Reviewer in Criminal Law 1 and 2

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER
CRIMINAL LAW 2010
CRIMINAL LAW I
CRIMINAL LAW 2
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
*a#le o% Contents
Chapter I+ ')nda ental Prin(iples o% Cri inal La! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++I+.e%inition +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++II+State A)thority to P)nish Cri e++++++++++++A+ So)r(es o% Cri inal La!+++++++++++++++++++/ 0+ Penal Legislation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ III+ 0asi( Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ A+ 1enerality o% Cri inal La!++++++++++++++++/ 0+ *erritoriality o% Cri inal La! +++++++++++++2 C+ Prospe(tivity o% Cri inal La!++++++++++++3 .+ Legality 4n)ll) (ri en n)lla poena sine lege5 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6 E+ Stri(t Constr)(tion o% Penal La!s Against State7 *he 8.o(trine o% Pro Reo9++6 IV+ 0asi( Ma:i s in Cri inal La! ++++++++++++++; Chapter V+ Persons Cri inally Lia#le++++++++++ 3I+Prin(ipals+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3A+ 0y .ire(t Parti(ipation ++++++++++++++++++++ 30+ 0y Ind)(e ent++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3C+ 0y Indispensa#le Cooperation++++++++ 3/ II+A((o pli(es ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When is one regarded as an a((o pli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ 0+ What are the other traits o% an a((o pli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ C+ Re>)isites7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ III+ A((essories+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When a((essories are not (ri inally lia#le7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ 0+ When one (annot #e an a((essory732 C+ When an a((essory is e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 32 .+ When an a((essory is N<* e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility even i% the prin(ipal is related to hi 7++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 32 E+ <ther instan(es !hen one #e(o es an a((essory7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 32
Chapter II+ 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 I+.i%%erentiating'elonies&<%%ense& Misde eanor and Cri e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 II+'elonies7 =o! Co itted +++++++++++++++++++10 A+ Ele ents o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++10 0+ Re>)isites o% .olo or Mali(e +++++++++++11 III+ Classi%i(ation o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++1IV+ Cri es .e%ined and Penali?ed #y Spe(ial La!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12
Chapter III+ ')nda ental Prin(iples o% Cri inal Lia#ility ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 I+Pro:i ate Ca)se+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 II+< ission +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 III+ I possi#le Cri es+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 IV+ Lia#ility %or In(o plete Ele ents and In(o plete Cri es +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++21 A+ Classi%i(ation $nder Art+ 2 ++++++++++++++21 0+ .evelop ent o% a Cri e +++++++++++++++++22 C+ Atte pted and 'r)strated Cri es ++22 .+ 'a(tors in .eter ining the Stage o% E:e()tion o% a 'elony ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22 V+ Proposal and Conspira(y ++++++++++++++++++++22 VI+ Pl)ral Cri es+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 A+ Co ple: Cri es +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 0+ Spe(ial Co ple:ACo posite (ri es @@ C+ Contin)ed and Contin)ing Cri es++@@
Chapter IV+ Cir() stan(es A%%e(ting Cri inal Lia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@2 I+B)sti%ying Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++@2 II+E:e pting Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++-@ III+ Mitigating Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++-/ IV+ Aggravating Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++/2 V+ Alternative Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++2; VI+ A#sol)tory Ca)ses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++31 VII+E:ten)ating Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++3@
Chapter VI+ Penalties +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 I+1eneral Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 II+Penalties Whi(h May 0e I posed ++++++ 36 A+ S(ale o% Prin(ipal Penalties ++++++++++++ 3; 0+ S(ale o% A((essory Penalties +++++++++ 3; C+ Ma"or Classi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3; .+ <ther Classi%i(ations o% Penalties+++ 3; III+ Spe(i%i( Prin(ipal and A((essory Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3; A+ Capital P)nish ent7 .eath Penalty 3; 0+ A%%li(tive Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 60 C+ Corre(tional Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++ 62 .+ Light Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6@ E+ Penalties Co on to A%%li(tive& Corre(tional and Light Penalties +++++++++++++ 6IV+ A((essory Penalties++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ A+ Perpet)al or *e porary A#sol)te .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ 0+ Perpet)al or *e porary Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ C+ S)spension %ro P)#li( <%%i(e& the Right to Vote and 0e Voted %or& the Right to Pra(ti(e a Pro%ession or Calling ++++++++++ 62 .+ Civil Interdi(tion ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 62 E+ Inde ni%i(ation or Con%is(ation o% Instr) ents or Pro(eeds o% the <%%ense + 62 '+Pay ent o% Costs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 62 V+ Meas)res Not Considered Penalty +++++ 62 VI+ Appli(ationandCo p)tationo% Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 63
VII+ Spe(ial R)les %or Certain Sit)ations ;A+ Co ple: Cri es +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;0+ Cri es .i%%erent %ro *hat Intended ;/ C+ Where the <%%ender Is 0elo! 16 Cears +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;2 .+ *he *hreeD'old R)le+++++++++++++++++++++++;2 VIII+*he Indeter inate Senten(e La! 4ISL5 ;6 IE+ E:e()tion and Servi(e o% Penalties ++100
Chapter VII+ E:ting)ish ent o% Cri inal Lia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10I+*otal E:ting)ish ent+++++++++++++++++++++++++10A+ 0y the .eath o% the Convi(t ++++++++++100+ 0y Servi(e o% Senten(e ++++++++++++++++10/ C+ 0y A nesty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10/ .+ 0y A#sol)te Pardon ++++++++++++++++++++++10/ E+ 0y Pres(ription o% the Cri e 4Art+ ;05 102 '+0y Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;25 102 1+ 0y Marriage o% the <%%ended Wo an !ith the <%%ender +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 II+Partial E:ting)ish ent ++++++++++++++++++++++103 A+ 0y Conditional Pardon ++++++++++++++++++103 0+ 0y Co )tation o% Senten(e +++++++103 C+ 'or 1ood Cond)(t Allo!an(es +++++103 .+ 0y Parole ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 E+ 0y Pro#ation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++106
Chapter VIII+ Civil Lia#ilities Arising %ro a 'elony++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; I+In 1eneral +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; II+Civil Lia#ility in Certain Cases+++++++++++110 A+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Co itted #y an Insane or I #e(ile or Minor )nder ; or over ; and less than 1/ Who A(ted !ith .is(ern ent ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 0+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Co itted #y Persons A(ting )nder Irresisti#le 'or(e or $n(ontrolla#e 'ear ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 C+ Civil Lia#ility o% Persons A(ting )nder B)sti%ying Cir() stan(es+++++++++++++++++++++++110 .+ Civil Lia#ility o% Inn,eepers and Si ilar Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 E+ S)#sidiary Lia#ility o% <ther Persons 110 III+ What Civil Lia#ility In(l)des ++++++++++++++111 1+Restit)tion or Restoration +++++++++++++111 2+Reparation o% the .a age Ca)sed 112 @+Inde ni%i(ation o% Conse>)ential .a ages +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++112
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*a#le o% Contents
*itle I+ Cri es against National Se()rity and the La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++112 *itle II+ Cri es against ')nda ental La!s o% the State ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++121 *itle III+ Cri es against P)#li( <rder +++++++++122 Chapter I D Re#ellion& Co)p dF Gtat& Sedition and .isloyalty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++122 Chapter II D Cri es against Pop)lar Representation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0 Chapter III D Illegal Asse #lies and Asso(iations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0 Chapter IV D Assa)lt )pon and Resistan(e and .iso#edien(e to& Persons in A)thority and *heir Agents++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@1 Chapter V D P)#li( .isorders ++++++++++++++++++++++1@@ Chapter VI D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@/ Chapter VII D Co ission o% Another Cri e d)ring Servi(e o% Penalty I posed %or Another Previo)s <%%ense+++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@2 II+I oral.o(trines&<#s(ene P)#li(ations and E:hi#itions and Inde(ent Sho!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1// III+ Vagran(y and Prostit)tion +++++++++++++++++ 1// *itle VII+ Cri es Co itted #y P)#li( <%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/3 Chapter I7 Preli inary Provisions ++++++++++++++ 1/3 Chapter II7 Mal%easan(e and Mis%easan(e in <%%i(e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/6 Chapter III7 'ra)ds and Illegal E:a(tions and *ransa(tions+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 121 Chapter IV7 Malversation o% P)#li( ')nds or Property ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 12@ Chapter V7 In%idelity o% P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++ 12/ Chapter VI7 <ther <%%enses or Irreg)larities #y P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 126
*itle VIII+ Cri es against Persons ++++++++++++++ 132 Chapter I7 .estr)(tion o% Li%e +++++++++++++++++++++ 132 Chapter II7 Physi(al In")ries++++++++++++++++++++++++ 136 *itle IE+ Cri es against Personal Li#erty and Se()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 16Chapter I7 Cri es against Li#erty ++++++++++++++ 16Chapter II7 Cri es against Se()rity +++++++++++ 166 Chapter III7 .is(overy and Revelation o% Se(rets ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;@ *itle E+ Cri es against Property ++++++++++++++++ 1;/ Chapter I7 With Violen(e or Inti idation o% Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;2 Chapter II7 0y 'or(e $pon *hings++++++++++++++ 1;6 Chapter III7 S!indling and <ther .e(eits ++ 202 Chapter IV7 <ther 'or s o% S!indling and .e(eits 4@12D@165++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 212 Chapter V7 Arson and <ther Cri es Involving .estr)(tion +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 21Chapter VI7 Additional Notes ++++++++++++++++++++++ 216
*itle IV+ Cri es against P)#li( Interest++++++1@3 A+ A(ts o% Co)nter%eiting+++++++++++++++++++++++++1@3 0+ A(ts o% 'orgery ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@; C+ A(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-0 .+ 'alsi%i(ationo%Wireless&Ca#le& *elegraph and *elephone Messages and $se o%'alsi%iedMessage&o%Legislative .o() ents& o% Medi(al Certi%i(ates and Certi%i(ate o% Merit++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-E+ <ther 'alsities++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-/
*itle V+ Cri es Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; I+A(ts P)nished7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; II+Penalties %or $nla!%)l A(ts7 ++++++++++++++1-; III+ .e%inition o% I portant *er s++++++++++++1/0 IV+ <ther I portant Points +++++++++++++++++++++++++1/0 *itle VI+ Cri es against P)#li( Morals +++++++1/2 Chapter I D 1a #ling and 0etting +++++++++++++++1/2 I+1a #ling ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/2 II+I portation& Sale and Possession o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertise ents+++++++++++++1/@ III+ 0etting in Sports Contest +++++++++++++++++++1/@ IV+ Illegal 0etting on =orse Ra(e+++++++++++++1/@ V+ Illegal Co(,%ighting +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/Chapter II+ <%%enses against .e(en(y and 1ood C)sto s +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/I+1rave S(andal++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-
*itle EI+ Cri es against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 21; *itle EII+ Cri es against the Civil Stat)s o% Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22; Chapter I7 Si )lation o% 0irths and $s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22; Chapter II7 Illegal Marriages ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22; *itle EIII+ Cri es against =onor++++++++++++++++++ 2@2 I+Li#el ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2@2 II+In(ri inatory Ma(hinations +++++++++++++++ 2@2 *itle EIV+ H)asiD<%%enses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2-0
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS

*a#le o% Contents
*itle I+ Cri es against National Se()rity and the La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2-2 I+CA 212 D Espionage La! ++++++++++++++++++2-2 II+0P @; D 'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3; +2-3 III+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++2-6 IV+ RA 22@/ D *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La! ++++2-6 V+ RA ;@32 I =) an Se()rity A(t ++++++++2-; *itle VIII+ Cri es against Persons ++++++++++++++ 222 RA 60-; D AntiD=a?ing La! +++++++++++++++++++++++ 222 S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 222 *itle IE+ Cri es against Personal Li#erty and Se()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 223 I+RA ;206 D AntiD*ra%%i(,ing o% Persons A(t o% 200@+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 223 II+RA ;2@1 D AntiDChild La#or La! +++++++ 223 III+ RA -200 D AntiDWiretapping La! +++++ 226 *itle E+ Cri es against Property ++++++++++++++++ 22; I+P. 1212 D AntiD'en(ing La! +++++++++++++ 22; II+RA 2/@; D AntiDCarnapping A(t ++++++++ 22; III+ P. /@@ D AntiDCattle R)stling La! ++++ 22; IV+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++ 230 V+ P. /61 D =ighD1rading +++++++++++++++++++++ 230 VI+ 0P 22 D 0o)n(ing Che(,s La! ++++++++ 230 VII+P. 126; D Sydi(ated Esta%a +++++++++ 231 VIII+RA 6-6- D A((ess .evi(es A(t+++++ 232 IE+ P. 121@ D .estr)(tive Arson ++++++++++++ 23S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23-
*itle II+ Cri es against the ')nda ental La!s o% the State++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/1 RA 3-@6 D Rights o% Person Arrested& .etained or $nder C)stodial Investigation 2/1 *itle III+ Cri es against P)#li( <rder +++++++++2/2 P. 1622 as a ended #y RA 62;- ++++++++++++2/2 *itle IV+ Cri es against P)#li( Interest++++++2/@ I+P. 2-3 D .e%a(e ent& M)tilation& *earing& 0)rning or .estr)(tion o% Central 0an, Notes and Coins +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ II+CA 1-2 Alias $se Reg)lation A(t as a ended #y RA 206/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ III+ P. 162; D <#str)(tion o% B)sti(e ++++++2/@ IV+ RA 62;@ D Intelle(t)al Property Code o% the Philippines++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/-
*itle V+ Cri es Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/2 RA ;12/ I Co prehensive .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 2002+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/2 *itle VI+ Cri es against P)#li( Morals ++++++2/; P. 1/2@ D Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36++++++++++2/; *itle VII+ Cri es Co itted #y P)#li( <%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++220 I+P. 3-; D 1ranting I )nity %ro Prose()tion to 1ivers o% 0ri#es and <ther 1i%ts 220 II+RA @01; D AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++220 III+ RA 1@3; D 'or%eit)re o% IllD1otten Wealth 222 IV+ P. -2 D Re(eiving and 1iving 1i%ts to P)#li( <%%i(ials and E ployees +++++++++++++++++22@ V+ RA 231@ D Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and e poyees 22@ VI+ RA 3060 I Pl)nder++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22VII+RA ;120 I AntiDMoney La)ndering A(t o% 2001+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22/ S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22/
*itle EI+ Cri es against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 23/ I+RA 3210 D Spe(ial Prote(tion o% Children Against Child A#)se& E:ploitation& And .is(ri ination ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ II+RA 3633 D AntiDSe:)al =arass ent A(t o% 1;;/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 232
*A0LE o% C<N*EN*S
CRIMINAL LAW 1
*a#le o% Contents
Chapter I+ ')nda ental Prin(iples o% Cri inal La! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++I+.e%inition +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++II+State A)thority to P)nish Cri e++++++++++++A+ So)r(es o% Cri inal La!+++++++++++++++++++/ 0+ Penal Legislation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ III+ 0asi( Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ A+ 1enerality o% Cri inal La!++++++++++++++++/ 0+ *erritoriality o% Cri inal La! +++++++++++++2 C+ Prospe(tivity o% Cri inal La!++++++++++++3 .+ Legality 4n)ll) (ri en n)lla poena sine lege5 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6 E+ Stri(t Constr)(tion o% Penal La!s Against State7 *he 8.o(trine o% Pro Reo9++6 IV+ 0asi( Ma:i s in Cri inal La! ++++++++++++++; Chapter V+ Persons Cri inally Lia#le++++++++++ 3I+Prin(ipals+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3A+ 0y .ire(t Parti(ipation ++++++++++++++++++++ 30+ 0y Ind)(e ent++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3C+ 0y Indispensa#le Cooperation++++++++ 3/ II+A((o pli(es ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When is one regarded as an a((o pli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ 0+ What are the other traits o% an a((o pli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ C+ Re>)isites7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ III+ A((essories+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When a((essories are not (ri inally lia#le7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ 0+ When one (annot #e an a((essory732 C+ When an a((essory is e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 32 .+ When an a((essory is N<* e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility even i% the prin(ipal is related to hi 7++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 32 E+ <ther instan(es !hen one #e(o es an a((essory7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 32
2
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Chapter II+ 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 I+.i%%erentiating'elonies&<%%ense& Misde eanor and Cri e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 II+'elonies7 =o! Co itted +++++++++++++++++++10 A+ Ele ents o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++10 0+ Re>)isites o% .olo or Mali(e +++++++++++11 III+ Classi%i(ation o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++1IV+ Cri es .e%ined and Penali?ed #y Spe(ial La!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12
Chapter III+ ')nda ental Prin(iples o% Cri inal Lia#ility ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 I+Pro:i ate Ca)se+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 II+< ission +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 III+ I possi#le Cri es+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 IV+ Lia#ility %or In(o plete Ele ents and In(o plete Cri es +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++21 A+ Classi%i(ation $nder Art+ 2 ++++++++++++++21 0+ .evelop ent o% a Cri e +++++++++++++++++22 C+ Atte pted and 'r)strated Cri es ++22 .+ 'a(tors in .eter ining the Stage o% E:e()tion o% a 'elony ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22 V+ Proposal and Conspira(y ++++++++++++++++++++22 VI+ Pl)ral Cri es+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 A+ Co ple: Cri es +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 0+ Spe(ial Co ple:ACo posite (ri es @@ C+ Contin)ed and Contin)ing Cri es++@@
Chapter IV+ Cir() stan(es A%%e(ting Cri inal Lia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@2 I+B)sti%ying Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++@2 II+E:e pting Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++-@ III+ Mitigating Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++-/ IV+ Aggravating Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++/2 V+ Alternative Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++++++++2; VI+ A#sol)tory Ca)ses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++31 VII+E:ten)ating Cir() stan(es ++++++++++++3@
Chapter VI+ Penalties +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 I+1eneral Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 II+Penalties Whi(h May 0e I posed ++++++ 36 A+ S(ale o% Prin(ipal Penalties ++++++++++++ 3; 0+ S(ale o% A((essory Penalties +++++++++ 3; C+ Ma"or Classi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3; .+ <ther Classi%i(ations o% Penalties+++ 3; III+ Spe(i%i( Prin(ipal and A((essory Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3; A+ Capital P)nish ent7 .eath Penalty 3; 0+ A%%li(tive Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 60 C+ Corre(tional Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++ 62 .+ Light Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6@ E+ Penalties Co on to A%%li(tive& Corre(tional and Light Penalties +++++++++++++ 6IV+ A((essory Penalties++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ A+ Perpet)al or *e porary A#sol)te .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ 0+ Perpet)al or *e porary Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ C+ S)spension %ro P)#li( <%%i(e& the Right to Vote and 0e Voted %or& the Right to Pra(ti(e a Pro%ession or Calling ++++++++++ 62 .+ Civil Interdi(tion ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 62 E+ Inde ni%i(ation or Con%is(ation o% Instr) ents or Pro(eeds o% the <%%ense + 62 '+Pay ent o% Costs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 62 V+ Meas)res Not Considered Penalty +++++ 62 VI+ Appli(ationandCo p)tationo% Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 63
*A0LE o% C<N*EN*S
VII+ Spe(ial R)les %or Certain Sit)ations ;A+ Co ple: Cri es +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;0+ Cri es .i%%erent %ro *hat Intended ;/ C+ Where the <%%ender Is 0elo! 16 Cears +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;2 .+ *he *hreeD'old R)le+++++++++++++++++++++++;2 VIII+*he Indeter inate Senten(e La! 4ISL5 ;6 IE+ E:e()tion and Servi(e o% Penalties ++100
@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Chapter VII+ E:ting)ish ent o% Cri inal Lia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10I+*otal E:ting)ish ent+++++++++++++++++++++++++10A+ 0y the .eath o% the Convi(t ++++++++++100+ 0y Servi(e o% Senten(e ++++++++++++++++10/ C+ 0y A nesty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10/ .+ 0y A#sol)te Pardon ++++++++++++++++++++++10/ E+ 0y Pres(ription o% the Cri e 4Art+ ;05 102 '+0y Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;25 102 1+ 0y Marriage o% the <%%ended Wo an !ith the <%%ender +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 II+Partial E:ting)ish ent ++++++++++++++++++++++103 A+ 0y Conditional Pardon ++++++++++++++++++103 0+ 0y Co )tation o% Senten(e +++++++103 C+ 'or 1ood Cond)(t Allo!an(es +++++103 .+ 0y Parole ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 E+ 0y Pro#ation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++106
Chapter VIII+ Civil Lia#ilities Arising %ro a 'elony++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; I+In 1eneral +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; II+Civil Lia#ility in Certain Cases+++++++++++110 A+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Co itted #y an Insane or I #e(ile or Minor )nder ; or over ; and less than 1/ Who A(ted !ith .is(ern ent ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 0+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Co itted #y Persons A(ting )nder Irresisti#le 'or(e or $n(ontrolla#e 'ear ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 C+ Civil Lia#ility o% Persons A(ting )nder B)sti%ying Cir() stan(es+++++++++++++++++++++++110 .+ Civil Lia#ility o% Inn,eepers and Si ilar Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 E+ S)#sidiary Lia#ility o% <ther Persons 110 III+ What Civil Lia#ility In(l)des ++++++++++++++111 1+Restit)tion or Restoration +++++++++++++111 2+Reparation o% the .a age Ca)sed 112 @+Inde ni%i(ation o% Conse>)ential .a ages +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++112
Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW
CRIMINAL LAW 1 *EAM

Pro%+ Ilde%onso Bi ene?
'a()lty Editor
Regie Mendo?a
Lead Writer Ciela 0ase Mel Pana Jir, Avestr)? Writers
CRIMINAL LAW
Jari(hi Santos
S)#"e(t Editor
ACA.EMICS C<MMI**EE
Jristine 0ong(aron Mi(helle .y Patri(h Le((io
Co ittee =eads
PRIN*IN1 K .IS*RI0$*I<N
Jae 1)errero
CRI MIN AL LA W1
Chapter I+ ')nda ental Prin(iples o% Cri inal La!

*he %irst se(tion is a revie! o% (ertain de%initions& prin(iples and (on(epts )nderlying Cri inal La! as a #ran(h o% st)dy+ *his se(tion (ontains7 I+ .E'INI*I<N AN. P$RP<SE <' CRIMINAL LAW II+ RA*I<NALE 0E=IN. S*A*E A$*=<RI*C *< P$NIS= CRIME III+ 0ASIC PRINCIPLES IV+ RELEVAN* MAEIMS
CRIMINAL LAW 1
I+
.e%inition
Cri inal la! is that #ran(h o% p)#li( s)#stantive la! !hi(h de%ines (ri es& treats o% their nat)re& and provides %or their p)nish ent
.ESI1N K LAC<$*
Pat =ernande? Vi,tor 'ontanilla Ro )aldo Men?on Br+ Rania Boya
LEC*$RES C<MMI**EE
Mi(helle Arias Ca ille Maranan Angela Sandalo
=eads Jat? Man?ano Mary Rose 0eley Sa N)Le? Jri?el Mala#anan Arianne Cere?o Mar(rese 0anaag Vol)nteers
M<CJ 0AR C<MMI**EE

Lili#eth Pere?
Cri inal La! vs+ Cri inal Pro(ed)re Cri inal La!Cri inal Pro(ed)re 1+ S)#stantive1+ Re edial 2+ Prospe(tive2+ Retroa(tive EECEP*I<N7 %avo)ra#le to the a(()sed EECEP*I<N *< *=E EECEP*I<N7 1+ a(()sed is a ha#it)al delin>)ent 2+ la! spe(i%ies prospe(tive e%%e(t @+ stat)toryM passed@+ ay #e #y Legislat)repro )lgated #y Legislat)re 4e+g+ ")risdi(tion o% (o)rts5 or the B)di(iary 4e+g+ R)les o% Co)rt5
0AR CAN.I.A*ES WEL'ARE

.ahlia Sala at
L<1IS*ICS
Charisse Mendo?a
II+ State A)thority to P)nish Cri e

4ASJE. <NCE IN 0AR EEAMS5
Art+ II& Se(+ / 41;63 Constit)tion57 .e(laration o% Prin(iples and State Poli(ies+ *he aintenan(e o% pea(e and order& the prote(tion o% li%e& li#erty and property& and the pro otion o% the general !el%are are essential %or the en"oy ent #y all the people o% the #lessings o% de o(ra(y+
SECRE*ARIA* C<MMI**EE
Bill =ernande?
=ead Loraine Mendo?a 'aye Celso Mary Mendo?a Boie 0a"o Me #ers
A+ So)r(es o% Cri inal La!

1+ *he Revised Penal Code 4A(t No+ @61/5 I (reated p)rs)ant to Ad inistrative <rder ;-M ena(ted Ban)ary 1& 1;@2M #ased on Spanish Penal Code& $S Penal Code& and Phil+ S)pre e Co)rt de(isions 2+ Spe(ial penal la!s and penal Presidential .e(rees iss)ed d)ring Martial La!+
: :
age o% the o%%ender is (onsideredM !o an !ho ,illed her (hild to (on(eal her dishonor has in her %avor a itigating (ir() stan(e+
/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
2+ Li itations to penal legislation a+ M)st #e general in appli(ation #+ M)st not parta,e o% the nat)re o% an e: post %a(to la!+ 41;63 Const+ Art III& Se(+225 (+ M)st not parta,e o% the nat)re o% a #ill o% attainder+ 41;63 Const+ Art III& Se( 225 d+ M)st not i pose (r)el and )n)s)al p)nish ent or e:(essive %ines+ 41;63 Const+ Art III& Se( 1;5 e+ M)st not provide i prison ent %or nonD pay ent o% de#ts or poll ta: 4Art+ III& Se(+ 1;
415& 1;63 Constit)tion5
0+ Penal Legislation
1+ S(hools o% *ho)ght 4ASJE. <NCE IN 0AR EEAMS5 a+ $tilitarian *heory Pri ary p)rpose7 prote(tion o% so(iety %ro a(t)al or potential !rongdoers #+ Classi(al *heory Pri ary p)rpose7 retri#)tion 0asis o% (ri inal lia#ility7 h) an %ree !ill+ Endeavored to esta#lish a e(hani(al and dire(t proportion #et!een (ri e and penaltyM there is s(ant regard to h) an ele ent+ (+ Positivist *heory Pri ary p)rpose7 Re%or ationM preventionA(orre(tion+ 0asis o% (ri inal lia#ility7 the s) o% the so(ial& nat)ral and e(ono i( pheno ena to !hi(h the a(tor is e:posed+ d+ E(le(ti(AMi:ed : (o #ines #oth positivist and (lassi(al thin,ing Cri es that are e(ono i( and so(ial #y nat)re sho)ld #e dealt !ith in a positivist annerM th)s& the la! is ore (o passionate+ =eino)s (ri es sho)ld #e dealt !ith in a (lassi(al annerMth)s&(apital p)nish ent+
%+
M)st not restri(t other (onstit)tional %reedo s& e+g d)e pro(ess& religion& %ree spee(h& and ase #ly
III+ 0asi( Prin(iples

A+ 0+ C+ .+ E+ 1enerality 4W=<N5 *erritoriality 4W=EREN5 Prospe(tivity 4W=ENN5 Legality Stri(t Constr)(tion o% penal la!s against the State
Cri inal La! has *=REE C=ARAC*ERIS*ICS7 1eneral& *erritorial& and Prospe(tive+
A+ 1enerality o% Cri inal La!

: Cri inal la! o% the (o)ntry is #inding on all persons !ho live or so"o)rn in Philippine territory 4Art+ 1-& NCC5 Li itations7
8E:(ept as provided in the treatise or la!s o% pre%erential appli(ationO9 4Art+ 2& RPC4 8Os)#"e(t to the prin(iples o% p)#li( international la! and to treaty stip)lations+9 4Art+ 1-& NCC5
1+ *reaty Stip)lations E:a ples7 1+ 0ases Agree ent entered into #y the Philippines and the $S on Mar+ 1-& 1;-3 and e:pired on Sept+ 12& 1;;1+
1
*he Revised Penal Code today %ollo!s the i:ed or e(le(ti( philosophy+ 'or e:a ple7 : into:i(ation o% the o%%ender is (onsidered to itigate his (ri inal lia#ility& )nless it is intentional or ha#it)alM
2+ Visiting 'or(es Agree ent signed on 'e#+ 10& 1;;6+

1
*a,e note o% the Visiting 'or(es Agree ent& Art+ V& !hi(h de%ines Cri inal B)risdi(tion over $nited States ilitary and
2+ La!s o% Pre%erential Appli(ation E:a ples7 1+ Me #ers o% the Congress are not lia#le %or li#el or slander %or any spee(h in Congress or (ongressional (o ittee+ 4Se( 11& Art VI& 1;63 Constit)tion5 2+ A #assadors& (hie%s o% states and other diplo ati( o%%i(ials are i )ne %ro the appli(ation o% penal la!s !hen they are
2
ariti e and interior !aters as !ell as its at osphere+ : *errestrial")risdi(tionisthe ")risdi(tion e:er(ised over land+ : 'l)vial ")risdi(tion is the ")risdi(tion e:er(ised over ariti e and interior !aters+ : Aerial ")risdi(tion is the ")risdi(tion e:er(ised over the at osphere+
2
CRIMINAL LAW 1
in the (o)ntry !here they are assigned+ 4RA 3/5 @+ Warship R)le I a !arship o% another (o)ntry even tho)gh do(,ed in the Philippines is (onsidered an e:tension o% the territory o% their respe(tive (o)ntry+ Appli(a#le also to e #assies+
2+ E:(eptions EE*RA*ERRI*<RIAL CRIMES !hi(h are p)nisha#le even i% (o itted o)tside the Philippine territory 4Art+ 2& RPC5 4ASJE. *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
Art+ 2+ Appli(ation o% its provisions+ P E:(ept as provided in the treaties and la!s o% pre%erential appli(ation& the provisions o% this Code shall #e en%or(ed not only !ithin the Philippine Ar(hipelago& in(l)ding its at osphere& its interior !aters and ariti e ?one& #)t also o)tside o% its ")risdi(tion& against those !ho7 1+ Sho)ld (o it an o%%ense !hile on a Philippine ship or airship 2+ Sho)ld %orge or (o)nter%eit any (oin or ()rren(y note o% the Philippine Islands or o#ligations and se()rities iss)ed #y the 1overn ent o% the Philippine IslandsM @+ Sho)ld #e lia#le %or a(ts (onne(ted !ith the introd)(tion into these islands o% the o#ligations and se()rities entioned in the presiding n) #erM -+ While #eing p)#li( o%%i(ers or e ployees& sho)ld (o it an o%%ense in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tionsM or /+ Sho)ld (o it any o% the (ri es against national se()rity and the la! o% nations& de%ined in *itle <ne o% 0oo, *!o o% this Code+
@+ Prin(iples o% P)#li( International La! *he %ollo!ing persons are e:e pt %ro the provisions o% the RPC7 a+ Sovereigns and other heads o% state #+ A #assadors& inisters& plenipotentiary& inister resident and (harges dF a%%aires+ Note7 (ons)ls and (ons)lar o%%i(ers are N<* e:e pt %ro lo(al prose()tion : P)#li( vessels o% a %riendly %oreign po!er are not s)#"e(t to lo(al ")risdi(tion+ has N< re%eren(e to
Note7 1enerality territoriality+
0+ *erritoriality o% Cri inal La!

1+ 2+ 1eneral R)le E:(eptions
1+ 1eneral R)le7 Penal la!s o% the (o)ntry have %or(e and e%%e(t only !ithin its territory+ : : It (annot penali?e (ri es (o itted o)tside its territory+ *he territory o% the (o)ntry is not li ited to the land !here its sovereignty resides #)t in(l)des also its
Arti(le 2 e #ra(es t!o s(opes o% appli(ations7 : 1eneral r)le D Intraterritorial re%ers to the appli(ation o% the RPC !ithin the Philippine territory 4land& air and !ater5+ @: E:(eption D E:traterritorial re%ers to the appli(ation o% the Revised Penal Code o)tside the Philippines territory+
PAR+ 17 Cri es (o ship or airship7
itted a#oard Philippine

-
(ivilian personnel te porarily in the Philippines in (onne(tion !ith a(tivities approved #y the Philippine 1overn ent 2R+A+ No+ 3/ !hi(h penali?es a(ts !hi(h !o)ld i pair the proper o#servan(e #y the Rep)#li( and inha#itants o% the Philippines o% the i )nities& rights& and privileges o% d)ly a((redited %oreign diplo ati( representatives in the Philippines
1+ *he RPC is applied to Philippine vessels i% the (ri e is (o itted !hile the ship is treading7
@
RA;@23 4*he =) an Se()rity A(t5 (ontains provisions %or e:traterritorial appli(ation -*he (o)ntry o% registry deter ines the nationality o% the vessel& N<* I*S <WNERS=IP+ A 'ilipinoDo!ned vessel registered in China )st %ly the Chinese %lag+
a+ Philippine !aters 4intraterritorial5& or #+ *he =igh Seas i+e+ !aters N<* )nder the")risdi(tiono%anyState 4e:traterritorial5 2+ *!o r)les as to ")risdi(tion over (ri es (o itted a#oard er(hant vessels !hile in the territorial !aters o% another (o)ntry 4i+e+ a %oreign vessel treading Philippine !aters <R Philippine vessels treading %oreign !aters57 a+ 'RENC=R$LE7Itisthe 'LA1ANationality o% the vessel !hi(h deter ines ")risdi(tion $NLESS the (ri e violates the pea(e and order o% the host (o)ntry #+ EN1LIS= R$LE7 the lo(ation or sit)s o% the(ri edeter ines")risdi(tion $NLESS the (ri e erely relates to internal anage ent o% the vessel+
Philippine at osphere&
/
Philippine
(ri inal la! !ill govern+ Note7 *he Philippines adopts this theory+ PAR+ 2 K @7 'orgingACo)nter%eiting and Introd)(ing Coins or C)rren(y Notes in the Philippines 1+ %orgery is (o itted a#road& and 2+ it re%ers to Philippine (oin& ()rren(y note& o#ligation and se()rity PAR+ -7 When p)#li( o%%i(ers or e ployees (o it an o%%ense in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tions Cri e (o itted pertains to the e:er(ise o% the p)#li( o%%i(ialFs %)n(tions7 : *hose having to do !ith the dis(harge o% their d)ties in a %oreign (o)ntry+ : *he %)n(tions (onte plated are those& !hi(h are& )nder the la!7 : to #e per%or ed #y the p)#li( o%%i(er : in the 'oreign Servi(e o% the Phil+ govern ent : in a %oreign (o)ntry+
3
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Note7 *he Philippines adheres to the EN1LIS= R$LE+

0$*7 *hese r)les are N<* appli(a#le i% the vessel is on the high seas !hen the (ri e !as (o itted& in these (ases& the la!s o% the nationality o% the ship !ill al!ays apply+
@+ When the (ri e is (o itted in a !ar vessel o% a %oreign (o)ntry& the NA*I<NALI*C o% the vessel !ill ALWACS deter ine ")risdi(tion #e(a)se !ar vessels are part o% the sovereignty o% the (o)ntry to !hose naval %or(e they #elong+ -+ International B)risdi(tion *heories <n Aerial
PAR+ /7 Co it any o% *he Cri es Against National Se()rity and the La! <% Nations& .e%ined In *itle <ne <% 0oo, *!o <% *his Code : Cri es against p)#li( order 4e+g+& re#ellion& (o)p dFetat& sedition5 (o itted a#road is )nder the ")risdi(tion o% the host (o)ntry+
a+ 'ree Qone *heory *he at osphere over the (o)ntry is %ree and not s)#"e(t to the ")risdi(tion o% the s)#"a(ent state& e:(ept %or the prote(tion o% its national se()rity and p)#li( order+ #+ Relative *heory *hes)#"a(entstatee:er(ises ")risdi(tion over the at osphere only to the e:tent that it (an e%%e(tively e:er(ise (ontrol thereo%+ (+ A#sol)te *heory : *he s)#"a(ent state has (o plete ")risdi(tion over the at osphere a#ove it s)#"e(t only to the inno(ent passage #y air(ra%t o% a %oreign (o)ntry+ : $nder this theory& i% the (ri e is (o itted in an air(ra%t& no atter ho! high& as long as it (an #e esta#lished that it is !ithin the
C+ Prospe(tivity o% Cri inal La!

