Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast A famous cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American

political cartooning. His artwoork was based primarily on political coruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians. Famously, Nasts cartoons were so powerful, he aided in the exploitation of Political Machine, Boss Tweed. Horace Greely An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder fo the republican party, reformer and politican. He helped support reform movemends and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper. Roscoe Conkling A politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the US Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought taht the killing of Garfield was done in Conklings behest. James G. Blaine A US representative speaker of the United States House of Representatives, US Senator from Maine and two-time US Secretary of State. He funded Bates College. He helped install the Blaine Amendments. Samuel Tilden Democratic nominee for president in 1876. But lost to Hayes. He was the judge who tried and convicted Boss Tweed, thus becoming popular. Charles J. Guiteau A US lawyer and a stalwart. He killed Garfield and led to people thinking that Conkling Killed Garfield. He was hung to death. Hard or Sound Money Supported by the wealthy business men (republicans) It would decrease the amount of money in circulation and would be backed entirely by gold which was much harder to aquire than silver. It favorted high tarrifs Gilded Age The time of economic growth, the second indsutrial revolution, urbanization, immigration, and political/economic corruption. It included the era of forgotten presidents (Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Harrison) Congress and Business were more important and infulential than the presidency during this time. It was the most highly competitive political time in US history.

Bloody-Shirt Remembering the civil war and what happened. It refers to the demagotic practice of politicians using sectionalist animaosities of the American civil wwar to gain election in the post antibellum north from 1860s to the 1880s. Tweed Ring The corrupt part of Tammany Hall in NYC that Samuel J.Tilden, the reform gov. of NY had been instrumental in overthrowing. Credit Mobilier Scandal This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction companys stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the union pacific railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. to avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and vice president. Whiskey Ring 1874-1875; robbed the treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues; president grant said let no guilty man escape but then pardoned his own guilty secretary. Resumption Act In 1879, Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value. Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation. Crime of '73 The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the US Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and demoenetized silver. US set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime. Bland-Allison Act A US law enacted in response to the Fourht Coinage Act that demonetized silver. It was an attempt to bring back silver because gold was the only metalic standard before this act. Half-Breed Term of disparagement ginned-up by the Stalwarts, was applied to the moderate faction of the Republican Party. They backed Hayes; Lenient treatment of the south and supported moderate civil service reform. James G. Blaine of Maine was the leader of this group, but failed to win the party nomination in 1876 and 1880. James a Garfield was also affiliated with them. Compromise of 1877 Ended Military reconstruction in the south. Republicans promised the removal of the military in the south, appointed a democrat to a cabinet

position (David Key postmaster general) and offered federal money for the railroad construction and levees on the Mississippi river. Civil Service Reform Recognized that many high level positions in the civil service have important policy making responsibilities and the president and his cabinet officers ought to have more flexibility in recruiting, assigning and paying such people. Pendleton Act The extent to which appointed the bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies taht are not spelled out in advance by laws. "Billion Dollar" Congress 51st congress; held by Harrison; responsible for passing the Land Revision act of 1891 which created the national forests. Harrison authorized Americas first forest reserve in Yellowstone, Wyoming in the smae year. Its lavish spending incited drastic reversals in public support that led to Clevelands re election in 1892. Other important legislation passed into law by the congress included the mckinley tarrif, authorized by rep. William McKinley; The sherman antitrust act which prhibited business combinations that restricted trade; and the sherman silver purchase act, which required the US Gov. to mint silver. Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? General Grant was not good presidentially, but he won because of his Military accomplishments in the Civil War. Republicans wanted a war hero to continue the Military reconstruction in the south. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. The quote described the corrupt nature of scam ridden finance and bribery politics in the post-war era. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould tried to bribe Grant to stop Treasury selling of gold to increase the prices of gold, but treasury did anyway. The Tweed ring, led by Boss Tweed, ruled NY and bribed several government officials to continue crime. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? They were disguised by military reconstruction under Grant admin; He wasnt an ideal candidate because he had insulted the Democratic party, thus jeopardizing his candidacy. Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Debtors supported greenbacks because they would cause inflation and make debt easier to pay and miners who had struck silver wanted silver. Creditors opposed to them and supported them and supported deflationary policies taht would make the credits more profitable to them. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? Fierce competition can be attributed to sectionalism, old civil war rivalry and differences in moral opinion (often traced to differences in religion). The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? In the election, Tilden won the popular vote, but was 1 vote shy from winning the Electoral College. The determining electoral votes would come from 3 states: Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida who had each sent two sets of ballots to Congress, one with Dem. victorious and the other with the Rep. victorious; there was no winner in these states. It was necessary to find the true political party winner of the states because the president of the senate

