
2 2
0 0 0
1
( ) 2 1 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
N L N
n n
n n i n i
n i n
T u i T v
a u g x g x P u g x P v dv
u v

+
+

( ) q x + . (5.6.16)
Then, we multiply Eq. (5.6.16) by the Chebyshev polynomials ( )
m
T u ,
0,1,..., , m N and integrate the result equation with respect to the variable
u in the interval [-1,1]. Thus, by using the property of orthogonality of the
Chebyshev polynomials, we get the following system of first-order of
differential equation for the spatial component ( )
n
g x
1 2 3
, , ,
0 0 0
,0
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
N L N
n m n m m i n i n m
n i n
m
i
g x g x g x q x

+
+ +
,
(5.6.17)
where
1
1
,
2
1
( )
( ) ( ) ,
1
m
n m n
T u
a u T u du
u
(5.6.18)

200
1
2
,
1
( ) ( )
m i m i
T u P u du
, (5.6.19)
1
3
,
2
1
( ) ( )
1
n i
n i
T u P u
du
u
, (5.6.20)

1
1
2
0, 2, 4,
2
( )
1
0 1,3,5,
m m
m
T u du
m
m

'
. (5.6.21)
Here, the coefficients
1
, n m
,
2
, m i
and
3
, n i
are evaluated by multiplication of
the Chebyshev and Legendre recurrence formulas and integration of the
resulting equation through the interval [-1,1] (see Proposition (5-1)). So, we
have

, 1 1, 1, , 1
2 1
2 2 1
k k k k
n i n i n i n i
i i
i i
+ +
+
1 +
]
+ +
, (5.6.22)
for 2 i and 2,3 k . While for i = 0 and 1, the coefficients
2
, n i
and
3
, n i

assume the values

2
,
2 2
0 if +i odd,
2
if +i even,
(1 )
n i
n
n
i n
'
(5.6.23)
and

, 3
,
,0
2
n i
n i
i
. (5.6.24)
Also, the existence of a unique solution of linear system of first-order of
differential equations is demonstrated in detail in Eastham [89].
5.7. TheSumudu Transformand theFirst- Order of Differential Equation :
In this part, we will solve the linear system of the first-order of
differential equations (5.6.17). For this, we rewrite it in the matrix form
. ( ) . ( ) ( )
dg
A x B g x C x
dx
+ , (5.7.1)
where ( ) g x = Col. [ ]
1
( ), ( ),..., ( )
o N
g x g x g x and A, B are squared matrices
of order ( N + 1) with the components

1
, 1, 1
( ) ,
n m n m
A

(5.7.2)

201
2 3
, , 1, 1,
0 0
1,
2 1
( )
2 2
L N
n m n m m i n i
i n
m
i
B

+

, (5.7.3)
and
0 1
( ) ( ) .[ ( ), ( ),..., ( )].
N
C x q x Col q x q x q x (5.7.4)
We note that, Eq. ( 5.7.1) has the known solution (see Shilling and Le [90])

1 1
1 ( )
0
( ) (0) ( )
x
A Bx A B x
g x e g A e C d

+

, (5.7.5)
where (0) g is the constant vector. To determine the (N+1) unknown
components of vector (0) g , this can be readily obtained by applying the
boundary conditions (5.2.8) in the solution given by Eq. (5.6.14), and
multiplying this expression by the Chebyshev polynomial ( )
m
T u ,
considering 0, 2, 4,..., 1, m N and integrating in the interval [-1, 1], this
procedure with help of properties (a) gives

1
,
0
1
(0) ( ) ( )
N
n n m m
n
g h u T u du

, (5.7.6)
and

,
0
( 1) ( ) 0
N
n
n n m
n
g a
, 0, 2, 4,..., 1, m N (5.7.7)
where

,
1
0
2
1 0
0
n m
n m
n m
n m

'
, 0, 2, 4,..., 1 m N .
Now, to derive an analytical formulation for
1
A Bx
e

, that appearing in
Eq. (5.7.5), we solve the homogeneous version of Eq. (5.7.1), namely

( )
. . ( ) 0
dg x
A B g x
dx
+ . (5.7.8)
Now, following the idea of applying the Sumudu transform (see
Belgacem [82]) to the formula (5.7.8), we obtain
( ) ( )
1
( )
( ) ( ) 0, ( )
dg x
S g x A BS g x g x
dx
+ ,
1
A A I
, (5.7.9)
where

202
( )
1 2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
x
G u S g x g xu e dx u
< <
. (5.7.10)
The formula (5.7.9) can be adapted as
( )
1
0
( ) ( ) 0
x
S g x A B g xu e dx
. (5.7.11)
Hence, the Sumudu transforms of derivatives defined as Belgacem [82]
(see appendix (A.4-2))
( )
1
( ) (0) ( ) (0)
( ) ( )
G u g G u g
G u S g x
u u u
. (5.7.12)
Then, substituted (5.7.12) into (5.7.11), we get
( )[ ] G u uB A R + , (5.7.13)
with
. (0), R A g (5.7.14)
where ( ) [ ( )] G u S g x , denotes the Sumudu transform of the vector ( ) g x .
Then, the solution of Eq. (5.7.13) takes the form
1
( ) [ ] G u uB A R
+ . (5.7.15)
By employing the Trazaska's method (see Trazaska [84]), the inverse
of matrix [ ] uB A + is readily obtained as

1
1
1
[ ]
M
k
k
k
uB A
u s

, (5.7.16)
where the coefficients
k
s denote the eigenvalues of the matrix
1
B A
and the
matrices
k
are the ones resulting from the application of Trazaska's
method. The inversion of the transformed vector ( ) G u is executed by the
Heaviside expansion technique. Following this procedure, we obtain an
analytical expression for the exponential of matrix
1
B A
(see Trazaska [84])

in the form

1
1
k
M
s x A Bx
k
k
e e
. (5.7.17)
After, substituting Eq. (5.7.17) into Eq. (5.7.5), then the transforming
vector ( ) g x by the Heaviside technique yields

203

( )
1 1
0
( ) ( )
k k
x
M M
s x s x
k k
k k
g x e R e C d

+

. (5.7.18)
Substituting the values of (0)
n
g and ( )
n
g a given by Eq. (5.7.18) into
Eqs. (5.7.6), (5.7.7), it turns to
1
1
,
1 1
0 1
( ) ( ) ( )
x
N M
A B
k n n m m
n k
R e C d h u T u du

1
1
+
1 1
] ]

, (5.7.19)
and
1
( )
.
1 1
0
( ) 0
k
x
N M
s a A B a
k n n m
n k
e R e C d

1
1
+
1 1
] ]

, (5.7.20)
with 0, 2, 4,..., 1, m N where
n
R design the element of the unknown
vector R.
After solving the linear systems (5.7.19) and (5.7.20) for the components of
the vector R then the angular flux given by Eq. (5.6.14) is completely
determined.
Consider the mixed I-DE of the second kind in the form

1
1
( , )
( , , )
( ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) S x t
x u t
a u x u t f u v x v t dv
x

0
( , ) ( , , )
t
G t x u d +

. (5.8.1)
In this section, we apply the Chebyshev spectral method to solve
Eq.(5.8.1). Hence, we suppose that the exact solution
2
( , , ) (1 ) ! x u t x tu such that it$s satisfying the conditions (5.1.8). Also,
we let ( ) h u u and set
2
( ) a u u . Therefore, we consider the coefficient
1 and the kernel of Volterra term ( , ) G t t , where we choose the
values of = 0.01,0.001,0.0002 such that it$s satisfying the condition
(5.2.3). Also, we take the approximate solution equals zero at u=1, -1 at
N = 4, 6.


204
Case (1)
By using maple (10) program, we presented in Tables (5-1)#(5-3), the
values of the exact and approximate solutions of Eq. (5.8.1), and the error
together with lists various values of [ ] 0,1 x corresponding to [ 1,1] u at
0.01, 0.1, 0.5 T at N = 4, when
2
( ) a u u . Also, we plotted the results
error as in Figs. (5-1)-(5-9).
The Numerical results
It can be seen from the following Tables and Figures that :
1-If the time T increase in interval [ [ 0.01,1 , then, the results errors are also
increase see Figs. (5-1),(5-4) and (5-7) at =.0002 and 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 T .
2- If the value of increasing in the interval ] ] 0, 0.1 , the result error
increasing at the same values of time T and N , for example see Figs. (5-1),
(5-2) and (5-3) at T = 0.01 and N = 4.
3- If takes values greater than 0.01, then the result error is greater than
1(because the value of do not satisfying the condition (5.2.3)).
4- For linear and nonlinear cases, if the value of x increasing in the interval
] ] 0,1 , the result error decreasing as shown in Fig (5-1)-(5-9).
5- In general, if the value of N increasing the result error decreasing.
6- At each value of ( =0.01,0.001,0.0002), the smallest error is occur at
x=1 for each [ ] 1,1 u .
7- At u = 0 and [ [ 0,1 x , we find that the approximate solution and the
error have the same values for each value of = 0.01,0.001,0.0002 at
0.01, 0.1, 0.5 T , because the exact solution
2
( , , ) (1 ) ! x u t x tu = 0.
8- At x = 0 and [ ] 1,1 u , we find that the corresponding approximate
solutions equal to zero for each value of =0.01,0.001,.0002.