1eneral r)le7 A(ts or o issions !ill only #e s)#"e(t to a penal la! i% they are (o itted A'*ER a penal la! has already ta,en e%%e(t+ : Vi(e versa& a(ts or o issions !hi(h have #een (o itted #e%ore the e%%e(tivity o% a penal la! (o)ld not #e penali?ed #y s)(h penal la!+
E:(eption7
Art+ 22+ Penal La!s shall have a retroa(tive e%%e(t : : inso%ar as they %avor the persons g)ilty o% a %elony& !ho is not a ha#it)al (ri inal&
See AntiD=i"a(,ing La!& pg 22@+
Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW Cir()lar and a(ted on the %aith thereo%+ No retrospe(tive e%%e(t+ Rationale %or the prospe(tivity r)le7 the p)nisha#ility o% an a(t )st #e reasona#ly ,no!n %or the g)idan(e o% so(iety+
E:(eption to the E:(eption7 1+the ne! la! is e:pressly ade inappli(a#le to pending a(tions or e:isting (a)se o% a(tionsM or 2+ o%%ender is a ha#it)al (ri inal : : E%%e(ts o% repeal o% penal la! : I% the repeal a,es the penalty lighter in the ne! la!& : the ne! la! shall #e applied& : EECEP* !hen the o%%ender is a ha#it)al delin>)ent or !hen the ne! la! is ade not appli(a#le to pending a(tion or e:isting (a)ses o% a(tion+
6
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Li itations on the po!er o% Congress to ena(t penal la!s7 1+ No e: post %a(to la! or #ill o% attainder shall #e ena(ted+ 4Art+ III& Se(+ 22& 1;63 Constit)tion5+ : E: post %a(to la! I a la! that !o)ld a,e a previo)s a(t (ri inal altho)gh it !as not so at the ti e it !as (o itted : 0ill o% attainder I a legislative a(t that in%li(ts p)nish ent !itho)t trial& its essen(e #eing the s)#stit)tion o% legislative %iat %or a ")di(ial deter ination o% g)ilt 2+ No person shall #e held to ans!er %or a (ri inal o%%ense !itho)t d)e pro(ess o% la! 4Art+ III& Se(+ 1- 415& 1;63 Constit)tion5+ @+ It sho)ld not i pose (r)el and )n)s)al p)nish ent nor sho)ld it i pose e:(essive %ines+ -+ No i prison ent %or nonDpay ent o% de#ts 4Art+ III& Se(+ 1; 415& 1;63 Constit)tion5 /+ M)st not restri(t (onstit)tional %reedo s& e+g d)e pro(ess& religion& %ree spee(h& K asse #ly
I% the ne! la! i poses a heavier penalty : la! in %or(e at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense shall #e applied+ I% the ne! la! totally repeals the e:isting la! so that the a(t !hi(h !as penali?ed )nder the old la! is no longer p)nisha#le& : the (ri e is o#literated+ : Pending (ases are dis issed : $nserved penalties i posed are re itted
R)le o% prospe(tivity also applies to ")di(ial

2
de(isions&ad inistrative r)lings and (ir()lars+

Co vs+ CA& 41;;@57 In this (ase& Cir()lar No+ - o% the Ministry o% B)sti(e& dated .e(e #er& 1/& 1;61& provides that 8!here the (he(, is iss)ed as part o% an arrange ent to g)arantee or se()re the pay ent o% an o#ligation& !hether preD e:isting or not& the dra!er is not (ri inally lia#le %or either esta%a or violation o% 0P 22+9 S)#se>)ently& the ad inistrative interpretation !as reversed in Cir()lar No+ 12& iss)ed on A)g)st 6& 1;6-& s)(h that the (lai that the (he(, !as iss)ed as a g)arantee or part o% an arrange ent to se()re an o#ligation or to %a(ilitate (olle(tion& is no longer a valid de%ense %or the prose()tion o% 0P 22+ =en(e& it !as r)led in H)e vs+ People that )nder the ne! Cir()lar& a (he(, iss)ed erely to g)arantee the per%or an(e o% an o#ligation is (overed #y 0P 22+ =o!ever& (onsistent !ith the prin(iple o% prospe(tivity& the ne! do(trine sho)ld not apply to parties !ho had relied on the old
2
.+ Legality 4n)ll) sine lege5
(ri en n)lla poena
Art+ 21+ No %elony shall #e p)nisha#le #y any penalty not pres(ri#ed #y la! prior to its (o ission+
*here is no (ri e !hen there is no la! p)nishing the sa e+ Li itation7 : Not any la! p)nishing an a(t or o ission ay #e valid as a (ri inal la!+ I% the la! p)nishing an a(t is a #ig)o)s& it is n)ll and void+
E+ Stri(t Constr)(tion o% Penal La!s Against State7 *he 8.o(trine o% Pro Reo9
: Pro Reo do(trine7 Whenever a penal la! is to #e (onstr)ed or applied and the la!
Art+ 6& Civil Code
Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW In the (ase o% People vs+ A#d)lah 4200;5& the Co)rt stated that as a (orollary to the (onstit)tional pre(ept that the a(()sed is pres) ed inno(ent )ntil the (ontrary is proved& a (onvi(tion #ased on (ir() stantial eviden(e )st e:(l)de ea(h and every hypothesis (onsistent !ith his inno(en(e+ *he (ir() stan(es proved )st !ith ea(h other& (onsistent !ith that the a(()sed is g)ilty and& at in(onsistent !ith any hypothesis o% g)ilt+ #e (on(ordant the hypothesis the sa e ti e& other than that
ad its o% t!o interpretations D one lenient to the o%%ender and one stri(t to the o%%enderD : that interpretation !hi(h is lenient or %avora#le to the o%%ender !ill #e adopted+ : 0asis7 ')nda ental r)le that all do)#ts shall #e (onstr)ed in %avor o% the a(()sed and pres) ption o% inno(en(e o% the a(()sed+
Art+ III& Se(+ 1-425& 1;63 Constit)tion7 In all (ri inal prose()tions& the a(()sed shall #e pres) ed inno(ent )ntil the (ontrary is proved+
;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Note7 *his is pe()liar only to (ri inal la!+ : EH$IP<ISE R$LE7 : When the eviden(e o% the prose()tion and the de%ense are e>)ally #alan(ed& the s(ale sho)ld #e tilted in %avor o% the a(()sedino#edien(etothe (onstit)tionalpres) ptiono%
3
IV+ 0asi( Ma:i s in Cri inal La!

1+ A(t)s Non 'a(it Re) & Nisi Mens Sit Rea 8*he a(t (annot #e (ri inal !here the ind is not (ri inal+9
$+S+ vs+ Catoli(o 416 Phil+ /0-& /065 'a(ts7 A(()sed !as a ")sti(e o% the pea(e !ho rendered de(isions %or da ages #ased on #rea(h o% (ontra(t+ *he de%endants %ailed to pay the #onds re>)ired on ti e& so )pon petition o% the plainti%%s& the a(()rsed dis issed the appeals and ordered the s) s atta(hed and delivered to plainti%%s in satis%a(tion o% the ")dg ent+ A(()sed !as prose()ted %or alversation+ =eld7 *he a(t o% the a(()sed !as not )nla!%)l+ Everything he did !as done in good %aith )nder the #elie% that he !as a(ting ")di(io)sly and (orre(tly+ *he a(t o% a aperson does not a,e hi a (ri inal& )nless his ind #e (ri inal+
inno(en(e+
In the (ase o% Aoas vs+ People 420065& in a prose()tion %or the%t #ased solely on (ir() stantial eviden(e& the %a(t that so e #eans !ere s(attered on the %loor inside and in %ront o% the stall o% petitioner and in the par,ing lot does not ne(essarily lead to the (on(l)sion that petitioner is the perpetrator o% the (ri e o% stealing #eans+ *his (annot #e e>)ated !ith the prin(iple o% la! that a person in possession or (ontrol o% stolen goods is pres) ed to #e the a)thor o% the lar(eny+ A#sent proo% o% any stolen property in the possession o% a person& as in the (ase at #ar& no pres) ption o% g)ilt (an arise+ Instead& the (onstit)tional pres) ption inno(en(e sho)ld prevail in petitionerFs %avor+ *he prose()tion %ailed to sho! that the (ir() stan(es invo,ed (o pletely dis(o)nt the possi#ility that persons other than petitioner (o)ld have perpetrated the (ri e+ *h)s& !here the proven %a(ts and (ir() stan(es are (apa#le o% t!o or ore e:planations& one o% !hi(h is (onsistent !ith inno(en(e and the other !ith g)ilt& the eviden(e does not %)l%ill the test o% oral (ertainty and is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t the a(()sed+ o%
2+ A(t)s Me Invito 'a(t)s Non Est Me)s A(t)s 8An a(t done #y e against y !ill is not y a(t+9 @+ El H)e Es Ca)sa .e La Ca)sa Es Ca)sa .el Mal Ca)sado 8=e !ho is the (a)se o% the (a)se is the (a)se o% the evil (a)sed+9 : *his is the rationale in par+ 1 o% Arti(le !hi(h en)n(iates the do(trine o% pro:i ate (a)se+ =e !ho (o its an intentional %elony is responsi#le %or all the (onse>)en(es !hi(h ay nat)rally and logi(ally res)lt there%ro & !hether %oreseen or intended or not+
$rs)a v+ CA 41;;25M Corp)? v+ People 41;;15
Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES
Chapter II+ 'elonies

I+ .I''EREN*IA*IN1 'EL<NIES& <''ENSE& MIS.EMEAN<R& AN. CRIME II+ 'EL<NIES7 =<W C<MMI**E. III+ CLASSI'ICA*I<N <' 'EL<NIES IV+ CRIMES .E'INE. AN. PENALIQE. 0C SPECIAL LAWS
Intentional 'elony v+ C)lpa#le 'elony

IN*EN*I<NAL 1+ A(t is ali(io)s+ 2+ With deli#erate intent C$LPA0LE 1+ Not ali(io)s+ 2+ In")ry (a)sed is )nintentional #eing ")st an in(ident o% another a(t per%or ed!itho)t ali(e+ @+ Wrong%)l a(t res)lts %ro i pr)den(e& negligen(e&la(,o% %oresight& or la(, o% s,ill+
10
CRIMINAL LAW 1
I+
.i%%erentiating 'elonies& Misde eanor and Cri e
<%%ense&
@+ =as intention to (a)se an in")ry
A+ 'elony7 re%ers only to violations o% the Revised Penal Code Note7 When the (ri e is p)nisha#le )nder a spe(ial la! yo) do not re%er to this as a %elony+ 8Cri e9 or 8o%%ense9 are the proper ter s+ 4ASJE. @ *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5 I portan(e7 *here are (ertain provisions in the Revised Penal Code !here the ter 8%elony9 is )sed& !hi(h eans that the provision is not e:tended to (ri es )nder spe(ial la!s+
E:a ple7 Art+ 120& RPC& H)asiDRe(idivis 7 8A person !ho shall (o it a %elony a%ter having #een (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent& #e%ore #eginning to serve senten(e or !hile serving the sa e& shall #e p)nished )nder the a:i ) period o% the penalty+9 Note that the !ord 8%elony9 is )sed+
A+ Ele ents o% 'elonies

1+ *here : )st #e an a(t or o ission AC*$S RE$SAP=CSICAL AC* to #e (onsidered as a %elony& there )st #e an a(t or o issionM A(t7 any ,ind o% #ody ove ent that prod)(es (hange in the o)tside !orldM in(l)des possession < ission7 the %ail)re to per%or re>)ired #y la! : a d)ty
It is i portant that there is a la! re>)iring the per%or an(e o% an a(t& i% there is no positive d)ty& there is no lia#ility
6
0+ <%%ense7 a (ri e p)nished )nder spe(ial la! is (alled a stat)tory o%%ense+ C+ Misde eanor7 a inor in%ra(tion o% the la!& s)(h as a violation o% an ordinan(e+ .+ Cri e7 !hether the !rongdoing is p)nished )nder the Revised Penal Code or )nder a spe(ial la!& the generi( !ord 8(ri e9 (an #e )sed+
E:a ples7 %ail)re to render assistan(e& %ail)re to iss)e re(eipt or nonDdis(los)re o% ,no!ledge o% (onspira(y against the
;
govern ent : Mens rea7 Ra g)ilty ind& a g)ilty or

10
!rong%)l p)rpose or (ri inal intentR : so eti es re%erred to in (o on parlan(e as the grava en o% the o%%ense 4#)llseye o% the (ri e5+or (ri inal or deli#erate intent 'or an a(t to #e p)nisha#le& there )st #e a C<NC$RRENCE 0E*WEEN *=E AC* and the IN*EN*+ 2+ *hat the a(t or o ission p)nisha#le #y the RPCM )st #e
II+ 'elonies7 =o! Co
itted
Art+ @+ .e%initions 4RPC5 P A(ts and o issions p)nisha#le #y la! are %elonies 4delitos5+
: 'elonies are (o itted #y eans o% de(eit 4dolo5 or %a)lt 4()lpa5 : *here is de(eit !hen the a(t is per%or ed !ith deli#erate intent and there is %a)lt !hen the !rong%)l a(t res)lts %ro i pr)den(e& negligen(e& la(, o% %oresight& or la(, o% s,ill+
Art+ 23/+ A#andon ent o% person in danger and a#andon ent o% oneSs o!n vi(ti ;Art+ 112+ Misprision o% treason+ 100la(,Ss La! .i(tionary& /th ed+& p+ 66;
@+ *hat the a(t is per%or ed or the (o in()rred #y eans o% dolo or ()lpa :
ission
*his ay #e sho!n& ho!ever& #y the nat)re o% the a(t& the (ir() stan(es )nder !hi(h it !as (o itted& the eans e ployed and the otive o% the a(()sed
11
CRIMINAL LAW 1
.olois.ELI0ERA*EIN*EN* other!ise re%erred to as (ri inal intent& and )st #e (o)pled !ith %reedo o% a(tion and intelligen(e on the part o% the o%%ender as to the a(t done #y hi +
2+ 'reedo : .e%inition7 vol)ntariness on the part o% the person !ho (o its the a(t or o ission I% there is la(, o% %reedo & the o%%ender is e:e pt %ro lia#ility 4i+e+& presen(e o% irresisti#le %or(e or )n(ontrolla#le %ear5
Lia#ility Even in the A#sen(e o% Cri inal Intent : *here are t!o e:(eptions to the re>)ire ent o% Cri inal Intent7 1+ 'elonies (o itted #y C$LPA 4in%ra5 2+ <%%enses MALA PR<=I0I*A 4in%ra5
@+ Intelligen(e : .e%inition7 (apa(ity to ,no! and )nderstand the (onse>)en(es o% oneFs a(t I% there is la(, o% intelligen(e& the o%%ender is e:e pt %ro lia#ility 4i+e+& o%%ender is an i #e(ile& insane or )nder 1/ years o% age5
0+ Re>)isites o% .olo or Mali(e

1+ Cri inal intent : : .e%inition7 the p)rpose to )se a parti()lar eans to e%%e(t a res)lt the intent to (o it an a(t !ith ali(e& #eing p)rely a ental state& is pres) ed 44#)t only i% the a(t is )nla!%)l5+ S)(h pres) ption arises %ro the proo% o% (o ission o% an )nla!%)l a(t+ =o!ever& in so e (ri es& intent (annot #e pres) ed #eing an integral ele ent thereo%M so it has to #e proven
Note7 I% any o% the ele ents is a#sent& there is no dolo+ I% there is no dolo& there (o)ld #e no
11
intentional %elony+ CA*E1<RIES <' IN*EN*7

1eneral Cri inal Intent *he intention to do so ething !rong Pres) ed %ro the ere doing o% a !rong a(t *he #)rden is )pon the !rong doer to prove that he a(ted !itho)t s)(h (ri inal intent+ Spe(i%i( Cri inal Intent *he intention to (o it a de%inite a(t E:isten(e is not pres) ed
E:a ple7 in %r)strated ho i(ide& spe(i%i( intent to ,ill is not pres) ed #)t )st #e proven& other!ise it is erely physi(al in")ries5
Re()erdo v+ People 4200257 15 1eneral (ri inal intent is an ele ent o% all (ri es #)t ali(e is properly applied only to deli#erate a(ts done on p)rpose and !ith design+ 25 Evil intent )st )nite !ith an )nla!%)l a(t %or there to #e a %elony+ A deli#erate and )nla!%)l a(t gives rise to a pres) ption o% ali(e #y intent+ @5 <n the other hand& spe(i%i( intent is a de%inite and a(t)al p)rpose to a((o plish so e parti()lar thing+ *he general (ri inal intent is pres) ed %ro the (ri inal a(t and in the a#sen(e o% any general intent is relied )pon as a de%ense& s)(h a#sen(e )st #e proved #y the a(()sed+ 1enerally& a spe(i%i( intent is not pres) ed+ Its e:isten(e& as a atter o% %a(t& )st #e proved #y the State ")st as any other essential ele ent+
Sin(e the spe(i%i( intent is an ele ent o% the (ri e& the #)rden is )pon the prose()tion to esta#lish its e:isten(e+
Ill)stration7 Ernie& !itho)t any provo(ation& sta##ed 0ert+ *he very a(t o% sta##ing is the >)ant) o% proo% needed to esta#lish the %a(t that Ernie intended to do so ething !rong+ *his is the 1ENERAL CRIMINAL IN*EN*+ =o!ever& Ernie (an #e lia#le %or ore than one (ri eM th)s& prose()tion )st esta#lish ErnieFs SPECI'IC IN*EN* in order to deter ine !hether he planned to ,ill 0ert or erely to in%li(t a !hole lot o% pain+ Ernie (an overt)rn the pres) ption o% general (ri inal intent #y proving that he !as ")sti%ied 4in%ra5& entitled to any e:e pting (ir() stan(es 4d)e to la(, o% dis(ern ent5 or there !as a ista,e o% %a(t 4in%ra5+
11
Vis#al vs+ 0)#an& 200@
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER I% he is s)((ess%)l& then the pres) ption that he intended to do so ething !rong is over(o e along !ith the need to deter ine spe(i%i( intent+ =o!ever& the res)lt o% ErnieFs a(t !ill no! deter ine his lia#ility+ Was his a(t ")sti%ied that he in()rs no lia#ilityN Is he entitled to any e:e ptionN <r is his lia#ility only itigatedN
Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES People v+ .elos Santos 4200@57 .elos Santos sta#s 'lores !ith a ,it(hen ,ni%e hitting hi on the di%%erent parts o% his #ody& in%li(ting )pon hi ortal !o)nds !hi(h dire(tly (a)sed his death+
12
CRIMINAL LAW 1
=e then arg)es that sin(e the prose()tion !itnesses

testi%ied that there !as no alter(ation #et!een hi and 'lores& it %ollo!s that no otive to ,ill (an #e attri#)ted to hi + =eld7 *he (o)rt held that the arg) ent o% .elos Santos is in(onse>)ential+ Proo% o% otive is not indispensa#le %or a (onvi(tion& parti()larly !here the a(()sed is positively identi%ied #y an eye!itness and his parti(ipation is ade>)ately esta#lished+ In People vs+ 1alano& the (o)rt r)led that in the (ri e o% )rder& otive is not an ele ent o% the o%%ense& it #e(o es aterial only !hen the eviden(e is (ir() stantial or in(on(l)sive and there is so e do)#t on !hether the a(()sed had (o itted it+ In this (ase& the (o)rt %inds that no s)(h do)#t e:its as !itnesses& .e Leon and *a#late positively identi%ied .elos Santos+
.IS*INC*I<N 0et!een Intent& .is(ern ent and Motive 4ASJE. - *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
IN*EN* .eter ination to do a (ertain thing& an ai or p)rpose o% the ind+ Esta#lish the nat)re and e:tent o% ()lpa#ility .ISCERNMEN* the ental (apa(ity to tell right %ro !rong M<*IVE It is the oving po!er !hi(h i pels one to do an a(t 4e:+ vengean(e5+ I portant only in (ertain (ases 4see #elo!5
Integral to the ele ent o% intelligen(e N<* intent+
When Motive 0e(o es Material in .eter ining Cri inal Lia#ility7 4ASJE. <NCE IN 0AR EEAMS5 1+ When the a(t #rings a#o)t variant (ri es
12
1+ Mista,e o% 'a(t 4ignorantia %a(ti e:()sat5 4ASJE. <NCE IN 0AR EEAMS5 : .e%inition7 a reasona#le isapprehension o% %a(t on the part o% the person (a)sing in")ry to another+ S)(h person is N<* (ri inally lia#le as he a(ted !itho)t (ri inal intent+
e+g+ ,idnapping v+ ro##ery 2+ *he identity o% the a(()sed is do)#t%)l @+ *he eviden(e on the (o ission o% the (ri e is p)rely (ir() stantial+ -+ Also& la(, o% otive (an aid in sho!ing the
1@
Ill)stration7 Ernie (a e ho e and %o)nd his !i%e in a pleasant (onversation !ith 0)rt& %or er s)itor+ *here)pon& he !ent to the ,it(hen& opened a dra!er and p)lled o)t a ,ni%e+ =e then sta##ed 0)rt+ *he oving %or(e is "ealo)sy+ *he intent is the resort to the ,ni%e& so that he desires to ,ill 0)rt& the %or er s)itor+
inno(en(e o% the a(()sed+
: A ista,e o% %a(t destroys the pres) ption o% (ri inal intent !hi(h arises )pon the (o ission o% a %elonio)s a(t+ : Re>)isites7 a+ *hat the a(t done !o)ld have #een la!%)l had the %a(ts #een as the a(()sed #elieved the to #eM #+ *hat the intention o% the a(()sed in per%or ing the a(t sho)ld #e la!%)lM (+ *hat the ista,e )st #e !itho)t %a)lt or (arelessness on the part o% the a(()sed+ When the a(()sed is negligent& ista,e o% %a(t is not a
1/
eans
ErnieFs deli#erate (hoi(e o% so ething as lethal as the ,ni%e sho!s the presen(e o% intelligen(e #e(a)se it is his very a!areness o% the danger !hi(h pro pted his (hoi(e+ *his only eans that he ,ne! !hat is right %ro !rong and deli#erately (hose to do !hat is !rong+
de%ense+
Ill)stration7 People v+ Ah Chong 41;1057 A ho)se#oy !ho sta#s his roo ate in the dar,& honestly ista,ing the latter to #e a ro##er responsi#le %or a series o% #rea,Dins in the area& and a%ter (rying o)t s)%%i(ient !arnings and #elieving hi sel% to #e )nder atta(,& (annot #e held (ri inally lia#le %or ho i(ide+
Note7 .is(ern ent does not indi(ate the

1-
presen(e o% intent& erely intelligen(e+ *h)s& dis(ern ent is ne(essary !hether the (ri e is dolo or ()lpa+
12 1@
People v+ P)no 41;;@5 People vs =assan& 1;66 1-People v+ Cordova 1;;@
1/
People v+ <anis& 1;66
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER 15 Wo)ld the sta##ing #e la!%)l i% the %a(ts !ere really !hat the ho)se#oy #elievedN Ces+ I% it !as really the ro##er and not the roo ate then the ho)se#oy !as ")sti%ied+ Was the ho)se#oyFs intention la!%)lN Ces+ =e !as a(ting o)t o% sel%Dpreservation+ Was the ho)se#oy !itho)t %a)lt or negligen(eN Ces+ =is deli#erate intent to de%end hi sel% !ith the ,ni%e (an #e deter ined #y the %a(t that he (ried o)t s)%%i(ient !arnings prior to the a(t+
Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES only dolo #)t also ()lpa #e(a)se ()lpa is ")st a ode o% (o itting a %elony+
1@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
25 @5
Sta##ing the vi(ti !ho the a(()sed #elieved to #e an intr)der sho!ed a ista,e o% %a(t on his part !hi(h led hi to ta,e the %a(ts as they appear to hi and !as pressed to ta,e i ediate a(tion+
#+ AS A CRIME : In Art+ @2/& (ri inal negligen(e is an o ission !hi(h the arti(le spe(i%i(ally penali?ed+ : *he (on(ept o% (ri inal negligen(e is the ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the person per%or ing or %ailing to per%or an a(t+ : Art+ @2/ (reates a distin(tion #et!een i pr)den(e and negligen(eM si ple or re(,less& one ight thin, that (ri inal negligen(eistheone#eing p)nished+
0)t7 Mista,e o% %a(t N<* availing in People v+ <anis 43- Phil+ 2/35 #e(a)se the poli(e o%%i(ers !ere at %a)lt !!hen they shot the es(aped (onvi(t !ho !as sleeping& !itho)t %irst as(ertaining his identity+ 2+ C)lpa 4C<NS*R$C*IVE IN*EN*5 : Altho)gh there is no intentional %elony& there (o)ld #e ()lpa#le %elony+ *he ele ent o% (ri inal intent is repla(ed #y CRIMINALNE1LI1ENCE<R IMPR$.ENCE+ itting a
A(t o% .olo
<R
A(t o% C)lpa
IN*EN*I<NAL
CRIMINAL NE1LI1ENCE 4AR* @2/5 'EL<NIES
Is ()lpa erely a ode o% (o (ri e or a (ri e in itsel%N
H)i?on vs+ B)sti(e o% the Pea(e 41;;/57 B)sti(e B+0+L+ Reyes dissented and (lai ed that 15 (ri inal negligen(e is a >)asiDo%%ense& and 25 the (orre(t designation sho)ld not #e ho i(ide thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e& #)t re(,less i pr)den(e res)lting in ho i(ide+ *he vie! o% B)sti(e Reyes is so)nd& #)t the pro#le is Arti(le @& !hi(h states that ()lpa is ")st a ode #y !hi(h a %elony ay res)lt+
a+ AS A M<.E : $nder Art+ @& it is (lear that ()lpa is ")st a odality #y !hi(h a %elony ay #e (o itted+
Ele ents o% C)lpa7

A(t o% .olo
<R
A(t o% C)lpa
1+ Negligen(e& re(,less i pr)den(e& la(, o% %oresight or la(, o% s,illM 2+ 'reedo @+ Intelligen(e
'EL<NC
People vs+ 'aller 41;@;57 It !as stated indire(tly that (ri inal negligen(e or ()lpa is ")st a ode o% in()rring (ri inal lia#ility+ In this (ase& the a(()sed !as (harged !ith is(hie%+ ali(io)s
Mali(io)s is(hie% is an intentional negligen(e )nder Arti(le @23+ *h)s& *here is no ali(io)s is(hie% thro)gh si ple negligen(e or re(,less i pr)den(e #e(a)se it re>)ires deli#erateness+ *he S)pre e Co)rt pointed o)t that altho)gh the allegation in the in%or ation (harged the a(()sed !ith an intentional %elony& yet the !ords %elonio)sly and )nla!%)lly& !hi(h are standard lang)ages in an in%or ation& (overs not
People v+ 0)an 41;2657 15 *he a(()sed !as driving a passenger #)s+ Allegedly #e(a)se o% his re(,lessness& the #)s (ollided !ith a "eep in")ring the passengers o% the latter+ 25 A (ase !as %iled against the a(()sed %or slight physi(al in")ries thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e %or !hi(h he !as tried and a(>)itted+ @5 Prior to his a(>)ittal& a (ase %or serio)s physi(al in")ries and da age to property thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e !as %iled+ -5 A(()sed (lai ed that he !as pla(ed in t!i(e in "eopardy+
=eld7 *he se(ond (ase
)st #e dis issed+
Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES An)ran v+ 0)no 41;2257 15 *he prin(iple a#o)t the Rlast (lear (han(eR !o)ld (all %or appli(ation in a s)it #et!een the o!ners and drivers o% the t!o (olliding vehi(les+ 25 It does not arise !here a passenger de ands responsi#ility %ro the (arrier to en%or(e its (ontra(t)al o#ligation+ a5 Last Clear Chan(e is a de%ense #y the de%endant in a da age s)it against lia#ility #y trans%erring it to the plainti%%+ *his dyna i(s (annot #e repli(ated in a (ri inal (ase #e(a)se7 i+ the lia#ility is penal in nat)re and th)s (annot #e trans%erred !ithin the sa e (ase ii+ it is not a (ase #et!een t!o parties involved in an in(ident #)t rather #et!een an individ)al and the State+
<n(e (onvi(ted or a(>)itted o% a spe(i%i( a(t o% re(,less i pr)den(e& the a(()sed ay not #e prose()ted again %or the sa e a(t+ 'or the essen(e o% the >)asiDo%%ense )nder Art+ @2/ o% the RPC lies in the e:e()tion o% an i pr)dent a(t !hi(h !o)ld #e p)nisha#le as a %elony+ *he la! penali?es the negligent a(t and not the res)lt+ *he gravity o% the (onse>)en(es is only ta,en into a((o)nt to deter ine the penalty+ It does not >)ali%y the s)#stan(e o% the o%%ense+
1CRIMINAL LAW 1
#5
Negligen(e I indi(ates de%i(ien(y o% per(eption& %ail)re to pay proper attention& and to )se diligen(e in %oreseeing the in")ry or da age i pending to #e (a)sed+ $s)ally involves la(, o% %oresight+ I pr)den(e I indi(ates de%i(ien(y o% a(tion& %ail)re to ta,e the ne(essary pre(a)tion to avoid in")ry to person or da age to property+ $s)ally involves la(, o% s,ill+ Reason %or p)nishing a(ts o% negligen(e or i pr)den(e7 A an )st )se his (o on sense and e:er(ise d)e re%le(tion in all his a(tsM it is his d)ty to #e (a)tio)s& (are%)l and pr)dent+
(+ R)le <% Negative Ingredient : *his is related to the do(trine o% pro:i ate (a)se and appli(a#le !hen (ertain (a)ses leading to the res)lt are not identi%ia#le+ : *his r)le states that : the prose()tion )st %irst identi%y !hat the a(()sed %ailed to do+ : <n(e this is done& the #)rden o% eviden(e shi%ts to the a(()sed+ : *he a(()sed )st sho! that the %ail)re did not set in otion the (hain o% events leading to the
12
in")ry+ .<C*RINES C<NCERNIN1 C$LPA0LE CRIMES a+ E ergen(y R)le : A person !ho is (on%ronted !ith a s)dden e ergen(y : ay #e le%t no ti e %or tho)ght+ : so )st a,e speedy de(ision #ased largely )pon i p)lse or instin(t& : I portan(e7 (annot #e held to the sa e (ond)(t as one !ho has had an opport)nity to re%le(t& : even tho)gh it later appears that he ade the !rong de(ision+
H)into vs+ Andres 4200/57 Ca)sal Relationship #et!een o%%ense and res)lting in")ry
III+ Classi%i(ation o% 'elonies

*his >)estion !as as,ed in the #ar e:a ination7 =o! do yo) (lassi%y %elonies and ho! are %elonies de%inedN : *IP7 What the e:a iner had in ind !as Arti(les @& 2 and ;+ .o not !rite the (lassi%i(ation o% %elonies )nder 0oo, 2 o% the Revised Penal Code+ : *he >)estion does not re>)ire the (andidate to (lassi%y #)t also to de%ine+ : *he p)rpose o% (lassi%ying penalties is to #ring a#o)t a proportionate penalty and e>)ita#le p)nish ent+ : *he penalties are grad)ated a((ording to their degree o% severity+ : *he stages 4Art+ 25 ay not apply to all ,inds o% %elonies+ : *here are %elonies !hi(h do not ad it o% division+
#+ .o(trine <% 8Last Clear Chan(e9 : *he (ontri#)tory negligen(e o% the party in")red : !ill N<* de%eat the a(tion i% it #e sho!n that the a(()sed ight& #y the e:er(ise o% reasona#le (are and pr)den(e&haveavoidedthe (onse>)en(es o% the negligen(e o% the in")red party+
0)t7 *he appli(a#ility o% this do(trine in (ri inal (ases is so e!hat d)#io)s7
12
Carillo vs People& 1;;-
'EL<NIES ARE CLASSI'IE. AS '<LL<WS7 1+ A((ording to the anner o% their (o ission 2+ A((ording to the stages o% their e:e()tion 4ASJE. ; *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5 @+ A((ording to their gravity <*=ER CLASSI'ICA*I<NS7 -+ As to (o)nt /+ As to nat)re
the slightest #)rning already renders the (ri e (o plete+

Valen?)ela vs+ People 4200357 No (ri e o% %r)strated the%t+ 'a(ts7 A gro(ery #oy !as (a)ght trying to a#s(ond a #o: o% *ide $ltra#ar la)ndry soap %ro the S)per Sale Cl)#+ *he g)ards apprehended hi at the store par,ing lot !hile trying to #oard a ta:i+ =e (lai ed the the%t !as erely %r)strated %or he !as not a#le to dispose o% the goods+
1/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
1+ A((ording to Co ission :
the
Manner
o%
*heir
$nder Art+ @& they are (lassi%ied as7 1+ intentional %elonies or those (o itted !ith deli#erate intentM and 2+ ()lpa#le %elonies or those res)lting %ro negligen(e& re(,less i pr)den(e& la(, o% %oresight or la(, o% s,ill+
=eld7 *he Revised Penal Code provisions on the%t have not #een designed in s)(h %ashion as to a((o odate the Adiao& .ino and E pelis r)lings+ Again& there is no lang)age in Arti(le @06 that e:pressly or i pliedly allo!s that the 8%ree disposition o% the ite s stolen9 is in any !ay deter inative o% !hether the (ri e o% the%t has #een prod)(ed+ We th)s (on(l)de that )nder the Revised Penal Code& there is no (ri e o% %r)strated the%t+
2+ A((ording E:e()tion :
to
the
Stages
o%
*heir
@+ A((ording to *heir 1ravity : $nder Art+ ;& %elonies are (lassi%ied as7 1+ 1rave %elonies or those to !hi(h atta(hes to : the (apital p)nish ent or : penalties !hi(h in any o% their periods are a%%li(tiveM 2+ Less grave %elonies or those to !hi(h the la! p)nishes : !ith penalties !hi(h in their a:i ) period is (orre(tionalM @+ Light %elonies or those in%ra(tions o% la! %or the (o ission o% !hi(h : the penalty is arresto enor+ 4ASJE. - *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
$nder Art+ 2& they are (lassi%ied as7 1+ Atte pted 2+ 'r)strated @+ Cons) ated Note7 *he (lassi%i(ation o% stages o% a %elony in Arti(le 2 are tr)e only to (ri es )nder the Revised Penal Code+ It does N<* apply to (ri es p)nished )nder spe(ial la!s+ 0$*7 even (ertain (ri es !hi(h are p)nished )nder the Revised Penal Code do not ad it o% these stages+ Related to this& (lassi%i(ation o% %elonies as to7 a+ 'or al Cri es7 (ri es !hi(h are (ons) ated in one instan(e+ E:a ple7 ILLE1AL EEAC*I<N )nder Arti(le 21@ : Mere de anding o% an a o)nt di%%erent %ro !hat the la! a)thori?es hi to (olle(t !ill already (ons) ate a (ri e& !hether the ta:payer pays the a o)nt #eing de anded or not+ #+ Material 'elonies7 (ri es that have vario)s stages o% e:e()tion (+ Cri es !hi(h have N< 'R$S*RA*E. S*A1E7 the essen(e o% the (ri e is the a(t itsel% :
Why is it ne(essary to deter ine !hether the (ri e is grave& less grave or lightN : *o deter ine : !hether these %elonies (an #e (o ple:ed or notM : the pres(ription o% the (ri e and : the pres(ription o% the penalty+ : In other !ords& these are %elonies (lassi%ied a((ording to their gravity& stages and the penalty atta(hed to the +
: E:a ple7 in rape& the slightest penetration already (ons) ates the (ri eM the sa e is tr)e %or arson !here
*a,e note that !hen the Revised Penal Code spea,s o% grave and less grave %elonies& the de%inition a,es a re%eren(e spe(i%i(ally to Arti(le 2/ o% the Revised Penal Code+ .o not o it the phrase 8In a((ordan(e !ith Art+ 2/9 #e(a)se there is also a (lassi%i(ation o% penalties )nder Art+ 22 that !as not applied+
Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES MALA IN SE -+ As to degree o% a((o plish ent o% (ri e /+ As to itigating and aggravating (ir() stan(es 2+ As to degree o% parti(ipation .egree o% a((o plish ent is ta,en into a((o)nt %or the p)nish ent+ *hey are ta,en into a((o)nt in i posing penalty When there is ore than one o%%ender& the degree o% parti(ipation o% ea(h in the (o ission is ta,en into a((o)nt+ MALA PR<=I0I*A *he a(t gives rise to a (ri e only !hen (ons) ated+
*his (lassi%i(ation o% %elony a((ording to gravity is i portant !ith respe(t to the >)estion o% pres(ription o% (ri es+ : E:+ I% the penalty is a %ine and e:a(tly P200+00& it is only (onsidered a light %elony )nder Art+ ;+ I% the %ine is i posed as an alternative penalty or as a single penalty& the %ine o% P200+00 is (onsidered a (orre(tional penalty )nder Art+ 22+ : I% the penalty is e:a(tly P200+00& apply Art+ 22+ It is (onsidered as a (orre(tional penalty and it pres(ri#es in 10 years+ I% the o%%ender is apprehended at any ti e !ithin ten years& he (an #e ade to s)%%er the %ine+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
*hey are not ta,en into a((o)nt+ .egree o% parti(ipation is generally not ta,en into a((o)nt+ All !ho parti(ipated in the a(t are p)nished to the sa e e:tent+ Penalty on o%%enders is sa e !hether they a(ted as ere a((o pli(es or a((essories
-+ As to Co)nt : Pl)rality o% (ri es ay #e in the %or : Co po)nd Cri e& : Co ple: (ri eM and : Co posite (ri e+ /+ As to Nat)re 4ASJE. - *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5 a+ Mala in se #+ Mala prohi#ita
o%7
3+ As to stage o% a((o plish ent
IV+ Cri es .e%ined and Penali?ed #y Spe(ial La!s