was a rep. and the speaker of the house was a dem. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? It ended racial equality, allowed for the passing of Jim Crow laws and left he blacks disenfranchised. Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislatorspass something that will get me reelected. 2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out. Chapter #23.2 Identifications James A. Garfield He was the 20th president with Chester Arthur as his vice president. Due to opposition in government, he was shot after only a couple of months of being in office. Chester A. Arthur Arthur was Garfields vice president who was assassinated. Chester followed and became president. He was known to be corrupted and heavily involved in the spoils system as he was once the customs collector for the port of New York. Charles J. Guiteau Guiteau assassinated President Garfield to make his point about civil service reform. He truly thought that the Republican Party did not fulfill his promise to give him a government job. Grover Cleveland He was Democratic president who managed the Interstate Commerce Commission and employed in civil service reform. He put down strikes, fought unlawful corruption, and vetoed unnecessary bills. Resumption Act Greenbacks were said to be redeemable for gold by Congress but no one wanted to redeem them. Paper money was preferred over gold, they still remained and it helped with the economic depression.

Crime of '73 The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and which praised the gold standard and demonetized silver. The United States set the specie standard in gold and not silver. Miners believed that this was a crime. Bland-Allison Act It was an 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices. Half-Breed Lead by James Blane, a half-breed was a pretty much a republican political machine. The half-breeds pushed republican ideals and were almost a separate group that existed within the Republican party. Mugwump This was a group of Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They wanted to change parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate, James Blaine. Pendleton Act of 1833 Thi was a 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons Thomas B. Reed Also thought of and known as the Czar, he was a powerful and intense Speaker of the House which oversaw the first billion dollar Congress. "Billion Dollar" Congress The Billion Dollar Congress was revolutionary as it aided in helping give pensions to needy Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 Pension Act The Pension act allowed military pensions hundreds of private pension bills through Congress, benefits were granted to deserters, bounty jumpers and men who never served, Czar Reed's billion dollar congress showered pensions on Civil War veterans to get rid of surplus. Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South

Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513. Over the years between 1882 and 1970, lynching immensely decreased down to 0 from a total of 113 in 1882. Certain years, there were more whites than blacks lynched, but that changed in 1890. Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act 2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? The significance of the Great Railroad Strike showed the immense weakness of the labor movement as they attempted to fight for their wage increase. Their failure highlighted the major issues within the labor union. Garfield and Arthur Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883 3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act? The Pendleton Act made it illegal to require campaign contributions from federal employees. However, politicians now had no source of money so they had to find other ways to get it, so they would turn to big businesses where they would place their trust in. The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion 4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884. In the presidential election of 1884, mudslinging was a major part of the campaigning process. Cleveland had an affair which resulted in a child 8 years before the campaign which was a hot rumor topic back then. Even though this affair was nearly detrimental to his campaign, Cleveland still won the election. Old Grover" Takes Over 5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would." Cleveland tried to be a very efficient president, and for the most part he was. His laissez-faire policy made businessmen happy. His cabinet had officials from both the North and the South. Finally, he based employment on merit,