205
T=0.01, N=4
= 0.0002 = 0.001 = 0.01
x u exact
approximate
sol.
error
approximate
sol.
error
approximate
sol.
error
-9.000E-01 8.10000E-03 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-03 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-03 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-03
-4.500E-01 2.02500E-03 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-03 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-03 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
4.500E-01 2.02500E-03 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-03 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-03 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-03
0 9.000E-01 8.10000E-03 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-03 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-03 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-03
-9.000E-01 5.40000E-03 5.60177E-04 4.83982E-03 1.20823E-04 5.27918E-03 8.58828E-03 3.18828E-03
-4.500E-01 1.35000E-03 2.73424E-04 1.07658E-03 5.89743E-05 1.29103E-03 4.19196E-03 2.84196E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.44176E-04 2.44176E-04 5.26657E-05 5.26657E-05 3.74354E-03 3.74354E-03
4.500E-01 1.35000E-03 2.73424E-04 1.07658E-03 5.89743E-05 1.29103E-03 4.19196E-03 2.84196E-03
0.333333 9.000E-01 5.40000E-03 5.60177E-04 4.83982E-03 1.20823E-04 5.27918E-03 8.58828E-03 3.18828E-03
-9.000E-01 2.70000E-03 2.80662E-04 2.41934E-03 6.26907E-05 2.63731E-03 4.95637E-02 1.69633E-03
-4.500E-01 6.75000E-04 1.36992E-04 5.38008E-04 3.05995E-05 6.44400E-04 2.14586E-03 1.47086E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.22338E-04 1.22338E-04 2.73262E-05 2.73262E-05 1.91632E-03 1.91632E-03
4.500E-01 6.75000E-04 1.36992E-04 5.38008E-04 3.05995E-05 6.44400E-04 2.14586E-03 1.47086E-03
0.666667 9.000E-01 2.70000E-03 2.80662E-04 2.41934E-03 6.26907E-05 2.63731E-03 4.95637E-02 1.69633E-03
-9.000E-01 8.10000E-13 1.14099E-06 1.14099E-06 4.55924E-06 4.55924E-06 2.04382E-04 2.04382E-04
-4.500E-01 2.02500E-13 5.56921E-07 5.56921E-07 2.22538E-06 2.22538E-06 9.97593E-05 9.97593E-05
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 4.97347E-07 4.97347E-07 1.98733E-06 1.98733E-06 8.90879E-05 9.94917E-03
4.500E-01 2.02500E-13 5.56921E-07 5.56921E-07 2.22538E-06 2.22538E-06 9.97593E-05 9.97593E-05
1 9.000E-01 8.10000E-13 1.14099E-06 1.14099E-06 4.55924E-06 4.55924E-06 2.04382E-04 2.04382E-04
Table (5-1)

206
T=0.1, N=4
= 0.0002 = 0.001 = 0.01
x u exact
approximate
sol.
error
approximate
sol.
error
approximate
sol.
error
-9.000E-01 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02
-4.500E-01 9.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 9.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 9.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 9.00000E+00
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
4.500E-01 2.02500E-02 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-02 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-02 0.00000E+00 2.02500E-02
0 9.000E-01 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02
-9.000E-01 5.40000E-02 5.59970E-03 4.84003E-02 1.20760E-03 5.27924E-02 8.58828E-02 3.18828E-02
-4.500E-01 1.35000E-02 2.73323E-03 1.07668E-02 5.89435E-04 1.29106E-02 4.19197E-02 2.84197E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.44085E-03 2.44085E-03 5.26382E-04 5.26382E-04 3.74355E-02 3.74355E-02
4.500E-01 1.35000E-02 2.73323E-03 1.07668E-02 5.89435E-04 1.29106E-02 4.19197E-02 2.84197E-02
0.333333 9.000E-01 5.40000E-02 5.59970E-03 4.84003E-02 1.20760E-03 5.27924E-02 8.58828E-02 3.18828E-02
-9.000E-01 2.70000E-02 2.80554E-03 2.41945E-02 6.26595E-04 2.63734E-02 4.39633E-02 1.69633E-02
-4.500E-01 6.75000E-03 1.36939E-03 5.38061E-03 3.05843E-04 6.44416E-03 2.14586E-02 1.47086E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.22291E-03 1.22291E-03 2.73127E-04 2.73127E-04 1.91632E-02 1.91632E-02
4.500E-01 6.75000E-03 1.36939E-03 5.38061E-03 3.05843E-04 6.44416E-03 2.14586E-02 1.47086E-02
0.666667 9.000E-01 2.70000E-02 2.80554E-03 2.41945E-02 6.26595E-04 2.63734E-02 4.39633E-02 1.69633E-02
-9.000E-01 8.10000E-12 1.14099E-05 1.14099E-05 4.55926E-05 4.55926E-05 2.04382E-03 2.04382E-03
-4.500E-01 2.02500E-12 5.56919E-06 5.56919E-06 2.22539E-05 2.22539E-05 9.97595E-04 9.97595E-04
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 4.97344E-06 4.97344E-06 1.98734E-05 1.98734E-05 8.90881E-04 8.90881E-04
4.500E-01 2.02500E-12 5.56919E-06 5.56919E-06 2.22539E-05 2.22539E-05 9.97595E-04 9.97595E-04
1 9.000E-01 8.10000E-12 1.14099E-05 1.14099E-05 4.55926E-05 4.55926E-05 2.04382E-03 2.04382E-03
Table (5-2)

207
T=0.5, N=4
= 0.0002 = 0.001 = 0.01
x u exact
approximate
sol.
error
approximate
sol.
error
approximate
sol.
error
-9.000E-01 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01
-4.500E-01 1.01250E-01 0.00000E+00 1.01250E-01 0.00000E+00 1.01250E-01 0.00000E+00 1.01250E-01
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
4.500E-01 1.01250E-01 0.00000E+00 1.01250E-01 0.00000E+00 1.01250E-01 0.00000E+00 1.01250E-01
0 9.000E-01 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01
-9.000E-01 2.70000E-01 2.80048E-02 2.41995E-01 6.03600E-03 2.63964E-01 4.29429E-01 1.59429E-01
-4.500E-01 6.75000E-02 1.36692E-02 5.38308E-02 2.94619E-03 6.45538E-02 2.09606E-01 1.42106E-01
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.22070E-02 1.22070E-02 2.63103E-03 2.63103E-03 1.87184E-01 1.87184E-01
4.500E-01 6.75000E-02 1.36692E-02 5.38308E-02 2.94619E-03 6.45538E-02 2.09606E-01 1.42106E-01
0.333333 9.000E-01 2.70000E-01 2.80048E-02 2.41995E-01 6.03600E-03 2.63964E-01 4.29429E-01 1.59429E-01
-9.000E-01 1.35000E-01 1.40308E-02 1.20969E-01 3.13195E-03 1.31868E-01 2.19824E-01 8.48235E-02
-4.500E-01 3.37500E-02 6.84847E-03 2.69015E-02 1.52872E-03 3.22213E-02 1.07297E-01 7.35465E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 6.11588E-03 6.11588E-03 1.36519E-03 1.36519E-03 9.58189E-02 9.58189E-02
4.500E-01 3.37500E-02 6.84847E-03 2.69015E-02 1.52872E-03 3.22213E-02 1.07297E-01 7.35465E-02
0.666667 9.000E-01 1.35000E-01 1.40308E-02 1.20969E-01 3.13195E-03 1.31868E-01 2.19824E-01 8.48235E-02
-9.000E-01 4.05000E-11 5.70479E-05 5.70479E-05 2.27922E-04 2.27921E-04 1.02176E-02 1.02176E-02
-4.500E-01 1.01250E-11 2.78452E-05 2.78452E-05 1.11249E-04 1.11249E-04 4.98724E-03 4.98724E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.48666E-05 2.48666E-05 9.93487E-05 9.93487E-05 4.45375E-03 4.45375E-03
4.500E-01 1.01250E-11 2.78452E-05 2.78452E-05 1.11249E-04 1.11249E-04 4.98724E-03 4.98724E-03
1 9.000E-01 4.05000E-11 5.70479E-05 5.70479E-05 2.27922E-04 2.27921E-04 1.02176E-02 1.02176E-02
Table (5-3)