Art+ 10+ <%%enses not s)#"e(t to the provisions o% this Code+ P <%%enses !hi(h are or in the %)t)re ay #e p)nisha#le )nder spe(ial la!s are not s)#"e(t to the provisions o% this Code+ *his Code shall #e s)pple entary to s)(h la!s& )nless the latter sho)ld spe(ially provide the (ontrary+
6+ As to !hat la!s are violated
Penalty is (o p)ted on the #asis o% !hether he is a prin(ipal o%%ender or erely an a((o pli(e or a((essory 1enerally& the RPC+
1enerally& spe(ial la!s+
: :
.olo is not re>)ired in (ri es ala prohi#ita+ In those (ri es !hi(h are ala prohi#ita& the a(t alone irrespe(tive o% its otives& (onstit)tes the o%%ense+ 1ood %aith and a#sen(e o% (ri inal intent are not valid de%enses in (ri es ala prohi#ita
Mala in se vs+ Mala Prohi#ita 4ASJE. *WICE IN 0AR EEAMS5

MALA IN SE 1+ As to nat)re !rong %ro its very nat)re MALA PR<=I0I*A Wrong #e(a)se it is prohi#ited #y la! 1' is not a de%ense+
Estrada v+ Sandigan#ayan 4200157 Estrada is (hallenging the pl)nder la!+ <ne o% the iss)es he raised is !hether pl)nder is a al) prohi#it) or al) in se+ =eld7 Pl)nder is a al) in se !hi(h re>)ires proo% o% (ri inal o% (ri inal intent+ Pre(isely #e(a)se the (onstit)tive (ri es are ala in se the ele ent o% ens rea )st #e proven in a prose()tion %or pl)nder+ It is note!orthy that the a ended in%or ation alleges that the (ri e o% pl)nder !as (o itted 8!ill%)lly& )nla!%)lly and (ri inally+9 It th)s alleges g)ilt ,no!ledge on the part o% the petitioner+
2+ As to )se o% good %aith as de%ense @+ As to W<N (ri inal intent is an ele ent
1' a valid de%ense& )nless the (ri e is the res)lt o% ()lpa Cri inal intent is an ele ent+
Cri inal intent is i aterial& 0$* still re>)ires intelligen(e K vol)ntariness
While intentional %elonies are al!ays ala in se& it does not %ollo! that prohi#ited a(ts
Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES (onspiring !ith her h)s#and as the prin(iple o% (onspira(y is inappli(a#le to 0P 0lg+ 22 !hi(h is a spe(ial la!+ =eld7 15 0+P+ 0lg+ 22 does not e:pressly pres(ri#e the s)ppletory appli(ation o% the provisions o% the RPC+ 25 *h)s& in the a#sen(e o% (ontrary provision in 0+P+ 0lg+ 22& the general provisions o% the RPC !hi(h& #y their nat)re& are ne(essarily appli(a#le& ay #e applied s)ppletorily+ @5 *he (o)rt (ited the (ase o% C) vs+ People& !here the provisions on s)#sidiary i prison ent )nder Arti(le @; o% the RPC to 0+P+ 0lg+ 22 !as applied s)ppletorily+
done in violation o% spe(ial la!s are al!ays ala prohi#ita+ Even i% the (ri e is p)nished )nder a spe(ial la!& i% the a(t p)nished is one !hi(h is inherently !rong& the sa e is al) in se& and& there%ore& good %aith and the la(, o% (ri inal intent is a valid de%enseM )nless it is the prod)(t o% (ri inal negligen(e or ()lpa+ Li,e!ise !hen the spe(ial la!s re>)ire that the p)nished a(t #e (o itted ,no!ingly and !ill%)lly& (ri inal intent is re>)ired to #e proved #e%ore (ri inal lia#ility ay arise+
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Note7 Where de%ense+
ali(e is a %a(tor& good %aith is a
RELA*I<N <' RPC *< SPECIAL LAWS7 S$PPLE*<RC APPLICA*I<N <' RPC : : <%%enses p)nisha#le )nder spe(ial la!s are not s)#"e(t to the provisions o% the RPC+ *he RPC shall #e s)pple entary to spe(ial la!s& )nless the latter sho)ld spe(ially provide the (ontrary 4Art+ 10& RPC5 Arti(le 10 is the (onse>)en(e o% the legal re>)ire ent that one )st disting)ish those p)nished )nder spe(ial la!s and those )nder the Revised Penal Code+ With regard to Arti(le 10& o#serve the distin(tion+ When AppliedN As a s)pple ent to the spe(ial la!& <R si ply (orrelate the violated spe(ial la!& i% needed to avoid an in")sti(e+ I% no ")sti(e !o)ld res)lt& do not give s)ppletory appli(ation o% the Revised Penal Code to that o% the spe(ial la!+
*he s)ppletory appli(ation o% the prin(iple o% (onspira(y in this (ase is analogo)s to the appli(ation o% the provision on prin(ipals )nder Arti(le 13 in $+S+ vs+ Ponte+ 'or on(e (onspira(y or a(tion in (on(ert to a(hieve a (ri inal design is sho!n& the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all the (onspirators& and the pre(ise e:tent or odality o% parti(ipation o% ea(h o% the #e(o es se(ondary& sin(e all the (onspirators are prin(ipals+ *he Co)rt in this (ase ho!ever r)led in %avor o% Ladonga4!i%e5 as the prose()tion %ailed to prove that she per%or ed any overt a(t in %)rtheran(e o% the alleged (onspira(y+ People vs+ Rodrig)e? 41;2057 It !as held that a violation o% a spe(ial la! (an never a#sor# a (ri e p)nisha#le )nder the Revised Penal Code& #e(a)se violations o% the Revised Penal Code are ore serio)s than a violation o% a spe(ial la!+ 0)t a (ri e in the Revised Penal Code (an a#sor# a (ri e p)nisha#le #y a spe(ial la! i% it is a ne(essary ingredient o% the %elony de%ined in the Code+ People vs+ Martinada7 *he (ri e o% (attleDr)stling is not al) prohi#it) #)t a odi%i(ation o% the (ri e o% the%t o% large (attle+ So Presidential .e(ree No+ /@@& p)nishing (attleD r)stling& is not a spe(ial la!+ It (an a#sor# the (ri e o% )rder+ I% in the (o)rse o% (attle r)stling& )rder !as (o itted& the o%%ender (annot #e prose()ted %or )rder+ Note7 M)rder !o)ld #e a >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e in
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Ill)stration7 : A spe(ial la! p)nishes a (ertain a(t as a (ri e+ : *he spe(ial la! is silent as to the (ivil lia#ility o% one !ho violates the sa e+ : May the (o)rt prono)n(e that a person is (ivilly lia#le to the o%%ended party& (onsidering that the spe(ial la! is silent on this pointN Ces+ Arti(le 100 states that every person (ri inally lia#le %or a %elony is also (ivilly lia#le+ *hat arti(le shall #e applied s)ppletorily to avoid an in")sti(e that !o)ld #e (a)sed to the private o%%ended party& i% he !o)ld not #e inde ni%ied %or the da ages or in")ries s)stained #y hi +
the (ri e o% >)ali%ied (attle r)stling+ Ladonga v People 4200/57 Spo)ses Ladonga !ere (onvi(ted #y the R*C %or violation o% 0P+ 0lg+ 22 4@ (o)nts5+ *he h)s#and applied %or pro#ation !hile the !i%e appealed arg)ing that the R*C erred in %inding her (ri inally lia#le %or
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Se(+ 6& P. no+ /@@
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C B)sti(e& s)(h state ent as ay #e dee ed proper& !itho)t s)spending the e:e()tion o% the senten(e& -5 !hen a stri(t en%or(e ent o% the provisions o% this Code !o)ld res)lt in the i position o% a (learly e:(essive penalty& ta,ing into (onsideration the degree o% ali(e and the in")ry (a)sed #y the o%%ense+
Chapter III+ ')nda ental Prin(iples o% Cri inal Lia#ility

I+ PR<EIMA*E CA$SE II+ <MISSI<N III+ IMP<SSI0LE CRIMES IV+ LIA0ILI*C '<R INC<MPLE*E ELEMEN*S AN. INC<MPLE*E CRIMES V+ PR<P<SAL AN. C<NSPIRACC VI+ LIA0ILI*C '<R PL$RAL CRIMES
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=<W IS CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C INC$RRE.N : Sin(e in Art+ @& a %elony is an a(t or o ission p)nisha#le #y la!& parti()larly the Revised Penal Code& : it %ollo!s that !hoever (o its a %elony in()rs (ri inal lia#ility : It is i portant to note that i% the (ri inal lia#ility arises %ro an o ission : s)(h as isprision o% treason or : a#andon ent o% helpless persons& there )st #e a la! re>)iring the per%or an(e o% s)(h a(t+ In par+ 1 o% Art+ -& the la! )ses the !ord 8%elony&9 that !hoever (o its a %elony in()rs (ri inal lia#ility+ : A %elony ay arise not only !hen it is intended& #)t also !hen it is the prod)(t o% (ri inal negligen(e+ Par+ 2 o% Art+ - a,es a person lia#le even i% the a((o plish ent o% his (ri e is inherently i possi#le+ Art+ 2 also provides %or lia#ility %or the in(o plete ele ents o% a (ri e+ *here are (ertain %elonies (o itted #y (onspiringinorproposingthe (o ission o% (ertain a(ts& the prin(iple #ehind this (an #e %o)nd in Art+ 6+ Pl)ral (ri es on the other hand are dis()ssed )nder Art+ -6+
Arti(le / (overs t!o sit)ations7 1+ *he (o)rt (annot (onvi(t the a(()sed #e(a)se the a(ts do not (onstit)te a (ri e+ : *he proper ")dg ent is a(>)ittal+ : In Aoas v+ People 42006M Na(h)ra5& the prose()tion has %ailed to sho! that all the ele ents o% the (ri e o% the%t !ere present and the (ir() stan(es invo,ed (o pletely dis(o)nt the possi#ility that persons other than petitioner (o)ld have perpetrated the (ri e+ *h)s& !here the proven %a(ts and (ir() stan(es are (apa#le o% t!o or ore e:planations& one o% !hi(h is (onsistent !ith inno(en(e and the other !ith g)ilt& the eviden(e does not %)l%ill the test o% oral (ertainty and is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t the a(()sed+ : *he (o)rt is andated to report to the Chie% E:e()tive that said a(t #e ade s)#"e(t o% penal legislation and !hy+
: :
2+ Where the (o)rt %inds the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (ri e too harsh (onsidering the (onditions s)rro)nding the (o ission o% the (ri e& : *he ")dge sho)ld i pose the la!+ : *he ost that he (o)ld do is re(o end to the Chie% E:e()tive to grant e:e()tive (le en(y+
I+
Pro:i ate Ca)se
*=ERE IS N< CRIME $NLESS *=ERE IS A LAW P$NIS=IN1 I*

Art+ /+ .)ty o% the (o)rt in (onne(tion !ith a(ts !hi(h sho)ld #e repressed #)t !hi(h are not (overed #y the la!& and in (ases o% e:(essive penalties+ 15 Whenever a (o)rt has ,no!ledge o% any a(t !hi(h it ay dee proper to repress and !hi(h is not p)nisha#le #y la!& 25 it shall render the proper de(ision& and shall report to the Chie% E:e()tive& thro)gh the .epart ent o% B)sti(e& the reasons !hi(h ind)(e the (o)rt to #elieve that said a(t sho)ld #e ade the s)#"e(t o% legislation+ @5 In the sa e !ay& the (o)rt shall s)# it to the Chie% E:e()tive& thro)gh the .epart ent o%
: .e%inition7 that (a)se& !hi(h& in a nat)ral and (ontin)o)s se>)en(e& )n#ro,en #y any e%%i(ient intervening (a)se& prod)(es the in")ry !itho)t !hi(h the res)lt !o)ld not have o(()rred : Cri inallia#ilitye:ists%ro the (on()rren(e o% the ens rea and the a(t)s re)s+
Ill)stration7 .ave and BR are s)pposed to eet in A)dreyFs ho e #)t !hen BR arrived .ave !as not ho e+ BR re(eived an SMS %ro .ave telling the %or er to get the ho)se ,ey %ro )nder the door at+ .ave lets hi sel% in and sa! an iPod on the ta#le+ BR too, the iPod+ What is BRFs (ri inal lia#ilityN =e is lia#le only %or the%t and not ro##ery #e(a)se the intent to gain
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER (on()rred only !ith the a(t o% ta,ing 0$* N<* !ith the a(t o% )sing the o!nerFs ,eys to enter the ho)se+
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C =o!ever& E !as )sing his (ellphone and there%ore !as not a!are that the tra%%i( light had t)rned to red& so he #) ped the (ar o% .& then . hit the (ar o% C& then C hit the (ar o% 0& then& %inally& 0 hit the (ar o% A+ In this (ase& the i ediate (a)se o% the da age to the (ar o% A is the (ar o% 0& #)t that is not the pro:i ate (a)se+ *he pro:i ate (a)se is the negligen(e o% E 4)sing his (ellphone !hile driving5 #e(a)se it sets into otion the (ollision o% all the (ars+ $S v+ Valde? 41;2157 15 *he de(eased is a e #er o% the (re! o% a vessel+ A(()sed is in (harge o% the (re! e #ers engaged in the loading o% (argo in the vessel+ 25 0e(a)se the o%%ended party !as slo! in his !or,& the a(()sed sho)ted at hi + *he o%%ended party replied that they !o)ld #e #etter i% he !o)ld not ins)lt the + @5 *he a(()sed resented this& and rising in rage& he oved to!ards the vi(ti & !ith a #ig ,ni%e in hand threatening to ,ill hi + -5 *he vi(ti #elieving hi sel% to #e in i ediate peril thre! hi sel% into the !ater+ *he vi(ti died o% dro!ning+ *he a(()sed !as prose()ted %or ho i(ide+ =is (ontention that his lia#ility sho)ld #e only %or grave threats sin(e he did not even sta# the vi(ti & that the vi(ti died o% dro!ning& and this (an #e (onsidered as a s)pervening (a)se+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
Cri inal lia#ility %or so e %elonies& arises only )pon a spe(i%i( res)lting har : =<MICI.E AN. I*S H$ALI'IE. '<RMS re>)ires .EA*= o% the vi(ti to #e (ons) ated+ : ES*A'A7 re>)ires that the vi(ti in()r da age %or (ri inal lia#ility %or the (ons) ated %elony to arise It !as dis()ssed in the previo)s se(tion that CRIMINALIN*EN*andCRIMINAL NE1LI1ENCE are ele ents o% (ri inal lia#ility+ Par+ 1& Art+ - !ith CA$SA*I<N as the third eans o% deter ining (ri inal lia#ility+
Vda+ .e 0ata(lan v+ Medina 41;/357 SC laid do!n the de%inition o% pro:i ate (a)se7 that (a)se& !hi(h sets into otion other (a)ses and !hi(h )n#ro,en #y any e%%i(ient s)pervening (a)se& prod)(es a %elony and !itho)t !hi(h s)(h %elony (o)ld not have res)lted+
1eneral r)le7 the o%%ender is CRIMINALLC LIA0LE %or ALL the (onse>)en(es o% his %elonio)s a(t7 : altho)gh not intended& i% the %elonio)s a(t is the pro:i ate (a)se o% the res)lting har + *h)s& the person is still (ri inally lia#le altho)gh the !rong%)l a(t done #e di%%erent %ro that !hi(h he intended7 1+ Error in personae I ista,e in the identity o% the vi(ti 4Art+ -; I penalty %or lesser (ri e in its a:i ) period5 2+ A##eratio i(t)s I ista,e in the #lo! 4Art+ -6 on (o ple: (ri es I penalty %or graver o%%ense in its a:i ) period5 @+ Praeter intentione I in")rio)s res)lt is greater than that intended 4Art+ 1@ I itigating (ir() stan(e5 : Pro:i ate Ca)se v+ I Re ote Ca)se ediate Ca)se v+
=eld7 *he de(eased& in thro!ing hi sel% into the river& a(ted solely in o#edien(e to the instin(t o% sel%Dpreservation& and !as in no sense legally responsi#le %or his o!n death+ As to hi & it !as #)t the e:er(ise o% a (hoi(e #et!een t!o evils& and any reasona#le person )nder the sa e (ir() stan(e ight have done the sa e+ *he a(()sed )st& there%ore& #e (onsidered the a)thor o% the death o% the vi(ti +
*his (ase ill)strates that pro:i ate (a)se does not re>)ire that the o%%ender needs to a(t)ally to)(h the #ody o% the o%%ended party+ It is eno)gh that the o%%ender generated in the ind o% the o%%ended party the #elie% that ade hi pla(e his li%e at ris,+
Ill)strations7 A& 0& C& .& and E !ere driving their vehi(les along <rtigas Ave+ AFs (ar !as ahead& %ollo!ed #y those o% 0& C& .& and E+ When AFs (ar rea(hed the interse(tion o% E.SA and <rtigas Aven)e& the tra%%i( light t)rned red so A i ediately stepped on his #ra,es& %ollo!ed #y 0& C& and .+
$r#ano v+ IAC 41;6657 15 A and 0 had a >)arrel and started ha(,ing ea(h other+ 0 !as !o)nded at the #a(,+ 25 Cooler heads intervened and they !ere separated+ So eho!& their di%%eren(es !ere pat(hed )p+ @5 A agreed to sho)lder all the e:penses %or the treat ent o% the !o)nd o% 0& and to pay hi also !hatever loss o% in(o e 0 ay have s)%%ered+ -5 0& on the other hand& signed %orgiveness in %avor o% A and on that (ondition& he !ithdre! the (o plaint that he %iled against A+ /5 A%ter so any !ee,s o% treat ent in a (lini(& the do(tor prono)n(ed that the !o)nd !as
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER already healed+ *herea%ter& 0 !ent #a(, to his %ar + *!o onths later& 0 (a e ho e and !as (hilling+ 0e%ore idnight& he died o)t o% tetan)s poisoning+ *he heirs o% 0 %iled a (ase o% ho i(ide against A+
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C Instead& he persisted res)lting in the otorela t)rning on its side and in the opposite dire(tion+ *he a(t o% a(()sedDappellant in relentlessly p)rs)ing the otorela is a ani%estation o% his intention to perpetrate the (ri e+ People v+ A()ra 4200057 15 Appellant #la es the death o% the vi(ti on the la(, o% pro pt and proper edi(al attention given+ 25 =e insists that the delay in giving proper edi(al attendan(e to the vi(ti (onstit)tes an e%%i(ient intervening (a)se !hi(h e:e pts hi %ro (ri inal responsi#ility+ =eld7 *he attending do(tors are not lia#le %or the death o% the vi(ti + *he per(eived delay in giving edi(al treat ent to the vi(ti does not #rea, at all the (a)sal (onne(tion #et!een the !rong%)l a(t o% the appellant and the in")ries s)stained #y the vi(ti + It does not (onstit)te e%%i(ient intervening (a)se+ *he pro:i ate (a)se o% the death o% the de(eased is the shooting #y the appellant+ It is settled that anyone in%li(ting in")ries is responsi#le %or all the (onse>)en(es o% his (ri inal a(t s)(h as death that s)pervenes in (onse>)en(e o% the in")ries+ *he %a(t that the in")red did not re(eive proper edi(al attendan(e !o)ld not a%%e(t appellantSs (ri inal responsi#ility+ *he r)le is %o)nded on the pra(ti(al poli(y o% (losing to the !rongdoer a (onvenient aven)e o% es(ape %ro the ")st (onse>)en(es o% his !rong%)l a(t+ I% the r)le !ere other!ise& any (ri inals (o)ld avoid ")st a((o)nting %or their a(ts #y erely esta#lishing a do)#t as to the i ediate (a)se o% death+
25
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
35
=eld7 *he S)pre e Co)rt held that A is not lia#le+ It too, into a((o)nt the in()#ation period o% tetan)s to:i(+ Medi(al eviden(e !ere presented that tetan)s to:i( is good only %or t!o !ee,s+ *hat i%& indeed& the vi(ti had in()rred tetan)s poisoning o)t o% the !o)nd in%li(ted #y A& he !o)ld not have lasted t!o onths+ What #ro)ght a#o)t the tetan)s to in%e(t his #ody !as his !or, in the %ar )sing his #are hands+ 0e(a)se o% this& the S)pre e Co)rt said that the a(t o% 0 !or,ing in his %ar !here the soil is %ilthy& )sing his o!n hands& is an e%%i(ient s)pervening (a)se !hi(h relieves A o% any lia#ility %or the death o% 0+ A& i% at all& is only lia#le %or the physi(al in")ries in%li(ted )pon 0+ People v+ Eng)ito 4200057 15 A !as a)led #y 0+ *he latter too, o%% #y riding a otorela !hi(h (ontained other passengers+ 25 A %ollo!ed #ehind in another vehi(le !ith the intent o% reporting the in(ident to the poli(e+ A %or(ed his vehi(le to #) p the otorela a %e! ti es& !hi(h pro pted 0 to ") p+ @5 *he %or(e o% the ") p (a)sed the otorela to lose #alan(e there#y %lipping to its le%t side and in")ring the other passengers+ -5 A (ontends that he (o)ld not #e g)ilty o% any physi(al in")ries s)%%ered #y the other passengers #e(a)se the dire(t (a)se o% the otorela t)rning on its le%t side !as the a(t o% the driver in g)iding the vehi(le !hile the pro:i ate (a)se is the thr)st !hi(h res)lted !hen 0 s)ddenly ") ped o)t o% the otorela+
II+ < ission

=eld7 *he arg) ent is devoid o% erit+ A disregarded the #asi( r)le in (ri inal la! that a person is responsi#le %or all the (onse>)en(es o% his )nla!%)l or !rong%)l a(t altho)gh s)(h (onse>)en(es !ere di%%erent %ro those !hi(h he originally intended+ Even i% it #e ass) ed that the real intention o% a(()sedDappellant !as to s)rrender the vi(ti to the poli(e %or a)ling hi & his a(t o% p)rs)ing the vi(ti & !ho !as a passenger o% the otorela& res)lted in the in")ries o% the driver and the other passenger o% the otorela+ $pon seeing that 0 !as trying to ") p o)t o% the otorela& A sho)ld have ,no!n that #y (losely %ollo!ing& p)shing and #) ping the otorela& he (o)ld in")re the passengers& !hi(h is !hat happened in this (ase+
< ission is ina(tion& the %ail)re to per%or a positive d)ty !hi(h a person is #o)nd to do+ : *here )st #e a la! re>)iring the doing or per%or ing o% an a(t+ P)nisha#le o issions in the RPC7 : Art 1127 Misprision o% treason : Art 23/7 A#andon ent o% inors : Art 2327 A#andon ent o% helpless persons : Art 2067 'ail)re to prose()te& dereli(tion o% d)ty
III+ I possi#le Cri es
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C
$nder par+ 2& Art+ -& i possi#le (ri e is an a(t !hi(h !o)ld #e an o%%ense only against person or property : !ereitnot%ortheinherent i possi#ility o% its a((o plish ent or : on a((o)nt o% the e ploy ent o% inade>)ate or ine%%e(t)al eans+ (+ Lia#ility )nder this paragraph is in()rred only i%7 : the o%%ender has a(t)ally per%or ed the a(t against the person or property o% the intended vi(ti and : s)(h a(t does not (onstit)te another %elony+
S)ppose& instead o% )sing %irear s& the ()lprits set %ire to the intended vi(ti Fs ho)se& #elieving that she !as there !hen in %a(t she !as not& !o)ld the (ri inal lia#ility #e %or an i possi#le (ri eN
21
CRIMINAL LAW 1
$ntil the Intod (ase& the prevailing #elie% !as that the provision o% the Revised Penal Code on i possi#le (ri e !o)ld only apply !hen the !rong%)l a(t& !hi(h !o)ld have (onstit)ted a (ri e against persons or property& (o)ld not and did not (onstit)te another %elony+
Ill)stration7 *he vi(ti !as tort)red to death+ =e !as later shot in the #a(, to a,e it appear that he !as ,illed !hile trying to es(ape+ *he a(()sed is not a prin(ipal to an i possi#le (ri e #)t an a((essory to the ,illing (o itted #y the prin(ipal 4People v+ Saladino5+
d+ <ther!ise& i% s)(h a(t (onstit)ted any other %elony altho)gh di%%erent %ro !hat the o%%ender intended& the (ri inal lia#ility sho)ld #e %or s)(h other %elony and not %or an i possi#le (ri e+ e+ *he #elie% !as so #e(a)se Art+ - o% the RPC provides t!o sit)ations !here (ri inal lia#ility shall #e in()rred+ %+ 0e(a)se (ri inal lia#ility %or i possi#le (ri e pres)pposes that no other %elony res)lted %ro the !rong%)l a(t done 4in other !ords& there !as no res)lting da age or har 5& the penalty is %i:ed at arresto ayor or a %ine %ro P200+00 to P/00+00& depending on the 8so(ial danger and degree o% (ri inality sho!n #y the o%%ender94Art+ /;5& regardless o% !hether the !rong%)l a(t !as an i possi#le (ri e against persons or against property+
M<.I'IE. C<NCEP* <' IMP<SSI0LE CRIME

Intod v+ CA 41;;257 15 In this (ase& %o)r ()lprits& all ar ed !ith %irear s and !ith intent to ,ill& !ent to the intended vi(ti Fs ho)se and a%ter having pinpointed the latterFs #edroo & all %o)r %ired at and riddled the said roo !ith #)llets& thin,ing that the intended vi(ti !as already there as it !as a#o)t 10700 in the evening+ 25 It so happened that the intended vi(ti did not (o e ho e that evening and so !as not in her #edroo at that ti e+ @5 Event)ally the ()lprits !ere prose()ted and (onvi(ted #y the trial (o)rt %or atte pted )rder+ -5 CA a%%ir ed the ")dg ent #)t the SC odi%ied the sa e and held the petitioner lia#le only %or the soD(alled i possi#le (ri e+ /5 As a res)lt& petitionerDa(()sed !as senten(ed to i prison ent o% only si: onths o% arresto ayor %or the %elonio)s a(t he (o itted !ith intent to ,ill7 this despite the destr)(tion done to the intended vi(ti Fs ho)se+
g+ In the Intod (ase& the !rong%)l a(ts o% the ()lprits (a)sed destr)(tion to the ho)se o% the intended vi(ti M this %elonio)s a(t negates the idea o% an i possi#le (ri e+ : 0)t !hether !e agree or not& the S)pre e Co)rt has spo,en& !e have to respe(t its r)ling 4 oot and a(ade i(5+
a+ So eho!& the de(ision depre(iated the serio)sness o% the a(t (o itted& (onsidering the la!lessness !ith !hi(h the ()lprits (arried o)t the intended (ri e+ #+ So e >)estions7 : Was it really the i possi#ility o% a((o plishing the ,illing that #ro)ght a#o)t its nonDa((o plish entN : Was it not p)rely a((idental that the intended vi(ti did not (o e ho e that evening and& th)s& )n,no!n to the ()lprits& the #edroo !as e pty at the ti e it !as shot and riddled !ith #)lletsN
IV+ Lia#ility %or In(o plete Ele ents and In(o plete Cri es
A+ 0+ C+ .+ Classi%i(ation )nder Art+ 2 .evelop ent o% a Cri e Atte pt and 'r)stration 'a(tors .eter ining the Stages o% a Cri e
A+ Classi%i(ation $nder Art+ 2

a+ Cons) ated 'elony : When all the ele ents ne(essary %or its e:e()tion are present+ : *he %elony is prod)(ed
#+ 'r)strated 'elony : When the o%%ender per%or s all the a(ts o% e:e()tionM : All the a(ts per%or ed !o)ld prod)(e the %elony as a (onse>)en(eM : *he %elony is not prod)(edM : 0y reason o% (a)ses independent o% the !ill o% the perpetrator+
When the o%%ender (o en(es the (o ission o% a %elony dire(tly #y overt a(tsM =e does not per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the %elonyM 0y reason o% so e (a)se or a((ident other than his o!n spontaneo)s desistan(eM
22
CRIMINAL LAW 1
(+ Atte pted 'elony
0+ .evelop ent o% a Cri e

ELEMEN*S <' CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C 1+ A(t)s Re)s IMP<SSI0LE CRIME A**EMP*E. 'R$S*RA*E. C<NS$MMA*E.
La(,ing d)e to7 :inherent i possi#ility :e ploy ent o% inade>)ate eans
Intervention other than o!n desistan(eM so e #)t not all a(ts o% e:e()tion : : : :
2+ Mens Rea @+ Con()rren(e -+ Res)lt /+ Ca)sation
: : : :
: : : :
: : : :
a+ <vert a(t : Are e:ternal a(ts !hi(h i% allo!ed to (ontin)e its nat)ral (o)rse !o)ld de%initely res)lt into a %elony+ : It is the start o% (ri inal lia#ility #e(a)se the o%%ender has (o en(ed the (o ission o% an o%%ense !ith overt a(ts+
Rait v+ People 4200657 15 *he Co)rt %o)nd that the petitionerFs a(ts o% s)((ess%)lly re oving vi(ti Fs (lothing and inserting his %inger to the vi(ti Fs vagina !ere overt or e:ternal a(ts in the (ri e o% Rape+ 25 *he a(ts !ere (learly the %irst or so e s)#se>)ent step in a dire(t ove ent to!ards the (o ission o% the o%%ense a%ter the preparations are ade+
independent (ri es 4i+e+ Art+ @0- I possession o% pi(,lo(,s5 these a(ts do not yet (onstit)te even the %irst stage o% the a(ts o% e:e()tion intent not yet dis(losed
Ill)stration7 Ernie goes to the ,it(hen to get a ,ni%e+
#+ A(ts o% E:e()tion : )s)ally overt a(ts !ith a logi(al relationtoaparti()lar (on(rete o%%ense : P)nisha#le )nder the RPC
Ill)stration7 Ernie sta#s 0)rt
#+ .evelop ent o% a (ri e i+ Internal a(ts : intent and plansM )s)ally not p)nisha#le : EECEP*I<N7 p)nisha#le proposals and (onspira(ies
Ill)stration7 Ernie plans to ,ill 0)rt
Indeter inate o%%ense : It is one !here the p)rpose o% the o%%ender in per%or ing an a(t is not (ertain+ Its nat)re in relation to its o#"e(tive is a #ig)o)s+ : *he intention o% the a(()sed )st #e vie!ed %ro 7 : the nat)re o% the a(ts e:e()ted #y hi & and : not %ro his ad ission+
ii+ E:ternal a(ts a+ Preparatory A(ts : a(ts tending to!ard the (ri e : ordinarily not p)nished e:(ept !hen (onsidered #y la! as
C+ Atte pted and 'r)strated Cri es

: *he di%%eren(e #et!een the atte pted stage and the %r)strated stage lies in7 !hether the o%%ender has per%or ed all
thea(tso%e:e()tion a((o plish ent o% a %elony+