however this was unsuccessful. Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs? Cleveland had a budget surplus and found that the government should not be taking more than it needed, so he decided to lower the tariff. The Democrats favored a lower tariff for the people and the Republicans favored a higher tariff for businesses. The Billion Dollar Congress Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers. For the farmers, the tariff was immensely detrimental because thanks the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890, the rates were spiked to 48%. This meant that manufactured goods were far more expensive, causing great grief to the farmers. However, the business people loved its protection. The Drumbeat of Discontent Know: Populists 8. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence. The most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform was the idea that they actually wanted inflation. Since it was made up of unhappy farmers, they believed that printing more paper money and coining silver would make it much easier to pay off their debts. It is not common to hear that anyone wanted inflation, which made this aspect revolutionary during that time. Cleveland and Depression Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act 9. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil? To lessen the impact of the financial turmoil, Cleveland could have taken advantage of the budget surplus he had. He also should not have overspeculated and borrowed 65 million in gold from the big banking industry of JP Morgan. Cleveland Breeds a Backlash Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff 10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the forgettable presidents a fair one? Explain.

The Gilded Age was certainly a period of forgettable presidents because none of them contributed anything immensely significant to American history, and in a sense made it even worse as seen with Clevelands f inancial blunder. During the Gilded Age, the presidents were essentially powerless since the big robber barrons of the time like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Standford were just some of the huge names that held all the power and wealth during that time. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Financial help paid to big businesses or economic sects Transcontinental Railroad railroad that connected the westerners side of the United States to the eastern side of the United States. It helped make travel, mail, and transferring of goods easier. Cornelius Vanderbilt railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and new york. Idea of steel used in railroads which is be better economically. Jay Gould business partner: Jim fisk. Work: cornered gold. Plan: worked as long as the us treasury refrained from selling gold Interstate Commerce Commission Federal regulatory agency that governed over the regulations and rules on the railroading industries Vertical Integration

Andrew Carnegie. Combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. Supplies - more reliable and efficient. Horizontal Integration John d rockafeller. Joining with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Trusts An entity that was created to hold assets for the benefit if certain people or entities. J.P. Morgan A business man that refinanced railroads during the depression of 1893. Built and alliance through stocks and marketed US government security. Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890. Wasnt effective in silencing the uproar against corporations and big businesses. Yellow Dog Contracts An agreement that workers, mostly immigrants, were forced to sign in order to get imployed saying they would not join labor unions. Used to prevent the advancements of unions and limiting the labor unions power. Blacklists List of people who agitated companies that circulated so that the people listed could not get employed. Haymarket Square incident (also referred to as a massacre) Started as a demonstration for an 8 hour workday. People protested for days for the brutalities of authority. Dynamite bombs were set off and people died. Knights of labor were blamed, and lost public support. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? The advantages include that the railroads gave the American land value. It was also beneficial to the people who lived around the railroads as they had an easier way to transport their goods. However, people said that giving land to railroad companies wasnt right.

Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. The first transcontinental railroad was built using Irish workers in the great plains starting from the east and having the Chinese workers start from the west. The Chinese workers did most of the work. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. The railroads were immensely helpful in transporting good and people across the nation. This connection across the east and west also helped with communication. However, bankruptcy was often the case in towns that could not follow through. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? Carnegie was able to use steel rails instead of iron because it lasted longer and didnt rust. A gauge between the tracks made things uniform. The air brake was much more efficient and safe. Finally, Pullman Palace Cars were luxurious and were popular for the wealthier travelers. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? As a whole, the nation was now linked from east to west. Investors had the ability to put money into their markets and traveling time was immensely decreased. Cities rose in those surrounding the tracks, notably Chicago. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? However, the railroads were guilty of taking advantage of industries in the Credit Mobilier scandal. Frequent bribes, or kickbacks, were given to government employees or prized customers, free passes for publicity, and rebates for big companies. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? The Interstate Commerce Act outlawed rebates and pools and banned charging low rates for long trips. It was not important because the rich people, as Richard Olney said, found ways to go around it because the law did very little.

Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Factors that made industrial expansion possible were things like liquid capital, natural resources, cheap labor from immigrants, and technological advances like mass production and interchangeable parts. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? Businesses tried to maximize their profits using ideals like vertical integration which incorporated the entire manufacturing process and horizontal integration which took over all of the whole industry. Businessmen like Carnegie with his steel and Rockefeller with his oil took part of this. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Steel was so important for industrialization because it became much cheaper than it used to be thanks to the advancement of the Bessemer process. It was stronger than iron and it did not rust like iron did. Steel was helpful in making structures including taller and stronger buildings, and the revolutionary railroads. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan 11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan. Andrew Carnegie was the son of a poor Scottish immigrants and start his career doing jobs that most immigrants did. He worked his way by making money and advancing through different companies and eventually saved up enough money to begin his own company called the US Steel Corp. With that and vertical integration, he was able to secure the strongest steel company in America. He sold his company to J. P. Morgan, who was really just an investor that made little or no profit in the beginning but earning his fame as an excellent connect. He was able to secure US Steel Corp for $400 million and turned it into the first billion dollar corporation. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose

Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? John D. Rockefeller was able to become wealthy because he had the luck to stumble across oil and began to manufacture and sell it just around the time the internal combustion engine was perfected which required the use of oil. Rockefeller was a heartless business man and ran all of his competition to bankruptcy or bought them. Another dirty tactic he used was lowering his prices so that they were below the market price and thus the other companies could not compete with them and eventually die out due to loss of sales. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? The wealthy justified their wealth mostly by using social darwinism, which was the belief that the reason why they are successful was that they were smarter and had better innovations. In other words, they said it was natural for survival of the fittest to exist even in the economic world. However, there were a few that believed in the the Gospel of Wealth in which the rich get rich so that they could in turn help the poor. However, that idea was not as popular as Social Darwinism but preached in survival of the fittest. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? Two methods that attempted to oppose trusts were the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and the general Anti-trust movement. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was created to outlaw pools, interlocking directories, and holding companies. It tried to outlaw them so that all companies would be on a more fair playing level. It only made the situation worse since it showed to the public that such things exist in the companies and also it was not

enforced because it in itself was hard to enforce to get into a company and watch every single movement of theirs. The anti-trust movement was just the common people calling out and they got some things on their agendas accomplished but obviously it was not enough. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? The Southerners were not very successful at industrializing because they lacked what the North had, which was plenty of labor, railroads and also a surplus of factories. A cornerstone of the Southern industrialization was the cigarette industry which was brought by James Buchanan Duke. His American Tobacco Company made him rich, but not the other southerners. Cotton began to be revived as cotton mills were started in the south. They were not very nice when speaking in terms of working conditions but it was still money and jobs for the southerners so they warmly welcomed it. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. There were many positive effects of the industrial revolution in America. It created jobs and factories and put America into the top in the industry. It proved that Hamiltons idea of big businesses and proved Jefferson wrong in having an agrarian society. It gave women a new outlook, and now the new Gibson girl is the model in which should be followed, which made girls seem athletic and attractive going out and doing what they could. However, it also had negative effects because it forced American companies to look overseas for markets to conquer since the domestic market was full as flabbergasms. It also turned the farmers into factory workers who worked on the clock and not by the cock (rooster). In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town

17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Job security was so low, workers were so easily replaced, people were always searching for and trying to keep their jobs to support themselves and their families so strikes were usually ineffective and often detrimental to the strikers. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. The National Labor union included skilled, unskilled workers and farmers but excluded the Chinese. They didnt try very hard to aid women and blacks, so ther KNights of labor were created in 1869 as a secret society and sought to include all workers, barred only non producers. Their broad golas included economic and social reform, codes for safety and health, and they frowned upon industrial warfare and wanted an 8 hour workday. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? They became involved in many failing May Day strikes in 1886. In Chicago they were accidentally involved with anarchists when the haymarket square bomb occured in conjunction with a knights of labor strike. Another fatal handiecap of the knights was their inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? It made sure that jobs were under control, and they were founded by socialists. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? The knights had conservative ideas. The highly conservative leadership of the knights of labor issued a secret circular describing their position. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight

22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? The industrial revolution in america were both good and bad, and therefore is not quanifiable in degrees. while industrialization brought an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some. It also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl. Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley A women who worked in hull house and was able to successfully pass an anti sweatshop law in 1893. she fought for civil rights for all races and demographics. Mary Baker Eddy author and founder of a popular new religion based on the principles of spiritual healing WilliamJames harvard scholar who helped to set the foundation for modern day psychology and philosophy. Henry George Author of the book progress and poverty. he believed that the pressure of a growing population with a fixed supply of land pushed up property values. Horatio Alger puritan new englander who wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction during his career, he was a journalist, author, and original thinker.

Mark Twain Americas most famous author from the mid to the late eighteen hundreds. his most famous novel was huckleberry finn. In 1873 along with the help of Charles Dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. This is why the time period is called the "Gilded Age" Nativism the prejudice that natural born americans had against new immigrants coming to America to do what their ancestors did. Philanthropy love of humanity, especially as shown in donations to charitable and socially useful causes Social Gospel religious doctrines that were preached by ministers who believed that the churches should directly address economic and social problems Settlement House houses that connected the students of universities with their neighbors in slum cities. These houses helped education, savings, sports, and arts for people. Women's Christian Temperance Union Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption. Eighteenth Amendment Prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol. lead to drive towards female suffrage. Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Industrial jobs in the cities as well as marvels like indoor plumbing and electricity all played a role in to drawing large numbers of people in to the cities. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?

As opposed to the old western european immigrants, the New Immigrants came from southern and eastern europe. They were also mostly poor, unaccustomed to democracy and largely illiterate. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? They came for land, religious freedom, and because they saw America as a wonderful opportunity to start over. Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? They worked in factories in the cities and lived in tightly packed communities within those cities. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? They traded jobs and services for votes. They often found housing for immigrants, gave them food and clothing, and helped set up schools, parks, and hospitals in ethnic communities. However, many of them were also extremely corrupt. Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? The welcoming words contradicted the fact that undesirables like the chinese, the poor, and criminals were all unwelcomed and shunned in American society. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Christian socialism upstarted the consciences of the middle class for future reform, city programs like YMCA helped needy. Catholic leaders employed growing influence to help reform movements.

Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? It created much division throughout the christian churches. clergymen who believed in Darwins theory of evolution were excommunicated while the church encouraged its followers to oppose it. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? public education continued to improve. the ideal of tax-supported elementary schools, adopted on a nationwide basis before the civil war, was still gathering strength. Americans were accepting the fact that a free government cannot function successfully if the people are held back by ignorance. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington believed that blacks were lesser than whites and that they should only be assimilated when they better themselves, while Du Bois believed that blacks should be assimilated immediately with equal rights and he wanted to take white supremacy head on. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? Philanthropy, as well as more land grants that gave land to collegiate institutions. colleges also updated their curriculum which brought more interest in students that wanted to pursue a higher education. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s. There was a lot more modern philosophy and public health greatly improved. higher education was also expanded. while college curriculums were updated for the twentieth century which generated more interest in higher education. The Appeal of the Press

Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? Cheaper newspapers meant that newspaper printers now were able to appeal to the masses who could now afford them; content became filled with sex, scandal, rumor, and human-interest stories that skyrocketed sales. Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? In magazines, newspapers, and novels, writers promoted social reform, civilservice reform, honesty, and economic growth to try to improve the United States as well as deal with its problems. Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. Yes, simply beacause of the fact that the literature published post-Civil war had fantastic historical context that made it real and effective. Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? many of them related their works of literature to the constantly evolving industrial society that was forming in the United States at the time. The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? There were 2 sisters that had been strongly for womens rights and free love, named Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin. They wrote a shocking periodical that gained them their fame. Many women also began to advocate the rights of woman. Because of this, it was effective since after women began to be recognized for their efforts and we saw an increase in divorce and freedom of sex. There were people against this too like