208

Fig. (5-1) shows the change of the errors at N = 4, =0.0002, and T=0.01

Fig.(5-2) shows the change of the error at N = 4 , =0.001, T=0.01

Fig. (5-3) the change of the error at N = 4, =0.01, T=0.01


209

Fig. (5-4) shows the change of the error at N = 4, =0.0002, T=0.1

Fig. (5-5) shows the change of the error at N = 4 , =0.001, T=0.1


210

Fig (5-7) shows the change of the error at N = 4, =0.0002, T=0.5




211

Case (2) :
By using Maple (10) program, we computed the results are obtained numerically
of Eq.(5.8.1) at N = 6, Which presented in Tables (5-4)#(5-6). Also, we plotted
these results as in Figs. (5-10)-(5-18).
The Numerical results
It can be seen from the following Tables and Figures that :
1- If the time T increase in interval [ [ 0, 0.5 , then, the results errors are also
increase at increasing in the interval ] ] 0, 0.0002 for example see Figs.(5-10),
(5-13) and (5-16) at =.0002.
2- If the time T increase in interval [ ] 0.5,1 , then, the results errors are larger than
1, at 0.0002, for example see Figs. (5-12),(5-15) and (5-18) at = 0.01.
3- If the value of increasing in the interval ] ] 0, 0.001 , the result error
increasing at the same values of time T and N , for example see Figs. (5-10),
(5-11) at T = 0.01 and N = 6.
4 - If takes values greater than 0.001, then the result error is greater than 1.
5 - If the value of x increasing in the interval ] ] 0,1 , the result error decreasing as
shown in Figs. (5-10)-(5-18).
6- In general, if the value of N increasing the result error decreasing.
7- At each value of in ] ] 0, 0.001 , the smallest error is occur at x = 1 for each
[ ] 1,1 u .
8 -At u = 0 and [ [ 0,1 x , we find that the approximate solution and the error
have the same values for each value of in the interval ] ] 0, 0.001 at T in [ [ 0, 0.5 .
8- At x = 0 and [ ] 1,1 u , we find that the corresponding approximate solutions
equal to zero for each value of = 0.01, 0.001, 0.0002.


212

T=0.01, N=6
= 0.0002 = 0.001 = 0.01
x u exact
aproximate so. error
aproximate
sol.
error
aproximate
sol.
error
-9.000000E-01 8.100000E-03 0.000000E+00 8.100000E-03 0.000000E+00 8.100000E-03 0.000000E+00 8.100000E-03
-3.000000E-01 9.000000E-04 0.000000E+00 9.000000E-04 0.000000E+00 9.000000E-04 0.000000E+00 9.000000E-04
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
3.000000E-01 9.000000E-04 0.000000E+00 9.000000E-04 0.000000E+00 9.000000E-04 0.000000E+00 9.000000E-04
0 9.000000E-01 8.100000E-03 0.000000E+00 8.100000E-03 0.000000E+00 8.100000E-03 0.000000E+00 8.100000E-03
-9.000000E-01 5.400000E-03 2.099100E-02 1.559100E-02 2.017210E-02 1.477210E-02 6.079540E-01 6.025540E-01
-3.000000E-01 6.000000E-04 9.591550E-03 8.991550E-03 9.217370E-03 8.617370E-03 2.777960E-01 2.771960E-01
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 9.149750E-03 9.149750E-03 8.792810E-03 8.792810E-03 2.650010E-01 2.650010E-01
3.000000E-01 6.000000E-04 9.591550E-03 8.991550E-03 9.217370E-03 8.617370E-03 2.777960E-01 2.771960E-01
0.333333 9.000000E-01 5.400000E-03 2.099100E-02 1.559100E-02 2.017210E-02 1.477210E-02 6.079540E-01 6.025540E-01
-9.000000E-01 2.700000E-03 1.049590E-02 7.795930E-03 1.008070E-02 7.380700E-03 3.102500E-01 3.075500E-01
-3.000000E-01 3.000000E-04 4.795980E-03 4.495980E-03 4.606240E-03 4.306240E-03 1.417650E-01 1.414650E-01
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 4.575070E-03 4.575070E-03 4.394080E-03 4.394080E-03 1.352350E-01 1.352350E-01
3.000000E-01 3.000000E-04 4.795980E-03 4.495980E-03 4.606240E-03 4.306240E-03 1.417650E-01 1.414650E-01
0.666667 9.000000E-01 2.700000E-03 1.049590E-02 7.795930E-03 1.008070E-02 7.380700E-03 3.102500E-01 3.075500E-01
-9.000000E-01 8.100000E-13 9.419600E-07 9.419600E-07 1.523110E-05 1.523110E-05 1.264080E-02 1.264080E-02
-3.000000E-01 9.000000E-14 4.304160E-07 4.304160E-07 6.959660E-06 6.959660E-06 5.776040E-03 5.776040E-03
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 4.105910E-07 4.105910E-07 6.639090E-06 6.639090E-06 5.509990E-03 5.509990E-03
3.000000E-01 9.000000E-14 4.304160E-07 4.304160E-07 6.959660E-06 6.959660E-06 5.776040E-03 5.776040E-03
1 9.000000E-01 8.100000E-13 9.419600E-07 9.419600E-07 1.523110E-05 1.523110E-05 1.264080E-02 1.264080E-02
Table (5-4)

213
T=0.1, N=6
= 0.0002 = 0.001 = 0.01
x u exact
aproximate
so.
error
aproximate
so.
error
aproximate
sol.
error
-9.000E-01 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02
-3.000E-01 9.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 9.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 9.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 9.00000E-03
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
3.000E-01 9.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 9.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 9.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 9.00000E-03
0 9.000E-01 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02 0.00000E+00 8.10000E-02
-9.000E-01 5.40000E-02 2.46770E-01 1.92770E-01 2.03276E-01 1.49276E-01 6.07819E+00 6.02419E+00
-3.000E-01 6.00000E-03 1.12758E-01 1.06758E-01 9.28842E-02 8.68842E-02 2.77735E+00 2.77135E+00
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.07565E-01 1.07565E-01 8.86059E-02 8.86059E-02 2.64942E+00 2.64942E+00
3.000E-01 6.00000E-03 1.12758E-01 1.06758E-01 9.28842E-02 8.68842E-02 2.77735E+00 2.77135E+00
0.333333 9.000E-01 5.40000E-02 2.46770E-01 1.92770E-01 2.03276E-01 1.49276E-01 6.07819E+00 6.02419E+00
-9.000E-01 2.70000E-02 1.23391E-01 9.63905E-02 1.00802E-01 7.38017E-02 3.10218E+00 3.07518E+00
-3.000E-01 3.00000E-03 5.63817E-02 5.33817E-02 4.60600E-02 4.30600E-02 1.41750E+00 1.41450E+00
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.37847E-02 5.37847E-02 4.39384E-02 4.39384E-02 1.35221E+00 1.35221E+00
3.000E-01 3.00000E-03 5.63817E-02 5.33817E-02 4.60600E-02 4.30600E-02 1.41750E+00 1.41450E+00
0.666667 9.000E-01 2.70000E-02 1.23391E-01 9.63905E-02 1.00802E-01 7.38017E-02 3.10218E+00 3.07518E+00
-9.000E-01 8.10000E-12 1.04406E-05 1.04406E-05 1.52314E-04 1.52314E-04 1.26373E-01 1.26373E-01
-3.000E-01 9.00000E-13 4.77068E-06 4.77068E-06 6.95977E-05 6.95977E-05 5.77443E-02 5.77443E-02
0.000E+00 0.00000E+00 4.55094E-06 4.55094E-06 6.63919E-05 6.63919E-05 5.50846E-02 5.50846E-02
3.000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.77068E-06 4.77068E-06 6.95977E-05 6.95977E-05 5.77443E-02 5.77443E-02
1 9.000E-01 0.00000E+00 1.04406E-05 1.04406E-05 1.52314E-04 1.52314E-04 1.26373E-01 1.26373E-01

Table (5-5)