Atte pted AC*S PER'<RME.7 <vert a(ts o% e:e()tion are started 0$* Not all a(ts o% e:e()tion are present W=C7 .)e to reasons other than the spontaneo)s desistan(e o% the perpetrator P<SI*I<N IN *=E *IMELINE7 <%%ender still in s)#"e(tive phase #e(a)se he still has (ontrol o% his a(ts
%or
the
: :
'r)strated AC*S PER'<RME.7 All a(ts o% e:e()tion are %inished 0$* Cri e so)ght to #e (o itted is not a(hieved W=C7 .)e to intervening (a)ses independent o% the !ill o% the perpetrator P<SI*I<N IN *=E *IMELINE7 <%%ender is already in the o#"e(tive phase #e(a)se all a(ts o% e:e()tion are already present and the (a)se o% its nonDa((o plish ent is other than the o%%enderFs !ill
the o%%ender is stopped #y reason o% any (a)se o)tside o% his o!n vol)ntary desistan(e& : the s)#"e(tive phase has not #een passed and it is an atte pt+
2@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Ill)stration7 *he s)#"e(tive phase %or Ernie !as %ro the o ent he s!)ng his ar to sta# 0)rt )p )ntil he %inished his stro,e+ *his is the interi !here he still has (ontrol o% his a(tions+
1+ Atte pted Stage : Ele ents a+ *heo%%ender(o en(esthe (o ission o% the %elony dire(tly #y overt a(tsM #+ =e does not per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the %elonyM (+ *he nonDper%or an(e o% all a(ts o% e:e()tion !as d)e to (a)se or a((ident other than his o!n spontaneo)s desistan(e+
.esistan(e : An a#sol)tory (a)se !hi(h negates (ri inal lia#ility #e(a)se the la! en(o)rages a person to desist %ro (o itting a (ri e+ : 0)t7 not ne(essarily all (ri inal lia#ility& i% the desistan(e !as ade !hen a(ts done #y hi already res)lted to a %elony& : o%%ender !ill still #e (ri inally lia#le %or the %elony #ro)ght a#o)t his a(t+ What is negated is only the atte pted stage& #)t there ay #e other %elonies (onstit)ting his a(t+ : Note7 .esistan(e is tr)e only in the atte pted stage o% the %elony+ : I% )nder the de%inition o% the %elony& the a(t done is already in the %r)strated stage& desistan(e !ill N<* negate (ri inal lia#ility+
: 'elony is dee ed (o en(ed #y overt a(ts !hen the %ollo!ing are present7 a+ *hat there #e e:ternal a(tsM #+ S)(h e:ternal a(ts have dire(t (onne(tion !ith the (ri e intended to #e (o itted+ : Mar,s the (o phase7 en(e ent o% the s)#"e(tive
Ill)stration7 S)pposing Ernie 4#e(a)se he tho)ght ,illing 0)rt !as too easy a revenge5 desisted idDstro,e+ =o!ever& 0)rt %elt the ove ent and t)rned+ =e !as so sho(,ed that he s)ddenly #a(,ed a!ay and tripped over his o!n %eet+ As 0)rt !ent do!n& his le%t eye (a)ght the sharp (orner o% a ta#le (a)sing a p)n(t)re on his eye#all rendering hi (o pletely #lind on the le%t side+ : Ernie !o)ld not #e lia#le %or atte pted )rder #e(a)se o% his desistan(e 4regardless o% his reason %or doing so5 =is lia#ility !o)ld no! #e %or serio)s physi(al in")ries #e(a)se his a(t o% raising the ,ni%e !as the pro:i ate (a)se %or 0)rt losing an eye+
S)#"e(tive phase I that portion o% the a(ts (onstit)ting a (ri e& 15 starting %ro the point !here the o%%ender #egins the (o ission o% the (ri e 25 to that point !here he still has (ontrol over his a(ts in(l)ding their 4a(tFs5 nat)ral (o)rse : I% #et!een those t!o points
In the atte pted stage& the de%inition )ses the !ord 8dire(tly+9 : *his is signi%i(ant+ : *he !ord 8dire(tly9 e phasi?es the re>)ire ent that the atte pted %elony is that !hi(h is : dire(tly lin,ed to the overt a(t per%or ed #y the o%%ender& : not the %elony he has in his ind+
People v+ La ahang 41;@/57
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER 15 *he a(()sed !as arrested !hile he !as deta(hing so e o% the !ood panels o% a store+ =e !as already a#le to deta(h t!o panels+ *o a lay an& the only (on(l)sion that !ill (o e to yo)r ind is that this %ello! started to enter the store to steal so ething+ =e !o)ld not #e there ")st to sleep there+ 0)t in (ri inal la!& sin(e the a(t o% re oving the panel indi(ates only at ost the intention to enter& he (an only #e prose()ted %or trespass+ *he re oval o% the paneling is ")st an atte pt to trespass& not an atte pt to ro#+ Altho)gh La ahang !as prose()ted %or atte pted ro##ery& the S)pre e Co)rt held it is only atte pted trespass #e(a)se that is the (ri e that (an #e dire(tly lin,ed to his a(t o% re oving the !ood panel+
(+ 0)t the %elony is not prod)(edM d+ 0y reason o% (a)ses independent o% the !ill o% the perpetrator+ : *he end o% the s)#"e(tive phase and the #eginning o% the o#"e(tive phase <#"e(tive phase I the res)lt o% the a(ts o% e:e()tion& that is& the a((o plish ent o% the (ri e : I% the s)#"e(tive and o#"e(tive phases are (o plete& there is a (ons) ated %elony+
2CRIMINAL LAW 1
25
@5 -5
/5 25
*here are so e a(ts !hi(h are ingredients o% a (ertain (ri e& #)t !hi(h are& #y the selves& already (ri inal o%%enses+
People v+ Listerio 4200057 0rothers Beonito and Marlon !ere !al,ing !hen they et a gro)p (o posed o% en !ho #lo(,ed their path and atta(,ed the !ith lead pipes and #laded !eapons+ <ne sta##ed Beonito %ro #ehind+ BeonitoFs #rother& Marlon& !as hit on the head+ =eld7 15 *he SC held that the (ri e is a %r)strated %elony not an atte pted o%%ense (onsidering that a%ter #eing sta##ed and (l)##ed t!i(e in the head as a res)lt o% !hi(h he lost (ons(io)sness and %ell& MarlonSs atta(,ers apparently tho)ght he !as already dead and %led+ 25 A (ri e (annot #e held to #e atte pted )nless the o%%ender& a%ter #eginning the (o ission o% the (ri e #y overt a(ts& is prevented& against his !ill& #y so e o)tside (a)se %ro per%or ing all o% the a(ts !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the (ri e+ @5 In other !ords& to #e an atte pted (ri e the p)rpose o% the o%%ender )st #e th!arted #y a %oreign %or(e or agen(y !hi(h intervenes and (o pels hi to stop prior to the o ent !hen he has per%or ed all o% the a(ts !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the (ri e as a (onse>)en(e& !hi(h a(ts it is his intention to per%or + -5 I% he has per%or ed all the a(ts !hi(h sho)ld res)lt in the (ons) ation o% the (ri e and vol)ntarily desists %ro pro(eeding %)rther& it (annot #e an atte pt+
People v+ Ca p)han 4200057 15 *he other o% the -DyearDold vi(ti (a)ght the ho)se#oy Ca p)han in the a(t o% al ost raping her da)ghter+ 25 *he hy en o% the vi(ti !as still inta(t #)t sin(e in previo)s <rita r)ling& entry into la#ia is (onsidered rape even !itho)t r)pt)re o% hy en and %)ll penetration is not ne(essary& >)estion arises !hether !hat transpired !as atte pted or (ons) ated rape+ =eld7 15 Atte pted rape only+ 25 Mere to)(hing o% e:ternal genitalia #y the penis is already rape+ @5 =o!ever& to)(hing sho)ld #e )nderstood as inherently part o% entry o% penis into la#ia and not ere to)(hing o% the p)dend) + -5 *here )st #e (lear and (onvin(ing proo% that the penis indeed to)(hed the la#ia and slid into the %e ale organ and N<* MERELC S*R<JE. *=E EE*ERNAL S$R'ACE+ /5 So e degree o% penetration #eneath the s)r%a(e )st #e a(hieved and the la#ia a"or )st #e entered+ 25 Prose()tion did not prove that the Ca p)hanFs penis !as a#le to penetrate vi(ti Fs vagina #e(a)se the ,neeling position o% the a(()sed o#str)(ted the otherFs vie! o% the alleged se:)al (onta(t+ 35 *he testi ony o% the vi(ti hersel% (lai ed that penis gra?ed #)t did not penetrate her organ+ 65 *here !as only a shelling o% the (astle #)t no #o #ard ent o% the dra!#ridge yet+
Cri es !hi(h do not ad it o% %r)strated stage7 a+ RAPE : *he essen(e o% the (ri e is (arnal ,no!ledge+ : No atter !hat the o%%ender ay do to a((o plish a penetration& : i% there !as no penetration yet& it (annot #e said that the o%%ender has per%or ed all the a(ts o% e:e()tion+ : We (an only say that the o%%ender in rape has per%or ed all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hen he has e%%e(ted a penetration+ : <n(e there is penetration already&
2+ 'r)strated Stage : Ele ents a+ *he o%%ender per%or s all the a(ts o% e:e()tionM #+ All the a(ts per%or ed !o)ld prod)(e the %elony as a (onse>)en(eM
: :
no atter ho! slight& the o%%ense is (ons) ated+ People v+ <rita& 41;;057 'or this reason& rape ad its only o% the atte ptedand(ons) ated stages& no %r)strated stage+ 4see the previo)sly (ited (ase o% People v+ Ca p)han %or the ost re(ent do(trine on penetration5+ <rtega v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra57 A 1- yr old #oy !as a(()sed o% raping an 6 yr old girl+ It !as r)led that despite the a#sen(e o% a#rasions& rape !as (ons) ated even !ith the slightest penetration o% the %e ale organ and !hat is relevant is the relia#le testi ony o% the vi(ti +
I% s)(h lin, is a#sent& there is only an atte pted ad)ltery+
2/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
%+
P=CSICAL INB$RIES : $nder the Revised Penal Code& the (ri e o% physi(al in")ries is penali?ed on the #asis o% the gravity o% the in")ries+ A(t)ally& there is no si ple (ri e o% physi(al in")ries+ Co) have to (ategori?e #e(a)se there are spe(i%i( arti(les that apply !hether the physi(al in")ries are serio)s& less serio)s or slight+ : I% yo) erely say physi(al in")ries& yo) !o)ld not ,no! !hi(h arti(le to apply+ : *his #eing so& yo) (o)ld not p)nish the atte pted or %r)strated stage #e(a)se : yo) do not ,no! !hat (ri e o% physi(al in")ries !as (o itted+ : Physi(al in")ries are p)nished #y the res)lt+
#+ ARS<N : <ne (annot say that the o%%ender& in the (ri e o% arson& has already per%or ed all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h (o)ld prod)(e the destr)(tion o% the pre ises thro)gh the )se o% %ire& : )nless a part o% the pre ises has #eg)n to #)rn+ : I% it has not #eg)n to #)rn& that eans that the o%%ender has yet to per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion+ : <n the other hand& the o ent it #egins to #)rn& the (ri e is (ons) ated+ : *here is no iddle stage #et!een #eing not #)rned and #)rned+
Ill)stration7 When 0)rt lost his le%t eye& ErnieFs lia#ility !as a)to ati(ally %or serio)s physi(al in")ries+ =e !o)ld have no lia#ility i% the eye !as inta(t+ I% the eye s)%%ered da age d)e to the i pa(t& the (ri e !o)ld not #e %r)strated nor atte pted physi(al in")ries #e(a)se the RPC still (onsiders this as a (ons) ated physi(al in")ry& its gravity depending on the d)ration that it too, %or the da age to heal+
(+ 0RI0ERC : *he anner o% (o itting the (ri e re>)ires : the eeting o% the inds #et!een the giver and the re(eiver+ : I% there is a eeting o% the inds& there is (ons) ated #ri#ery or (ons) ated (orr)ption+ : I% there is none& it is only atte pted+ : *his leaves o)t the %r)strated stage #e(a)seo%the annero% (o itting the (ri e+
g+ *=E'* : *here is no (ri e o% %r)strated the%t+ : <n(e there is )nla!%)l ta,ing& the%t is (ons) ated+ : Either the thing !as ta,en or not+ : .isposition o% the stolen goods is not an ele ent o% the%t )nder the RPC
R$LE <' *=$M07 'elonies that do not re>)ire any res)lt do not have a %r)strated stage
d+ C<RR$P*I<N <' P$0LIC <''ICERS : Sa e !ith #ri#ery+ e+ A.$L*ERC : *his re>)ires the se:)al (onta(t #et!een t!o parti(ipants+ : I% that lin, is there& the (ri e is (ons) atedM
.+ 'a(tors in .eter ining the Stage o% E:e()tion o% a 'elony

a+ #+ (+ *he anner o% (o itting the (ri eM *he ele ents o% the (ri eM and *he nat)re o% the (ri e itsel%+
: :
MEN *hese three %a(tors are help%)l in trying to pinpoint !hether the (ri e is still in its atte pted& %r)strated or (ons) ated stage+ itting the Cri e
: :
I% there is no da age& even i% the o%%ender s)((eeded in (arting a!ay the personal property involved& esta%a (annot #e (onsidered as (ons) ated+ <n the other hand& i% it !ere a (ri e o% the%t& da age or intent to (a)se da age is not an ele ent o% the%t+ What is ne(essary only is intent to gain& not even gain is i portant+ In the (ri e o% a#d)(tion& the (r)(ial ele ent is the ta,ing a!ay o% the !o an !ith le!d designs+
22
CRIMINAL LAW 1
a+ *he Manner o% Co :
(+ *he Nat)re o% the Cri e Itsel% : In (ri es involving the ta,ing o% h) an li%ePparri(ide& ho i(ide& and )rderP : in the de%inition o% the %r)strated stage& it is indispensa#le that the vi(ti #e ortally !o)nded+ $nder the de%inition o% the %r)strated stage& to (onsider the o%%ender as having per%or ed all the a(ts o% e:e()tion& the a(ts already done #y hi )st prod)(e or #e (apa#le o% prod)(ing a %elony as a (onse>)en(e+ : =en(e& the general r)le is that there )st #e a %atal in")ry in%li(ted& #e(a)se it is only then that death !ill %ollo!+
$nder the RPC& so e (ri es ta,e t!o persons to (o it the (ri e 4li,e ad)ltery5+ : In #ri#ery& the anner o% (o itting the (ri e re>)ires the eeting o% the inds #et!een the giver and the re(eiver+ : When the giver delivers the oney to the s)pposed re(eiver& #)t there is no eeting o% the inds& the only a(t done #y the giver is an atte pt+
*here are instan(es !here an intended %elony (o)ld already res)lt %ro the a(ts o% e:e()tion already done+ : 0e(a)se o% this& the o%%ender is dee ed to have per%or ed all the a(ts o% e:e()tion <NLC #y the e:isten(e o% the res)lt+ Witho)t the res)lting %elony& there is no !ay o% deter ining !hether or not the o%%ender has already per%or ed all the a(ts o% e:e()tion li,e rape and arson+ *h)s& in deter ining the stage o% so e (ri es& the anner o% e:e()tion #e(o es pivotal in deter ining the end o% the s)#"e(tive phase& i+e+ on(e the o%%ender per%or s the a(t in the anner provided %or in the la!& =E IS ALREA.C.EEME.*<=AVE PER'<RME. EVERC AC* '<R I*S EEEC$*I<N+
V+ Proposal and Conspira(y

4ASJE. ; *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5 Conspira(y I e:ists !hen t!o or ore persons (o e to an agree ent (on(erning the (o ission o% a %elony and de(ide to (o it it+ Re>)isites o% (onspira(y7 1+ *!o or ore persons (o e to an agree ent+ 2+ *he agree ent pertains to a (o ission o% a %elony+ @+ *he e:e()tion o% the %elony !as de(ided )pon+
#+ *he Ele ents o% the Cri e : Along !ith the anner o% e:e()tion& there are (ri es !herein the e:isten(e o% (ertain ele ents #e(o es the %a(tor in deter ining its (ons) ation+ : In the (ri e o% esta%a& the ele ent o% da age is essential #e%ore the (ri e (o)ld #e (ons) ated+
Note7 *here )st #e parti(ipation !ith a (ri inal resol)tion #e(a)se si ple ,no!ledge thereo% #y a person ay only a,e hi lia#le as an a((o pli(e+ 1eneral r)le7 Conspira(y and proposal to (o it a %elony are not p)nisha#le sin(e they are only preparatory a(ts+ E:(eption7 *hey are p)nisha#le only in the (ases in !hi(h the la! spe(ially provides a penalty there%or+
E:a ple7treason&re#ellion& ins)rre(tion& (o)p dFetat& sedition& onopolies and (o #inations in restraint o% trade& espionage& high!ay ro##ery& illegal asso(iation : Rationale7 Conspira(y and proposal to (o it a (ri e are only preparatory a(ts and the la! regards the as inno(ent or at least per issi#le e:(ept in rare and e:(eptional (ases+
@+ It is not the e:e()tion o% a %elony that is proposed+

People v+ 'a#ro 4200057 15 'a#roFs (ontention that Martin !as the real ()rlprit #eing the so)r(e o% the (ontra#and does not in any !ay a#solve her o% the (ri e o% selling ari")ana+ 25 While it is tr)e that it !as Martin !ho too, the oney& it !as 'a#ro !ho negotiated !ith the pose)r #)yers& %et(hed her (oDa(()sedM and (arried and handed over the ari")ana to pose)r #)yer P<2 Apd)han+ @5 *he a(ts o% Martin and 'a#ro (learly sho! a )nity o% p)rpose in the (ons) ation o% the sale o% ari")ana+ -5 It is (lear that Se(tion 21 4#5 o% R+A+ 2-2/ p)nishes the ere (onspira(y to (o it the o%%ense o% selling& delivering& distri#)ting and transporting o% dangero)s dr)gs+ /5 Conspira(y herein re%ers to the ere agree ent to (o it the said a(ts and not the a(t)al e:e()tion thereo%+ 25 While the r)le is that a ere (onspira(y to (o it a (ri e !itho)t doing any overt a(t is not p)nisha#le& the e:(eption is !hen s)(h is spe(i%i(ally penali?ed #y la!& as in the (ase o% Se(tion 21 o% Rep)#li( A(t 2-2/+
23
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Conspira(y as a %elony& disting)ished %ro (onspira(y as a anner o% in()rring (ri inal lia#ility7 : As a %elony& (onspirators do not need to a(t)ally(o ittreason&re#ellion& ins)rre(tion& et(+& it #eing s)%%i(ient that t!o or ore persons agree and de(ide to (o it it+ : As a anner o% in()rring (ri inal lia#ility& i% they (o it treason& re#ellion& et(+& they !ill #e held lia#le %or it& and the (onspira(y !hi(h they had #e%ore (o itting the (ri e is only a anner o% in()rring (ri inal lia#ility& not a separate o%%ense+
In (onspira(y& the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all+
People v+ La)rio& 41;;157 It )st #e esta#lished #y positive and (on(l)sive eviden(e& not #y (on"e(t)res or spe()lations+ People v+ 0ello 4200-57 Conspira(y predo inantly a state o% indM esta#lished #y dire(t proo% People v+ 0)lan& 4200/57 15 *he prose()tion )st prove (onspira(y #y the sa e >)ant) o% eviden(e as the %elony (harged itsel% altho)gh& proo% o% previo)s agree ent a ong the ale%a(tors to (o it the (ri e is not essential to prove (onspira(y+ 25 It is not ne(essary to sho! that all the (onspirators a(t)ally hit and ,illed the vi(ti M @5 !hat is pri ordial is that all the parti(ipants per%or ed spe(i%i( a(ts !ith s)(h (loseness and (oordination as to indi(ate a (o on p)rpose or design to #ring o)t the vi(ti Fs death+
1eneral r)le7 When the (onspira(y is esta#lished& all !ho parti(ipated therein& irrespe(tive o% the >)antity or >)ality o% his parti(ipation is lia#le e>)ally& !hether (onspira(y is preDpanned or instantaneo)s+ E:(eption7 $nless one or so e o% the (onspirators (o itted so e other (ri e !hi(h is not part o% the (onspira(y+ E:(eption to the e:(eption7 When the a(t (onstit)tes a 8single indivisi#le o%%ense+9
:
Proposal to (o it a %elony I !hen the person !ho has de(ided to (o it a %elony proposes its e:e()tion to so e other person or persons+
People v+ Co adre 4200-57 Conspira(y is never pres) edM it )st #e proven !ith (lear and (on(l)sive proo%+ Li v+ People 4200157 15 0e(a)se o% an alter(ation #et!een Ar)gay and Li& the latter ar ed hi sel% !ith a #ase#all #at and )sed the sa e to hit Ar)gay on the ar + 25 Ar)gay& ar ed !ith a #olo& retaliated #y ha(,ing Li on the head (a)sing the #at to %all %ro his hand and leaving hi )n(ons(io)s or se iD )n(onsio)s+ @5 At this point in ti e& Sangalang& !ho !as also present sta##ed Ar)gay several ti es !hi(h res)lted to the latterFs death+
Re>)isites7 1+ *hat a person has de(ided to (o it a %elonyM and 2+ *hat he proposes its e:e()tion to so e other person or persons+ *here is no (ri inal proposal !hen7 1+ *he person !ho proposes is not deter ined to (o it the %elonyM 2+ *here is no de(ided& (on(rte and %or al proposalM
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER -5 *he lo!er (o)rt held that there !as (onspira(y in the present (ase+
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C asso(iation& (on(erted a(tion and (on()rren(e o% senti ents+ People v+ Ra os 4200-57 15 *he series o% events in this (ase (onvin(ingly sho! that San Ro>)e and her (oDa(()sed a(ted in )nison and (ooperated !ith ea(h other in ,illing Lo ida+ 25 Appellant !as the one !ho opened the door and allo!ed the other a(()sed to enter the ho)se+ @5 She "oined the in #ringing the vi(ti to the residen(e o% Ra os& her #rotherDinDla!+ -5 While her (oDa(()sed dragged the helpless vi(ti & tied hi to a santol tree& sta##ed hi t!i(e #y a #laded ,ni%e& and shot hi / to 3 ti es& appellant erely !at(hed intensely+ /5 She even 8t)rned her #a(,9 as the li%eless #ody o% the vi(ti !as #eing #)rned+ 25 And a%ter attaining their p)rpose& she %led !ith the other a(()sed+
=eld7 15 *he e:isten(e o% (onspira(y sho)ld #e r)led o)t+ Sangalang !as the ain a(tor in sta##ing Ar)gay to death+ 25 As Li !as in(apa(itated or pro#a#ly )n(ons(io)s at the ti e Sangalang sta##ed Ar)gay& it (annot #e ass) ed that Sangalang did !hat he has done !ith the ,no!ledge or assent o% Li& )(h ore in (oordination !ith ea(h other+ @5 0ased on the (ir() stan(es& the Co)rt is hard p)t to (on(l)de that Sangalang and Li had a(ted in (on(ert to (o it the o%%ense+ -5 In %a(t& the sta##ing o% Ar)gay (o)ld very !ell #e (onstr)ed as a sp)rDo%DtheD o ent rea(tion #y Sangalang )pon seeing that his %riend Li !as str)(, on the head #y Ar)gay+ 'ro s)(h a spontaneo)s rea(tion& a %inding o% (onspira(y (annot arise+ /5 Proving (onspira(y is a di(ey atter& espe(ially di%%i()lt in (ases s)(h as the present !herein the (ri inal a(ts arose spontaneo)sly& as opposed to instan(es !herein the parti(ipants !o)ld have the opport)nity to or(hestrate a ore deli#erate plan+ 25 Spontaneity alone does not pre(l)de the esta#lish ent o% (onspira(y& !hi(h a%ter all& (an #e (ons) ated in a o entFs noti(e P thro)gh a single !ord o% assent to a proposal or an )na #ig)o)s handsha,e+ 35 Cet it is ore di%%i()lt to pres) e (onspira(y in e:te poraneo)s o)t#)rsts o% violen(eM hen(e& the de and that it #e esta#lished #y positive eviden(e+ 65 A (onvi(tion pre ised on a %inding o% (onspira(y )st #e %o)nded on %a(ts& not on ere in%eren(es and pres) ption+
26
CRIMINAL LAW 1
=eld7 15 In deter ining the e:isten(e o% (onspira(y& it is not ne(essary to sho! that all the (onspirators a(t)ally hit and ,illed the vi(ti + 25 *he presen(e o% (onspira(y a ong the a(()sed (an #e proven #y their (ond)(t #e%ore& d)ring or a%ter the (o ission o% the (ri e sho!ing that they a(ted in )nison !ith ea(h other& evin(ing a (o on p)rpose or design+ @5 *here )st #e a sho!ing that appellant (ooperated in the (o ission o% the o%%ense& either orally& thro)gh advi(e& en(o)rage ent or agree ent or aterially thro)gh e:ternal a(ts indi(ating a ani%est intent o% s)pplying aid in the perpetration o% the (ri e in an e%%i(a(io)s !ay+ -5 In s)(h (ase& the a(t o% one #e(o es the a(t o% all& and ea(h o% the a(()sed !ill there#y #e dee ed e>)ally g)ilty o% the (ri e (o itted+
People v+ Cenahonon 4200357 15 While it is andatory to prove (onspira(y #y (o petent eviden(e& 25 dire(t proo% is not essential to sho! it I it ay #e ded)(ed %ro the ode& ethod& and anner #y !hi(h the o%%ense !as perpetrated& or in%erred %ro the a(ts o% the a(()sed the selves @5 !hen s)(h a(ts point to a "oint p)rpose and design& (on(erted a(tion and (o )nity o% interest+ -5 *he a(()sed herein !ere sho!n to have (learly a(ted to!ards a (o on goal+
People v+ Pangilinan 4200@57 .o(trine o% I plied Conspira(y 4ASJE. 1 *IME IN 0AR EEAMS5 I Conspira(y need not #e dire(t #)t ay #e in%erred %ro the (ond)(t o% the parties& their "oint p)rpose& (o )nity o% interest and in the ode and anner o% (o ission o% the o%%ense+ Legal e%%e(ts o% i plied (onspira(y are7 : Not all those present at the (ri e s(ene !ill #e (onsidered (onspiratorsM : <nly those !ho parti(ipated in the (ri inal a(ts d)ring the (o ission o% the (ri e !ill #e (onsidered (oD(onspiratorsM : Mere a(>)ies(en(e to or approval o% the (o ission o% the (ri e& !itho)t any a(t o% (ri inal parti(ipation& shall not render one (ri inally lia#le as (oD(onspirator+ *aer v+ CA& 41;;057 Mere ,no!ledge& a(>)ies(en(e to& or approval o% the a(t& !itho)t (ooperation at least& agree ent to (ooperate& is not eno)gh to (onstit)te a (onspira(y+
People v+ *alaogan 4200657 15 Conspira(y ay #e proved #y (ir() stantial eviden(e+ 25 It ay #e esta#lished thro)gh the (olle(tive a(ts o% the a(()sed #e%ore& d)ring and a%ter the (o ission o% a %elony that all the a(()sed ai ed at the sa e o#"e(t& one per%or ing one part and the other per%or ing another %or the attain ent o% the sa e o#"e(tiveM @5 and that their a(ts& tho)gh apparently independent& !ere in %a(t (on(erted and (ooperative& indi(ating (loseness o% personal
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *here )st #e an intentional parti(ipation in the (ri e !ith a vie! to %)rther the (o on %elonio)s o#"e(tive+
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C and that ea(h o% the parti(ipants is lia#le only %or his o!n a(ts+ Conse>)ently& 0anisa )st #e a#solved %ro (ri inal responsi#ility %or the assa)lt on the vi(ti s+ It is (lear that neither the vi(ti s nor 0anisa (o)ld have anti(ipated 0ang(adoSs a(t o% shooting the vi(ti s sin(e the atta(, !as s)dden and !itho)t any reason or p)rpose+ *h)s& the (ri inal design o% 0ang(ado had not yet #een revealed prior to the ,illings+
25 People v+ 0agano 4200257 15 Bere ias and his !i%e Merlinda !ere sleeping in their ho e !hen they !ere a!a,ened #y so eone repeatedly (alling Bere iasS na e+ 25 Bere ias !ent to the !indo! to see !ho it !as and therea%ter le%t their roo to go o)tside+ @5 Merlinda re ained in their roo & #)t peering thro)gh the !indo!& she sa! CaLete s)ddenly e #ra(e Bere ias as the latter !as opening the gate+ -5 *here)pon& 0agano !ith i(e pi(, in hand sta##ed Bere ias on the (hest+ Bere ias str)ggled to %ree hi sel% %ro CaLeteSs (lasp and ran& #)t 0agano gave (hase+ /5 Bere ias died )pon arrival at the hospital+
2;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
@5
-5
=eld7 15 Conspira(y is attendant in the (o ission o% the (ri e+ 'or (onspira(y to e:ist& it is s)%%i(ient that at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense the a(()sed had the sa e p)rpose and !ere )nited in its e:e()tion+ 25 Proo% o% an a(t)al planning o% the perpet)ation o% the (ri e is not a (ondition pre(edent+ @5 'ro the ode and anner in !hi(h the o%%ense !as perpetrated& and as (an #e in%erred %ro their a(ts& it is evident that 0agano and CaLete !ere one in their intention to ,ill Bere ias+ -5 =en(e& in a((ordan(e !ith the prin(iple that in (onspira(y the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all& the %a(t that it !as 0agano !ho delivered the %atal #lo! on Bere ias and CaLeteSs parti(ipation !as li ited to a ere e #ra(e is i aterial+ /5 Conspira(y #esto!s )pon the e>)al lia#ilityM hen(e& they shall s)%%er the sa e %ate %or their a(ts+
A (onspira(y is possi#le even !hen parti(ipants are not ,no!n to ea(h other+ When several persons !ho do not ,no! ea(h other si )ltaneo)sly atta(, the vi(ti & the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all& regardless o% the degree o% in")ry in%li(ted #y any one o% the + All !ill #e lia#le %or the (onse>)en(es+ .o not thin, that parti(ipants are al!ays ,no!n to ea(h other+ <ne !ho desisted is not (ri inally lia#le+ As pointed o)t earlier& desistan(e is tr)e only in the atte pted stage+ 0e%ore this stage& there is only a preparatory stage+ Conspira(y is only in the preparatory stage+
Ill)stration7 A tho)ght o% having her h)s#and ,illed #e(a)se the latter !as altreating her+ She hired so e persons to ,ill hi + *he goons got hold o% her h)s#and and started a)ling hi + *he !i%e too, pity and sho)ted %or the to stop #)t the goons (ontin)ed+ *he !i%e ran a!ay+ *he !i%e !as prose()ted %or parri(ide+ 0)t the S)pre e Co)rt said that there !as desistan(e so she is not (ri inally lia#le+
:
People v+ 0ang(ado 4200057 15 SP<1 0ang(ado together !ith SP<1 0anisa %ris,ed and sear(hed Cogasi& Cle ente& Ada!an and Lino to see i% they !ere (on(ealing any !eapons+ 25 A%ter a,ing s)re that the vi(ti s !ere )nar ed& 0ang(ado dire(ted the vi(ti s to %or a line against a 'ord 'ierra+ 0e(a)se 0ang(ado and 0anisa !ere holding handg)ns& Cogasi and his %riends did as they !ere told and !ere (a)ght )na!are !hen they !ere shot #y 0ang(ado+ @5 Ada!an and Lino died o% g)nshot !o)nds in the head& !hile Cogasi and Cle ente s)stained head !o)nds+ -5 *he lo!er (o)rt (onvi(ted #oth 0ang(ado and 0anisa %or 2 (o)nts o% )rder and 2 (o)nts o% %r)strated )rder+
.o not sear(h %or an agree ent a ong parti(ipants+ I% they a(ted si )ltaneo)sly to #ring a#o)t their (o on intention& (onspira(y e:ists+ And !hen (onspira(y e:ists& do not (onsider the degree o% parti(ipation o% ea(h (onspira(y #e(a)se the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all+ As a general r)le& they have e>)al responsi#ility+
=eld7 15 *here #eing no %inding o% (onspira(y !ith 0ang(ado& the Co)rt a(>)itted 0anisa o% all the (harges against hi + In the a#sen(e o% any previo)s plan or agree ent to (o it a (ri e& the (ri inal responsi#ility arising %ro di%%erent a(ts dire(ted against one and the sa e person is individ)al and not (olle(tive&
Ill)stration7 15 A& 0 and C have #een (o)rting the sa e lady %or several years+ <n several o((asions& they even visited the lady on intervening ho)rs+ 0e(a)se o% this& A& 0 and C #e(a e hostile !ith one another+ 25 <ne day& . invited the yo)ng lady to go o)t !ith hi and she a((epted the invitation+ @5 Event)ally& the yo)ng lady agreed to arry .+ -5 When A& 0 and C learned a#o)t this& they all stood )p to leave the ho)se o% the yo)ng lady %eeling disappointed+ /5 When A loo,ed #a(, at the yo)ng lady !ith .& he sa! . la)ghing ena(ingly+ 25 At that instan(e& A sta##ed .+ C and 0 %ollo!ed+ 35 In this (ase& it !as held that (onspira(y !as present+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER People v+ Nierra& 41;6057 15 I% a (oD(onspirator erely (ooperated in the (o ission o% the (ri e !ith insigni%i(ant or ini al a(ts& s)(h (oD(onspirator sho)ld #e p)nished as an a((o pli(e only+ 25 *he (o on notion is that !hen there is (onspira(y involved& the parti(ipants are p)nished as prin(ipals+ @5 *his notion is no longer a#sol)te+ -5 *he reason given is that penal la!s al!ays %avor a ilder %or o% responsi#ility )pon and o%%ender+
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C @5 *he ta:i driver #ro)ght the (onspirators !here the ro##ery !o)ld #e (o itted+ A%ter the ro##ery !as %inished& he too, the (onspirators #a(, to his ta:i and #ro)ght the a!ay+ It !as held that the ta:i driver !as lia#le only as an a((o pli(e+ =is (ooperation !as not really indispensa#le+ *he ro##ers (o)ld have engaged another ta:i+ *he ta:i driver did not really stay d)ring the (o ission o% the ro##ery+ At ost& !hat he only e:tended !as his (ooperation+
@0
CRIMINAL LAW 1
-5
/5
Ill)stration7 15 *here !as a planned ro##ery& and the ta:i driver !as present d)ring the planning+ 25 *he ta:i driver agreed %or the )se o% his (a# #)t said& 8I !ill #ring yo) there& and a%ter (o itting the ro##ery I !ill ret)rn later+9
2 C<NCEP*S <' C<NSPIRACC AS A 'EL<NC IN I*SEL' S*A1E =<W INC$RRE. Mere agree ent
Siton v+ CA& 41;;157 *he idea o% a (onspira(y is in(o pati#le !ith the idea o% a %reeD%orDall+ *here is no de%inite opponent or de%inite intent as !hen a #as,et#all (ro!d #eats a re%eree to death+
LE1AL REH$IREMEN*S : *he RPC )st spe(i%i(ally p)nish the a(t o% (onspiring 4and proposing5 : *REAS<N& RE0ELLI<N& SE.I*I<N and C<$P .F E*A* are the only (ri es !here the (onspira(y and proposal to (o it the are p)nisha#le : *he a(t M$S* N<* 0E ACC<MPLIS=E.& else the (onspira(y is o#literated and the AC* I*SEL' IS P$NIS=E.+ : H$AN*$M <' PR<<'7 Conspira(y as a (ri e )st #e esta#lished #eyond reasona#le do)#t ILL$S*RA*I<N
PREPARA*<RC AC*S
AS A 0ASIS '<R LIA0ILI*C
EEEC$*<RC AC*S
Co ission o% overt a(t
: *he parti(ipants a(ted in (on(ert or si )ltaneo)sly or IN ANC WAC !hi(h is indi(ative o% a eeting o% the inds to!ards a (o on (ri inal goal or (ri inal o#"e(tive+ : *he a(t o% eeting together is not ne(essary as long as a (o on o#"e(tive (an #e dis(erned %ro the overt a(ts+ : *=E AC* M$S* 0E ACC<MPLIS=E.& i% there is only (onspira(y or proposal& *=ERE IS N< CRIME *< 0E P$NIS=E.+ : H$AN*$M <' PR<<'7 Reasona#ly in%erred %ro the a(ts o% the o%%enders !hen s)(h a(ts dis(lose or sho! a (o on p)rs)it o% the (ri inal o#"e(tive+ *his !as the r)ling in People v+ Pinto+
A& 0& C and . (a e to an agree ent to (o it re#ellion+ *heir agree ent !as to ring a#o)t the re#ellion on a (ertain date+ Even i% none o% the has per%or ed the a(t o% re#ellion& there is already (ri inal lia#ility arising %ro the (onspira(y to (o it the re#ellion+ 0)t i% anyone o% the has (o itted the overt a(t o% re#ellion& the (ri e o% all is no longer (onspira(y #)t re#ellion itsel%+ *his s)#sists even tho)gh the other (oD (onspirator does not ,no! that one o% the had already done the a(t o% re#ellion+ : *hree persons plan to ro# a #an,+ : 'or as long as the (onspirators erely entered the #an, there is no (ri e yet+ : 0)t !hen one o% the dra!s a g)n and disar s the se()rity g)ard& all o% the shall #e held lia#le& )nless a : (oD(onspirator !as a#sent %ro the s(ene o% the (ri e or : he sho!ed )p& #)t he tried to prevent the (o ission o% the (ri e+
VI+ Pl)ral Cri es

A+ 0+ C+ Co ple: Cri es 4ASJE. 1/ *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5 Spe(ial Co ple: Cri es Contin)ed and Contin)ing Cri es
Pl)rality o% Cri es : : : : Consists in the s)((essive e:e()tion #y the sa e individ)al o% di%%erent (ri inal a(ts %or any o% !hi(h no (onvi(tion has yet #een de(lared+
.ivided into @ gro)ps7 1+ Co ple: Cri es D When the o%%ender (o its either o% the (o ple: (ri es de%ined in Art+ -6 o% the Code+ 2+ Spe(ial Co ple: Cri es D When the la! spe(i%i(ally %i:es a single penalty %or 2 or ore o%%enses (o itted+ @+ Contin)ing and Contin)ed Cri es D When the o%%ender (o its (ontin)ed (ri es+
@1
CRIMINAL LAW 1
A+ Co ple: Cri es
4ASJE. / *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
Philosophy #ehind pl)ral (ri es7 : *he treat ent o% pl)ral (ri es as one is to #e lenient to the o%%ender& !ho& : instead o% #eing ade to s)%%er distin(t penalties %or every res)lting (ri e : is ade to s)%%er one penalty only& altho)gh o it is the penalty %or the ost serio)s one and o is in the a:i ) period+
Art+ -6+ Penalty %or (o ple: (ri es+ When a single a(t (onstit)tes t!o or ore grave or less grave %elonies& or !hen an o%%ense is a ne(essary eans %or (o itting the other& the penalty %or the ost serio)s (ri e shall #e i posed& the sa e to #e applied in its a:i ) period+
: :
I% #y (o ple:ing the (ri e& the penalty !o)ld t)rn o)t to #e higher& do not (o ple: any ore+
RECI.IVISM *here )st #e (onvi(tion #y %inal ")dg ent o% the %irst or prior o%%ense+
Art+ -6 re>)ires the (o ission o% at least 2 (ri es+ 0)t the t!o or ore 1RAVE or LESS 1RAVE %elonies )st #e a+ the res)lt o% a single a(t& or #+ an o%%ense )st #e a ne(essary eans %or (o itting the other+
PL$RALI*C <' CRIMES *here is no (onvi(tion o% any o% the (ri es (o itted+
Nat)re o% (o ple: (ri es7 : : altho)gh t!o or ore (ri es are a(t)ally (o itted& they (onstit)te only one (ri e : in the eyes o% the la!M and : in the (ons(ien(e o% the o%%ender+ Even in the (ase !here an o%%ense is a ne(essary eans %or (o itting the other& the evil intent o% the o%%ender is only one+
Co ple:D(ri e is not ")st a atter o% penalty& #)t o% s)#stan(e )nder the Revised Penal Code+ :
Jinds o% Pl)rality o% (ri es a+ Real or Material Pl)rality : *here are di%%erent (ri es in la! as !ell as in the (ons(ien(e o% the o%%ender+ : In s)(h (ases& the o%%ender shall #e p)nished %or ea(h and every o%%ense that he (o itted+
Monteverde vs+ People 4200257 No (o ple: (ri e !hen7 1+ t!o or ore (ri es are (o itted& #)t not #y a single a(tM 2+ (o itting one (ri e is not a ne(essary eans %or (o itting the other 4or others5
Ill)stration7 A sta##ed 0+ *hen& A also sta##ed C+ *here are t!o (ri es (o itted+
#+ 'or al or Ideal Pl)rality : *here is #)t one (ri inal lia#ility in this ,ind o% pl)rality+
*!o ,inds o% (o ple: (ri es7 4ASJE. - *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5

a5 #5 Co po)nd Cri e Co ple: Cri e Proper
#5 Co ple: Cri e Proper : : An o%%ense is a ne(essary eans %or (o itting the other+ *he #asis %or (o ple:ing is not the singleness o% the a(t #)t the singleness o% the i p)lse that is (onsidered+ In (o ple: (ri e& !hen the o%%ender e:e()tes vario)s a(ts& he )st have a single p)rpose+ : 0)t7 When there are several a(ts per%or ed& the ass) ption is that ea(h a(t is i pelled #y a distin(t (ri inal i p)lse& hen(e ea(h !ill have a separate penalty+
@2
CRIMINAL LAW 1
a5 Co po)nd Cri e : : A single a(t res)lts in t!o or or less grave %elonies ore grave :
Re>)isites7 35 *hat only a single a(t is per%or ed #y the o%%ender