Anthony Comstock who tried to suppress woman of their freedom. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? In the womens rights movement, it began to be more aggressive and began to assert for more female rights. This first began the first feminist movement to attempt to earn the right to vote. The National Women Suffrage Association was formed because of this, and it soon convinced some states to begin to get women vote, the first being Wyoming. there were many activists, such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Carrie Chapman Catt was known because she changed a motto of some sort. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? Men and women were involved in the social progresses of prohibiting alcohol. As society grew more into family, women realized what alcohol could do to a family. Alcohol is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. Its euphoric effects and numbing of pain mentally and physically is very addictive and people can live to be completely dependent on it, causing physical as well as mental addiction. More people are killed because of drunk driving than any other automobile related incidents, and more people have been killed by alcohol poisoning than there are in fisherman accidents. However, it was also a social drug that enhanced any party back in the days. However, wives saw it as ripping the family apart so they rallied to pass the 18th amendment which banned alcohol. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness,

Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" This section is called artistic triumphs because it talks and discusses about the triumphs of art in America during the late 1800s. Not only just paintings, which evolved with James Whistler and others, the music and style of the time also changed. Music began to develop in America, with the formation of symphonies in Boston and New York, and also itself creating a new kind of music. Jazz and soul have been developed in much of America within the African-American communities. Also, architecture changed, it stopped modeling after Europe and began to go out for a new futuristic city landscape look. It was amazing. The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? There were many new forms of entertainment that has come out in America to appease the people. American entertainment became national, because of the new newspaper and what not. Sports became organized and teams pulled together to form local spirit. Basketball became a very popular sport to watch and play among the American people. Buffalo Bill Cody and other wild westerners inspired a game called Red Dead Redemption which was top in sales for a while and also acclaimed to be one of the best wild and west simulators. Much more better than Oregon Trail. Football also became popular as James Naismith created it in a rec time. Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identification Sitting Bull

A chief of the Indians that was very famous for fighting against the white man. He fought in the Battle of Little Bighorn and led the Sioux so that they wouldnt have to move into reservations. George A. Custer A colonel who led his army during the Battle of Little Bighorn and was very against the Indians. He was killed in combat along with 81 of his troops and was called Chief yellow Hair. Chief Joseph An Americanized chief that still fought for his people known for the Nez Perce tribe in which he was a member of. He tried to lead his men to the North to flee to Canada however he was caught in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain. Sioux Wars The Sioux Wars were the battles and skirmishes that were had between the Americans and the Sioux tribe that did not want to give up their land. Ghost Dance The Ghost dance was a dance of the natives that angered the white men and started them off into going into a massacre and killed many indians. Dawes Severalty Act The Dawes Severalty Act was the act that was passed so that the Americans could kill off the older Indians and then raise their kids as Americans and Americanize them. Battle of Wounded Knee The battle that occurred because the White man was angry that the Indians still performed their Ghost Dance although they outlawed the Sun Dance. It was actually a massacre not a battle. Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. The westward expansion affected the Native Americans because they forced them to move away from their homelands. The Indian Territory was often controlled by various chiefs and Americans couldnt understand that so when they thought that they signed

a treaty with one chief, it would affect all Indians in t he area but it didnt so they were confused. Also, Indian Reservations were created so that they would be given an area and not move anywhere else. The Great Sioux Reservation is an example of that. The army was composed of 20% blacks, such as the tenth cavalry. Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" The West was won because of 5 main reasons. The Americans had the railroads, which was the fastest transportation during the time so that they could send supplies and troops to the western territories or catch up with any running away indian tribes. Diseases also played a key part in diminishing the population of the Indians and weakening their strengths. The lack of buffalo due to white men killing them off was also important since most native tribes depended on buffalos for food and fur and fats. War with the white men brought down many native nations because they would lose to the white men and thus sent to their reservations. The last reason was that they lost their land to the white people so they had no stronghold to stay in and the Americans gained the west. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? Buffalo were reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand mostly because of the railroad. The railroad was placed in the middle of many important migration paths so that the buffalos could not migrate properly or move around. Without having much land to roam, the population dwindled because they had less food for each. Another reason was that Americans hunted the buffalos for fur and food. They also killed them to kill of the natives that were very dependent on the buffalo for food and fur. Buffalo Bill Cody was a