214

T=0.5, N=6
= 0.0002 = 0.001 = 0.01
x u exact
aproximate
so.
error
aproximate
sol.
error
aproximate
sol.
error
-9.00000E-01 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01
-3.00000E-01 4.50000E-02 0.00000E+00 4.50000E-02 0.00000E+00 4.50000E-02 0.00000E+00 4.50000E-02
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
3.00000E-01 4.50000E-02 0.00000E+00 4.50000E-02 0.00000E+00 4.50000E-02 0.00000E+00 4.50000E-02
0 9.00000E-01 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 4.05000E-01
-9.00000E-01 2.70000E-01 1.21855E+00 9.48545E-01 1.01128E+00 7.41283E-01 3.03799E+01 3.01099E+01
-3.00000E-01 3.00000E-02 5.56798E-01 5.26798E-01 4.62093E-01 4.32093E-01 1.38817E+01 1.38517E+01
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.31152E-01 5.31152E-01 4.40808E-01 4.40808E-01 1.32423E+01 1.32423E+01
3.00000E-01 3.00000E-02 5.56798E-01 5.26798E-01 4.62093E-01 4.32093E-01 1.38817E+01 1.38517E+01
0.333333 9.00000E-01 2.70000E-01 1.21855E+00 9.48545E-01 1.01128E+00 7.41283E-01 3.03799E+01 3.01099E+01
-9.00000E-01 1.35000E-01 6.09298E-01 4.74298E-01 5.04055E-01 3.69055E-01 1.55057E+01 1.53707E+01
-3.00000E-01 1.50000E-02 2.78411E-01 2.63411E-01 2.30321E-01 2.15321E-01 7.08513E+00 7.07013E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.65587E-01 2.65587E-01 2.19712E-01 2.19712E-01 6.75878E+00 6.75878E+00
3.00000E-01 1.50000E-02 2.78411E-01 2.63411E-01 2.30321E-01 2.15321E-01 7.08513E+00 7.07013E+00
0.666667 9.00000E-01 1.35000E-01 6.09298E-01 4.74298E-01 5.04055E-01 3.69055E-01 1.55057E+01 1.53707E+01
-9.00000E-01 4.05000E-11 5.01244E-05 5.01244E-05 7.61299E-04 7.61299E-04 6.31522E-01 6.31522E-01
-3.00000E-01 4.50000E-12 2.29037E-05 2.29037E-05 3.47866E-04 3.47866E-04 2.88566E-01 2.88566E-01
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.18487E-05 2.18487E-05 3.31843E-04 3.31843E-04 2.75274E-01 2.75274E-01
3.00000E-01 4.50000E-12 2.29037E-05 2.29037E-05 3.47866E-04 3.47866E-04 2.88566E-01 2.88566E-01
1 9.00000E-01 4.05000E-11 5.01244E-05 5.01244E-05 7.61299E-04 7.61299E-04 6.31522E-01 6.31522E-01
Table (5-6)

215




216

FIG. (5-13) shows the change of the error at N = 6, =0.0002, T=0. 1



217

FIG. (5-16) shows the change of the error at N = 6, =0.0002, T=0.5




218

4.9. Conclusions :
1-The Chebyshev spectral method combined with Sumudu transform
should be general enough to consider higher spatial dimensions with time in
a way similar to that presented in this chapter, although we have out investigated
this idea thoroughly. We will be considering more complicated geometries in
future studies, during which we will ascertain this method's usefulness for larger
spatial dimensional problems. In preparation for these problems, we are
currently investigating the effectiveness of spectral methods combined with
Sumudu transform in solving the linear system of differential equation
analytically.
2-An adaptation of the method for the convergence of the spectral
solution within the framework of the analytical solution to study and prove
convergence by using the discrete ordinates method is relatively new. The
methods employing Sumudu transforms represent very interesting new ideas for
studying the convergence of many numerical methods and can be extended
easily to general linear transport problems. In fact only some preliminary results
have been obtained. Our attention will be focused in this direction.


GENERAL
INTRODUCTION


CONTENTS


REFERENCES


!#$&'( )*'+# ,.*0


ARABIC
SUMMARY

Chapter (1)


Chapter (2)


Chapter (3)


Chapter (4)


Chapter (5)


APPENDICES

!
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!"
Appendices
A.1. Definitions :-
Definition 1.1 (Hilbert space )
Let H be an inner product space and { }
n
is a Cauchy sequence in H
such a sequence has the property for every 1 0 << < , we can fined an
) ( N such that
( ) N m n
m n
> < , .
In other words
0
lim
,

m n
m n
. (1.1)
H is said to be a Hilbert if every Cauchy sequence converges to an
element in H and if such a Cauchy sequence converges it must converge
to a unique element.
Definition 1.2 (Holder inequality):
If ( ) x and ( ) x belong to the space ( , )
p
L a b , then
1/ 1/
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) , 1
b b b
p p q q
a a a
x x dx x dx x dx
p q

_ _
+

, ,

. (1.2)
As a special case, when 2, p q we have Cauchy Munkoviski inequality
in ( , )
p
L a b .
Definition 1.3 ( Norm in
2
L - space )
We define the norm in
2
L as

2
1
2
) (
1
]
1

b
a
dy y . (1.3)
Note that =0, is the condition that is a null function.
Definition 1.4 ( Norm in ] , 0 [ T C )
The norm in this class is defined as

[ ]
( )
0.
0
0
max
C T
T
y dy

,
where ] , 0 [ T C is the class of continuous function and its derivatives also
continuous in the interval < T T , ] , 0 [ .

#
Definition 1.5 ( Norm in ( ) ( ) T C L , 0
2
- space )
The norm in this space is defined as

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
0,
0
0
, ,
max
t
L C T
T
t d

, (1.4)
or
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
2
2
0,
0
0
, ,
max
t
L C T
T
t w dw d

1

1
]

. (1.5)
Definition 1.6 (Contraction Operator)
Let H be a Hilbert space and K is a bounded operator, K is not
necessarily a linear operator. K is said to be a contraction operator if there
exists a positive constant 1 < , such that

1 2 1 2
K K , (1.6)
for all H
2 1
, .
A.2
A.2-1 TheTorqueFunction (Warping Function) :
We have to find a harmonic function ( , ) x y which defined as torque
function in the given region R.
Returning, to the boundary condition of the bar, where there are no surface
forces acting on the lateral surface of the cylinder, we obtain
( , ; ) 0, , , ,
ij j
x y t i j x y z , (2.1)
where
j
denote the components of the unit vector normal, direction
cosine, and ( , ) x y denote the coordinates of a point of the ellipse

2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ . (2.2)
Hence, the boundary condition (2.1) reduces to

( )
( ) ( ) 0
2
t
y x m
x y
_
+ +

,
, cos( , ), cos( , ) x m y .(2.3)
But
= . + .
d x y
d x y

d
m
d x y

+

. (2.4)
Using Eq.(2.4) in (2.3), we get
!
cos( , ) cos( , )
d
y x m y x x y
d
, (on C). (2.5)

Thus, the formula (2.5) is the Neumann problem which consists of
determining a function ( , ) x y , that is prescribed in the boundary of the
region. The condition for existence of such a function ( , ) x y is that the
integral of the normal derivative of the function (x,y) calculated over the
entire boundary C vanish, i.e.

2
( ) 0
C R R
d
ds div dxdy dxdy
d

!
. (2.6)
Hence, the condition in this case becomes

2
( , ) 0 x y . (2.7)
We can convert the Neumann problems in finding ( , ) x y . The torsion
function is satisfying the Laplace equation
2
( , ) 0 x y in a region R and
whose normal derivative is prescribed over the boundary C or R (it denoted
by cos( , ) cos( , ) y x x y ) into Dirichlet$s problems of finding a
function ( , ) x y satisfying equation
2
( , ) 0 x y in R and whose value
is prescribed as the boundary C of the region, through the analytic function
approach of complex variable.
We construct the analytic function ( , ) ( , ) x y i x y + of complex
variable x iy + , where ( , ) x y is the conjugate harmonic function related
to ( , ) x y , by Cauchy-Riemann equations

x y

,
y x

. (2.8)
If ( , ) x y is known, we find ( , ) x y through the following
( , ) ( )
C
x y dx dy
x y

. (2.9)
By using (2.8) in (2.9), we have

2 2 2
1 1 1
( , )
( , )
( , ) (- )
P x y
P x y
x y dx dy
x y

, (2.10)
where
1
p and
2
p are arbitrary points in R. Now from Eq.(2.4) we get

cos( , ) cos( , )
d
x y
d x y

+

=
dy dx
x dv y dv

.
Using Cauchy-Riemann equation, we obtain
d
d
=
dy dx
y dv x dv

+

. (2.11)
Hence, we have

d d
d d

. (2.12)
According to the torsion problem, from Eq. (2.5),
d
d
should be equal
to cos( , ) cos( , ) y x x y on C. Hence, in terms of ( , ) x y , we say that

d dy dx
y x
dv dv dv
+ , (on C). (2.13)

Then, from Eq. (2.13), we find

2 2
1
( , ) ( ) const
2
x y x y + + , (on C). (2.14)
Thus ( , ) x y is determined as a solution of
2
( , ) 0 x y on R, subject
to the condition

2 2
1
( ) const
2
x y + + , (on C or R) . (2.15)
Thus, instead of solving a problem of Neumann, we can equivalently
solve a problem of Dirichlet by determining a function that is harmonic in
a given region and which assumes prescribed value on the boundary of the
region we shall determine a function ( , ) x y that satisfies