Single A(t *hro!inga hand grenade A single #)llet ,illingt!o person Several A(ts S)# a(hineg)nI #e(a)se o% the n) #er o% #)llets released 'iring o% the revolver t!i(e in s)((ession
Re>)isites7 15 *hat at least t!o o%%enses are (o itted 25 *hat one or so e o% the o%%enses )st #e ne(essary to (o it the other @5 *hat #oth or all the o%%enses )st #e p)nished )nder the sa e stat)te+ Note7 *he phrase 8ne(essary eans9 does not ean 8indispensa#le eans9
People vs+ Co adre 4200-57 *he single a(t #y appellant o% detonating a hand grenade ay >)antitatively (onstit)te a (l)ster o% several separate and distin(t o%%enses& yet these (o ponent (ri inal o%%enses sho)ld #e (onsidered only as a single (ri e in la! on !hi(h a single penalty is i posed #e(a)se the o%%ender !as i pelled #y a 8single (ri inal i p)lse9 !hi(h sho!s his lesser degree o% perversity+
65 *hat the single a(ts prod)(es7 i+ 2 or ore grave %elonies& or ii+ 1 or ore grave and 1 or ore less grave %elonies& or iii+ 2 or ore less grave %elonies
Light %elonies prod)(ed #y the sa e a(t sho)ld #e treated and p)nished as separate o%%enses or ay #e a#sor#ed #y the grave %elony+ Ill)stration7 When the (ri e is (o itted #y %or(e or violen(e& slight physi(al in")ries are a#sor#ed+
So that !hen an o%%ender per%or ed ore than one a(t& altho)gh si ilar& i% they res)lt in separate (ri es& a+ there is no (o ple: (ri e at all& #+ instead& the o%%ender shall #e prose()ted %or as any (ri es as are (o itted )nder separate in%or ation+
E:a ple o% a (o po)nd (ri e7 *he vi(ti !as ,illed !hile dis(harging his d)ty as #arangay (aptain to prote(t li%e and property and en%or(e la! and order in his #arrio+ *he (ri e is a (o ple: (ri e o% ho i(ide !ith assa)lt )pon a person in a)thority+ When in o#edien(e to an order several a(()sed si )ltaneo)sly shot any persons& !itho)t eviden(e ho! any ea(h ,illed& there is only a single o%%ense& there #eing a single (ri inal i p)lse+
No (o ple: (ri e proper7 15 S)#se>)ent a(ts o% inter(o)rse& a%ter %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape& are separate a(ts o% rape+ 25 Not (o ple: (ri e !hen trespass to d!elling is a dire(t eans to (o it a grave o%%ense+ @5 No (o ple: (ri e& !hen one o%%ense is (o itted to (on(eal the other+ -5 When the o%%ender already had in his possessionthe%)nds!hi(hhe isappropriated& the s)#se>)ent %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( or o%%i(ial do() ent involving said o%%ense is a separate o%%ense+ /5 No (o ple: (ri e !here one o% the o%%enses is penali?ed #y a spe(ial la!+ 25 *here is no (o ple: (ri e o% re#ellion !ith )rder& arson& ro##ery& or other (o on (ri es 4People v+ =ernande?M Enrile v+ Sala?ar5 re7 re#ellion& <rtega thin,s other!ise5+
1eneral r)les in (o ple:ing (ri es7 15 When t!o (ri es prod)(ed #y a single a(t are respe(tively !ithin the e:(l)sive ")risdi(tion o% t!o (o)rts o% di%%erent ")risdi(tion& the (o)rt o% higher ")risdi(tion shall try the (o ple: (ri e+ 25 *he penalty %or (o ple: (ri e is the penalty %or the ost serio)s (ri e& the sa e to #e applied in its a:i ) period+ @5 When t!o %elonies (onstit)ting a (o ple: (ri e are p)nisha#le #y i prison ent and %ine& respe(tively& only the penalty o% i prison ent sho)ld #e i posed+ -5 Art+ -6 applies only to (ases !here the Code does not provide a de%inite spe(i%i( penalty %or a (o ple: (ri e+ /5 <ne in%or ation sho)ld #e %iled !hen a (o ple: (ri e is (o itted+ 25 When a (o ple: (ri e is (harged and one o%%ense is not proven& the a(()sed (an #e (onvi(ted o% the other+ 35 Arti(le -6 also applies in (ases !hen o)t o% a single a(t o% negligen(e or i pr)den(e& t!o or ore grave or less grave %elonies res)lted& #)t only the %irst part is appli(a#le& i+e+ (o po)nd (ri e+ *he se(ond part o% Arti(le -6 does not apply& re%erring to the (o ple: (ri e proper #e(a)se this applies or re%ers only to a deli#erate (o ission o% one o%%ense to (o it another o%%ense+
In People v+ .e Leon 4-; Phil+ -@35& a thie% !ho too, %ro a yard o% a ho)se t!o ga e roosters #elonging to t!o di%%erent persons !as r)led to have (o itted only one (ri e #e(a)se there is a )nity o% tho)ght in the (ri inal p)rpose o% the o%%ender+ *he a(()sed !s ani ated #y a single (ri inal i p)lse+
@@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Note7 A (ontin)ing (ri e is not a (o ple: (ri e+ :A (ontin)ed (ri e is di%%erent %ro a transitory (ri e !hi(h is also (alled a ovingA(ontin)ing (ri e+ Contin)ing Cri e D ter is )sed in (ri inal pro(ed)re !hen any o% the aterial ingredients o% the (ri e !as (o itted in di%%erent pla(es+
People v+ de Leon 41;2257 15 *he a(()sed too, %ive roosters %ro one and the sa e (hi(,en (oop& the roosters !ere o!ned #y di%%erent persons+ 25 It !as held that there is only one (ri e o% the%t (o itted #e(a)se the a(()sed a(ted o)t o% a single (ri inal i p)lse only+ Ill)stration7 15 A #and o% ro##ers (a e a(ross a (o po)nd !here a s)gar ill is lo(ated+ 25 *he !or,ers o% said ill have their >)arters !ithin the (o po)nd+ *he #and o% ro##ers ransa(,ed the di%%erent >)arters therein+ @5 It !as held that there is only one (ri e (o itted I )ltiple ro##ery& not #e(a)se o% Arti(le -6 #)t #e(a)se this is a (ontin)ed (ri e+ -5 When the ro##ers entered the (o po)nd& they !ere oved #y a single (ri inal intent !hi(h is !hy it does not atter that there !ere several >)arters ro##ed+ /5 *his !as a (o ple: (ri e+
0+ Spe(ial Co ple:ACo posite (ri es

: *he s)#stan(e is ade )p o% ore than one (ri e #)t !hi(h in the eyes o% the la! is only : a single indivisi#le o%%ense+ : all those a(ts done in p)rs)an(e o% the (ri e agreed )pon are a(ts !hi(h (onstit)te a single (ri e+ Spe(ial Co ple: Cri es : Ro##ery !ith =o i(ide 4Art+ 2;- 4155 : Ro##ery !ith Rape 4Art+ 2;- 4255 : Jidnapping !ith serio)s physi(al in")ries 4Art+ 223 4@55 : Rape !ith =o i(ide 4Art+ @@/5
Note7 *his does not %all s>)arely !ithin Arti(le -6 #e(a)se the a(()sed PER'<RME. M<RE *=AN <NE AC*+ : *he (on%)sion lies in this7 4ASJE. *WICE IN 0AR EEAMS5 : While Arti(le -6 spea,s o% a (o ple: (ri e !here a single a(t (onstit)tes t!o or ore grave or less grave o%%enses& : those (ases involving a series o% a(ts res)lting to t!o or ore grave and less grave %elonies& : !ere (onsidered #y the S)pre e Co)rt as a (o ple: (ri e : !hen it is sho!n that the a(t is the prod)(t o% one single (ri inal i p)lse+
C+ Contin)ed and Contin)ing Cri es

Contin)ed Cri e D A (ontin)o)s& )nla!%)l a(t or series o% a(ts set on %oot #y a single i p)lse and operated #y an )ninter ittent %or(e& ho!ever long a ti e it ay o(()py+ Altho)gh there is a series o% a(ts there is only one (ri e (o itted+ =en(e& only one penalty shall #e i posed+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER : *IP7 I% (on%ronted !ith a pro#le & the S)pre e Co)rt has e:tended this (lass o% (o ple: (ri e to those (ases !hen the o%%ender per%or ed not a single a(t #)t a series o% a(ts as long as it is the prod)(t o% a single (ri inal i p)lse
Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C 35 =en(e& there !as no single p)rpose %or the rapes+ Ea(h )st #e (onsidered as a separate a(t+
@CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ 1ar(ia 41;6057 15 *he a(()sed !ere (onvi(ts !ho !ere e #ers o% a (ertain gang and they (onspired to ,ill the other gang+ 25 So e o% the a(()sed ,illed their vi(ti s in one pla(e !ithin the sa e penitentiary& so e ,illed the others in another pla(e !ithin the sa e penitentiary+ @5 *he S)pre e Co)rt r)led that all a(()sed sho)ld #e p)nished )nder one in%or ation #e(a)se they a(ted in (onspira(y+ -5 *he a(t o% one is the a(t o% all+ /5 0e(a)se there !ere several vi(ti s ,illed and so e !ere ortally !o)nded& the a(()sed sho)ld #e held %or the (o ple: (ri e o% )ltiple ho i(ide !ith )ltiple %r)strated ho i(ide+ 25 *here is a (o ple: (ri e not only !hen there is a single a(t #)t a series o% a(ts+ 35 It is (orre(t that !hen the o%%ender a(ted in (onspira(y& this (ri e is (onsidered as one and prose()ted )nder one in%or ation+ 65 Altho)gh in this (ase& the o%%enders did not only ,ill one person #)t ,illed di%%erent persons& the S)pre e Co)rt (onsidered this as (o ple:+
People v+ 0)laong& 41;6157 15 *he S)pre e Co)rt adopted the dissenting opinion o% B)sti(e A>)ino in People v+ Pa#asa& that !hen several persons a#d)(ted a !o an and a#)sed her& regardless o% the n) #er o% rapes (o itted& there sho)ld only #e one (o ple: (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape+ 25 *he rapes (o itted !ere in the nat)re o% a (ontin)ed (ri e (hara(teri?ed #y the sa e le!d design !hi(h is an essential ele ent in the (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion+ @5 *he a#)se a o)nting to rape is (o ple:ed !ith %or(i#le a#d)(tion #e(a)se the a#d)(tion !as already (ons) ated !hen the vi(ti !as raped+ -5 *he %or(i#le a#d)(tion )st #e (o ple:ed there!ith+ /5 0)t the )ltiple rapes sho)ld #e (onsidered only as one #e(a)se they are in the nat)re o% a (ontin)ed (ri e+
N<*E7 *his is a dangero)s vie! #e(a)se the a#d)(tors !ill (o it as )(h rape as they (an& a%ter all& only one (o ple: (ri e o% rape !o)ld arise+
Whenever the S)pre e Co)rt (on(l)des that the (ri inals sho)ld #e p)nished only on(e& #e(a)se they a(ted in (onspira(y or )nder the sa e (ri inal i p)lse7 : it is ne(essary to e #ody these (ri es )nder one single in%or ation+ : It is ne(essary to (onsider the as (o ple: (ri es even i% the essen(e o% the (ri e does not %it the de%inition o% Art -6& #e(a)se there is no other provision in the RPC+
P<LAR VIEWS
People v+ Bose& 41;3157 15 *here !ere %o)r parti(ipants here+ 25 *hey a#d)(ted the !o an& a%ter !hi(h& the %o)r too, t)rns in a#)sing her+ @5 It !as held that ea(h one o% the %o)r #e(a e lia#le not only %or his o!n rape #)t also %or those (o itted #y the others+ -5 <ne o% the %o)r rapes (o itted #y one o% the !as (o ple:ed !ith the (ri e o% a#d)(tion+ /5 Ea(h o% the %o)r o%%enders !as (onvi(ted o% %o)r rapes+ 25 *he (onse()tive a#)se (annot #e (onsidered as (ontin)ed (ri es #e(a)se there is a di%%erent intent %or ea(h a(t o% rape+
Applying the (on(ept o% the 8(ontin)ed (ri e9& the %ollo!ing (ases have #een treated as (onstit)ting one (ri e only7 15 People v+ *) los& 41;@;57 *he the%t o% 1@ (o!s #elonging to t!o di%%erent persons (o itted #y the a(()sed at the sa e pla(e and period o% ti eM 25 People v+ Baranilla& 41;3-57 *he the%t o% si: roosters #elonging to t!o di%%erent o!ners %ro the sa e (oop and at the sa e period o% ti eM @5 People v+ Sa##)n& 41;2-57 *he illegal (harging o% %ees %or servi(e rendered #y a la!yer every ti e he (olle(ted veteranFs #ene%its on #ehal% o% a (lient !ho agreed that attorneyFs %ees shall #e paid o)t o% s)(h #ene%its+*he (olle(tions o% legal %ees !ere i pelled #y the sa e otive& that o% (olle(ting %ees %or servi(es rendered& and all a(ts o% (olle(tion !ere ade )nder the sa e (ri inal i p)lse+
*he S)pre e Co)rt de(lined to apply the (on(ept in the %ollo!ing (ases7 15 People v+ .i(h)pa& 41;2157 *!o Esta%a (ases& one !hi(h !as (o itted d)ring the period %ro Ban)ary 1; to .e(e #er& 1;// and the other %ro Ban)ary 1;/2 to B)ly 1;/2+ Said a(ts !ere (o itted on t!o di%%erent o((asionsM
25 People v+ CIV7 Several alversations (o itted in May& B)ne and B)ly 1;@2 and %alsi%i(ations to (on(eal said o%%enses (o itted in A)g)st and <(to#er& 1;@2+ *he alversations and %alsi%i(ations !ere not the res)lt o% one resol)tion to e #e??le and %alsityM @5 SeventyD%ive esta%a (ases (o itted #y the (onversion #y the agents o% (olle(tions %ro the ()sto ers o% the e ployers ade on di%%erent dates+
@/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
In the *=E'* (ases7 : *he trend is to %ollo! the single lar(eny do(trine7 a5 that is ta,ing o% several things& #5 !hether #elonging to the sa e or di%%erent o!ners& (5 at the sa e ti e and pla(e& : (onstit)tes one lar(eny only+ : A#andoned is the do(trine that the govern ent has the dis(retion to prose()te the a(()sed : %or one o%%ense or : %or as any distin(t o%%enses as there are vi(ti s+
Santiago v+ B)sti(e 1ar(hitorena& 41;;@57 15 =ere& the a(()sed !as (harged !ith per%or ing a single a(t I that o% approving the legali?ation o% aliens not >)ali%ied )nder the la!+ 25 *he prose()tion ani%ested that they !o)ld only %ile one in%or ation+ S)#se>)ently& @2 a ended in%or ations !ere %iled+ @5 *he S)pre e Co)rt dire(ted the prose()tion to (onsolidate the (ases into one o%%ense #e(a)se7 a5 they !ere in violation o% the sa e la! I E:e()tive <rder No+ @2-M #5 (a)sed in")ry to one party only I the govern entM and (5 they !ere done in the sa e day+
Note7 *he (on(ept o% delito (ontin)ado has #een applied to (ri es )nder spe(ial la!s sin(e in Arti(le 10& the Revised Penal Code shall #e s)pple entary to spe(ial la!s& )nless the latter provides the (ontrary+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C
Chapter IV+ Cir() stan(es Cri inal Lia#ility
A%%e(ting
@2
CRIMINAL LAW 1
*here are 'IVE CLASSES <' CIRC$MS*ANCES a%%e(ting (ri inal lia#ility7 I+ II+ III+ IV+ V+ B)sti%ying (ir() stan(esM Art+ 11 425 E:e pting (ir() stan(esM Art+ 12 435 Mitigating (ir() stan(esM Art+ 1@ 4105 Aggravating (ir() stan(esM Art+ 1- 4215 Alternative (ir() stan(esM Art+ 1/ 4@5
*here are <*=ERS !hi(h are %o)nd else!here in the provisions o% the Revised Penal Code7 VI+ A#sol)tory (a)seM VII+ E:ten)ating (ir() stan(es
B$S*I'CIN1 N< WR<N1 No (ri inal lia#ility No (ivil lia#ility E:(ept7 state o% ne(essity
EEEMP*IN1 *=ERE IS A WR<N1 No (ri inal lia#ility With (ivil lia#ility E:(ept7 a((identM ins)pera#le (a)se
MI*I1A*IN1 *=ERE IS A 'EL<NC .e(reased (ri inal lia#ility With (ivil lia#ility
A11RAVA*IN1 *=ERE IS A 'EL<NC In(reased (ri inal lia#ility With (ivil lia#ility
AL*ERNA*IVE *=ERE IS A 'EL<NC In(reased or de(reased lia#ility With (ivil lia#ility
a+
I+
B)sti%ying Cir() stan(es

4ASJE. @0 *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
*he right to honor+ =en(e& a slap on the %a(e is (onsidered as )nla!%)l aggression sin(e the %a(e represents a person and his dignity+ 4R)gas vs& People5 *he de%ense o% property rights (an #e invo,ed i% there is an atta(, )pon the property altho)gh it is not (o)pled !ith an atta(, )pon the person o% the o!ner o% the pre ises+ All the ele ents %or ")sti%i(ation )st ho!ever #e present+ 4People v+ Narvae?5
'IVE *CPES o% ")sti%ying (ir() stan(es7 1+ 2+ @+ -+ /+ Sel% de%ense .e%ense o% relatives .e%ense o% strangers Avoidan(e o% a greater evil ')l%ill ent o% d)ty <#edien(e to an order iss)ed %or so e la!%)l p)rpose
#+
2+
B)sti%ying Cir() stan(es I those !here the a(t o% a person is said to #e in a((ordan(e !ith la!& so that s)(h person is dee ed not to have transgressed the la! and is %ree %ro #oth (ri inal and (ivil lia#ility+ *here is no (ivil lia#ility e:(ept in par+ -& Art+ 11& !here the (ivil lia#ility is #orne #y the persons #ene%ited #y the a(t+ : An a%%ir ative de%ense& hen(e& the #)rden o% proo% is on the a(()sed !ho )st prove the (ir() stan(e #y (lear and (onvin(ing eviden(e+ 0asis7 La(, o% (ri inal intent
1+ Sel% .e%ense
In(l)des not only the de%ense o% the person or #ody o% the one assa)lted #)t also that o% his rights& the en"oy ent o% !hi(h is prote(ted #y la!+ It in(l)des7
Ele ents7 a+ $nla!%)l aggression : E>)ivalent to an a(t)al physi(al assa)ltM <R threatened assa)lt o% an i ediate and i inent ,ind !hi(h is o%%ensive and positively strong& sho!ing the !rong%)l intent to (a)se har + : *he aggression )st (onstit)te a violation o% the la!+When the aggression (eased to e:ist& there is no longer a ne(essity to de%end oneFs sel%+ EECEP*7 !hen the aggressor retreats to o#tain a ore advantageo)s position to ens)re the s)((ess o% the initial atta(,& )nla!%)l aggression is dee ed to (ontin)e+ : M)st (o e %ro the person atta(,ed #y the a(()sed+
Note7 No )nla!%)l aggression !hen there !as an agree ent to %ight and the (hallenge to %ight !as a((epted+ 0$* aggression !hi(h is ahead o% an agreed ti e or pla(e is )nla!%)l aggression+ #+ Reasona#lene(essityo% e ployed to prevent or repel it+ *est o% reasona#leness *he eans e ployed depends )pon7 1+ nat)re and >)ality o% the !eapon )sed #y the aggressor 2+ aggressorFsphysi(al(ondition& (hara(ter& si?e& and other (ir() stan(es @+ and those o% the person de%ending hi sel% -+ the pla(e and o((asion o% the assa)lt+ eans
#e a ver#al or slight physi(al a#)se or another %or o% hostile #ehavior+ 25 *he !o an tries to pa(i%y the #atterer thro)gh a sho! o% ,ind& n)rt)ring #ehavior& or #y si ply staying o)t o% the !ay+ @5 0)t this proves to #e )ns)((ess%)l as it only gives the #atterer the notion that he has the right to a#)se her+ ii+ Se(ond Phase7 A()te 0attering In(ident 15 Chara(teri?ed#y#r)tality& destr)(tiveness& and so eti es death+ 25 *he #attered !o an has no (ontrolM only the #atterer (an stop the violen(e+ @5 *he #attered !o an reali?es that she (annot reason !ith hi and resistan(e !o)ld only !orsen her (ondition+ iii+ *hird Phase7 *ran>)il Period 15 Chara(teri?ed #y g)ilt on the part o% the #atterer and %orgiveness on the part o% the !o an+ 25 *he #atterer ay sho! a tender and n)rt)ring #ehavior to!ards his partner and the !o an also tries to (onvin(e hersel% that the #attery !ill never happen again and that her partner !ill (hange %or the #etter+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
(+ La(, o% s)%%i(ient provo(ation on part o% de%ender : In (ase there !as a provo(ation on the part o% the person atta(,ed& the atta(, sho)ld not i ediately pre(ede the provo(ation %or de%ense to #e valid+ : Never (on%)se )nla!%)l aggression !ith provo(ation+ : Mere provo(ation is not eno)gh+ It )st #e real and i inent+$nla!%)l aggressionisanindispensa#le re>)isite+ : I% there is )nla!%)l aggression #)t one o% the other re>)isites is la(,ing& it is (onsidered an in(o plete sel%Dde%ense !hi(h itigates lia#ility+ : Sel%Dde%ense in(l)des the de%ense o% oneFs rights& that is& those rights the en"oy ent o% !hi(h is prote(ted #y la!+ : Retaliation is di%%erent %ro an a(t o% sel%Dde%ense+
Cano v+ People 4200@57 Conrado and his de(eased #rother <rlando !ere rivals in the R)sh I. Photo #)siness+ Condrado #orro!ed the per it o% the <rlando and had it photo(opied !itho)t the latterFs per ission+ *he de(eased (on%onted Conrado and tried to sta# hi !ith a %an ,ni%e+ *he latter lo(,ed hi sel% in the dar, roo o% his #ooth to prote(t hi sel% #)t !as %ollo!ed #y the de(eased and they ended )p atta(,ing ea(h other+ *he s()%%le res)lted in the death o% the <rlando+ =eld7 ConradoFs a(t o% ,illilng his #rother !as attended #y a ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e o% sel%Dde%ense+ It !as the de(eased !ho p)rposely so)ght and initially atta(,ed <rlando !ith a ,ni%e+ *he a(t o% a person ar ed !ith a #laded !eapon p)rs)ing another (onstit)tes )nla!%)l aggression #e(a)se it signi%ies the p)rs)erFs intent to (o it an assa)lt !ith his !eapon+ *here !as also la(, o% s)%%i(ient provo(ation on the part o% Condrado+ =is a(t o% photo(opying the per it o% his #rother !itho)t the latterFs per ission (an hardly #e (onsidered as provo(ation to erit so deadly an assa)lt !ith a #laded !eapon+
$nder Rep)#li( A(t ;222& or the AntiDViolen(e against Wo en and their Children A(t o% 200-7 Wo en !ho are %o)nd #y the (o)rts to #e s)%%ering %ro the 0attered Wo en Syndro e do not in()r any (ri inal or (ivil lia#ility not!ithstanding the a#sen(e o% any o% the ele ents %or ")sti%ying (ir() stan(es )nder the RPC+ 4se(+ 225
0attered Wo an Syndro e 0attered Wo an Syndro e is no! also a((epted as a valid de%ense+ In People Vs+ 1enosa& the Co)rt r)led that the #attered !o an syndro e is (hara(teri?ed #y a 8CCCLE <' VI<LENCE9& !hi(h is ade )p o% three phases+ i+ 'irst Phase7 *ension 0)ilding Phase 15 Where inor #attering o(()rs& it (o)ld
People vs+ .i"an 4200257 $nla!%)l aggression )st also #e a (ontin)ing (ir() stan(e or )st have #een e:isting at the ti e the de%ense is ade+ <n(e the )nla!%)l aggression is %o)nd to have (eased& the one a,ing the de%ense o% a stranger !o)ld li,e!ise (ease to have any ")sti%i(ation %or ,illing& or even ")st !o)nding& the %or er aggressor+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *oledo v+ People 4200-57 *oledo sa! his nephe!& Ri(,y& and the latterSs %riends a#o)t / a!ay %ro his ho)se& having a drin,ing spree+ =e ordered the not to a,e lo)d noises& and they o#liged+ =e then !ent ho e to sleep+ Ri(,y and his %riends also !ent to sleep a%ter so e ti e+ *hey had not laid do!n %or long !hen he heard stones #eing h)rled at the roo% o% the ho)se+ Ri(,y sa! *oledo stoning their ho)se and as,ed hi !hy he !as doing the sa e+ *oledo did not ans!er #)t et Ri(,y at the doorstep o% his ho)se and !itho)t !arning sta##ed Ri(,y on the a#do en !ith a #olo !hi(h res)lted to his death+ *oledo de%ended hi sel% #y alleging that his #olo a((identally hit the sto a(h o% the vi(ti and that he !as a#le to prove all the essential ele ents o% sel% de%ense+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C =eld7 Altho)gh the de%ense o% oneFs honor e:e pts one %ro (ri inal lia#ility& it )st #e proved that there is a(t)al danger o% #eing raped+ In this (ase& 15 the (h)r(h !as !ellDlit& 25 there !ere several people in the (h)r(h& in(l)ding the %ather o% the a(()sed and other to!n o%%i(ials+ In light o% these (ir() stan(es& a(()sed (o)ld not have possi#ly #een raped+ *he eans e ployed in de%ense o% her honor !as evidently e:(essive+
@6
CRIMINAL LAW 1
=eld7 *he Co)rt r)led that it is an a#erration %or *oledo to invo,e the t!o de%enses at the sa e ti e #e(a)se the said de%enses are intrinsi(ally antitheti(al+ *here is no s)(h de%ense as a((idental sel%Dde%ense in the real o% (ri inal la!+ *he (o)rt r)led that *oledo !as not ")sti%ied in sta##ing Ri(,y+ *here !as no i inent threat in his li%e ne(essitating his assa)lt+ Re(ords reveal that there is no )nla!%)l aggression& a (ondition sine >)a non %or the ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e o% sel% de%ense& on the part o% Ri(,y+ Ri(,y arrived at *oledoFs ho)se )nar ed+ With no !eapon to atta(, *oledo or de%end hi sel%& no sign o% hostility ay #e ded)(ed %ro hi +
$S v+ 0) aglang 41;0;57 0) anglang !as issing -0 #)ndles o% palay+ Later& a((o panied #y his (oD de%endants& he a!aited the ()lprit and (a)ght Ri#is so they (on%ronted hi assa)lted hi !ith sti(,s and other ()tting and sta##ing !eapons+ As a res)lt& Ri#is died+ .e%endants de(lared that d)ring the %ight they only #eat the de(eased !ith sti(,s and Ri#is )nsheathed his #olo+ 0) anglang et al !ere (onvi(ted o% ho i(ide+ =eld7 *he #olo o% the de(eased !as sheathed !hen the #ody !as dis(overed+ *here !as no )nla!%)l aggression on the part o% Ri#is+ *h)s& there (an #e no (lai o% sel%Dde%ense+ Separate <pinion7 A an !ho a #)shed one he s)spe(ts to #e a thie% (an (lai de%ense o% property+ Not only !as there )nla!%)l aggression against 0) anglag& there !as also a !rong%)l invasion o% his ha#itat and atte pt to (o it a %elony against his property+ With the i inen(e o% danger to his li%e& he reali?ed that he had to as, assistan(e %ro his %riends& (onsidering Ri#isF (ri inal re(ord& (hara(ter and )n)s)al strength+
Mar?onia v+ People 4200257 =eld7 As the Co)rt previo)sly held& ortally !o)nding an assailant !ith a pen,ni%e is not a reasona#ly ne(essary eans to repel %ist #lo!s+
a+ .e%ense o% =onor7
People v+ .ela Cr)? 41;@/57 A(()sed !as %o)nd g)ilty o% ho i(ide %or sta##ing and ,illing Rivera+ Prose()tion (lai ed that .ela Cr)? and Rivera had a relationship and that the a(()sed !as adly in love !ith the de(eased and !as e:tre ely "ealo)s o% another !o an !ith !ho Rivera also had a relationship+ .ela Cr)? (lai ed& on the other hand& that on her !ay ho e one evening& Rivera %ollo!ed her& e #ra(ed and ,issed her and to)(hed her private parts+ She didnFt ,no! that it !as Rivera and that she !as )na#le to resist the strength o% Rivera so she got a ,ni%e %ro her po(,et and sta##ed hi in de%ense o% her honor+
#+ .e%ense o% Property7 : People vs+ Apolinar7 *his (an only #e invo,ed as ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e i% : Li%e and li # o% the person a,ing the de%ense is also the s)#"e(t o% )nla!%)l aggression : Li%e (annot #e e>)al to property+
=eld7 She is ")sti%ied in )sing the po(,et,ni%e in repelling !hat she #elieved to #e an atta(, )pon her honor+ It !as a dar, night and she (o)ld not have identi%ied Rivera+ *here #eing no other eans o% sel%D de%ense+ People v+ B)arig)e 41;-257 A ado 4de(eased5 has #een (o)rting the a(()sed Avelina in vain+ <n the day o% the (ri e& Avelina and A ado !ere in Ch)r(h+ A ado sat #eside Avelina and pla(ed his hand on her thigh+ *herea%ter& Avelina too, o)t her ,ni%e and sta##ed A ado in the ne(,& (a)sing the death o% A ado+
People v+ Narvae? 41;6@57 Narvae? !as ta,ing his rest inside his ho)se !hen he heard that the !all o% his ho)se !as #eing (hiseled+ =e sa! that 'leis(her and R)#ia& !ere %en(ing the land o% the %ather o% the de(eased 'leis(her+=e as,ed the gro)p to stop #)t they re%)sed+ *he a(()sed got ad so he got his shotg)n and shot 'leis(her+ R)#ia ran to!ards the "eep and ,no!ing there is a g)n on the "eep& the a(()sed %ired at R)#ia as !ell+ Narvae? (lai ed he a(ted in de%ense o% his person and rights+ =eld7 *here !as aggression #y the de(eased not on the person o% the a(()sed #)t on his property rights !hen 'leis(her angrily ordered the (ontin)an(e o% the %en(ing+ *he third ele ent o% sel%Dde%ense is also present #e(a)se there !as no s)%%i(ient provo(ation on the part o% Narvae? sin(e he !as sleeping !hen the de(eased !here %en(ing+ =o!ever& the se(ond ele ent !as la(,ing+ Shooting the vi(ti s %ro the !indo! o% his ho)se is
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER disproportionate to the physi(al aggression #y the vi(ti s+ *h)s& there is in(o plete sel%Dde%ense+ .issent7 .e%ense o% property is not o% s)(h i portan(e as the right to li%e and de%ense o% property (an only #e invo,ed !hen it is (o)pled !ith so e %or o% atta(, on the person o% one entr)sted !ith said property+ In this (ase #e%ore )s& there is no eviden(e that an atta(, !as atte pted+ *he )tteran(e& 8no& gadde it& pro(eed& go ahead9 is not )nla!%)l aggression !hi(h entitles hi neither to a plea o% sel%Dde%ense nor to a itigating (ir() stan(e o% in(o plete sel%Dde%ense+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C Reynaldo& his %ather B)anito and #rothers Ri(ardo and Ra on& all s)rna ed 0al)n)e(o& and one 'lores (hasing her #rotherDinDla! Servando+ With the / individ)als in hot p)rs)it& Servando s(a pered into the sa%ety o% A eliaSs ho)se+ Mean!hile& Senando !ent o)t o% the ho)se )na!are o% the (o otion going on o)tside+ $pon seeing Senando& Reynaldo t)rned his attention on hi and gave (hase+ Senando instin(tively %led #)t he !as et #y Ar ando !ho hit hi !ith a stone& (a)sing Senando to %eel di??y+ Reynaldo& Ri(ardo& and Ar ando (ornered their >)arry near a (anal and ganged )p on hi + Ar ando pla(ed a (an on top o% SenandoSs head and Ri(ardo repeatedly str)(, Senando !ith an a: on the head& sho)lder& and hand+ At one point& Ri(ardo lost his hold on the a:& #)t so e#ody tossed hi a #olo and then he (ontin)ed ha(,ing the vi(ti !ho %ell on his ,nees+ *o shield hi %ro %)rther violen(e& A elia p)t her ar s aro)nd her h)s#and #)t it !as not eno)gh to detra(t Ri(ardo %ro his )rdero)s %ren?y+ A elia !as also hit on the leg+ *he R*C and CA (onvi(ted Ri(ardo o% =o i(ide+ =e no! i p)tes errors to the CA in not ta,ing into (onsideration the %a(t that i% indeed he parti(ipated& he had a(ted in de%ense o% his relatives+
@;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
2+ .e%ense <% Relatives

Ele ents7 a+ $nla!%)l aggression : $nla!%)l aggression ay not e:ist as a atter o% %a(t& it (an #e ade to depend )pon the honest #elie% o% the one a,ing the de%ense+ Reason7 *he la! a(,no!ledges the possi#ility that a relative& #y virt)e o% #lood& !ill instin(tively (o e to the aid o% their relatives+
#+ Reasona#lene(essityo% e ployed to prevent or repel it (+ In (ase person atta(,ed provo,ed atta(,er de%ender )st have no part therein : Reason7 Altho)gh the provo(ation pre")di(es the person !ho gave it& its e%%e(ts do not rea(h the de%ender !ho too, no part therein& #e(a)se the latter !as pro pted #y so e no#le or genero)s senti ent in prote(ting and saving a relative
eans
Relatives entitled to de%ense7 i+ Spo)se ii+ As(endants iii+ .es(endants iv+ legiti ate&nat)raloradopted 0rothersASisters v+ Relatives #y a%%inity in the sa e degree vi+ Relatives #y (onsang)inity !Ain the -th (ivil degree
=eld7 <% the three 4@5 re>)isites o% de%ense o% relatives& )nla!%)l aggression is a (ondition sine >)a non& %or !itho)t it any de%ense is not possi#le or ")sti%ied+ In order to (onsider that an )nla!%)l aggression !as a(t)ally (o itted& it is ne(essary that an atta(, or aterial aggression& an o%%ensive a(t positively deter ining the intent o% the aggressor to (a)se an in")ry shall have #een adeM a ere threatening or inti idating attit)de is not s)%%i(ient to ")sti%y the (o ission o% an a(t !hi(h is p)nisha#le per se& and allo! a (lai o% e:e ption %ro lia#ility on the gro)nd that it !as (o itted in sel%Dde%ense or de%ense o% a relative+ In the (ase at #ar& petitioner Ri(ardo )tterly %ailed to add)(e s)%%i(ient proo% o% the e:isten(e o% a positively strong a(t o% real aggression on the part o% the de(eased Senando++ It !as he and his ,in !ho had inititated the )nla!%)l agression and not Senando+ ')rther& the nat)ral i p)lse o% any person !ho has ,illed so eone in de%ense o% his person or relative is to #ring hi sel% to the a)thorities and try to dispel any s)spi(ion o% g)ilt that the a)thorities ight have against hi + Ri(ardo %ailed to do the sa e+ With the e:(eption o% his sel%Dserving allegations& there is nothing on re(ord that !o)ld ")sti%y his ,illing o% Senando+
@+ .e%ense <% Strangers

Ele ents7 a+ $nla!%)l aggressionM #+ Reasona#le ne(essity o% the eans e ployed to prevent or repel itM (+ *he person de%ending #e not ind)(ed #y revenge& resent ent or other evil otive+ Note7 I% the person #eing de%ended is a se(ond (o)sin& it !ill #e de%ense o% stranger+
Ill)stration7 *he sons o% A honestly #elieve that their %ather !as the vi(ti o% an )nla!%)l aggression !hen in %a(t it !as their %ather !ho atta(,ed 0+ I% they ,illed 0 )nder s)(h (ir() stan(es& they are ")sti%ied+
0al)n)e(o v+ CA 4200@57 A elia !as (oddling her (hild in %ront o% her ho)se& !hen she sa! a(()sed
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C pay ent o% the o#ligation in install ents+ *o ass)re pay ent o% the o#ligation& she dre! 3 postdated (he(,s against Metro#an, paya#le to the hospital !hi(h !ere all dishonored #y the dra!ee #an, d)e to ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds+ As de%ense& *y (lai ed that she iss)ed the (he(,s #e(a)se o% 8an )n(ontrolla#le %ear o% a greater in")ry+9 She averred that she !as %or(ed to iss)e the (he(,s to o#tain release %or her other !ho !as #eing inh) anely treated #y the hospital+ She alleged that her other has (onte plated s)i(ide i% she !o)ld not #e dis(harged %ro the hospital+ *y !as %o)nd g)ilty #y the lo!er (o)rts o% 3 (o)nts o% violation o% 0P22+
0asis7 What one ay do in his de%ense& another ay do %or hi + *he ordinary an !o)ld not stand idly #y and see his (o panion ,illed !itho)t atte pting to save his li%e
-0
CRIMINAL LAW 1
-+ Avoidan(e o% a 1reater Evil