famous buffalo hunter that removed much of the buffalo population. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? The government attempted to assimilate the Native Americans by passing the Dawes Act which was to remove either the Indians in general or at least just their way of life. Before that, there were people that tried to show the Indians side of the conflict, such as Helen Hunt Jackson who wrote books about the Indians. Americans also tried to remove the way of life of the Indians and attempted to Christianize them. One way was to remove the dances of the Indians, such as the Sun Dance, which prompted the Ghost Dance and the Battle of Wounded Knee which was a massacre when the Indians performed their Ghost Dance. The Carlisle Indian School took in Indian kids and taught them the ways of the white world and people. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? The discovery of precious metals flooded the west with settlers that were hoping to strike it rich. The discovery of gold at Pikes Peak caused a flood of men to come pouring into the area. However, there wasnt much gold there but there was a lot of silver and so the people stayed and mined that. Comstock Lode was another place in which gold was discovered and people flood there. In Nevada, when gold was discovered there, many people came and it became a state overnight. Many people poured in and towns were formed just as quickly as people left. Sometimes, they would end up as ghost towns since there was nothing to do after gold was mined away. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the culture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?

The culture of the Plains Indians were shaped by white people because they were given horses and thus they were able to adapt a new lifestyle where the horses helped them accomplish everyday tasks. They were also very well versed in adapting to life as they were forced to move away. They clinged on to their old traditions however they sometimes adapted to the new things so that they could live longer and survive. They used horses very well and were soon well-versed at fighting with horses and living. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? Cattle ranching was profitable in the US because American cities need to be fed with meat. The easiest meat to farm up was beef and beef came from cattle. Because cattle was easy to farm up, they were raised in large ranches in Texas, and far western areas. However, the train didnt reach such far areas so that they had to herded to the joint stations, known as long drives. Wild Bill Hickok was a well known cattle herder. He herded lots of cows into the towns and made bank and also did a lot of reckless things. Cattle herding was short lived. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a decent life on the plains? The Homestead Act did not live up to its name because in the end it hurt the farmers more than help them. It offered many farmers a lot of land for cheap and almost free but what it did was that the land was not made to be farmed so that in the end, the farmers really didnt have much to do with the newly purchased land. It did help in that it moved the population more outwest and the Great American Desert was now populated. People

such as John Wesley Powell began to practice farming with low amounts of water so that they could actually make a living out there and it started to work. However, the new farming techniques caused the Great Dust Bowl to happen in which the soil was destroyed and created a large dust bowl around the area. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? Some of the milestones in the closing of the west was that some of the territories became states, namely North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Washington (legalize) and Idaho. Another milestone was that the Mormons finally banned polygamy and made it illegal because they now have enough people. Another milestone was that the boomers have settled down and are meant to stay. There were sooners which were people that moved to even more western areas so that they could be the first to live there. Yellowstone was made into a national park. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? The Western Frontier had its development on the US because it was able to stimulate change for the Americans. It was believed that Americans wanted to move west to start over that lived in the city; however, this was not true because the people that moved west were poor farmers. The new land and opportunities however did force employers in the cities to increase wages so that their workers would not move to the west. Also, many people of the other race moved into the West so that their cultures would diversify. Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism Big Picture Themes 1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didnt.

2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money. 3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. 4. The farmers struggles led to the Peoples (or Populist) Party. This party sought cheap money (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts. Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden 1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the company was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle James B. Weaver He was a general during the Civil War. He was chosen as the presidential candidate of the Populist party. He was a Granger with an apt for public speaking. He only ended up getting three percent of the popular votes which is really a large number for a third party candidate.__________ Oliver H. Kelly Considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good. Mary Elizabeth Lease became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation. Comstock Lode First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada. Long Drive General Term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming Homestead Act provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it Patrons of Husbandry organization was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. This organization was a educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business.