2 2
2 2
0
x y

+

, (on R), (2.16)
and satisfies the boundary condition

2 2
1
( , ) ( )
2
x y x y + , (on C). (2.17)
Since the solution of torsion problem of a solid cylinder for any cross
section can be solved by finding a harmonic function ( , ) x y , such that it
takes the value
2 2
1
( )
2
x y + on the boundary C of the cross section R.
For this, we examine the function
%

2 2 2 2
( ) P x y q + , [p, q are constants]. (2.18)
The function ( , ) x y of (2.18) satisfies
2
( , ) 0 x y . If at the boundary
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ ,
2 2 2 2
( , ) ( ) x y p x y q + is the same as
2 2
1
( , ) ( )
2
x y x y + , we follow

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1
[ (1 ) ] [ (1 ) ]
2
y y
a y p a y q
b b
+ + . (2.19)
Equating the coefficients of power of y, we get

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
( ),
2
a b a b
p q
a b a b

+ +
. (2.20)
Thus, we have

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
( , ) ( )( )
2
a b a b
x y x y
a b a b

+
+ +
. (2.21)
Hence, from Eq. (2.21) and by using, again, Cauchy-Riemann, we obtain

2 2
2 2
( , ) const.
b a
x y xy
a b

+
+
(2.22)
A.2-2 PolyurethaneMaterial : (for reading)
General Behavior of Polyurethane:
Broad class of polymers noted for good abrasion and solvent
resistance &can be in solid or cellular form.
A polymer containing urethane used as plastic, adhesive, paint,
rubber, or to form a tough, resistant coating.
A synthetic resin containing hydroxide groups cured with an
isocyanate hardener (though single pack moisture-cured polyurethanes are
available). When an aliphatic isocyanate is used good gloss and colour
retention result.
Any of various sythetic rubber polymers produced by polymerization
of hydroxyl (OH) radical and NCO group from two different coumpounds:
used in cuszions, insulation, molded products..
A family of resins produced by reacting a disocyanate with an
organic compound containing two or more active hydrogen atoms to form
polymers having free isocyanate groups... .
'
A material attached to the border of the hairpiece providing the main
function of helping maintain a desirable form. It is available in a variety of
grades from light to heavy.
Polymeric substance containing many urethane linkages.
A clear, tough and durable finish that is applied as a wear layer.
A tough, abrasion resistant polymer having excellent low temperature
properties and high clarity. Chemically resistant to fuels, oils and solvents
and available in a range of hardnesses, common uses for polyurethane
tubing include fuel line and wire abrasion protection.
A widely used resin with good properties of adhesion, flexibility,
hardness and weathering. They may be two components, moisture curing or
single component resins used in staving applications.
This material is primarily of interest as a magnet wire enamel for
wires which can be soldered without prior removal of the film. Polymer
made by the reaction of polyols with a multi-functional isocyanine. Its
molecular structure may cross-link and become a thermosetting plastic, or
stay linear and remain thermoplastic.
Less expensive and easier to handle than springs, polyurethane foam
often fills cushions and replaces old hair or moss stuffing in seats and
backs .Fold stool: A folding stool provided with a cushion for kneeling.
Similar to a camp stool.
Any of various polymers containing the urethane radical, a wide
variety of synthetic forms are made and used as adhesives or plastics or
paints or rubber.
Chemical structure used in the production of resins for enamel paint
finishes; also used for some plastic bumper covers.
A polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of organic units
joined by urethane links. It is widely used in flexible and rigid foams,
durable elastomers and high performance adhesives and sealants, fibers,
seals, gaskets &condoms, carpet underlay, and hard plastic parts.
A.2-3. Fiberglass Material : (for reading)
Fiberglass (also called fiberglass and glass fiber) is material made from
extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many
polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as
(
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is called
"fiberglass" in popular usage.
Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but
mass manufacture of fiberglass was only made possible with the advent of
finer machine-tooling. In 1893, Edward Drummond Libbey exhibited
a dress at the World's Columbian Exposition incorporating glass fibers with
the diameter and texture of silk fibers. What is commonly known as
"fiberglass" today, however, was invented in 1938 by Russell Games
Slayter of Owens-Corning as a material to be used as insulation. It is
marketed under the trade name Fiberglas, which has become a genericized.
Fiberglass is a man-made mineral fiber that is widely used in America.
First produced in the 1920's, fiberglass became a popular substitute for
asbestos in the 1950's when some of the deleterious health effects from
asbestos were first becoming apparent. Due to the similarity in shape
between the fiberglass and the asbestos fibers, fiberglass was able to
effectively replace asbestos in many applications such as in electrical,
thermal, and acoustic insulation and in adding structural reinforcement and
heat resistance to a material.
Fiberglass is extremely useful in workplace and residential applications,
but it should be treated with care to avoid some of its irritating properties.
In the future more scientific studies will be conducted to determine if there
are truly any far reaching health effects. For now, safe handling and work
practices will go a long way toward insuring a safe and healthy treatment of
fiberglass.
In the strictest sense, fiberglass is a trademarked product of the
Owens Corning company, invented in 1938 and marketed as a home
insulation product (Fiberglas). While home insulation remains one of the
most common applications of fiberglass, the name itself has become a
generic term for any material containing thin fibers of glass formed into a
woven layer or used as reinforcement.
The 'glass' in fiberglass is the same basic substance used in windows and
glassware. Molten glass is extruded through ultra fine openings measured
in microns, resulting in thread-like formations which can be woven
together to form a rough cloth or patch. Different resins can then be added
)
to this fiberglass material, allowing it to be formed and pressed into molds.
The result is a heat-resistant, lightweight fiberglass panel ideal for
electronic circuit boards or support structures for complex machinery.
Fiberglass mixed with resins can also be used to form the shell of
racing cars or other custom designs. Repairs can be made with
a commercial product called Bondo, which is essentially a fiberglass tape
mixed with a quick-curing resin. Fiberglass used for car body work can be
sanded smooth and painted to match the rest of the vehicle. Fiberglass may
not have the inherent tensile strength of steel, but a skilled auto body
repairman can often match the section repaired with fiberglass and resin
seamlessly with the rest of the car.
A.3
A.3-1. Elasticity Equations in Terms of Displacement :
Let Stress-Strain relations (Hook's low)
2
ij ij ij mm
e e + ,
mm xx yy zz
e e e e + + ,
have to be substituted in the equation of equilibrium (2.2.9) to get

2
( ) 0
mm
i i
i
e
u F
x

+ + +
, (3.1)
where

, ,
2
ij i j j i
e u u + ,
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
x y z

+ +

.
Here, and are called Lames constants. If we substitute
, ,
2
ij i j j i
e u u + and
,
. , . ,
mm m m
e u u u div u we write (3.1) as

2
( ) . 0
i i
u u F + + + . (3.2)
Also, the equations of elasticity in terms of stresses are
2
, ,
1
, . ( )
1 1
ij ij ij i j j i
v
F F F
v v

+ +
+
, (3.3)
where
11 22 33
,
i
F + + are body force components.
A.3-2. Definitions of J acobi's Polynomials and other Relations :
The Jacobi polynomials constitute the unique solution of the differential
( Hypergeometric) equation
2
(1 ) [ ( 2) ] ( 1) 0 x y x y n n y + + + + + + + . (3.4)
The general solution of Eq.(3.4) is given by
*
( , ) ( )
1 2
( ) ( )
n n
y c P x c Q x
+
+ , (3.5)
where
( , )
( )
n
P x

and
( , )
( )
n
Q x

are called respectively Jacobi's polynomials
of the first and second kind .
The Jacobi polynomials
( , )
( )
n
P x

and
( , )
( )
n
Q x

are defined by
( , )
( 1)
( ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) ,
2 !
n n
n n
n n n
d
P x x x x x
n dx
+ +
1 + +
]
(3.6)

0
1
( 1) ( 1)
2
n
n m m
n
m
n n
x x
m n m

+ +
_ _
+

, ,
,
and
1
( , )
( , )
1
1 (1 ) (1 ) ( )
( ) , ( , 1).
2( 1) ( 1)
n
n
t t P t
Q z dz z x i x
z z t z

+
t >
+
(3.7)
Also, we can defined the Jacobi polynomials as
(i)
( , )
0
( 1) ( 1) 1 1
( )
( 1) ( 1)( )! ! 2 2
r n r
n
n
r
n n x x
P x
r n r n r r

+ + + + + _ _

+ + + +
, ,
.
(ii)
( , )
0
( 1) ( 1) 1
( )
( 1) ( 1)( )! ! 2
r
n
n
r
n n r x
P x
r n n r r

+ + + + + + _

+ + + + +
,
.
(iii)
( , )
0
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 1
( )
( 1) ( 1)( )! ! 2
r
n r
n
n
r
n n r x
P x
r n n r r