Ele ents7 a+ Evil so)ght to #e avoided a(t)ally e:ists #+ In")ry %eared #e greater than that done to avoid it (+ *here is no other pra(ti(al K less har %)l eans o% preventing it : *he evil or in")ry so)ght to #e avoided )st not have #een prod)(ed #y the one invo,ing the ")sti%ying (ir() stan(es+
1eneral r)le7 No (ivil lia#ility in ")sti%ying (ir() stan(es #e(a)se there is no (ri e+ E:(eption7 *here is CIVIL LIA0ILI*C )nder this paragraph+ Persons #ene%ited shall #e lia#le in proportion to the #ene%it !hi(h they have re(eived+ Ill)strations7 1+ A drove his (ar #eyond the speed li it so )(h so that !hen he rea(hed the ()rve& his vehi(le s,idded to!ards a ravine+ =e s!erved his (ar to!ards a ho)se& destroying it and ,illing the o(()pant therein+ A (annot #e ")sti%ied #e(a)se the state o% ne(essity !as #ro)ght a#o)t #y his o!n %elonio)s a(t+ 2+ A and 0 are o!ners o% ad"oining lands+ A o!ns the land %or planting (ertain (rops+ 0 o!ns the land %or raising (ertain goats+ C )sed another land %or a vegeta#le garden+ *here !as heavy rain and %loods+ .a !as opened+ C drove all the goats o% 0 to the land o% A+ *he goats r)shed to the land to #e saved& #)t the land o% A !as destroyed+ *he a)thor o% the a(t is C& #)t C is not (ivilly lia#le #e(a)se he did not re(eive #ene%its+ It !as 0 !ho !as #ene%ited& altho)gh he !as not the a(tor+ =e (annot (lai that it !as a %ort)ito)s event+ 0 !ill ans!er only to the e:tent o% the #ene%it derived #y hi + I% C !ho drove all o% the goats is a(()sed o% ali(io)s is(hie%& his de%ense !o)ld #e that he a(ted o)t o% a state o% ne(essity+ =e !ill not #e (ivilly lia#le+
=eld7 *he (o)rt s)stained the %indings o% the lo!er (o)rts+ *he evil so)ght to #e avoided is erely e:pe(ted or anti(ipated+ So the de%ense o% an )n(ontrolla#le %ear o% a greater in")ry9 is not appli(a#le+ *y (o)ld have ta,en advantage o% an availa#le option to avoid (o itting a (ri e+ 0y her o!n ad ission& she had the (hoi(e to give "e!elry or other %or s o% se()rity instead o% postdated (he(,s to se()re her o#ligation+ Moreover& %or the de%ense o% state o% ne(essity to #e availing& the greater in")ry %eared sho)ld not have #een #ro)ght a#o)t #y the negligen(e or i pr)den(e& ore so& the !ill%)l ina(tion o% the a(tor+ In this (ase& the iss)an(e o% the #o)n(ed (he(,s !as #ro)ght a#o)t #y *ySs o!n %ail)re to pay her otherSs hospital #ills+
People v+ Ri(oher oso 41;3-57 *he land Ri(oher oso ()ltivated #elonged to 1e iniano+ When the latter !ent to the ho)se o% the %or er& as i% #y prearrange ent& Ri(oher oso )nsheathed his #olo and approa(hed 1e iniano %ro the le%t !hile Severo 4Ri(oFs %atherDinDla!5 got an a:e and approa(hed %ro the right+ Ri(o sta##ed 1e iniano %irst and !hile in a helpless position& the latter !as ha(,ed on the #a(, #y Severo+ At that sa e pla(e and ti e !hile the ,illing o% 1e iniano !as ta,ing pla(e& B)an 4son o% Severo5 s)ddenly e #ra(ed Marianito 4son o% 1e iniano5& !ho had a g)n sl)ng on his sho)lder& %ro #ehind+ *hey grappled and rolled do!nhill to!ards the (a ote pat(h+ Marianito passed o)t and !hen he regained (ons(io)sness& his ri%le !as gone+ =e !al,ed )phill and sa! his %ather+ 1e iniano died later+ B)an invo,ed the ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e o% greater ne(essity in e:plaining his a(t o% preventing Marianito %ro shooting Ri(o and Severo+
=eld7 *he a(t o% B)an !as designed to ins)re the ,illing o% 1e iniano !itho)t any ris, to his assailants+ B)an !as not avoiding any evil #)t his ali(io)s intention !as to %orestall any inter%eren(e in the %elonio)s assa)lt+ =e a(ted in (onspira(y !ith Ri(o and Severo+
*y v+ People 4200-57 *ySs other and sister !ere (on%ined at the Manila .o(torsS =ospital+ *y signed the RA(,no!ledg ent o% Responsi#ility %or Pay entR in the Contra(t o% Ad ission+ *he total hospital #ills o% the t!o patients a o)nted to P1&03/&/;2+;/+ *y e:e()ted a pro issory note !herein she ass) ed
/+ ')l%ill ent o% .)ty or La!%)l E:er(ise o% Right or o%%i(e

Ele ents7
a+ <%%ender a(ted in per%or an(e o% d)ty or la!%)l e:er(ise o% a rightAo%%i(e #+ *he res)lting %elony is the )navoida#le (onse>)en(e o% the d)e %)l%ill ent o% the d)ty or the la!%)l e:er(ise o% the right or o%%i(e+ Note7 I% %irst (ondition is present& #)t the se(ond is not #e(a)se the o%%ender a(ted !ith ()lpa& : the o%%ender !ill #e entitled to a privileged itigating (ir() stan(e+ : the penalty !o)ld #e red)(ed #y one or t!o degrees+
=eld7 Po oy is a(>)itted+ At the ti e o% the in(ident& petitioner !as a e #er o% the 4PNP5 stationed at the Iloilo Provin(ial Mo#ile 'or(e Co pany+ *h)s& it !as in the la!%)l per%or an(e o% his d)ties as investigating o%%i(er that& )nder the instr)(tions o% his s)perior& he %et(hed the vi(ti %ro the latterSs (ell %or a ro)tine interrogation+ *he parti(ipation o% petitioner& i% any& in the vi(ti Ss death !as li ited only to a(ts (o itted in the (o)rse o% the la!%)l per%or an(e o% his d)ties as an en%or(er o% the la!+ *he re oval o% the g)n %ro its holster& the release o% the sa%ety lo(,& and the %iring o% the t!o s)((essive shots P all o% !hi(h led to the death o% the vi(ti P !ere s)%%i(iently de onstrated to have #een (onse>)en(es o% (ir() stan(es #eyond the (ontrol o% petitioner+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ $lep 4200057 A(()sedDappellant and the other poli(e o%%i(ers involved originally set o)t to restore pea(e and order at M)ndog S)#division !here the vi(ti !as then r)nning a )(,+ *he vi(ti threatened the sa%ety o% the poli(e o%%i(ers despite a(()sedDappellantSs previo)s !arning shot and ver#al ad onition to the vi(ti to lay do!n his !eapon+ =eld7 As a poli(e o%%i(er& it is to #e e:pe(ted that a(()sedDappellant !o)ld stand his gro)nd+ $p to that point& his de(ision to respond !ith a #arrage o% g)n%ire to halt the vi(ti Ss %)rther advan(e !as ")sti%ied )nder the (ir() stan(es+ A poli(e o%%i(er is not re>)ired to a%%ord the vi(ti the opport)nity to %ight #a(,+ Neither is he e:pe(ted I !hen hard pressed and in the heat o% s)(h an en(o)nter at (lose >)arters I to pa)se %or a long o ent and re%le(t (oolly at his peril& or to !ait a%ter ea(h #lo! to deter ine the e%%e(ts thereo%+ 0)t he (annot #e e:onerated %ro overdoing his d)ty !hen he %atally shot the vi(ti in the head& even a%ter the latter sl) ped to the gro)nd d)e to )ltiple g)nshot !o)nds s)stained !hile (harging at the poli(e o%%i(ers+ So)nd dis(retion and restraint di(tated that a veteran poli(e an sho)ld have (eased %iring at the vi(ti the o ent he sa! the latter %all to the gro)nd+ *he vi(ti at that point no longer posed a threat+ Shooting hi in the head !as o#vio)sly )nne(essary+
Ma ag)n vs+ People 4200357 A poli(e an in p)rs)it o% a snat(her a((identally shot one o% the #ystanders !ho !as a(t)ally helping hi (hase the snat(her+ =eld7 *o #e s)re& a(ts in the %)l%ill ent o% a d)ty& !itho)t ore& do not (o pletely ")sti%y the petitionerFs %iring the %etal g)nshot at the vi(ti + *r)e& petitioner& as one o% the poli(e en responding to a reported ro##ery then in progress& !as per%or ing his d)ty as a poli(e o%%i(er as !ell as !hen he !as trying to e%%e(t the arrest o% the s)spe(ted ro##er and in the pro(ess& %atally shoot said s)spe(t& al#eit the !rong an+ =o!ever& in the a#sen(e o% the e>)ally ne(essary ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e that the in")ry o% o%%ense (o itted #e the ne(essary (onse>)en(e i% the d)e per%or an(e o% s)(h d)ty& there (an only #e in(o plete ")sti%i(ation& a privilege itigating (ir() stan(e )nder Art+ 1@ and 2; o% the RPC+ *here (an #e no >)i##ling that there !as no rational ne(essity %or the ,illing o% Contreras+ Petitioner (o)ld have %irst %ired a !arning shot #e%ore p)lling the trigger against Contreras !ho !as one o% the residents (hasing the s)spe(ted ro##er+
*he la! does not (lothe poli(e o%%i(ers !ith a)thority to ar#itrarily ")dge the ne(essity to ,illD it )st #e stressed that their ")dg ent and dis(retion as poli(e o%%i(ers in the per%or an(e o% their d)ties )st #e e:er(ised neither (apri(io)sly nor oppressively& #)t !ithin reasona#le li its+ Po oy v+ People 4200-57 Poli(e Srgt Po oy& !ent near the door o% the "ail !here 0al#oa !as detained %or ro##ery and dire(ted the latter to (o e o)t& p)rportedly %or ta(ti(al interrogation at the investigation roo + At that ti e& petitioner had a g)n& a +-/ (ali#er pistol& t)(,ed in a holster !hi(h !as hanging #y the side o% his #elt+ 0al#oa tried to re ove Po oyFs g)n and the t!o grappled %or possession o% the g)n+ *herea%ter& 2 g)nshots !ere heard+ When the so)r(e o% the shots !as veri%ied& petitioner !as seen still holding a +-/ (ali#er pistol& %a(ing 0al#oa& !ho !as lying in a pool o% #lood+ Po oy invo,ed the de%ense o% a((ident %or his de%ense+
People v+ .eli a 41;2257 Napilon es(aped %ro the "ail !here he !as serving senten(e+ So e days a%ter!ards the poli(e an& .eli a& !ho !as loo,ing %or hi %o)nd hi in the ho)se o% Alegria& ar ed !ith a pointed pie(e o% #a #oo in the shape o% a lan(e+ .eli a de anded the s)rrender o% the !eapon #)t Napilon re%)sed+ .eli a %ired his revolver to i pose his a)thority #)t the #)llet did not hit hi + *he (ri inal ran a!ay and .eli a !ent a%ter hi and %ired again his revolver this ti e hitting and ,illing hi + =eld7 *he ,illing !as done in the per%or an(e o% a d)ty+ *he de(eased !as )nder the o#ligation to s)rrender and had no right& a%ter evading servi(e o% his senten(e& to (o it assa)lt and diso#edien(e !ith a !eapon in his hand& !hi(h (o pelled the poli(e an to resort to s)(h e:tre e eans& !hi(h& altho)gh it proved to #e %atal& !as ")sti%ied #y the (ir() stan(e+
2+ <#edien(e to an order iss)ed %or so e la!%)l p)rpose

Ele ents7
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C delivered to the private se(retary o% Mar(os also in @ separate days+ A((ording to the a(()sed& the dis#)rse ent !as not in the nor al pro(ed)re sin(e there !ere no vo)(hers s)pporting it and no re(eipt %ro PNCC+ *a#)ena and Peralta !ere (onvi(ted #y the Sandigan#ayan o% alversation+ =eld7 *he a(()sed !ere a(>)itted+ *heyFre entitled to the ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e o% o#edien(e to an order iss)ed #y a s)perior %or so e la!%)l p)rpose+ Sandigan#ayan (lai ed that Mar(osF e o !as )nla!%)l #e(a)se it orders dis#)rse ent o% P//M !hen the <ngpin e o reveals that the lia#ility is only @-+/M+ 1ranting this to #e tr)e& it !ill not a%%e(t *a#)enaFs good %aith as to a,e hi (ri inally lia#le+ *h)s& even i% the order is illegal i% it is patently legal and s)#ordinate is not a!are o% its illegality& the s)#ordinate is not lia#le& %or then there !o)ld only #e a ista,e o% %a(t (o itted in good %aith+
a+ <rder )st have #een iss)ed #y a s)perior #+ *he order is %or so e la!%)l p)rpose (+ *he eans )sed to (arry it o)t )st #e la!%)l Note7 A s)#ordinate is not lia#le %or (arrying o)t an illegal order o% his s)perior : i% he is not a!are o% the illegality o% the order and : he is not negligent+
People v+ <anis 41;-@57 Altho)gh an o%%i(er in a,ing a la!%)l arrest is ")sti%ied in )sing s)(h %or(e as is reasona#ly ne(essary to se()re and detain the o%%ender& over(o e his resistan(e& prevent his es(ape& re(apt)re hi i% he es(apes& and prote(t hi sel% %ro #odily har & yet he is never ")sti%ied in )sing )nne(essary %or(e or in treating hi !ith !anton violen(e or in resorting to dangero)s eans !hen the arrest (o)ld #e e%%e(ted other!ise+
-2
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ 0eronilla 41;//57 0or"al !as the ele(ted ayor o% La Pa?& A#ra at the o)t#rea, o% !ar and (ontin)ed to serve as Mayor d)ring Bapanese o(()pation+ 0eronilla !as appointed later as Military Mayor+ Later& !hile the operations %or the li#eration o% A#ra !as in progress& 0eronilla& p)rs)ant to his instr)(tions& pla(ed 0or"al in his ()stody and as,ed the residents to %ile (harges o% espionage& aiding the ene y& and a#)se o% a)thority against hi + A%ter trial& 0or"alFs e:e()tion too, pla(e+ Later& 0eronilla& together !ith a priest& e:e()tioner& graver digger& et(+ !ere indi(ted %or )rder+ *he prose()tion (lai ed that Col+ Vol, ann trans itted a radiogra essage stating that the ")ry syste organi?ed #y the )ni(ipality is illegal and (annot order e:e()tion o% 0or"al+
=eld7 *here is no proo% that 0eronilla !as a#le to re(eive the radiogra essage+ *he re(ords are a ple to s)stain the (lai o% the a(()sed that the arrest& prose()tion and trial !ere done p)rs)ant to
th
B)sti%ying vs+ E:e pting Cir() stan(e B$S*I'CIN1EEEMP*IN1 CIRC$MS*ANCECIRC$MS*ANCE It a%%e(ts the a(t& not It a%%e(ts the a(tor& not the a(tor+the a(t+ *he a(t is (onsidered *he a(t (o plained o% to have #een done is a(t)ally !rong%)l& !ithin the #o)nds o% #)t the a(tor is not la!M hen(e& legiti ate lia#le+ and la!%)l in the eyes o% the la!+ Sin(e the a(t is Sin(ethea(t (onsideredla!%)l& (o plainedo%is there is no lia#ility+a(t)ally !rong& there is a (ri e #)t sin(e the a(tor a(ted !itho)t vol)ntariness& there is no dolo or ()lpa+ *here is no (ri inal or *here is a (ri e& (ivil lia#ility+altho)gh there is no (ri inal& so there is (ivil lia#ility 4E:(ept7 Art+ 12& par+ - and 3 !here there is no (ivil lia#ility+
e:press orders o% the 1/ In%antry =H+ Where the a(()sed a(ted )pon orders o% s)perior o%%i(ers that the& as ilitary s)#ordinates& (o)ld not >)estion& and o#eyed in good %aith& !itho)t #eing a!are o% their illegality& !itho)t any %a)lt or negligen(e on their part& the a(t is not a((o panied #y (ri inal intent+ A (ri e is not (o itted i% the ind o% the person per%or ing the a( #e inno(ent+ *a#)ena v+ Sandigan#ayan 41;;357 Pres+ Mar(os instr)(ted *a#)ena over the phone to pay dire(tly to the <%%i(e o% the President in (ash !hat MIAA o!es PNCC !hi(h later !as reiterated in !riting+ *he Mar(osF e o indi(ated the a o)nt o% P// %or partial pay ent o% the o#ligation to PNCC+ In o#edien(e to Mar(osF instr)(tion& the a(()sed !ithdre! the a o)nt #y eans o% @ separate iss)an(es o% anagerFs (he(, and en(ash ent in @ separate dates as !ell+ *he oney !ithdra!n !ere pla(ed in peerless #o:es and d)%%le #ags and
II+ E:e pting Cir() stan(es

4ASJE. 1- *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
SIE *CPES o% e:e pting (ir() stan(es7 1+ 2+ @+ -+ /+ 2+ I #e(ilityAInsanity Minority A((ident Co p)lsion o% irresisti#le %or(e I p)lse o% )n(ontrolla#le %ear Ins)pera#le or la!%)l (a)se
: : : :
Jlepto ania7 i% %o)nd #y a (o petent psy(hiatrist as irresisti#le Epilepsy So na #)lis 7 sleepD!al,ing 4Pp vs+ *aneo5 Malignant alaria7 !hi(h a%%e(ts the nervo)s syste
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
People vs+ .)ngo7 *he insanity that is e:e pting is li ited only to ental a#erration or disease o% the ind and )st (o pletely i pair the intelligen(e o% the a(()sed+ People vs+ Ra%anan7 *he %ollo!ing are the t!o tests %or e:e ption on the gro)nds o% insanity7 : *he test o% (ognition& or !hether the a(()sed a(ted !ith (o plete deprivation o% intelligen(e in (o itting the said (ri eM *he test o% volition& or !hether the a(()sed a(ted in total deprivation o% %reedo o% !ill+ S(hi?ophrenia 4de entia prae(o:5 (an only #e (onsidered a itigating (ir() stan(e #e(a)se it does not (o pletely deprive the o%%ender o% (ons(io)sness o% his a(ts+
IMP<R*AN* P<IN*S7 : *he reason %or the e:e ption lies in the invol)ntariness or la(, o% ,no!ledge o% the a(t7 : one or so e o% the ingredients o% (ri inal lia#ility s)(h as (ri inal intent& intelligen(e& or %reedo o% a(tion on the part o% the o%%ender is issing : In (ase it is a ()lpa#le %elony& there is a#sen(e o% %reedo o% a(tion or intelligen(e& or a#sen(e o% negligen(e& i pr)den(e& la(, o% %oresight or la(, o% s,ill+
: :
1+ Insanity and I #e(ility

I #e(ile D <ne !ho& !hile advan(ed in age& has a ental develop ent (o para#le to that o% a (hild #et!een 2 and 3 years o% age+ E:e pt in all (ases %ro (ri inal lia#ility Insane D *here is a (o plete deprivation o% intelligen(e in (o itting the a(t #)t (apa#le o% having l)(id intervals+ .)ring a l)(id interval& the insane a(ts !ith intelligen(e and th)s& is not e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility : Insanity is a de%ense in the nat)re o% (on%ession and avoidan(e and )st #e proved #eyond reasona#le do)#t Eviden(e o% insanity )st re%er to : the ti e pre(eding the a(t )nder prose()tion or : at the very o ent o% its e:e()tion+ Insanity s)#se>)ent to (o is not e:e pting ission o% (ri e
People v+ Madarang 4200057 'ernando and his !i%e >)arreled+ In the heat o% the %ight& the a(()sed sta##ed his !i%e (a)sing her death+ *he a(()sed de(lared that he had no re(olle(tion o% the sta##ing in(ident+ Co)rt ordered the a(()sedFs (on%ine ent in a ental instit)tion !here it !as %o)nd that he !as in%li(ted !ith s(hi?ophrenia+ =e !as s)# itted to treat ent %or 2 years& a%ter !hi(h& he %a(ed the (harges against hi + =eld7 *he a(()sed %ailed to prove that he !as (o pletely deprived o% intelligen(e in (o itting the a(t+ =e did not sho! any signs o% insanity prior to and i ediately a%ter the a(t+ =e !as only diagnosed o% s(hi?ophrenia onths a%ter the in(ident+ Also& s(hi?os have l)(id intervals+
2+ Minority
RA ;@-- B)venile B)sti(e K Wel%are A(t o% 20027 1+ 1/ yrs old or #elo! at the ti e o% (o ission o% o%%ense7 a#sol)tely e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility #)t s)#"e(t to intervention progra 2+ <ver 1/ yrs old #)t #elo! 167 e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility K s)#"e(t to intervention progra : I% a(ted !A dis(ern ent s)#"e(t to diversion progra @+ 0elo! 16 yrs are e:e pt %ro 7 : Stat)s o%%ense : Vagran(y and Prostit)tion : Mendi(an(y 4P.1/2@5 : Sni%%ing o% R)g#y 4P. 121;5
'ee#le indedness is not i #e(ility 4People vs+ 'or igones5 Cases (overed )nder this arti(le7 : .e entia prae(o:
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Bose v+ People 4200/57 Bose& 1@ yrs old !as in a (ar !ith his (o)sin Qarraga& !hen the latter in>)ired %ro the pose)r #)yer SP<1 1)evarra i% he (o)ld a%%ord to #)y sha#)+ When 1)evarra replied in the a%%ir ative Qarraga told Bose to hand over the sha#)+ Bose gave the plasti( (ontaining the sha#) to Qarraga !ho handed it to 1)evarra+ *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted #oth Bose and Qarraga+ =eld7 Bose is a(>)itted+ *he prose()tion %ailed to prove #eyond reasona#le do)#t that he a(ted !ith dis(ern ent relative to the sale o% sha#)+ Aside %ro #ringing o)t and handing over the plasti( #ag to Qarraga& Bose erely sat in the (ar and had no other parti(ipation in the transa(tion #et!een his (o)sin and the pose)r #)yer+ *here is no eviden(e that Bose ,ne! !hat !as inside the plasti( and so%t !hite paper #e%ore and at the ti e he handed the sa e to Qarraga+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C his (o(,ed and loaded ri%le+ In that state& !ith the slightest ove ent o% his %inger& the ri%le !o)ld %ire readily+ And it did not ")st on(e #)t several %ires+ Con(ep(ion is g)ilty o% ho i(ide+
-CRIMINAL LAW 1
-+ Irresisti#le 'or(e
Ele ents7 a+ *hat the (o p)lsion is #y eans o% physi(al %or(e+ #+ *hat the physi(al %or(e )st #e irresisti#le+ (+ *hat the physi(al %or(e )st (o e %ro third person
@+ A((ident
4.a n) A#s>)e In")ria5
Ele ents7 a+ A person per%or ing a la!%)l a(tM #+ With d)e (areM (+ =e (a)ses an in")ry to another #y ere a((identM d+ Witho)t %a)lt or intention o% (a)sing it+ A((ident D so ething that happens o)tside the s!ay o% o)r !ill and& altho)gh (o ing a#o)t thro)gh so e a(t o% o)r !ill& lies #eyond the #o)nds o% h) anly %oreseea#le (onse>)en(es+ $nder Arti(le 12& paragraph -& the o%%ender is e:e pt not only %ro (ri inal #)t also %ro (ivil lia#ilityA person !ho is driving his (ar !ithin the speed li it& !hile (onsidering the (ondition o% the tra%%i( and the pedestrians at that ti e& tripped on a stone !ith one o% his (ar tires+ *he stone %le! hitting a pedestrian on the head+ *he pedestrian s)%%ered pro%)se #leeding+ *here is no (ivil lia#ility )nder paragraph - o% Arti(le 12+ Altho)gh this is ")st an e:e pting (ir() stan(e& !here generally there is (ivil lia#ility& yet& in paragraph - o% Arti(le 12& there is no (ivil lia#ility as !ell as (ri inal lia#ility+ *he driver is not )nder o#ligation to de%ray the edi(al e:penses+
People v+ Lising 41;;657 Manalili as,ed 1ar(ia to %ind so eone !ho (o)ld arrest o% =errera the s)spe(t o% the ,illing o% his #rother+ 1ar(ia introd)(ed Lising and they had an agree ent+ LisingFs s)rveillan(e gro)p !as at the CastanosF residen(e in the hope o% spotting =errera+ *he gro)p sa! a an and a !o an 4the vi(ti s5 leave the residen(e and %ollo!ed the and !ere a((osted+ Later& the #odies o% the 2 !ere %o)nd+ Lo!er (o)rt %o)nd that sin(e there !as an agree ent a ong Manalili& 1ar(ia and Lising& they !ere all (oD(onspirators+ 1ar(ia (lai ed that he a(ted )nder (o p)lsion o% irresisti#le %or(e+
=eld7 *o #e e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility& a person invo,ing irresisti#le %or(e )st sho! that the %or(e e:erted !as s)(h that it red)(ed hi to a ere instr) ent !ho a(ted not only !itho)t !ill #)t against his !ill+ 1ar(iaFs parti(ipation %ro !hen the a#d)(tion !as hat(hed to the ,illing o% the vi(ti s is )ndisp)ted+
/+ $n(ontrolla#le 'ear
Ele ents7 a+ *hat the threat !hi(h (a)ses the %ear is o% an evil greater than or at least e>)al to& that !hi(h he is %or(ed to (o itM #+ *hat it pro ises an evil o% s)(h gravity and i inen(e that the ordinary an !o)ld have s)(() #ed to it+ : :
A threat o% %)t)re in")ry is not eno)gh+ *he (o p)lsion )st #e o% s)(h a (hara(ter as to leave no opport)nity to the a(()sed %or es(ape or sel%Dde%ense in e>)al (o #at+
People v+ Con(ep(ion 4200257 *here !as no a((ident+ 0y Con(ep(ionFs o!n testi ony& the vi(ti !as )nar ed+ In (ontrast& he had an ar alite and a handg)n+ It is highly in(on(eiva#le that an )nar ed an (o)ld pose #odily har to another !ho is heavily ar ed+ Con(ep(ionFs g)n dis(harged several shots that hit vital parts o% the vi(ti Ss #ody+ As o#served #y the trial (o)rt& re(,lessly appellant had p)t his %inger on the trigger o%
Ill)stration7 A is %or(ed at g)n point to %orge the signat)re o% 0+

$S v+ E:altation 41;0/57 E:altation and *an(hi(o !ere (onvi(ted !A re#ellion #ased on do() ents %o)nd in the ho)se o% Contreras& a soD(alled general o% #andits& (ontaining signat)res o% de%endants s!earing allegian(e to the Jatip)nan+ .e%endants
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER aver that these do() ents !ere signed )nder d)ress and %ear o% death+ *hey allege %)rther that they !ere a#d)(ted #y thieves and that these en %or(ed the de%endants to sign the do() ents =eld7 *he d)ress )nder !hi(h the de%endants a(ted relieved the %ro (ri inal lia#ility+ Prose()tion !as )na#le to prove the g)ilt o% the a(()sed and testi onies o% !itnesses %or the a(()sed %)rther (orro#orated their de%ense+
: :
#)t serve only to red)(e the penalty+
2+ Ins)pera#le or La!%)l Ca)ses

Ele ents7 a+ *hat an a(t is re>)ired #y la! to #e doneM #+ *hat a person %ails to per%or s)(h a(tM (+ *hat his %ail)re to per%or s)(h a(t !as d)e to so e la!%)l or ins)pera#le (a)se Ill)stration7 Person !as arrested %or dire(t assa)lt at /700 p a%ter govern ent o%%i(es (lose+ Art 12/ RPC re>)ires that a person arrested #e delivered to ")di(ial a)thorities !ithin pres(ri#ed n) #er o% ho)rs a((ording to the gravity o% o%%ense+ 0)t (o plaint ay only #e %iled the ne:t day !hen o%%i(es open+ *he (ir() stan(e o% ti e o% arrest ay #e (onsidered as an ins)pera#le (a)se+
*hey are #ased on the di in)tion o% either %reedo o% a(tion& intelligen(e or intent or on the lesser perversity o% the o%%ender+ EECEP*I<NS7 vol)ntary s)rrender and plea o% g)ilt !hi(h& #eing (ir() stan(es that o(()r A'*ER the (o ission o% the o%%ense& sho! the a(()sedFs respe(t %or the la! 4vol)ntary s)rrender5 and re orse and a((eptan(e o% p)nish ent 4plea o% g)ilt5& there#y ne(essitating a lesser penalty to e%%e(t his reha#ilitation 4#ased on the Positivist S(hool5
-/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
*he (ir() stan(es )nder Arti(le 1@ are generally ordinary itigating& : e:(ept in paragraph 1& !here it is privileged& Arti(le 2; !o)ld apply+ When the (ri e (o itted is : p)nisha#le #y a divisi#le penalty& : t!o or ore o% this ordinary itigating (ir() stan(es : i% there is no aggravating (ir() stan(e at all : shall have the e%%e(t o% a privileged itigating (ir() stan(e
People v+ 0andian 41;@257 A !o an (annot #e held lia#le %or in%anti(ide !hen she le%t her ne!#orn (hild in the #)shes !itho)t #eing a!are that she had given #irth at all+ Severe di??iness and e:tre e de#ility ade it physi(ally i possi#le %or 0andian to ta,e ho e the (hild pl)s the assertion that she didnFt ,no! that she had given #irth+
Correlate Arti(le 1@ !ith Arti(les 2@ and 2-+ Arti(le 1@ is eaningless !itho)t ,no!ing the r)les o% i posing the penalties )nder Arti(les 2@ and 2-+
*IP7 In #ar pro#le s& !hen yo) are given indeter inate senten(es& these arti(les are very i portant+ : .istin(tions <rdinary MC
Can #e o%%set #y any aggravating (ir() stan(e I% not o%%set #y aggravating (ir() stan(e&prod)(es the e%%e(t o% applying the penalty provided #y la! %or the (ri e in its in period in (ase o% divisi#le penalty
III+ Mitigating Cir() stan(es

4ASJE. 1; *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
*WELVE *CPES o% 1+ 2+ @+ -+ /+ 2+ 3+ 6+ ;+ 10+ 11+ 12+ itigating (ir() stan(es7
Privileged MC
Cannot #e o%%set #y aggravating (ir() stan(e *he e%%e(t o% i posing )pon the o%%ender the penalty lo!er #y one or t!o degrees than that provided #y la! %or the (ri e+
In(o plete B)sti%i(ation and E:e ption $nder 16 or <ver 30 years o% age No intention to (o it so grave a !rong S)%%i(ient Provo(ation or *hreat I ediate vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense Passion or o#%)s(ation Vol)ntary s)rrender Vol)ntary plea o% g)ilt Plea to a lo!er o%%ense Physi(al de%e(t Illness Analogo)s Cir() stan(es
Mitigating (ir() stan(es are those !hi(h& i% present in the (o ission o% the (ri e& : do not entirely %ree the a(tor %ro (ri inal lia#ility&
1+ In(o plete E:e ption
B)sti%i(ation
and
: :
In(o plete ")sti%ying (ir() stan(es7 a+ In(o plete sel%Dde%ense& de%ense o% relatives& de%ense o% stranger : In these @ (lasses o% de%ense& $NLAW'$LA11RESSI<N )st al!ays #e present+ It is an indispensa#le re>)isite+ : Par+ 1 o% Art+ 1@ is appli(a#le only !hen : )nla!%)l aggression is present : #)t one or #oth o% the other 2 re>)isites are not present in any o% the(asesre%erredtoin (ir() stan(es n) #er 1& 2 and @ or Art+ 11+ E:a ple7 When the one a,ing de%ense against )nla!%)l aggression )sed )nreasona#le eans to prevent or repel it& he is entitled to a privileged itigating (ir() stan(e+
=e (a)ses an in")ry to another #y ere a((ident Witho)t %a)lt or intention o% (a)sing it
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
*hereisN<S$C=MI*I1A*IN1 CIRC$MS*ANCE #e(a)se7 ndstth: I% the 2 re>)isite and 1 part o% the re>)isite are a#sent& : the (ase !ill %all )nder Art+ @2/ !hi(hp)nishesre(,less i pr)den(e+ stndth: I% the 1 re>)isite and 2 part o% the re>)isite are a#sent& : it !ill #e an intentional %elony 4Art+ -& par+ 15+
#+ In(o plete ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e o% avoidan(e o% greater evil or in")ry : Re>)isites )nder par+ - o% Art+ 117 : *hat the evil so)ght to #e avoided a(t)ally e:istsM : *hat the in")ry %eared #e greater than that done to avoid itM : *hat there #e no other pra(ti(al and less har %)l eans o% preventing it+ : Avoidan(e o% greater evil or in")ry is a ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e i% all the three re>)isites entioned in par+ - o% Art+ 11 are present+ : 0)t i% any o% the last t!o re>)isites is la(,ing& there is only a itigating (ir() stan(e+
#+ In(o plete e:e pting (ir() stan(e o% )n(ontrolla#le %ear+ : Re>)isites )nder par+ 2 o% Art+ 127 : *hat the threat !hi(h (a)sed the %ear !as o% an evil greater than& or at least e>)al to& that !hi(h he !as re>)ired to (o itM : *hat it pro ised an evil o% s)(h gravity and i inen(e that an ordinaryperson!o)ldhave s)(() #ed to it+ : I% only one o% these re>)isites is present& there is only a itigating (ir() stan(e+
People v+ <anis 41;-@57 *he SC (onsidered one o% the 2 re>)isites as (onstit)ting the a"ority+ It see s that there is no ordinary itigating (ir() stan(e )nder Art+ 1@ par+ 1 !hen the ")sti%ying or e:e pting (ir() stan(e has 2 re>)isites only+
2+ $nder 16 <r <ver 30 Cears <% Age

: In lo!ering the penalty7 : 0ased on age o% the o%%ender at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the (ri e not the age !hen senten(e is i posed In s)spension o% the senten(e7 : 0ased on age o% the o%%ender 4)nder 165 at the ti e the senten(e is to #e pro )lgated 4See Art+ 60& RPC5 Par+ 2 (onte plates the %%7 1+ An o%%ender over ; #)t )nder 1/ o% age !ho a(ted !ith dis(ern ent+ 2+ An o%%ender %i%teen or over #)t )nder 16 years o% age+ @+ An o%%ender over 30 years old
(+ In(o plete ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e o% per%or an(e o% d)ty : *hat the a(()sed a(ted in the per%or an(e o% a d)ty or in the la!%)l e:er(ise o% a right or o%%i(eM and : *hat the in")ry (a)sed or o%%ense (o itted#ethene(essary (onse>)en(e o% the d)e per%or an(e o% s)(h d)ty or the la!%)l e:er(ise o% s)(h right or o%%i(e+
In(o plete e:e pting (ir() stan(es7 a+ In(o plete e:e pting (ir() stan(e o% a((ident : Re>)isites )nder par+ - o% Art+ 127 : A person is per%or ing a la!%)l a(t : With d)e (are Legal e%%e(ts o% vario)s ages o% o%%enders7 1+ $nder ; years o% age& an e:e pting (ir() stan(e+ 4Art+ 12& par+ 25
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C on the gro)nd& Le(poy and Ed)ardo r)shed to help hi #)t Al%redo died shortly+ Calleto vol)ntary s)rrendered+ =e (lai s that his lia#ility sho)ld #e itigated #y the %a(t that he had no intention to (o it so grave a !rong+ =eld7 *he la(, o% RintentR to (o it a !rong so grave is an internal state+ It is !eighed #ased on the !eapon )sed& the part o% the #ody in")red& the in")ry in%li(ted and the anner it is in%li(ted+ *he %a(t that the a(()sed )sed a ;Din(h h)nting ,ni%e in atta(,ing the vi(ti %ro #ehind& !itho)t giving hi an opport)nity to de%end hi sel%& (learly sho!s that he intended to do !hat he a(t)ally did& and he )st #e held responsi#le there%or& !itho)t the #ene%it o% this itigating (ir() stan(e+
2+
@+
-+
<ver ; and )nder 1/ years o% age& also an e:e pting (ir() stan(e& )nless he a(ted !ith dis(ern ent 4Art+ 12& par+ @5 Minor delin>)ent )nder 16 years o% age& the senten(e ay #e s)spended+ 4Art+ 1;2& P. No+ 20@ as a ended #y P. 113;5 $nder 16 years o% age& privileged itigating (ir() stan(e 4Art+ 265 4ASJE. 3 *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5 16 years or over& %)ll (ri inal responsi#ility+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
/+
@+ No Intention *o Co Wrong
:
it So 1rave A
*here )st #e a nota#le disproportion #et!een the eans e ployed #y the o%%ender and the res)lting har + *he intention& as an internal a(t& is ")dged : not only #y the proportion o% the eans e ployed #y hi to the evil prod)(ed #y his a(t& : #)t also #y the %a(t that the #lo! !as or !as not ai ed at a vital part o% the #odyM : this in(l)des7 the !eapon )sed& the in")ry in%li(ted and his attit)de o% the ind !hen the a(()sed atta(,ed the de(eased+ *he la(, o% intention to (o it so grave a !rong (an also #e in%erred %ro the s)#se>)ent a(ts o% the a(()sed i ediately a%ter (o itting the o%%ense& s)(h as !hen the a(()sed helped his vi(ti to se()re edi(al treat ent+ *his (ir() stan(e does not apply !hen the (ri e res)lts %ro (ri inal negligen(e or ()lpa+ <nly appli(a#le to o%%ense res)lting in death& physi(al in")ries& or aterial har 4in(l)ding property da age5+ It is not appli(a#le to de%a ation or slander+ *his itigating (ir() stan(e is not appli(a#le !hen the o%%ender e ployed #r)te %or(e+ La(, o% intent to (o it so grave a !rong is not appre(iated !here the o%%ense (o itted is (hara(teri?ed #y trea(hery+ In (ri es against persons !ho do not die as a res)lt o% the assa)lt& the a#sen(e o% the intent to ,ill red)(es the %elony to ere physi(al in")ries& #)t it does not (onstit)te a itigating (ir() stan(e )nder Art+ 1@4@5+
People v+ $ral 41;3-57 $ral !as a poli(e an !hile the de(eased !as a detention prisoner+ $ral #o:ed the de(eased and as a (onse>)en(e o% the %isti( #lo!s& the de(eased (ollapsed on the %loor+ $ral then stepped on the prostate #ody and le%t+ A%ter a !hile& $ral ret)rned !ith a #ottle o% gasoline& po)red its (ontents on the re() #ent #ody& ignited it !ith a at(h& and le%t the (ell again+ *he de(eased later on died o% the #)rns+ *he (ri e (o itted #y $ral !as )rder #y eans o% %ire 4in(endio5 4Art 2-64@5& RPC5+ =e (lai s ho!ever that he is entitled to the itigating (ir() stan(e o% no intention to (o it so grave a !rong+
=eld7 *he intention& as an internal a(t& is ")dged not only #y the proportion o% the eans e ployed #y hi to the evil prod)(ed #y his a(t& #)t also #y the %a(t that the #lo! !as or !as not ai ed at a vital part o% the #ody+ *h)s& it ay #e ded)(ed %ro the proven %a(ts that the a(()sed had no intent to ,ill the vi(ti & his design #eing only to altreat hi & s)(h that !hen he reali?ed the %ear%)l (onse>)en(es o% his %eloD nio)s a(t& he allo!ed the vi(ti to se()re edi(al treat ent at the )ni(ipal dispensary+
-+ S)%%i(ient Provo(ation or *hreat