Granger Laws Series of laws passed in western states(of the us) used to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates. Also to rebate and address long and short haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. This was after the Civil War. Farmers' Alliance Replaced the National Grangeto support groups of farmers during1880s. Politically active in the midwest and south. Founding of the Populist Party. Populists 1891. (also known as the Peoples Party) Gained support from farmers who relied on them to fight for political fairness. James B. Weaver (the weeves, weeve james bees, weeves man knees) ran as their presidential candidate in 1892. Jacob S. Coxey Marched on Washington(1894) and demanded that the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program. Had an army (commonwealth army) and was arrested for walking on grass of the capital. Williams Jennings Bryan THE BOY ORATOR OF THE PLATTE. Nebrakan congressman who spoke for the cause of free silver, against the sherman silver purchase act. In 1896, he gained a DEMOCRATIC nomination for his CROSS OF GOLD spech. he wanted 16 silver to = 1 ounce of Gold. Bimetallism The unlimited coinage of silver in a fixed ratio of value. Free Silver People who liked this were called Silverites. they wanted an unlimited coinage of silver (no limits). Favored silver over gold for terms of currency. Depression of 1893 A serious economic depression during the Gilded age. Marked by the collapse of railroad financing which led to a series of banking failures. People blame it on the Mckinley Tarriff of 1890. Cross of Gold Speech Bryan said it on June 18, 1896. People must not be crucified on a cross of gold (referring to the republican proposal of eliminating silver co inage and using a strict gold standard. Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions The Farm Becomes a Factory

Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine 1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry." Civil War = first modern war. (first in which technology and industrial strenght played significant roles.) Deflation Dooms the Debtor Know: Deflation th 1. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19 century? Western farmers were attached to the one-crop economy (wheat or corn) while southerners were attached to cotton. Which meant prices of products were determined in an unprotected world market by the world output. Lack of currency in circulation forced prices to decrease and huge amounts of farmers had morgages that were raising. Unhappy Farmers 3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers? Floods and erosion became problems but so did the summer of 1887 drought. Farmers had to lower prices and buy high priced goods due to high tarriffs in the market. Farmers had to rely on many things that they could not control which meant their output would be affected as well as their prices. The Farmers Take Their Stand Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver 4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers? It helped farmers unite and fight for themselves through an organized way which would help fight for better crop prices and less discrimination and fight against being taken advantage of through the prices of manufactured goods. Prelude to Populism Know: The Farmers Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease 5. What steps did the Farmers Alliance believe would help farmers? They operated free mills and grins that small farmers could use. Graduated income taxe, treasures and warehouses, and government ownership of railroads. Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike Know: Coxeys Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company

6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike? In order to stop them, because of these strikes railroad production and railroad workers stopped trains which was harming the commerce of the US.. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech 7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain. Many were in favor of him due to his strong background, he supported the gold standard during inflation in economy, urbanization, banking, and people of religious and certain ethnic positions liked him Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders Know: Fourth Party System 8. The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. Explain. The silver and gold issue was so huge financially and was seen somewhat religiously, that the resolution of of the problem. Republican business people were trying to override the silver system so much through contracts with manufacturers and eventually Bryan lost and Mckinley won. This was so significant because it demonstrated the lack of appeal towards the farmers and eastern urban laborers. republican Standpattism Enthroned Know: Dingley Tariff Bill 9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president? Because of the things he believed in and went for (Business, banking, manufacturing, trusts) prosperity (in a sense) was gradually reborn from the ashes. Inflation took care of the nations currency due to the discovery of gold deposits around the world which brought gold into worldly markets. Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really Won? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner 10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain The ethnic and racial confrontation argument (believed that regions character was the principal aspect but the native americans and the struggle we had with them + the cruelty we showed them defined a big part of the Modern West. Also due to big corporations and government railroad building, the population and wealth of the West was definitely based on immigrants and new Western settlers.