+ + + + + + + _

+ + + + +
,
,
and
(iv)
( , ) ( , ) 1
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( ) 2 cos( )
2sin( ) ( 1)
n n
n
Q x P x
n

+
+ +
+
+ + +

1
(1 ) (1 ) ( 1, ;1 ; ), ( 1 1)
2
x
x x F n n x

+ + < < .
For the Jacobi polynomial we can establish the following:
(i) Gegenbaur polynomial
1 1
( , )
2 2
1
( ) ( 2 )
2
( ) ( )
1
(2 ) ( )
2
n n
n
C x P x
n
+
+ +
+ +

.
(ii) Legendre polynomial
(0,0)
( ) ( )
n n
P x P x .
(iii) Laguerre polynomial
( , )
2
( ) lim (1 )
n n
x
L x P

.
+
(iv) Herimte polynomial
/ 2
( ) !lim ( / ).
n
n n
H x n C x

(v) Chebyshev polynomial
1 1
2 2
2 2
( , ) 2 ( !)
( ) ( ) .
(2 )!
n
n n
n
T x P x
n

(vi) Hypergeometric
( , )
( 1 ) 1
( ) ( 1, ;1 ; )
! (1 ) 2
n
n x
P x F n n
n

+ +
+ + + +
+
.
The Jacobi polynomials satisfy the following orthogonal relation
1 1
( , ) ( , )
,
1
2 ( 1) ( 1)
(1 ) (1 ) ( ) ( ) .
(2 1) ! ( 1)
n m n m
n n
x x P x P x dx
n n n

+ +
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + +
. (3.8)
Recurrence relations of Jacobi polynomials :
1.
( , ) ( , )
( ) ( 1) ( ).
n
n n
P x P x

2.
( , )
1
2( 1)( 1)(2 ) ( ) (2 1)[(2 )
n
n n n P x n n

+
+ + + + + + + + + + +
2 2 ( , ) ( , )
1
(2 2) ] ( ) 2( )( )(2 2) ( ).
n n
n x P x n n n P x

+ + + + + + + + +
3.
2 ( , ) ( , )
(2 )(1 ) ( ) [( ) (2 ) ] ( )
n n
d
n x P x n n x P x
dx

+ + + + +

( , )
1
2( )( ) ( )
n
n n P x

+ + + .
4.
( , ) ( , )
1 ( 1)
[ ( )] ( ), [ 1, 2,..., ].
2 ( 1)
m
m m
n n m m m
d n m
P x P x m n
dx n

+ +
+ + + +

+ + +

5.
( 1, ) ( , ) ( , )
1
1 1
( 1)(1 ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ).
2 2
n n n
n x P x n P x n P x

+
+
+ + + + + +
6.
( 1, ) ( , ) ( , )
1
1 1
( 1)(1 ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( )
2 2
n n n
n x P x n P x n P x

+
+
+ + + + + + + + .
7.
( 1, ) ( , 1) ( , )
(1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) 2 ( )
n n n
x P x x P x P x
+ +
+ + .
8.
( 1, ) ( , ) ( , )
1
( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
n P x n P x n P x

+ + + + + .
9.
( 1, ) ( , ) ( , )
1
(2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
n P x n P x n P x

+ + + + + + .
10.
( , 1) ( 1, ) ( , )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
P x P x P x

.
A.3-3. Definitions of Chebyshev Polynomials and other Relations :
The first kind Chebyshev polynomials of degree n is defined by
(i)
1
( ) cos( cos ), 0,1, 2,3,...
n
T x n x n
.
"
(ii)
2
2
2
0
!(1 )
( ) ( 1)
(2 )!( 2 )!
n
r
r n r
n
r
n x
T x x
r n r
1
1
]
,
and it's weight function
2
1
( ) .
1
x
x

Also, we define the relation
(iii)
1
1
sin[( 1)cos ]
( ) , 0,1, 2, 3,...
sincos
n
n x
U x n
x
+
,
as the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind, and it is weight function
is
2
( ) 1 x x .
One can easily prove the following relations
( )
| |
` `
1 1
1 1
2
0
1
(1) ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )].
2
( ) ( )
(2) 2 ( ), 0,1.
1 1
(3) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 0, 1.
1
(4) ( ) ( ).
2
m n m n m n
n n
n
n n n
k
k k
n j n k j k
j
T x T x T x T x
T x T x
T x n
n n
T x T x T x m
x T x T x
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

1 1 1
1 1 1
2 `
1
1 1
`
2 1 2
1
`
2 1 0
1
(5) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
(6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
(7) (1 ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ).
(8) ( ) ( ) ( ).
(9) ( ) 4 ( ).
(10) ( ) (2 1)[ ( ) 2
n j j n n j
n j j n n j
n n n
n n n
n
n j
j
n
n
j
U x T x U x T x U x
U x T x U x T x U x
x U x n U x nxU x
T x xU x U x
T x n T x
T x n T x

+ +
+
+
+ +
2
( )].
j
T x

(11) ( ) ( 1) ( ).
n
n n
T x T x
(12)
2
2 4 2
1 ( )
( ) ( ) ... ( ) , 0,1,...
2 2
k
k
U x
T x T x T x k + + + .
(13)
2 1
1 3 2 1
( )
( ) ( ) ... ( ) , 0,1,...
2
k
k
U x
T x T x T x k
+
+
+ + .
(14)
1
( ) ( ) ( ).
n n n
d
T x T x nU x
dx

%#
(15) The Chebyshev polynomials satisfy the following orthogonal relation
1
2
1
0,
( ) ( )
, 0
2
1
, 0.
m n
n m
T x T x
dx n m
x
n m

'

A.4
A.4-1. SomeProperties and Relations for theLegendrePolynomials :
The differential equation of Legendre takes the form

0 2 ) 1 (
2
2
2
+ ky
dx
dy
x
dx
y d
x
. (4.1)
The solution of this equation for all ] 1 , 1 [ x is
2
2
0
2
(2 2 )!
( ) ( 1) ,
2 !( )!( 2 )! 2
1
( 1)
2
n
n r
r
n n
r
n
n even
n r x n
P x
r n r n r
n n odd
1
1

]
1

'
1

]

(4.2)
The Legendre polynomials may be take the following different forms
(i)
2
1
( ) ( 1)
2 !
n
n
n n n
d
P x x
n dx
.
(ii)
2
0
1
( ) { 1cos } .
n
n
P x x x d

(iii)
+ 0
2
) (
2 1
1
n
n
n
x P t
t tx
, | | 1 ,| | 1 x t < .
Orthogonal Relation :
The Legendre polynomials satisfy the following orthogonal relation
1
1
0
2
( ) ( ) ,
1 2 1
n m nm nm
n m
P x P x dx
n m n

'
+

(4.3)
Also, we represent some important theorems of Legendre polynomials
1
2
1
( ), 2 1
( ), 2 2
1 ( )
m
n
n
P x m n
d
xP x m n
x
'
+

(4.4)
where ( )
n
P x is Legendre polynomial of the first kind and is defined by
%!
2 2
0
(2 1)!
( )
(2 )!
n
n k
n
k
k
P x x
k

. (4.5)
Also,
1 2
1
, 0
1
( ), 2 1
( ) 2 2
m
n
n
x m
d Q x m n
x
xQ x m n

+
'

where ( )
n
Q x is Legendre polynomial of the second kind and is defined by
2 2 2 2
2
(2 1)!
( )
(2 2)!
n
n n k
n
k
k
Q x x x
k
+
+
+
. (4.6)
Also, the reader can be establishing the following recurrence relations:
(a)
1
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
xP x P x nP x
.
(b)
1 1
( ) ( ) (2 1) ( )
n n n
P x P x n P x
+
+ .
(c) ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1
x P n x nxP x P n x P x xP
n n n n n +
+ + .
Also, we define the associated Legender polynomials as

2
( ) (1 ) ( )
2
m
m
n n m
m d
P x x P x
dx
, (4.7)
with the orthogonal relation
1
1
0
2( )!
( ) ( ) ,
(2 1)( )!
1
m m
n k nk nk
n k
n m
P x P x dx
n n m
n k