Ele ents7 a+ *hat the provo(ation )st #e s)%%i(ient #+ *hat it )st originate %ro the o%%ended party (+ *hat the provo(ation )st #e i ediate to the a(t& i+e+& to the (o ission o% the (ri e #y the person !ho is provo,ed : : :
People v+ Calleto 4200257 Al%redo& Le(poy and Ed)ardo !ere !at(hing a ga e+ <)t o% no!here& Calleto appeared #ehind Al%redo and sta##ed the latter on the le%t sho)lder near the #ase o% the ne(, !ith a ;Din(h h)nting ,ni%e+ Instin(tively& Al%redo stood )p and anaged to !al, a %e! eters+ When he %ell
Any )n")st or i proper (ond)(t or a(t o% the o%%ended party Capa#le o% e:(iting& in(iting& or irritating anyone *IP7 *he (o on setD)p given in a #ar pro#le is that o% provo(ation given #y so e#ody against !ho the person provo,ed (annot retaliateM th)s the person provo,ed retaliated on a yo)nger #rother or on the %ather+ Altho)gh in %a(t& there is
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C her+ Leonor !as (onvi(ted %or Ro##ery !ith =o i(ide+ =e (lai s the itigating (ir() stan(e o% s)%%i(ient provo(ation+ A((ording to hi & the de(eased provo,ed hi #y ()rsing and p)shing hi %or as,ing %or an e:tra(tion !itho)t having the oney to pay %or it+ =eld7 *he p)shing and ()rsing o% the a(()sed #y the de(eased& even i% tr)e& does not ")sti%y the a(()sedFs a(t o% sta##ing her !ith a ,ni%e+ 'or s)%%i(ient provo(ation to #e appre(iated& the retaliation )st #e a proportionate rea(tion to the provo(ation given #y the vi(ti +
s)%%i(ient provo(ation& it is not itigating #e(a)se the one !ho gave the provo(ation is not the one against !ho the (ri e !as (o itted+ Co) have to loo, at t!o (riteria7 1+ I% %ro the ele ent o% ti e& a+ there is a aterial lapse o% ti e stated in the pro#le and #+ there is nothing stated in the pro#le that the e%%e(t o% the threat o% provo(ation had prolonged and a%%e(ted the o%%ender at the ti e he (o itted the (ri e (+ then yo) )se the (riterion #ased on the ti e ele ent+ 2+ I% there is that ti e ele ent and at the sa e ti e& a+ %a(ts are given indi(ating that at the ti e the o%%ender (o itted the (ri e& he is still s)%%ering %ro o)trage o% the threat or provo(ation done to hi #+ then he !ill still get the #ene%it o% this itigating (ir() stan(e+
-6
CRIMINAL LAW 1
/+ I ediate Vindi(ation <%%ense
o%
A 1rave
Ro era v+ People 4200-57 Ro era heard the vi(ti Roy (all hi and his !i%e& as,ing i% they had #eer and a %ighter %or sale+ =e did not ans!er Roy #e(a)se he ,ne! that Roy !as already dr)n,+ As Roy !as persistent& Ro era !ent do!n the ho)se #)t as he opened the door Roy thr)st his #olo at hi !A( he parried+ Roy said he !o)ld ,ill Ro era+ Ro era tried to prevent Roy %ro entering as Roy ,ept ha(,ing at the !all+ Ro era tried to !ard o%% RoyFs assa)lt as he grappled %or the #olo and sta##ed Roy in the sto a(h+ Wo)nded& Roy #egged %or %orgiveness+ Ro era desisted %or %ear he ight ,ill Roy+
Ele ents7 a+ *hat there #e a grave o%%ense done to the one (o itting the %elony& his spo)se& as(endants& des(endants& legiti ate& nat)ral or adopted #rothers or sisters& or relatives #y a%%inity !ithin the sa e degree+ #+ *hat the %elony is (o itted in vindi(ation o% s)(h grave o%%ense+ A lapse o% ti e is allo!ed #et!een the vindi(ation and the doing o% the grave o%%ense+ (+ *he vindi(ation need not #e done #y the person )pon !ho the grave o%%ense !as (o itted
=eld7 *here !as s)%%i(ient provo(ation and the (ir() stan(e o% passion or o#%)s(ation attended the (o ission o% the o%%ense+ *hr)sting his #olo at Ro era& threatening to ,ill hi & and ha(,ing the #a #oo !alls o% his ho)se are s)%%i(ient provo(ation to enrage any an& and o#%)s(ate his thin,ing& ore so !hen his %a ily are in danger+ Ro era sta##ed Roy as a res)lt o% the provo(ations& and !hile he !as in a %it o% rage+ *he (o)rt ho!ever stressed that provo(ation and passion or o#%)s(ation are not 2 separate itigating (ir() stan(es+ It is !ellDsettled that i% these 2 (ir() stan(es are #ased on the sa e %a(ts& they sho)ld #e treated together as one itigating (ir() stan(e+ It is (lear that #oth (ir() stan(es arose %ro the sa e set o% %a(ts+ =en(e& they sho)ld not #e treated as t!o separate itigating (ir() stan(es+
0asis to deter ine the gravity o% o%%ense in vindi(ation : *he >)estion !hether or not a (ertain personal o%%ense is grave )st #e de(ided #y the (o)rt& having in ind : the so(ial standing o% the person& : the pla(e and : the ti e !hen the ins)lt !as ade+ Vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense and passion or o#%)s(ation (annot #e (o)nted separately and independently+
People v+ Leonor 41;;;57 *he de(eased !as a dentist and Leonor entered her (lini( allegedly %or a tooth e:tra(tion+ When inside the (lini(& Leonor too, the !at(h and oney o% the de(eased and sta##ed
People v+ *orpio 4200-57 .)ring a drin,ing spree in a (ottage& Anthony tried to let .ennis *orpio drin, gin and as the latter re%)sed& Anthony #athed .ennis !ith gin and a)led hi several ti es+ .ennis (ra!led #eneath the ta#le and Anthony tried to sta# hi !ith a 22 %an ,ni%e #)t did not hit hi + .ennis got )p and ran to!ards their ho e+ $pon rea(hing ho e& he got a ,ni%e+ =e !ent #a(, to the (ottage+ $pon seeing .ennis& Anthony ran to!ards the (ree, #)t .ennis #lo(,ed hi and sta##ed hi + When he !as hit& Anthony ran #)t got entangled !ith a %ishing net and %ell on his #a(,+ .ennis then o)nted on hi and (ontin)ed sta##ing hi res)lting to the latterFs death+ *hen .ennis le%t and slept at a grassy eado! near a Ca p+ In the orning& he !ent to Estrera& a poli(e o%%i(er to !ho he vol)ntarily s)rrendered+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER =eld7 *he itigating (ir() stan(e o% having a(ted in the i ediate vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense is properly appre(iated+ .ennis !as h) iliated& a)led and al ost sta##ed #y the Anthony+ Altho)gh the )nla!%)l aggression had (eased !hen .ennis sta##ed Anthony& it !as nonetheless a grave o%%ense %or !hi(h the .ennis ay #e given the #ene%it o% a itigating (ir() stan(e+ =o!ever& the itigating (ir() stan(e o% s)%%i(ient provo(ation (annot #e (onsidered apart %ro the (ir() stan(e o% vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense+ *hese t!o (ir() stan(es arose %ro one and the sa e in(ident& i+e+& the atta(, on the appellant #y Anthony& so that they sho)ld #e (onsidered as only one itigating (ir() stan(e+
Passion or o#%)s(ation not appli(a#le !hen7 : *he a(t (o itted in a spirit o% LAWLESSNESS+ : *he a(t is (o itted in a spirit o% REVEN1E+ *he itigating (ir() stan(e o% o#%)s(ation arising %ro "ealo)sy (annot #e invo,ed in %avor o% the a(()sed !hose relationship !ith the !o an !as illegiti ate+ Passion and o#%)s(ation ay la!%)lly arise %ro (a)ses e:isting only in the honest #elie% o% the o%%ender+
-;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ A par 41;1357 A par !as an old an 30 years o% age+ .)ring a %iesta& he as,ed the de(eased %or so e roast pig+ In the presen(e o% any g)ests& the de(eased ins)lted the old an& saying7 R*here is no ore+ Co e here and I !ill a,e roast pig o% yo)+R A little later& !hile the de(eased !as s>)atting do!n& A par (a e )p #ehind hi and str)(, hi on the head !ith an a:+ A par (lai s the itigating (ir() stan(e o% i ediate vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense+ =eld7 While it ay #e ere tri%le to an average person& it evidently !as a serio)s atter to an old an to #e ade the #)tt o% a "o,e in the presen(e o% so any g)ests+ *he a(()sed !as given the #ene%it o% the itigating (ir() stan(e o% vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense+ In this (ase& the age o% the a(()sed and the pla(e !ere (onsidered in deter ining the gravity o% the o%%ense+
Ill)strations7 : A is (o)rting 0& a re(eptionist in a #eerho)se+ C dan(ed !ith 0+ A sa! this and sta##ed C+ It !as held that "ealo)sy is an a(,no!ledged #asis o% passion+ : A& a ale (lass ate is es(orting 0& a %e ale (lass ate+ <n the !ay o)t& so e en !histled l)st%)lly+ *he ale (lass ate sta##ed said en+ *his !as held to #e o#%)s(ation+ : When a an sa! a !o an #athing& al ost na,ed& %or !hi(h reason he raped her& s)(h an (annot (lai passion as a itigating (ir() stan(e+
People v+ Pa"ares 41;;257 Pa"ares and the de(eased #elonged to rival gangs+ *he #rother o% Pa"ares !as a)led #y a e #er o% the gang to !hi(h the de(eased #elonged+ In retaliation& Pa"ares a)led the de(eased !hi(h led to the latterFs death+ Pa"ares !as %o)nd g)ilty o% )rder #)t he (lai s that he sho)ld #e granted the itigating (ir() stan(e o% vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense+ =eld7 Vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense (annot #e appre(iated as the lapse o% ten days #et!een the a)ling o% the #rother o% the a(()sed and his o% a(t o% retaliation !as s)%%i(ient eno)gh %or the a(()sed t regain his serenity+
People v+ 0ates 4200@57 While Edgar& Si on& and Bose are along a trail leading to the ho)se o% Carlito 0ates& the latter s)ddenly e erged %ro the thi(, #anana plantation s)rro)nding the trail& ai ing his %irear at Bose !ho !as then !al,ing ahead o% his (o panions+ Bose tried to !rest possession o% the %irear + While the 2 !ere grappling %or possession& the g)n %ired& hitting Carlito+ At that instant& Mar(elo 0ates and his son Mar(elo 0ates& Br+& #rother and nephe! o% Carlito& respe(tively& e erged %ro the #anana plantation and atta(,ed Bose ha(,ing hi several ti es+ Bose %ell to the gro)nd and rolled #)t Mar(elo and his son ,ept on ha(,ing hi +
2+ Passion or o#%)s(ation
Ele ents7 a+ *he a(()sed a(ted )pon an i p)lse #+ *he i p)lse )st #e so po!er%)l that it nat)rally prod)(e passion or o#%)s(ation in hi +
=eld7 Passion and o#%)s(ation ay not #e properly appre(iated in %avor o% the appellant+ *o #e (onsidered as a itigating (ir() stan(e& passion or o#%)s(ation )st arise %ro la!%)l senti ents and not %ro a spirit o% la!lessness or revenge or %ro anger and resent ent+ In the present (ase& (learly& Mar(elo !as in%)riated )pon seeing his #rother& Carlito& shot #y Bose+ =o!ever& a distin(tion )st #e ade #et!een the %irst ti e that Mar(elo ha(,ed Bose and the se(ond ti e that the %or er ha(,ed the latter+ When Mar(elo ha(,ed Bose right a%ter seeing the latter shoot at Carlito& and i% appellant re%rained %ro doing anything else a%ter that& he (o)ld have validly invo,ed the itigating (ir() stan(e o% passion and o#%)s(ation+ 0)t !hen& )pon seeing his #rother Carlito dead& Mar(elo !ent #a(, to Bose& !ho #y then !as already
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER prostrate on the gro)nd and hardly oving& ha(,ing Bose again !as a (lear (ase o% so eone a(ting o)t o% anger in the spirit o% revenge+ $+S+ v+ =i(,s 41;0;57 =i(,s and the de(eased lived together as h)s#and and !i%e !itho)t the #ene%it o% arriage %or a#o)t %ive years+ *he de(eased le%t =i(,s and had illi(it relations !ith another an a %e! days later+ =i(,s #egged the de(eased to ret)rn to hi #)t the latter re%)sed+ Enraged& =i(,s ,illed the de(eased #)t (lai s the itigating (ir() stan(e o% passion or o#%)s(ation+ =eld7 Even i% it is tr)e that the a(()sed a(ted !ith o#%)s(ation #e(a)se o% "ealo)sy& the itigating (ir() stan(e (annot #e (onsidered in his %avor #e(a)se the (a)ses !hi(h itigate (ri inal responsi#ility %or the loss o% sel%D(ontrol are s)(h !hi(h originate %ro legiti ate %eelings and not those !hi(h arise %ro vi(io)s& )n!orthy and i oral passions+ *he (a)se o% the passion o% the a(()sed !as his ve:ation engendered #y the re%)sal o% the !o an to (ontin)e to live in illi(it relations !ith hi & !hi(h she had a per%e(t right to do+
3+ Vol)ntary S)rrender
Ele ents7 a+ *hat the o%%ender had not #een a(t)ally arrested #+ *hat the o%%ender s)rrendered hi sel% to a person in a)thority or to the latterFs agent (+ *hat the s)rrender !as vol)ntary+ :
/0
CRIMINAL LAW 1
: :
*!oMitigating Cir() stan(es $nder *his Paragraph7 : Vol)ntary S)rrender *o A Person In A)thority <r =is AgentsM : Vol)ntary Con%ession o% 1)ilt 0e%ore *he Co)rt Prior *o *he Presentation <% Eviden(e 'or *he Prose()tion+ Whether or not a !arrant o% arrest had #een iss)ed i aterial and irrelevant+ Criterion is !hether or not : the o%%ender had gone into hiding : and the la! en%or(ers do not ,no! o% his !herea#o)ts+
SIR 0ARRC7 *he res)lt !ill #e di%%erent i% the a(()sed (a)ght the de(eased having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith another an !hile the de(eased !as in a relationship !ith hi + 0y then& the a(()sed (an #e granted the itigating (ir() stan(e o% passion or o#%)s(ation even i% he is not arried to the de(eased #e(a)se it is legiti ate %or hi to e:pe(t %idelity %ro the latter as they are in an e:(l)sive relationship altho)gh they are not arried+
$S v+ .e la Cr)? 41;1257 .e la Cr)?& in the heat o% passion& ,illed the de(eased !ho !as his >)erida 4lover5 )pon dis(overing her in the a(t o% (arnal (o )ni(ation !ith a )t)al a(>)aintan(e+ =e (lai s that he is entitled to the itigating (ir() stan(e o% passion or o#%)s(ation and that the do(trine in =i(,s is inappli(a#le+ =eld7 $S v+ =i(,s is not appli(a#le to the (ase+ In =i(,s& the (a)se o% the alleged passion and o#%)s(ation o% the aggressor !as the (onvi(tSs ve:ation& disappoint ent and deli#erate anger engendered #y the re%)sal o% the !o an to (ontin)e to live in illi(it relations !ith hi & !hi(h she had a per%e(t reason to do+ In this (ase& the i p)lse )pon !hi(h the de%endant a(ted !as the s)dden revelation that his para o)r !as )ntr)e to hi and his dis(overy o% her in %lagrante in the ar s o% another+ *his !as a s)%%i(ient i p)lse in the ordinary and nat)ral (o)rse o% things to prod)(e the passion and o#%)s(ation !hi(h the la! de(lares to #e one o% the itigating (ir() stan(es to #e ta,en into the (onsideration o% the (o)rt+
Andrada v+ People 4200/57 In a resta)rant& Andrada s(olded Cpl+ $gerio !hile the latter !as tal,ing to a !o an !ho passed #y their ta#le+ Sgt+ S) a#ong& identi%ying hi sel% as a PC nonD(o issioned o%%i(er& advised Andrada to pay his #ill and go ho e as he !as apparently dr)n,+ Andrada le%t the resta)rant+ While Sgt+ S) a#ong !as paying his #ill& he heard Cpl+ $gerio& seated a#o)t a eter a!ay& oaning in pain+ Sgt+ S) a#ong then sa! Andrada ha(,ing Cpl+ $gerio on the head !ith a #olo+ As Sgt+ S) a#ong approa(hed the Andrada ran a!ay+ =e !as event)ally arrested at a !aiting shed+ Andrada invo,ed the itigating (ir() stan(e o% vol)ntary s)rrender+
=eld7 Andrada& a%ter atta(,ing the vi(ti & ran a!ay+ =e !as apprehended #y responding o%%i(ers at a !aiting shed+ 'or vol)ntary s)rrender to #e appre(iated& the s)rrender )st #e spontaneo)s& ade in s)(h a anner that it sho!s the interest o% the a(()sed to s)rrender )n(onditionally to the a)thorities& either #e(a)se he a(,no!ledges his g)ilt or !ishes to save the the tro)#le and e:penses that !o)ld #e ne(essarily in()rred in his sear(h and (apt)re+ =ere& the s)rrender !as not spontaneo)s+
6+ Plea <% 1)ilt

Ele ents7 a+ *hattheo%%enderspontaneo)sly (on%essed his g)ilt #+ *hat the (on%ession o% g)ilty !as ade in open (o)rt& that is& #e%ore the (o petent (o)rt that is to try the (ase
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C ay #e allo!ed to plead g)ilty to a lesser o%%ense ne(essarily in(l)ded in the o%%ense (harged+ *he prose()tion re"e(ted the o%%er o% the a(()sed+
*he e:tra")di(ial (on%ession ade #y the a(()sed is not vol)ntary (on%ession #e(a)se it !as ade o)tside the (o)rt+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
(+ *hat the (on%ession o% g)ilt !as ade prior to the presentation o% eviden(e %or the prose()tion : *he (hange o% plea sho)ld #e ade at the%irstopport)nity!henhis arraign ent !as %irst set : A (onditional plea o% g)ilty is not itigating : Plea o% g)ilt on appeal is not itigating+
10+ Physi(al .e%e(ts

: *his paragraph does not disting)ish #et!een ed)(ated and )ned)(ated dea%D )te or #lind persons+ Physi(al de%e(t re%erred to in this paragraph is s)(h as #eing ar less& (ripple& or a st)tterer& !here#y his eans to a(t& de%end hi sel% or (o )ni(ate !ith his %ello! #eings are li ited+ *he physi(al de%e(t that a person ay have )st have a relation to the (o ission o% the (ri e+ Where the o%%ender is dea% and d) #& personal property !as entr)sted to hi and he isappropriated the sa e+ *he (ri e (o itted !as esta%a+ *he %a(t that he !as dea% and d) # is not itigating sin(e that does not #ear any relation to the (ri e (o itted+ I% a person is dea% and d) # and he has #een slandered& he (annot tal, so !hat he did !as he got a pie(e o% !ood and str)(, the %ello! on the head+ *he (ri e (o itted !as physi(al in")ries+ *he S)pre e Co)rt held that #eing a dea% and d) # is itigating #e(a)se the only !ay is to )se his %or(e #e(a)se he (annot stri,e #a(, in any other !ay+
People v+ Montinola 4200157 Montinola entered a plea o% not g)ilty #)t !ithdre! the sa e a%ter the prose()tionpresented@!itnesses+When rearraigned& he pleaded Rg)iltyR to 2 (harges+ =eld7 *he itigating (ir() stan(e o% plea o% g)ilty (annot #e (redited in %avor o% Montinola sin(e the (hange o% his plea %ro Rnot g)iltyR to Rg)iltyR !as ade only a%ter the presentation o% so e eviden(e %or the prose()tion+ *o #e entitled to s)(h itigating (ir() stan(e& the a(()sed )st have vol)ntarily (on%essed his g)ilt #e%ore the (o)rt prior to the presentation o% the eviden(e %or the prose()tion+
;+ Plea to A Lesser <%%ense

: R)le 112& se(+ 2& R<C7 At arraign ent& the a(()sed& !ith the (onsent o% the o%%ended party and prose()tor& ay #e allo!ed #y the trial (o)rt to plead g)ilty to a lesser o%%ense !hi(h is ne(essarily in(l)ded in the o%%ense (harged+ A%ter arraign ent #)t #e%ore trial& the a(()sed ay still #e allo!ed to plead g)ilty to said lesser o%%ense a%ter !ithdra!ing his plea o% not g)ilty+ No a end ent o% the (o plaint or in%or ation is ne(essary+
11+ Illness
Ele ents7 a+ *hat the illness o% the o%%ender )st di inish the e:er(ise o% his !illDpo!er #+ *hat s)(h illness sho)ld not deprive the o%%ender o% (ons(io)sness o% his a(ts+ : When the o%%ender (o pletely lost the e:er(ise o% !illDpo!er& it ay #e an e:e pting (ir() stan(e+ It is said that this paragraph re%ers only to diseases o% pathologi(al state that tro)#le the (ons(ien(e or !ill+ A other !ho& )nder the in%l)en(e o% a p)erperal %ever& ,illed her (hild the day %ollo!ing her delivery+
People v+ .a!aton 4200257 In%or ation %or )rder !as %iled against .a!aton+ When %irst arraigned he pleaded not g)ilty& #)t d)ring the preDtrial he o%%ered to plead g)ilty to the lesser o%%ense o% ho i(ide #)t !as re"e(ted #y the prose()tion+ *he trial (o)rt senten(ed hi to death+ =e avers that he is entitled to the itigating (ir() stan(e o% plea o% g)ilty+ =eld7 While the a(()sed o%%ered to plead g)ilty to the lesser o%%ense o% ho i(ide& he !as (harged !ith )rder %or !hi(h he had already entered a plea o% not g)ilty+ We have r)led that an o%%er to enter a plea o% g)ilty to a lesser o%%ense (annot #e (onsidered as an atten)ating (ir() stan(e )nder the provisions o% Art+ 1@ o% RPC #e(a)se to #e vol)ntary the plea o% g)ilty )st #e to the o%%ense (harged+ Also& Se(+ 2& R)le 112& o% the Revised R)les o% Cri inal Pro(ed)re re>)ires the (onsent o% the o%%ended party and the prose()tor #e%ore an a(()sed
People v+ Bavier 41;;;57 Bavier !as arried to the de(eased %or -1 years+ =e ,illed the de(eased and then sta##ed hi sel% in the a#do en+ Bavier !as %o)nd g)ilty o% parri(ide+ In his appeal& he (lai s that he ,illed his !i%e #e(a)se he !as s)%%ering %ro inso nia %or a onth and at the ti e o% the ,illing& his ind !ent totally #lan, and he did not ,no! !hat he !as doing+ =e also (lai s that he !as insane then+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C 12+ *rea(hery 13+ Igno iny 16+ $nla!%)l Entry 1;+ 0rea,ing Wall& 'loor& Roo% 20+ With Aid <% Persons $nder 1/ 0y Motor Vehi(le 21+ Cr)elty *he %ollo!ing are other aggravating (ir() stan(es7
=eld7 No s)%%i(ient eviden(e or edi(al %inding !as o%%ered to s)pport his (lai + *he (o)rt also too, note o% the %a(t that the de%ense& d)ring the trial& never alleged the itigating (ir() stan(e o% illness+ *he alleged itigating (ir() stan(e !as a ere a%tertho)ght to lessen the (ri inal lia#ility o% the a(()sed+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
12+ Analogo)s Mitigating Cir() stan(es

: *he a(t o% the o%%ender o% leading the la! en%or(ers to the pla(e !here he #)ried the instr) ent o% the (ri e has #een (onsidered as e>)ivalent to vol)ntary s)rrender+ Stealing #y a person !ho is driven to do so o)t o% e:tre e poverty is (onsidered as analogo)s to in(o plete state o% ne(essity+
1+ 2+
<rgani?ed <r Syndi(ated Cri e 1ro)p $se <% .r)gs
*hose (ir() stan(es !hi(h raise the penalty %or a (ri e in its a:i ) period provided #y la! appli(a#le to that (ri e or (hange the nat)re o% the (ri e+
Canta v+ People7 Canta stole a (o! #)t alleges that he istoo, the (o! %or his issing (o!+ =e ade a (al% s)(,le the (o! he %o)nd and !hen it did& Canta tho)ght that the (o! he %o)nd !as really his+ =o!ever& he %alsi%ied a do() ent des(ri#ing the said (o!Fs (o!li(,s and ar,ings+ A%ter getting (a)ght& he s)rrendered the (o! to the ()stody o% the a)thorities in the )ni(ipal hall+ =eld7 CantaFs a(t o% vol)ntarily ta,ing the (o! to the )ni(ipal hall to pla(e it in the ()stody o% a)thorities 4to save the the ti e and e%%ort o% having to re(over the (o!5 !as an analogo)s (ir() stan(e to vol)ntary s)rrender+
Note7 *he list in this Arti(le is EECL$SIVE I therearenoanalogo)saggravating (ir() stan(es+ : *he aggravating (ir() stan(es )st #e esta#lished !ith oral (ertainty& !ith the sa e degree o% proo% re>)ired to esta#lish the (ri e itsel%+ A((ording to the Revised R)les o% Cri inal Pro(ed)re& 0<*= generi( and >)ali%ying aggravating (ir() stan(es )st #e alleged in the In%or ation in order to #e (onsidered #y the Co)rt in i posing the senten(e+ 0asis7 : the otivating po!er #ehind the a(t : the pla(e !here the a(t !as (o itted : the eans and !ays )sed : the ti e : the personal (ir() stan(e o% the o%%ender andAor o% the vi(ti Jinds7 : 1ENERIC I *hose that (an generally apply to all (ri es+ Nos+ 1& 2& @ 4d!elling5& -& /& 2& ;& 10& 1-& 16& 1;& and 20 e:(ept 8#y eans o% otor vehi(les9+ : SPECI'IC I *hose that apply only to parti()lar (ri es+ Nos+ @ 4e:(ept d!elling5& 1/& 12& 13 and 21+ : H$ALI'CIN1 I*hose that (hange the nat)re o% the (ri e+ Art+ 2-6 en) erates the >)ali%ying AC !hi(h >)ali%y the ,illing o% person to )rder+ 4ASJE. *WICE 0AR EEAMS5 : IN=EREN* I *hose that )st a((o pany the (o ission o% the (ri e and is there%ore not (onsidered in in(reasing the penalty to #e i posed s)(h as evident pre editation in the%t& ro##ery&esta%a&ad)lteryand (on()#inage+
IV+ Aggravating Cir() stan(es

4ASJE. 2- *IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5
*WEN*CD<NE aggravating (ir() stan(es )nder Art+ 1-7 1+ 2+ @+ *a,ing Advantage o% P)#li( <%%i(e In Conte pt <% <r With Ins)lt *o P)#li( A)thorities With Ins)lt <r La(, <% Regard .)e *o <%%ended Party 0y Reason <% Ran,& Age <r Se: A#)se <% Con%iden(e And <#vio)s $ngrate%)lness Cri e In Pala(e <r In Presen(e <% *he Chie% E:e()tive Nightti eM $ninha#ited Pla(eM With A 0and <n <((asion <% A Cala ity Aid <% Ar ed Men <r Means *o Ens)re I p)nity Re(idivis Reiteration or =a#it)ality Pri(e& Re!ard <r Pro ise In)ndation& 'ire& Poison Evident Pre editation Cra%t& 'ra)d <r .isg)ise S)perior Strength <r Means *o Wea,en .e%ense
-+ /+ 2+ 3+ 6+ ;+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 1@+ 1-+ 1/+
: SPECIAL I *hose !hi(h arise )nder spe(ial (onditions to in(rease the penalty o% the o%%ense and (annot #e o%%set #y itigating (ir() stan(es s)(h as7 : >)asiDre(idivis 4Art+ 1205 : (o ple: (ri es 4Art+ -65 : error in personae 4Art+ -;5 : ta,ing advantage o% p)#li( position and e #ershipinan organi?edAsyndi(ated (ri e gro)p 4Art+ 225 When there are several appli(a#le >)ali%ying aggravating (ir() stan(es& only one !ill #e dee ed as s)(h and the others !ill #e dee ed as generi(+
: this (ir() stan(e !o)ld !arrant the aggravation o% his penalty+ *he (ir() stan(e (annot #e ta,en into (onsideration in o%%enses !here : ta,ing advantage o% o%%i(ial position is ade #y la! an integral ele ent o% the (ri e : s)(h as in alversation 4Art+ 2135 or %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li( do() ents )nder Art+ 131+ *a,ing advantage o% p)#li( position is also inherent in the (ase o% : a((essories )nder Art+ 1;& par+ @ 4har#oring& (on(ealing or assisting in the es(ape o% the prin(ipal o% the (ri e5 and : in *itle VII o% 0oo, *!o o% the RPC 4Cri es (o itted #y p)#li( o%%i(ers5+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
1eneri(aggravating (ir() stan(es *he e%%e(t o% a generi( AC& not o%%set #y any itigating (ir() stan(e& is to in(rease the penalty !hi(h sho)ld #e i posed)ponthe a(()sedtothe MAEIM$M PERI<.+
It is not an ingredient o% the (ri e+ It only a%%e(ts the penalty to #e i posed #)t the (ri e re ains the sa e
*he (ir() stan(e (an #e o%%set #y an ordinary itigating (ir() stan(e
H)ali%ying aggravating (ir() stan(es *he e%%e(t o% a >)ali%ying AC is not only to give the (ri e its proper and e:(l)sive na e #)t also to pla(e the a)thor thereo% in s)(h a sit)ation as to deserve no other penalty thanthatspe(ially pres(ri#ed #y la! %or said (ri e+ *he (ir() stan(e a%%e(ts the nat)re o% the (ri e itsel%s)(hthatthe o%%ender shall #e lia#le %or a ore serio)s (ri e+ *he (ir() stan(e is a(t)ally an ingredient o% the (ri e 0eing an ingredient o% the (ri e& it (annot #e o%%set #yany itigating (ir() stan(e
People v+ Villa or 4200257 0rothers Berry and Belord Vele? !ere on their !ay ho e on #oard a otor(y(le+ Berry !as driving+ As they neared a ")n(tion& they heard a speeding otor(y(le %ast approa(hing %ro #ehind+ *he #rothers ignored the other otor(y(le& !hi(h (a)ght )p !ith the + As they !ere a#o)t to (ross the #ridge leading to their ho e& g)nshots rang o)t %ro #ehind the + *hey a#r)ptly t)rned the otor(y(le aro)nd to!ards the dire(tion o% the g)n%ire+ *he light o% their otor(y(leSs headla p %ell on their atta(,ers a#oard the se(ond otor(y(le+ *he assailants %ired at the a se(ond ti e and %led+ Berry sa! P<@ Villa or and Maghilo on #oard the otor(y(le #ehind the + Maghilo !as driving the otor(y(le !hile Villa or !as holding a short g)n pointed at the + Berry s)stained g)nshot !o)nds #)t s)rvived+ Belord& ho!ever& died on the spot d)ring the %irst g)n#)rst+
1+ *a,ing Advantage o% P)#li( <%%i(e

: *he p)#li( o%%i(er )st : )se the in%l)en(e& prestige or as(endan(y !hi(h his o%%i(e gives hi : as the eans #y !hi(h he reali?es his p)rpose+ *he essen(e o% the atter is presented in the in>)iry& 8did the a(()sed a#)se his o%%i(e in order to (o it the (ri eN9 When a p)#li( o%%i(er : (o its a (o on (ri e independent o% his o%%i(ial %)n(tions and : does a(ts that are not (onne(ted !ith the d)ties o% his o%%i(e& : he sho)ld #e p)nished as a private individ)al !itho)t this AC+ Even i% de%endant did not a#)se his o%%i(e& : i% it is proven that he has %ailed in his d)ties as s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er&
=eld7 *here !as no sho!ing that Villa or too, advantage o% his #eing a poli(e an to shoot Belord Vele? or that he )sed his Rin%l)en(e& prestige or as(endan(yR in ,illing the vi(ti + Villa or (o)ld have shot Vele? even !itho)t #eing a poli(e an+ In other !ords& i% the a(()sed (o)ld have perpetrated the (ri e even !itho)t o(()pying his position& there is no a#)se o% p)#li( position+ *he ere %a(t that a(()sedDappellant is a poli(e an and )sed his govern ent iss)ed +@6 (ali#er revolver to ,ill is not s)%%i(ient to esta#lish that he is)sed his p)#li( position in the (o ission o% the (ri e+
2+ In Conte pt o% or With Ins)lt to P)#li( A)thorities

