Globalization

Describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have
become integrated through a globe-spanning network of exchange. The term is
sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national
economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment,
capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually
recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural,
political, and biological factors the term can also refer to the transnational dissemination
of ideas, languages, or popular culture.

Modern globalization
Globalization, since World War II, is largely the result of planning by politicians to break
down borders hampering trade to increase prosperity and interdependence thereby
decreasing the chance of future war. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference, an
agreement by the world's leading politicians to lay down the framework for international
commerce and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to
oversee the processes of globalization.

These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund. Globalization has been
facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade
negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT), which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free
trade.

Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered
through international agreements — GATT. Particular initiatives carried out as a result of
GATT and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for which GATT is the foundation,
have included:

• Promotion of free trade:

o elimination of tariffs; creation of free trade zones with small or no tariffs
o Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting from development of
containerization for ocean shipping.
o Reduction or elimination of capital controls
o Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses
o Creation of subsidies for global corporations
o Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of states,
with more restrictions
o Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents
granted by China would be recognized in the United States)
Cultural globalization, driven by communication technology and the worldwide
marketing of Western cultural industries, was understood at first as a process of
homogenization, as the global domination of American culture at the expense of
traditional diversity. However, a contrasting trend soon became evident in the emergence
of movements protesting against globalization and giving new momentum to the defense
of local uniqueness, individuality, and identity, but largely without success. The Uruguay
Round (1986 to 1994) led to a treaty to create the WTO to mediate trade disputes and set
up a uniform platform of trading. Other bilateral and multilateral trade agreements,
including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and
barriers to trade.

World exports rose from 8.5% in 1970, to 16.1% of total gross world product in 2001.
(Broken lnk)

Economic globalization
Can be defined as the process of increasing economic integration between two countries,
leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market. Depending on
the paradigm, globalization can be viewed as both a positive and a negative phenomenon.

Whilst economic globalization has been occurring for the last several thousand years
(since the emergence of trans-national trade), it has begun to occur at an increased rate
over the last 20-30 years. This recent boom has been largely accounted by developed
economies integrating with less developed economies, by means of foreign direct
investment, the reduction of trade barriers, and the modernization of these developing
cultures.

Economic Impacts of Globalization

The term “Globalization” has been used extensively by media and academics in recent
years. The term describers the process of creating networks of connections through a
variety of flows of information, people, capital goods and technology.
In economics, globalization engages in various aspects of cross-border transactions, free
international capital flows, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and rapid and
widespread diffusion of technology.

Proponents of globalization argue that it enhances economic prosperity and leads to more
efficient allocation of resources, which, in turn will result in higher output, more
employment, lower prices and higher standard of living. However, some critics worry
about the resulting outsourcing and off shoring, which have destroyed the American
manufacturing sector.

To shed some light into the debate over the issues around globalization, this research
project will explore the impacts of globalization on economic growth and employment. It
will also look into the causal links between globalization and economic freedom and
corruption.

Specifically, the first purpose of this study is to examine the impact of globalization on
economic growth. A regression analysis will be conducted, using the growth rate of per
capita GDP as dependent variable. The independent variable will be the index of
globalization compiled by the Swiss Think Tank KOF. The index measures the three
main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political.

Next, this study will investigate the relationship between globalization and economic
freedom. It has been perceived that economic freedom promotes globalization. For the
purpose of this study, the Index of Economic Freedom, prepared by the Heritage
Foundation and the Wall Street Journal, will be used as independent variable. Using
statistical data from organizations, such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund
and the Economist Intelligence Unit, the Index scores nations on the following ten factors
of economic freedom: business, trade, fiscal, freedom from government, monetary,
investment, financial, property rights, freedom from corruption, and labor. Some factors
in the Index, such as business freedom, trade freedom and investment freedom are
essential elements of globalization. It is, therefore, expected that economic freedom
would be highly correlated with globalization.

Third, it has been established that corruption has an adverse impact on economic growth.
This study will use the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), compiled by the Berlin-based
organization Transparency International, to analyze the impact of corruption on
globalization. Corruption is defined by the Transparency International as the abuse of the
public office for private gain. The Index is used to measure the degree to which
corruption is perceived to exist among a country’s public officials and politicians.