+

'
+
(4.8)
A.4-2 TheSumudu Transform:
The Sumudu transform is a new integral transform (see Watugala [83]),
which is a little known and not widely used whose defined for the functions
of exponential order. So we consider functions in the set A, defined by
1
{ ( )| , , A f t M and/or
2
0, > such that
| |/
| ( ) | ,
j
t r
f t Me < if ( 1) [0, )}
j
t .
(4.9)
For a given function in the set A, the constant M must be finite, while
1

and
2
need not simultaneously exist, and each may be infinite. Instead of
being used as a power to the exponential as in the case of the Laplace
transform, the variable u in the Sumudu transform is used to factor the
variable t in the argument of the function f. Specifically, for ( ) f t in A, the
Sumudu transform is defined by
%
( ) , 0
2
0
( ) , 0.
1
0
( ) [ ( )]
t
f ut e dt u
t
f ut e dt u
G u S f t
'
(4.10)
Albeit similar in expression, the two parts in the previous definition arise
because in the domain of f, the variable t may not change sign. For further
details and properties of Sumudu transform we refer to Belgasem [82] and
Watugala [83].
TheSumudu transforms of derivatives :
Let ( ) f t A and let ( ) F x ,( ( ) f t ) the Laplace transform of ( ) f t with
respect to s, and let ( ) [ ( )] G u S f t , then

(1/ )
( )
G s
F s
s
,
(1/ )
( )
F u
G u
u
. (4.11)
Being a restatement of the duality relation (4.11) will serve as our working
definition throughout the paper. Since the Laplace transform of sint is
2
1/(1 ) s + , then in view of (4.11), its Sumudu transform is

2
[sin ] ,
1
u
S t
u
+
(4.12)
which is the Laplace transform of cost (with u = s). This exemplifies the
duality between these two transforms, and hence emphasizes the
importance of the Sumudu transform.
Obviously, the Sumudu transform is linear since the Laplace
transform is. The next few theorems are designed to illustrate how the
Sumudu transform behaves with derivatives and antiderivatives.
Theorem4.1:
Let
1
( ) F u and
1
( ) G u be the Laplace and the Sumudu transforms of the
derivative of ( )( ) f t A , then

1
( ) (0)
( )
G u f
G u
u
. (4.13)
Proof : Since the Laplace transform of the derivative of ( ) f t is

1
( ) ( ) (0) F s sF s f ,
then
%%

1
1
(1/ ) (1/ ) (0)
( )
F u F u u f
G u
u u

,
or

1
( ) (0)
( )
G u f
G u
u
.
Clearly, from (4.12) being the derivative of sin t, relation (4.13)
prescribes the expected Sumudu transform for cos t:

2
1
[cos ]
1
S t
u
+
. (4.14)
Theorem.4.2:
Let 1 n , and let ( )
n
G u and ( )
n
F u be the Sumudu and Laplace transfer of
the nth derivative of
( )
( )
n
f t , of the function ( ) f t , respectively. Then
( )
1
0
( ) (0)
( )
k
n
n n n k
k
G u f
G u
u u
. (4.15)
Proof:
By definition, the Laplace transform for
( )
( )
n
f t is given by

1
( 1) ( )
0
( ) ( ) (0)
n
n k k n
n
k
F s s F u s f
. (4.16)
Therefore,

( )
1
( 1)
0
1
( )
1 (0)
( )
k
n
n n k n
k
F
f
u
F
u u u
.
Now, since ( ) (1/ ) /
k k
G u F u u , for 0 k m , we have

( )
1 1
( )
0 0
( ) (0) 1
( ) ( ) (0)
k
n n
k k
n n n k n
k k
G u f
G u G u u f
u u u

1
1
]

. (4.17)
In particular, this means that the Sumudu transform of the second
derivative of the function f is given by

2 2 2
(0) (0) ( )
( )
f f
u u
G u
G u
u

. (4.18)

%'
Table 1: The Sumudu transform properties
Formula Comment
1 2
0
( ) ( ( )) ( ) , G u S f t f ut e dt u
< <

Definition of Sumudu transform
for f A
(1/ )
( )
F u
G u
u
and
(1/ )
( )
G s
F s
s

Duality with Laplace transform
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )] S af t bg t aS f t bS g t + +
Linearity property
1
2 2 2
( 1)
( )
( ) (0) ( ) (0)
( ) [ ( )]
( ) (0) (0)
( ) [ ( )]
( ) (0) (0)
( ) [ ( )]
n
n
n n n
G u f G u f
G t S f t
u u u
G u f f
G u S f t
u u u
G u f f
G u S f t
u u u

"

Sumudu transform of an
Function derivatives
0
( ) ( )
t
S f d uG u
1
1
]

First-scale preserving theorem
( ) ( ) df t dG u
S t u
dt du
_

,

Second-scale preserving theorem
1
[ ( )]
1 1
at
u
S e f t G
au au
_

,

First shifting theorem
/
[ ( ) ( )] ( )
a u
S f t a H t a e G u
Second shifting theorem

1
0 0
1 1
( ) ( )
t
S f d f v dv
t u

1
1
]

Average preserving theorem
0
( * ) ( ( ) ( ( ));
( * )( ) ( ) ( )
t
S f g uS f t S g t
f g t f g t d

Sumudu convolution theorem

Table 2 Sumudu Transforms of some functions.

( ) f t ( ) ( ( )) G u S f t
1 1 1
2 t u
3
1
1, 2,...
( 1)!
n
t
n
n

1 n
u

4
1
t

1
u

5
2
t

u
%(
7
m
e
1
1 au

8
at
te
2
(1 )
u
au

9 1
1
, 1, 2,...
( 1)!
n nt
t e n
n

1
(1 )
n
n
u
au

10 1
1
, 0
( )
k at
t e k
k

>

1
(1 )
k
k
u
au

11
1
( ),
( )
at bt
e e a b
a b

(1 )(1 )
u
au bu

13
1
sin t

2 2
1
u
u +

14 cos t
2 2
1
1 u +

15
1
sinhat
a

2 2
1
u
a u

16 coshat
2 2
1
1 a u

17
1
sin
at
e t

2 2 2
(1 )
u
au u +

18 cos
at
e t
2 2 2
1
(1 )
au
au u
+

19
2
1
(1 cos ) t

2
2 2
1
u
u +

20
3
1
( sin ) t t

3
2 2
1
u
u +

21
3
1
(sin cos )
2
t t t

3
2 2 2
(1 )
u
u +

22
sin
2
t
t

2
2 2 2
(1 )
u
u +

24 2 2
2 2
1
(cos cos ), ( ) at bt a b
b a

2
2 2 2 2
(1 )(1 )
u
a u b u + +

26
2
1
sin sinh
2
kt kt
k

2
4 4
1 4
u
k u +

27
3
1
(sinh sin )
2
kt kt
k

3
4 4
1
u
k u

%)
A.4-3. TheTrzaskas Method :
Trzask$s method consists to compute the inverse of regular matrix
0
( ) M s sA A which called the linear matrix pencil see Campbell [91]
where only
0
A is singular or both
0
A and A are singular. Nonsingular
systems are considered as a particular case of singular systems.
We expand the linear matrix pencil inverse as follows:

1
1 2 1
1 2 1
( )
( ) ...
( )
n
n
n
D s P P P
M s P
d s s p s p s p
+ + + +

, (4.19)
where ( ) det ( ) d s M s and ( ) adj ( ) D s M s denote the determinant and
the adjoint matrix of regular matrix pencil ( ) M s respectively, and
1 2
, ,...,
n
P P P called the partial matrices.
To develop an efficient formula for the determination of the matrix
( ) D s and characteristic polynomial ( ), d s we apply the Cayley-Hamilton
theorem to ( ) M s so that we have

1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
n n
n n
M s a s M s a s M s a s I
+ + + + , (4.20)
where I and 0 denote the n n unit matrix and zero matrix respectively.
It follows from Eq. (4.20) that

1
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ( )
( )
n n
n
n
I M s a s M s a s M s
a s

1
]
+ + + . (4.21)
Premultiplying both sides of Eq. (4.21) by
1
( ), M s
gives
1 1 2
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
( )
n n
n
n
M s M s a s M s a s I
a s

1
]
+ + + . (4.22)
This equation states that the inverse of the linear matrix pencil ( ) M s
can be expressed in terms of its successive integer powers of
( 1, 2,..., ) n k k n orders premutiplied by the corresponding coefficients
1
( ), ( ) 1
k o
a s a s
. The coefficients ( ), ( 0,1,..., ) a s k n can be represented

in the following form

1
, , 1 ,1 ,0
( ) ...
k k
k k k k k k k
a s a s a s a s a
+ + + + , (4.23)
where
, k l
a are real numbers with 0,1,..., l k , such that
1
, , . ,
1
1
, 1, 2,...,
k
k k k k l l k l k l
l
trace M a M k n
k
a

1
1
]
+
. (4.24)
%*
1
,0 ,0 .0 1,
1
1
, 1, 2,...,
k
k k l k l
l
trace M a M k n
k
a

1
1
1
]
+
. (4.25)
1,
1,
1
, , , .
1
, 1, 2,...,
h j h
q r q
k
q r k l k l h j
trace M a M k n
k
a
<
<
1
1
1
1
]
+
, (4.26)
with h q k + and 1 . j r k + <
The matrix
, k l
M will be compute by using the Matrix Pascal Triangle (see
Rivlin [85]).
For example, the coefficients of the polynomials
3
( ) a s can be
computed by applying the above rules as follows:
3,3 3,3 1,1 2,2 2,2 1,1
1
3
trace M a M a M a
1
+
]
+ . (4.27)
3,2 3,2 1,0 2,2 1,1 2,1 2,1 1,1 2,2 1,0
1
3
trace M a M a M a M a M a
1
+ + +
]
+ . (4.28)
3,1 3,1 1,0 2,1 1,1 2,0 2,0 1,1 2,1 1,0
1
3
trace M a M a M a M a M a
1
+ + +
]
+ . (4.29)
3,0 3,0 1,0 2,0 2,0 1,0
1
3
trace M a M a M a
1
+
]
+ . (4.30)
Moreover the kth power of the linear matrix pencil ( ) M s can be
expressed in the following manner

1
, , 1 ,1 ,0
( ) ...
k k k
k k k k k k
M s s M s M sM M
+ + + + . (4.31)
Tacking into account Eqs. (4.23) and (4.24), we can state that
1 2
1 2 1 0
( ) ...
n n
n n
d s s D s D sD D

+ + + + , (4.32)
and ( 0,1, 2,..., 1)
k
D k n is a n n constant matrix determined by

1,
1,
1
, 1, ,
h j h
q r q
k
q r k n k h j
D M a M
<
<
+

, (4.33)
with 0,1, 2..., 1 k n and . h q k +
The partial matrices
1 2
, ,...,
n
P P P in expression (4.19) are independent of s
and are expressed by

1 2
1 2 1 0
...
n n
n n k k k k k
P q p D p D p D D

1
]
+ + + + , (4.34)
where
%+

1
( )
n k k
q a p

1
]
# with 1, 2,..., 1 k n , (4.35)
and
( ) ( )
k
n n k
s p
d
a p a s
ds

1
1
]
. (4.36)
Thus knowing ( ) D s and ( ) d s we can easily find the matrices
1 2
, ,...,
n
P P P .
For , k n we have

1 n n
P D

. (4.37)
Thus, for all matrices,
1 2
, ...,
n
P P P we give the following fundamental
equation:
1
1 1
1 1
0
1 2 2
2 2 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
0
0
. .
.. .
. .
.. .
. .0
.
0
n
n
n
n
n n
n n
q P
I p I p I
D
P q
I p I p I D
D
I p I p I
P q

1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
]
1 ] 1
] ]
"
"
"
"
(4.38)
or in more compact form

1
1
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ],
n
k
P diag q V D
(4.39)
where [V] denotes the Kronecker product of the Vandermonde and unit
matrices of appropriate dimensions. For further details we refer to
Rivlin [85].
Examples
(1): Consider the matrices

1 0 0 2 1 0
0 0 0 , 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
o
A A
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]
.
the linear matrix pencil ( )
o
M s sA A (is regular).

2 1
2 1 0
3
1
1
( )
( ) s D s D D
a s
M s
1
]
+ + ,
where

3 2
3 3,3 3,2 3,1 3,0
. ( ) s a s a s a a s a + + +
Applying (4.28) and the rule of the Matrix Pascal Triangle we obtain
%"

2 2,2 1,1 2,2
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
D M a a I
1
1
1
1
]
+ + ,

1,0 1,1 2,1 1 2,1 1,1 1,0
1 1 0
0 2 1
0 1 1
M M a D M a a I
1
1
1
1
]
+ + + ,

1,0 0 2,0 1,0 2,0
1 0 0
1 0 2
1 1 2
M D M a a I
1
1
1
1
]
+ +

,
and

3,3 3,2 3,1 3,0
0, 1, 3, 1 a a a a .
So that
2
3
( ) 3 1 ( ). s s d s a s +
Evaluating the zeros of
3
( ), a s we obtain
1
1
(3 5)
2
P + and
2
1
(3 5)
2
P . Now using expression (4.33), we obtain the following
partial fraction expansion of the linear matrix pencil inverse:

1
1 2
3
1 2
( )
P P
M s P
s p s p
+ +

,
where by Eq. (4.38), we have

2
1 1 1 1
1
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
0
o
I p I
P q
I p I
D
D
P q I p
D
I p
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 ] ]
]
1
]

'#

1 5 3 5
1
2 2 2 2
1 5 1 5
1
2 2 2 2
1 5 1 5
1
2 2 2 2
1 5 3 5
1
2 2 2 2
1 5 1 5
1
2 2 2 2
1 5 1 5
1
2 2 2 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

+ +

+ +

" " "

and

3
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
P
1
1
1
1
]

.
(2): This example deals with a singular system with the following singular
matrices A and B.
,
1 2 1 1
2 4 3 3
A B
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]
.
The matrix pencil takes the form

1 2 1 1
( )
2 4 3 3
M s s
1 1
1 1
] ]
.
This matrix pencil is regular, so that by applying (4.23), (4.24), (4.25),
(4.26) and (4.22) we obtain

2
( ) a s s , and
1
1
2
( )
P
M s P
s
+ ,
where

1
3 1
3 1
P
1
1
]
and
2
.
4 2
2 1
P
1
1
]

(3) : Consider the nonsingular system where
'!

, .
3 1 1
2 0 1
1 1 2
A I B
1
1
1
1
]

The matrix pencil takes the form

( )
1 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 2 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 2
M s s
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
,
so that

1 2
1 2 3
1 2
2 1 0
1
( )
( )
P
P P
s p s p s p
M s s D sD D
d s
1
]
+ +

+ + ,
where
3,1 3,0
3
3 3,3
( ) ( ) s s a d s a s a a + + , applying (4.23), we obtain

3,3 3,2 3,1 3,0
1, 5, 8, 4. a a a a
Evaluating the zeros of
3 2 2
3 3
( ) 5 8 4 0 ( ) ( 1)( 4 4) 0 a s s s s a s s s s + + +
2 3 1 2 3 1
1, so 2 and 1 2; s p p p a s .
2 2,2 1,1 1,1 2,2
1 0 0
0 1 0 ,
0 0 1
D M a M a I
1
1
1
1
]
+ +

1,1 2,0 1 2,1 1,1 1,0 1,0
,
2 1 1
2 5 1
1 1 3
M a D M a M a I
1
1
1
1
]
+

+ +

0 2,0 1,0 1,0 2,0
.
1 1 1
3 5 1
2 2 2
D M a M a I
1
1
1
1
]
+

We compute the partial fraction matrices
1 2
, P P and
3
P by expression
(4.39), we get
1 2 3
, , .
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
P P P
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]


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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of Higher Education

z z is exist for plane strain

are increase as the radius

for all materials are discussed as:

at the same various values of a and b, for all

are decreases. Therefore, the minus sign means that the

are represented in the Tables (1-2) and (1-3) as:

, 1.41 E . Also, for 10 a , 30 b and 26 r ,

< increase when the value of E

rr is less than the maximum value of

zz corresponding to the values / 2, 4,8,12,16, 20 b a , where

is less than the minimum value of

zz means that the heat is propagation out the solid elasticity

for plane stress are larger than the resultant

for plane stress equal to 0.835602 and 0.263097,

zz equal 0.375102, 0.11683 and

z z , decrease and the opposite is

and axial stress

zz , are less than the values of

zz that obtained in Tables (1-6) and (1-7). Moreover,

zz decrease when the values of / b a increase, where the

from Eq. (2.4.13), and introducing the

are badly behaved and well behaved functions

represents the approximate solution of

< , the integral operator of (3.3.9) is bounded.

< , V is a contraction operator.

, (z is small constant). (3.4.9)

! . Hence, by Banach fixed

! , it is convenient to consider the following theorem.

! of the system (3.2.12).

By using condition (v), we find

By taking the maximum over t, we have

! , under the conditions (vi) and (iv) and the

satisfies Eq. (3.2.29), hence

! . Then, the sequence of

In view of the condition (vii), we find

also, for the nonlinear

, 0,1, 2,..., i n . (4.4.7)

, (P is known constant or may be zero). (4.6.10)

of degree j (see appendix (A.3-2)) and the function g (y) can be

, 1,..., r n K , K = -1, 0, 1 and

, the first part of (4.6.49) follows from

, 1 1 x < < , (4.6.67)

, ( 1 1) x < < , (4.7.12)

Also, from (4.7.12) to (4.7.18) it is seen that, since

, the LAS of Eq. (4.7.34) has a unique solution in

that corresponding to the value of Poison ratio

, (0 ; 1). t T x < (4.8.19)

! , with ih fixed. (5.5.13)

(see Trazaska [84])

, (on C). (2.5)

+ , (on C). (2.13)

Second shifting theorem

. The coefficients ( ), ( 0,1,..., ) a s k n can be represented

" " "

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