Ele ents7 a+ *hat the p)#li( a)thority is engaged in the e:er(ise o% his %)n(tions+ #+ *hat he !ho is th)s engaged in the e:er(ise o% his %)n(tions is not the person against !ho the (ri e is (o itted+
(+ *he o%%ender ,no!s hi to #e a p)#li( a)thority+ d+ =is presen(e has not prevented the o%%ender %ro (o itting the (ri inal a(t+ : P)#li( A)thority A Person in A)thority : dire(tly vested !ith ")risdi(tion& that is& a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho has the po!er to govern and e:e()te the la!s+ : *he(o)n(ilor& ayor&governor& #arangay (aptain& #arangay (hair an et(+ are persons in a)thority+ : A s(hool tea(her& to!n )ni(ipal health o%%i(er& agent o% the 0IR& (hie% o% poli(e& et(+ are no! (onsidered a person in a)thority+ Par+ 2 is not appli(a#le i% (o itted in the presen(e o% an agent only s)(h as a poli(e o%%i(er+ Agent : A s)#ordinate p)#li( o%%i(er (harged : !ith the aintenan(e o% p)#li( order and : the prote(tion and se()rity o% li%e and property& : s)(h as #arrio poli(e en& (o)n(il en& and any person !ho (o es to the aid o% persons in a)thority+ Jno!ledge that a p)#li( a)thority is present is essential+ La(, o% s)(h ,no!ledge indi(ates la(, o% intention to ins)lt p)#li( a)thority+ I% (ri e is (o itted : against the p)#li( a)thority : !hile in the per%or an(e o% his d)ty& : the o%%ender (o its dire(t assa)lt : !itho)tthisaggravating (ir() stan(e+
: I% all the - (ir() stan(es are present& they have the !eight o% one aggravating (ir() stan(e only+ *here )st #e eviden(e that in the (o ission o% the (ri e& : the a(()sed deli#erately intended to o%%end or ins)lt the se: or age o% the o%%ended party+
/CRIMINAL LAW 1
15 RANJ <' *=E <''EN.E. PAR*C : .esignation or title )sed to %i: the relative position o% the o%%ended party in re%eren(e to others+ : *here )st #e a di%%eren(e in the so(ial (ondition o% the o%%ender and the o%%ended party+
25 A1E <' *=E <''EN.E. PAR*C : May re%er to old age or tender age o% the vi(ti + @5 SEE <' *=E <''EN.E. PAR*C : *his re%ers to the %e ale se:& not to the ale se:+ -5 .WELLIN1 : 0)ilding or str)(t)re& pri arily )sed %or rest and (o %ort+ : *his is (onsidered an AC #e(a)se in (ertain (ases& there is an a#)se o% (on%iden(e !hi(h the o%%ended party reposed in the o%%ender #y opening the door to hi + : .!elling need not #e o!ned #y the o%%ended party+ : It is eno)gh that he )sed the pla(e %or his pea(e o% ind& rest& (o %ort and priva(y+ : .!elling sho)ld not #e )nderstood in the (on(ept o% a do i(ile7 : A person has ore than one d!elling+ : So& i% a an has so any !ives and he gave the pla(es o% their o!n& ea(h one is his o!n d!elling+ : I% he is ,illed there& d!elling !ill #e aggravating& provided that he also stays there on(e in a !hile+ : *he (ri e o% ad)ltery !as (o itted+ : .!elling!as(onsidered aggravating on the part o% the para o)r+ : =o!ever& i% the para o)r !as also residing in the sa e d!elling& it !ill not #e aggravating+ : *he o%%ended party )st not give provo(ation+
People v+ Rodil 41;6157 *here is the aggravating (ir() stan(e that the (ri e !as (o itted in (onte pt o% or !ith ins)lt to p)#li( a)thorities !hen the (hie% o% poli(e !as present !hen the in(ident o(()rred+ *he (hie% o% poli(e sho)ld #e (onsidered a p)#li( a)thority #e(a)se he is vested !ith a)thority to aintain pea(e and order over the entire )ni(ipality+
@+ With Ins)lt or La(, o% Regard .)e to <%%ended Party #y Reason o% Ran,& Age or Se:
: 'o)r (ir() stan(es are en) erated in this paragraph& : !hi(h (an #e (onsidered singly or together+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C =eld7 Anent the (ir() stan(e o% age& there )st #e a sho!ing that the ale%a(tor deli#erately intended to o%%end or ins)lt the age o% the vi(ti + Neither (o)ld disregard o% respe(t d)e to se: #e appre(iated i% the o%%ender did not ani%est any intention to o%%end or disregard the se: o% the vi(ti + In other !ords& ,illing a !o an is not attended #y the aggravating (ir() stan(e i% the o%%ender did not ani%est any spe(i%i( ins)lt or disrespe(t to!ards the o%%ended partySs se:+ In the (ase at #ar& there is a#sol)tely no sho!ing that *a#oga deli#erately intended to o%%end or ins)lt the vi(ti + =o!ever& even i% disrespe(t or disregard o% age or se: !ere not appre(iated& the %o)r (ir() stan(es en) erated in Arti(le 1-& paragraph @ o% the Revised Penal Code& as a ended& (an #e (onsidered singly or together+
It is not ne(essary that the a(()sed sho)ld have a(t)ally entered the d!elling o% the vi(ti to (o it the o%%ense7 : it is eno)gh that the vi(ti !as atta(,ed inside his o!n ho)se& : altho)gh the assailant ay have devised eans to perpetrate the assa)lt+ .!elling in(l)des dependen(ies& : the %oot o% the stair(ase : and the en(los)re )nder the ho)se+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
Ill)stration7 =)s#and and !i%e >)arrelled+ =)s#and in%li(ted physi(al violen(e )pon a !i%e+ *he !i%e le%t the (on")gal ho e and !ent to the ho)se o% her sister #ringing her personal #elongings !ith her+ *he sister a((o odated the !i%e in her ho e+ *he h)s#and !ent to the ho)se o% the sisterDinD la! and tried to pers)ade the !i%e to ret)rn to the (on")gal ho e #)t the !i%e re%)sed sin(e she !as ore at pea(e in her sisterFs ho e than in their (on")gal a#ode+ .)e to the !i%eFs re%)sal the h)s#and p)lled o)t a ,ni%e and sta##ed the !i%e to death+
People v+ .e Mesa 4200157 Motas& 0arangay Chair an o% 0arangay Sta+ Cr)? P)tol& San Pa#lo City& !as shot #y .e Mesa !hile playing a (ard ga e !ith so e to!n ates at a neigh#orhood store res)lting to his death+ *he trial (o)rt& in (onvi(ting .e Mesa %or )rder& appre(iated the aggravating (ir() stan(e o% (o ission o% the (ri e in (onte pt o% or !ith assa)lt to p)#li( a)thorities+ =eld7 *he trial (o)rt also erred in appre(iating the aggravating (ir() stan(e that the (o ission o% the (ri e !as in (onte pt o% or !ith assa)lt to p)#li( a)thorities+ *he re>)isites o% this (ir() stan(e are7 415 the p)#li( a)thority is engaged in the dis(harge o% his d)ties and 425 he is not the person against !ho the (ri e is (o itted+ None o% these (ir() stan(es are present in this (ase+ In the %irst pla(e& the (ri e !as (o itted against the #arangay (hair an hi sel%+ At the ti e that he !as ,illed& he !as not engaged in the dis(harge o% his d)ties as he !as in %a(t playing a (ard ga e !ith his neigh#ors+
It !as held that d!elling !as aggravating altho)gh it is not o!ned #y the vi(ti sin(e she is (onsidered a e #er o% the %a ily !ho o!ns the d!elling and that pla(e is !here she en"oyed priva(y& pea(e o% ind and (o %ort+
People vs+ 1a7 Aggravating only in (ri es against persons and honor& not against property li,e Ro##ery !ith ho i(ide+ People vs+ *aoan7 *ea(hers& pro%essors& s)pervisors o% p)#li( and d)ly re(ogni?ed private s(hools& (olleges and )niversities& as !ell as la!yers are persons in a)thority %or p)rposes o% dire(t assa)lt and si ple resistan(e& #)t not %or p)rposes o% aggravating (ir() stan(es in paragraph 2& Arti(le 1-+ People vs+ .e Los Reyes 41;;257 .!elling is aggravating in ro##ery !ith ho i(ide #e(a)se the (ri e (an #e (o itted !itho)t the ne(essarily transgressing the san(tity o% the ho e+ People v+ .aniel 41;3657 Altho)gh the vi(ti !as erely renting a #edspa(e in a #oarding ho)se& her roo (onstit)ted %or all intents and p)rposes a 8d!elling9+ It is not ne(essary that the vi(ti o!ns the pla(e !here he d!ells+ People v+ *a#oga 4200257 *a#oga entered the ho)se o% *)#on& a !ido!ed sept)agenarian& ro##ed& sta##ed and #)rned #eyond re(ognition the latterFs ho)se+
People v+ Montinola7 Montinola #oarded a passenger "eepney driven #y =i#inioda+ A ong the passengers !as Retera(ion+ All o% a s)dden& appellant dre! his g)n& an )nli(ensed %irear & +@60 (al pistol and dire(ted Retera(ion to hand over his oney or else he !o)ld #e ,illed+ Montinola ai ed the %irear at the ne(, o% Retera(ion and %ired s)((essive shots at the latter+ As a res)lt Retera(ion sl) ped dead+ Montinola !as (harged !ith ro##ery !ith ho i(ide and illegal possession o% %irear + =eld7 .isregard o% age& se: or ran, is not aggravating in ro##ery !ith ho i(ide& !hi(h is pri arily a (ri e against property& as the ho i(ide is regarded as erely in(idental to the ro##ery+ People v+ *aLo 4200057 A y !as tending a video rental shop o!ned #y Marina+ *aLo ,ept going in and o)t o% the shop and on the last ti e he !ent inside said shop& he s)ddenly ") ped over the (o)nter& strangled A y& po,ed a ,ni%e at the le%t side o% her ne(,& p)lled her to!ards the ,it(hen !here he %or(ed her to )ndress& and gained (arnal ,no!ledge o% her against her !ill and (onsent+ 0e%ore they (o)ld rea(h the )pper %loor& he s)ddenly p)lled A y do!n and
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER started a)ling her )ntil she lost (ons(io)snessM then he %reely ransa(,ed the pla(e+ Leaving A y %or dead a%ter repeatedly #anging her head& %irst on the !all& then on the toilet #o!l& he too, her #ra(elet& ring and !rist!at(h+ =e then pro(eeded )pstairs !here he too, as !ell the "e!elry #o: (ontaining other val)a#les #elonging to his vi(ti Ss e ployer+ *he trial (o)rt appre(iated d!elling as an aggravating (ir() stan(e #e(a)se the in(ident too, pla(e s)pposedly at the residen(e o% private (o plainantSs e ployer& R!hi(h do)#les as a video rental shop+ =eld7 .!elling (annot #e appre(iated as an aggravating (ir() stan(e in this (ase #e(a)se the rape !as (o itted in the gro)nd %loor o% a t!oDstory str)(t)re& the lo!er %loor #eing )sed as a video rental store and not as a private pla(e o% a#ode or residen(e+ People v+ Rios 4200057 *he !ord d!elling in(l)des every dependen(y o% the ho)se that %or s an integral part thereo% and there%ore it in(l)des the stair(ase o% the ho)se and )(h ore& its terra(e+ When a (ri e is (o itted in the d!elling o% the o%%ended party and the latter has not given provo(ation& d!elling ay #e appre(iated as an aggravating (ir() stan(e+ @2 Provo(ation in the aggravating (ir() stan(e o% d!elling )st #e7 4a5 given #y the o%%ended party& 4#5 s)%%i(ient& and 4(5 i ediate to the (o ission o% the (ri e+
*he (on%iden(e #et!een the o%%ender and the o%%ended party )st #e i ediate and personal+ It is inherent in alversation& >)ali%ied the%t& esta%a #y (onversion or isappropriation and >)ali%ied sed)(tion+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
25 <0VI<$S $N1RA*E'$LNESS a+ *hat the o%%ended party had tr)sted the o%%enderM #+ *hat the o%%ender a#)sed s)(h tr)st #y (o itting a (ri e against the o%%ended partyM (+ *hat the a(t #e (o itted !ith o#vio)s )ngrate%)lness+ : :
People v+ Ari?o#al 4200057 1enerally& d!elling is (onsidered inherent in the (ri es !hi(h (an only #e (o itted in the a#ode o% the vi(ti & s)(h as trespass to d!elling and ro##ery in an inha#ited pla(e+ =o!ever& in ro##ery !ith ho i(ide the a)thors thereo% (an (o it the heino)s (ri e !itho)t transgressing the san(tity o% the vi(ti Ss do i(ile+ In the (ase at #ar& the ro##ers de onstrated an i p)dent disregard o% the inviola#ility o% the vi(ti sS a#ode !hen they %or(ed their !ay in& looted their ho)ses& inti idated and (oer(ed their inha#itants into s)# ission& disa#led La)ren(io and Bi y #y tying their hands #e%ore dragging the o)t o% the ho)se to #e ,illed+
*he )ngrate%)lness )st #e o#vio)sI ani%est and (lear+ In a (ase !here the o%%ender is a servant& the o%%ended party is one o% the e #ers o% the %a ily+ *he servant poisoned the (hild+ It !as held that a#)se o% (on%iden(e is aggravating+ *his is only tr)e& ho!ever& i% the servant !as still in the servi(e o% the %a ily !hen he did the ,illing+ I% he !as driven #y the aster o)t o% the ho)se %or so e ti e and he (a e #a(, to poison the (hild& a#)se o% (on%iden(e !ill no longer #e aggravating+ *he reason is #e(a)se that (on%iden(e has already #een ter inated !hen the o%%ender !as driven o)t o% the ho)se+
People v+ Arro"ado 4200157 Arro"ado is the %irst (o)sin o% the vi(ti & Mary Ann and lived !ith her and her %ather+ Arro"ado helped (are %or the vi(ti Fs %ather %or !hi(h he !as paid a P1&000 onthly salary+ Arro"ado ,illed Mary Ann #y sta##ing her !ith a ,ni%e+ *herea%ter he (lai ed that the latter (o itted s)i(ide+ =eld7 *he aggravating (ir() stan(e o% a#)se o% (on%iden(e is present in this (ase+ 'or this aggravating (ir() stan(e to e:ist& it is essential to sho! that the (on%iden(e #et!een the parties )st #e i ediate and personal s)(h as !o)ld give the a(()sed so e advantage or a,e it easier %or hi to (o it the (ri inal a(t+ *he (on%iden(e )st #e a eans o% %a(ilitating the (o ission o% the (ri e& the ()lprit ta,ing advantage o% the o%%ended partySs #elie% that the %or er !o)ld not a#)se said (on%iden(e+
-+ A#)se o% Con%iden(e and <#vio)s $ngrate%)lness

: Par+-providest!oaggravating (ir() stan(es7 1+ i% present in the sa e (ase 2+ )st #e independently appre(iated+
15 A0$SE <' C<N'I.ENCE a+ *hat the o%%ended party had tr)sted the o%%ender+ #+ *hat the o%%ender a#)sed s)(h tr)st #y (o itting a (ri e against the o%%ended party+ (+ *hat the a#)se o% (on%iden(e %a(ilitated the (o ission o% the (ri e+
/+ Cri e in Pala(e or in Presen(e o% the Chie% E:e()tive

: I% it is the Mala(aLang pala(e or a (h)r(h : it is aggravating& : regardless o% !hether State or o%%i(ial or religio)s %)n(tions are #eing held+ *he President need not #e in the pala(e+
: =is presen(e alone in any pla(e !here the (ri e is (o itted is eno)gh to (onstit)te the AC+ : It also applies even i% he is not engaged in the dis(harge o% his d)ties in the pla(e !here the (ri e !as (o itted+ <%%ender )st have the intention to (o it a (ri e !hen he entered the pla(e+ Ce eteries are not pla(es dedi(ated %or religio)s !orship+
: :
o%%ender deli#erately so)ght the (over o% dar,ness and the o%%ender p)rposely too, advantage o% nightti e to %a(ilitate the (o ission o% the o%%ense+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
Par+ / Wherep)#li( Par+ 2 a)thoritiesare Conte pt or ins)lt to engagedinthe p)#li( a)thorities dis(harge o% their d)ties+ P)#li( a)thorities are engaged in the per%or an(e o% their d)ties+ P)#li(d)tyis P)#li(d)tyis per%or ed in their per%or ed o)tside o% o%%i(etheir o%%i(e *he o%%ended party *he p)#li( a)thority ay or ay not #e the sho)ld not #e the p)#li( a)thorityo%%ended party
2+ $NIN=A0I*E. PLACE : It is deter ined : not #y the distan(e o% the nearest ho)se to the s(ene o% the (ri e : #)t !hether or not in the pla(e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense& there!asareasona#le possi#ility o% the vi(ti re(eiving so e help+
@+ 0AN. : *here sho)ld : 0e at least #e %o)r persons : At least - o% the sho)ld #e ar ed : andprin(ipals#ydire(t parti(ipation+ : *his aggravating (ir() stan(e is a#sor#ed in the (ir() stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength+ : *his is inherent in #rigandage+
2+ Nightti eM $ninha#ited Pla(eM With a 0and

: *hese@(ir() stan(es ay#e (onsidered separately : !hen their ele ents are distin(tly per(eived and : (an s)#sist independently& : revealing a greater degree o% perversity+ Aggravating7 : When it %a(ilitated the (o ission o% the (ri eM or : When espe(ially so)ght %or #y the o%%ender to ins)re the (o ission o% the (ri e or %or the p)rpose o% i p)nityM or : When the o%%ender too, advantage thereo% %or the p)rpose o% i p)nity+
Ill)stration7 A is on #oard a #an(a& not so %ar a!ay+ 0 and C also are on #oard their respe(tive #an(as+ S)ddenly& . sho!ed )p %ro )nder!ater and sta##ed 0+ Is there an aggravating (ir() stan(e o% )ninha#ited pla(e hereN Ces& (onsidering the %a(t that A and C #e%ore #eing a#le to give assistan(e still have to ") p into the !ater and s!i to!ards 0 and the ti e it !o)ld ta,e the to do that& the (han(es o% 0 re(eiving so e help !as very little& despite the %a(t that there !ere other persons not so %ar %ro the s(ene+
1+ NI1=**IME : *he (o ission o% the (ri e )st #egin and #e a((o plished in the nightti e 4a%ter s)nset and #e%ore s)nrise5+ : *heo%%ense )st#ea(t)ally (o itted in the dar,ness o% the night+ : When the pla(e is ill) inated #y light& nightti e is not aggravating+ : It )st #e sho!n that the7
People v+ Silva 4200257 A(()sed ar ed !ith a g)n& a #olo& a rope and a %lashlight a#d)(ted #rothers Ed )nd and Man)el Ceriales !hile the t!o !ere playing a ga e o% (ards inside their ho)se in the iddle o% the night+ *hey tied #oth their hands and %eet !ith a rope and they #ro)ght the #rothers at an isolated pla(e+ Ed )nd !as sta##ed and #eheaded (a)sing his instantaneo)s death+ Ed )nd Ceriales !as a#le to es(ape !hile the a(()sed !ere a#o)t to ,ill his #rother+ *he trial (o)rt appre(iated nightti e as an aggravating (ir() stan(e+ =eld7 0y and o% itsel%& nightti e is not an aggravating (ir() stan(e& ho!ever& it #e(o es aggravating only !hen7 415 it is espe(ially so)ght #y the o%%enderM or 425 it is ta,en advantage o% #y hi M or 4@5 it %a(ilitates the
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER (o ission o% the (ri e #y ens)ring the o%%enderSs i )nity %ro (apt)re+ In this (ase& the trial (o)rt (orre(tly appre(iated nightti e as aggravating (onsidering that nightti e %a(ilitated the a#d)(tion o% the Ceriales #rothers& the ,illing o% Man)el and the atte pt to ,ill Ed )nd+ Eviden(e sho!s that a(()sedD appellants too, advantage o% the dar,ness to s)((ess%)lly (ons) ate their plans+ *he %a(t that they #ro)ght !ith the a %lashlight (learly sho!s that they intended to (o it the (ri e in dar,ness+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C Also& i% trea(hery is also present in the (o ission o% the (ri e& nightti e is a#sor#ed in trea(hery and (an not #e appre(iated as a generi( aggravating (ir() stan(e+ People v+ 0erdida7 Nightti e !as (onsidered sin(e it !as p)rposely so)ght and trea(hery is %)rther appre(iated #e(a)se the vi(ti Fs hands and ar s !ere tied together #e%ore he !as #eaten )p #y the a(()sed+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ An(heta 4200-57 Appellant $lep and his gro)p& ro##ed Al%redo Ro(a o% @/ sa(,s o% Palay a%ter ,illing his son& his !i%e and his other !ith their g)ns+ *herea%ter& they #oarded their "eep and le%t+ =eld7 *he o%%ense !as proven to have #een e:e()ted #y a #and+ A (ri e is (o itted #y a #and !hen at least %o)r ar ed ale%a(tors a(t together in the (o ission thereo%+ In this (ase& all si: a(()sed !ere ar ed !ith g)ns !hi(h they )sed on their vi(ti s+ Clearly& all the ar ed assailants too, dire(t part in the e:e()tion o% the ro##ery !ith ho i(ide+
3+ <n <((asion o% a Cala ity

: *he rationale %or this AC is the de#ased %or o% (ri inality o% one !ho& in the idst o% a great (ala ity& instead o% lending aid to the a%%li(ted& adds to their s)%%ering #y ta,ing advantage o% their is%ort)ne and despoiling the + *he o%%ender )st ta,e advantage o% the (ala ity or is%ort)ne+ 8<R<*=ERCALAMI*C<R MIS'<R*$NE9 I re%ers to other (onditions o% distress si ilar to 8(on%lagration& ship!re(,& earth>)a,e or epide i(+9
: :
People v+ Li#rando 4200057 Ed!in and his da)ghter Aileen& and a relative& 'ernando& !ere traversing a hilly portion o% a trail on their !ay ho e !hen they et Raelito Li#rando& Larry and Eddie+ Ed!in !as (arrying a tor(h at that ti e as it !as already dar,+ Raelito in>)ired %ro Ed!in the !herea#o)ts o% 'ernando and !itho)t any !arning hit Ed!in !ith a pie(e o% !ood+ Eddie %ollo!ed s)it and delivered another #lo! to Ed!in+ Ed!in ran #)t he !as (hased #y Raelito+ *herea%ter& the three en too, t)rns hitting Ed!in !ith pie(es o% !ood )ntil the latter %ell and died+ *he trial (o)rt (onsidered nightti e and )ninha#ited pla(e as ")st one aggravating (ir() stan(e+
6+ Aid o% Ar ed Men or Means to Ens)re I p)nity

Ele ents7 a+ *hat the ar ed en or persons too, indire(tly part in the (o ission o% the (ri e& #+ *hat the a(()sed availed hi sel% o% their aid or relied )pon the !hen the (ri e !as (o itted+
=eld7 *he (o)rt did not err in (onsidering nightti e and )ninha#ited pla(e as ")st one aggravating (ir() stan(e+ *he (o)rt (ited the (ase o% People vs+ Santos !here it has #een held that i% the aggravating (ir() stan(es o% nightti e& )ninha#ited pla(e or #and (on()r in the (o ission o% the (ri e& all !ill (onstit)te one aggravating (ir() stan(e only as a general r)le altho)gh they (an #e (onsidered separately i% their ele ents are distin(tly per(eived and (an s)#sist independently& revealing a greater degree o% perversity+
People v+ 0er as 41;;;57 0y and o% itsel%& nightti e is not an aggravating (ir() stan(eM it #e(o es so only !hen7 15 it is spe(ially so)ght #y the o%%enderM or 25 it !as ta,en advantage o% #y hi M or @5 it %a(ilitates the (o ission o% the (ri e #y ins)ring the o%%enderFs i )nity %ro (apt)re+ In this (ase& other than the ti e o% the o(()rren(e o% the %elony& nothing else s)ggests that it !as (ons(io)sly resorted to #y 0er as+ In %a(t& the (ri e !as !ell ill) inated #y t!o press)re gas la ps+
Not appli(a#le D : When #oth the atta(,ing party and the party atta(,ed !ere e>)ally ar ed+ : When the a(()sed as !ell as those !ho (ooperated !ith hi in the (o ission o% the (ri e a(ted )nder the sa e plan and %or the sa e p)rpose+ : Cas)al presen(e& or !hen the o%%ender did not avail hi sel% o% their aid nor ,no!ingly (o)nt )pon their assistan(e in the (o ission o% the (ri e+
Par+ 2 0y a #and Re>)ires ore than three ar ed ale%a(tors Re>)ires that ore than three ar ed ale%a(tors shall have a(ted together in the
Par+ 6 With aid o% ar ed en At least t!o ar ed en *his (ir() stan(e is present even i% one o% the o%%enders erely relied on their aid& %or
(o ission o% an o%%ense 0and e #ers are all prin(ipals

People v+ Li(op7 Aid o% ar ed !o en9+
a(t)al aid is not ne(essary Ar ed en are ere a((o pli(es

en in(l)des 8ar ed
;+ Re(idivis
Ele ents7 a+ *hat the o%%ender is on trial %or an o%%enseM #+ *hat he !as previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent o% another (ri eM (+ *hat #oth the %irst and the se(ond o%%enses are e #ra(ed in the sa e title o% the CodeM d+ *hat the o%%ender is (onvi(ted o% the ne! o%%ense+
.i%%erent %or s o% repetition or ha#it)ality o% o%%ender : Re(idivis )nder Arti(le 1- 4;5P*he o%%ender at the ti e o% his trial %or one (ri e shall have #een previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent o% another e #ra(ed in the sa e title o% the Revised Penal Code+ : Repetition or reitera(ion )nder Arti(le 1- 4;5P*he o%%ender has #een previo)sly p)nished %or an o%%ense to !hi(h the la! atta(hes an e>)al or greater penalty or %or t!o or ore (ri es to !hi(h it atta(hes a lighter penalty+ : =a#it)al delin>)en(y )nder Arti(le 22 4/5P*he o%%ender !ithin a period o% 10 years %ro the date o% his release or last (onvi(tion o% the (ri es o% serio)s or less serio)s physi(al in")ries& ro#o& h)rto& esta%a or %alsi%i(ation& is %o)nd g)ilty o% any o% the said (ri es a third ti e or another+ : H)asiDre(idivis )nder Arti(le 120P Any person !ho shall T a %elony a%ter having #een (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent #e%ore #eginning to serve s)(h senten(e or !hile serving s)(h senten(e shall #e p)nished #y the a:i ) period pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the ne! %elony In re(idivis & the (ri es (o itted sho)ld #e %elonies+ *here is no re(idivis i% the (ri e (o itted is a violation o% a spe(ial la!+ What is (ontrolling : is the ti e o% the trial& not the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense+
:i+e+ there !as already a (onvi(tion #y %inal ")dg ent at the ti e o% the trial %or the se(ond (ri e : At the ti e o% the trial eans %ro the arraign ent )ntil a%ter senten(e is anno)n(ed #y the ")dge in open (o)rt+ Re(idivis does not pres(ri#e+ No atter ho! long ago the o%%ender !as (onvi(ted& i% he is s)#se>)ently (onvi(ted o% a (ri e e #ra(ed in the sa e title o% the Revised Penal Code& it is ta,en into a((o)nt as aggravating in i posing the penalty+ Pardon does not erase re(idivis & even i% it is a#sol)te #e(a)se it only e:()ses the servi(e o% the penalty& not the (onvi(tion+ I% the o%%ender has : already served his senten(e and :he !as e:tended an a#sol)te pardon& : the pardon shall erase the (onvi(tionin(l)dingre(idivis #e(a)se there is no ore penalty : so the pardon shall #e )nderstood as re%erring to the (onvi(tion or the e%%e(ts o% the (ri e+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
Ill)stration7 In 1;60& A (o
itted ro##ery+ itted
While the (ase !as #eing tried& he (o the%t in 1;6@+
=e !as also %o)nd g)ilty and !as (onvi(ted o% the%t also in 1;6@+ *he (onvi(tion #e(a e %inal #e(a)se he did not appeal any ore and the trial %or the earlier (ri e o% ro##ery ended in 1;6- %or !hi(h he !as also (onvi(ted+ =e also did not appeal this de(ision+ Is the a(()sed a re(idivistN N<+ *he s)#se>)ent (onvi(tion )st re%er to a %elony (o itted later in order to (onstit)te re(idivis + *he reason %or this is at the ti e the %irst (ri e !as (o itted& there !as no other (ri e o% !hi(h he !as (onvi(ted so he (annot #e regarded as a repeater+
People vs+ Molina 4200057 *o prove re(idivis & it is ne(essary to allege the sa e in the in%or ation and to atta(h thereto (erti%ied (opies o% the senten(es rendered against the a(()sed+ Nonetheless& the trial (o)rt ay still give s)(h AC (reden(e i% the a(()sed does not o#"e(t to the presentation+ People v+ .a(illo 4200-57 Pa(ot sta##ed and strangled Rose arie leading to the latters death+ .a(illo %or his part& hold do!n Rose arieFs legs to
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER prevent her %ro str)ggling+ *he t!o en stopped only !hen they !ere s)re that the vi(ti !as already dead+ .a(illo then en(ase her (orpse in a (e ent+ *he trial (o)rt i posed the death penalty on the gro)nd that .a(illo ad itted d)ring reD(ross e:a ination that he had a prior (onvi(tion %or the death o% his %or er liveDin partner+ *he %a(t that .a(illo !as a re(idivist !as appre(iated #y the trial (o)rt as a generi( aggravating (ir() stan(e !hi(h in(reased the i posa#le penalty %ro re(l)sion perpet)a to death =eld7 *he aggravating (ir() stan(e o% re(idivis !as not alleged in the in%or ation and there%ore (annot #e appre(iated against appellant+ In order to appre(iate re(idivis as an aggravating (ir() stan(e& it is ne(essary to allege it in the in%or ation and to atta(h (erti%ied tr)e (opies o% the senten(es previo)sly eted o)t to the a(()sed& in a((ordan(e !ith R)le 110& Se(tion 6 o% the Revised R)les o% Cri inal Pro(ed)re+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C Art+ 1-& Par+ ; Re(idivis *!o (onvi(tions are eno)gh *he (ri es are not spe(i%iedM it is eno)gh that they ay #e e #ra(ed )nder the sa e title o% the Revised Penal Code Art+ 22 par+ / =a#it)al .elin>)en(y At least three (onvi(tions are re>)ired *he (ri es are li ited and spe(i%ied to7 a+ serio)s physi(al in")ries& #+ Less serio)s physi(al in")ries& (+ ro##ery& d+ the%t& e+ esta%a or s!indling and %+ %alsi%i(ation *here is a ti e li it o% not ore than 10 years #et!een every (onvi(tion (o p)ted %ro the %irst (onvi(tion or release %ro p)nish ent thereo% to (onvi(tion (o p)ted %ro the se(ond (onvi(tion or release there%ro to the third (onvi(tion and so on =a#it)al delin>)en(y is a spe(ial aggravating (ir() stan(e& hen(e it (annot #e o%%set #y any itigating (ir() stan(e+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
*here is no ti e li it #et!een the %irst (onvi(tion and the s)#se>)ent (onvi(tion+ Re(idivis is i pres(ripti#le+
10+ Reitera(ionA=a#it)ality
Ele ents7 a+ *hat the a(()sed is on trial %or an o%%enseM #+ *hat he previo)sly served senten(e %or another o%%ense to !hi(h the la! atta(hes7 i+ an e>)al or ii+ greater penalty& or iii+ %or 2 or ore (ri es to !hi(h it atta(hes lighter penalty than that %or the ne! o%%enseM and (+ *hat he is (onvi(ted o% the ne! o%%ense+
It is a generi( aggravating (ir() stan(e !hi(h (an #e o%%set #y an ordinary itigating (ir() stan(e+ I% not o%%set& it !o)ld only in(rease the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (ri e (o itted to its a:i ) period
Reitera(ion or =a#it)ality : it is essential that the o%%ender #e previo)sly p)nishedM : that is& he has served senten(e+ Par+ 10 spea,s o% : penalty atta(hed to the o%%ense& : not the penalty a(t)ally i posed
Aside %ro the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (ri e (o itted& an additional penalty shall #e i posed depending )pon !hether it is already the third (onvi(tion& the %o)rth& the %i%th and so on
Par+ ; Re(idivis It is eno)gh that a %inal ")dg ent has #een rendered in the %irst o%%ense+ Re>)ires that the o%%enses #e in(l)ded in the sa e title o% the Code Al!ays to #e ta,en into (onsideration in %i:ing the penalty to #e i posed )pon the a(()sed Rationale is the proven tenden(y to (o it a si ilar o%%ense
Par+ 10 Reitera(ion It is ne(essary that the o%%ender shall have served o)t his senten(e %or the %irst o%%ense+ *he previo)s and s)#se>)ent o%%enses )st not #e e #ra(ed in the sa e title o% the Code Not al!ays an aggravating (ir() stan(e
Sin(e reitera(ion provides that the a(()sed has d)ly served the senten(e %or previo)s (onvi(tionAs& or is legally (onsidered to have done so& : >)asiDre(idivis (annot at the sa e ti e (onstit)te reitera(ion& hen(e the latter (annot apply to a >)asiDre(idivist+ I% the sa e set o% %a(ts (onstit)tes re(idivis and reitera(ion& : the lia#ility o% the a(()sed sho)ld #e aggravated #y re(idivis !hi(h (an #e easily proven+
Rationale is the proven resistan(e to reha#ilitation
R < 0 0 E R C
Co
issionAConvi(tion 1;6@ * = E ' * * = E ' *
R < 0 0 E R C
No RECI.IVISM A (annot #e dee ed a repeater #e(a)se !hen he !as (onvi(ted %or the se(ond (ri e& he !as still (onsidered inno(ent as to the %irst+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
Co ission 1;60
Convi(tion 1;6-
E S * A ' A
SERVICE <' SEN*ENCE
R < 0 0 E R C
Reitera(ion(an#e appre(iated in the trial %or ro##ery+ 15 Ro##ery (arries a graver penalty 25 Senten(e !as already served %or Esta%a !hen thero##ery!as (o itted
Convi(tion
Co
ission
People v+ Ca"ara 4200057 A(()sed Ca"ara raped 12D year old Marita in %ront o% his (o onDla! !i%e !ho is the hal%Dsister o% the vi(ti and his t!o s all (hildren+ *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted hi as (harged and senten(ed hi to death+ =eld7 *he re(ords sho! that the (ri e !as aggravated #y reitera(ion )nder Art+ 1-& par+ 10& o% *he Revised Penal Code& the a(()sed having #een (onvi(ted o% %r)strated )rder in 1;3/ and o% ho i(ide& %r)strated ho i(ide& trespass to d!elling& illegal possession o% %irear s and )rder so eti e in 1;6; !here his senten(es !ere later (o )ted to i prison ent %or 2@ years and a %ine o% P200&000+00+ =e !as granted (onditional pardon #y the President o% the Philippines on 6 Nove #er 1;;1+ Reitera(ion or ha#it)ality )nder Art+ 1-& par+ 10& herein (ited& is present !hen the a(()sed has #een previo)sly p)nished %or an o%%ense to !hi(h the la! atta(hes an e>)al or greater penalty than that atta(hed #y la! to the se(ond o%%ense or %or t!o or ore o%%enses to !hi(h it atta(hes a lighter penalty+ As already dis()ssed& herein a(()sed (an #e (onvi(ted only o% si ple rape and the i posa#le penalty there%or is re(l)sion perpet)a+ Where the la! pres(ri#es a single indivisi#le penalty& it shall #e applied regardless o% the itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(es attendant to the (ri e& s)(h as in the instant (ase+
11+ Pri(e& Re!ard or Pro ise

: When this AC is present& : there )st #e 2 or ore prin(ipals& : the one !ho gives or o%%ers the pri(e or pro ise : and the one !ho a((epts it& : #oth o% !ho are prin(ipals I : to the %or er& #e(a)se he dire(tly ind)(es the latter to (o it the (ri e& : and the latter #e(a)se he (o its it+ When this AC is present& it a%%e(ts not only the person !ho re(eived the pri(e or re!ard& #)t also the person !ho gave it+ I% !itho)t previo)s pro ise it !as : given vol)ntarily a%ter a (ri e !as (o itted : as an e:pression o% his appre(iation %or the sy pathy and aid sho!n #y the other a(()sed& : it sho)ld not #e ta,en into (onsideration %or the p)rpose o% in(reasing the penalty+ *he pri(e& re!ard or pro ise : need not (onsist o% or re%er to aterial things or
that the sa e !ere a(t)ally delivered& : it #eing s)%%i(ient that the o%%er ade#ytheprin(ipal#y ind)(e ent !as a((epted #y the prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation #e%ore the (o ission o% the o%%ense+
1@+ Evident Pre editation

Ele ents7 a+ *he ti e !hen the o%%ender deter ined to (o it the (ri eM #+ An a(t ani%estly indi(ating that the ()lprit has (l)ng to his deter inationM and (+ A s)%%i(ient lapse o% ti e #et!een the deter ination and e:e()tion& to allo! hi to re%le(t )pon the (onse>)en(es o% his a(t and to allo! is (ons(ien(e to over(o e the resol)tion o% his !ill+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
12+ In)ndation& 'ire& Poison

: $nless )sed #y the o%%ender as a eans to a((o plish a (ri inal p)rpose& : any o% the (ir() stan(es in paragraph 12 : (annot #e (onsidered to in(rease the penalty or to (hange the nat)re o% the o%%ense+ When another AC already >)ali%ies the (ri e& : any o% these ACFs shall #e (onsidered as generi( aggravating (ir() stan(e only+ 'ire is not aggravating in the (ri e o% arson+ Whenever a ,illing is done !ith the )se o% %ire& as !hen yo) ,ill so eone& yo) #)rn do!n his ho)se !hile the latter is inside& this is )rder+ *here is no s)(h (ri e as )rder !ith arson or arson !ith ho i(ide+ *he (ri e is only )rder+ I% the intent is to destroy property& : the (ri e is arson even i% so eone dies as a (onse>)en(e+ I% the intent is to ,ill& : there is )rder even i% the ho)se is #)rned in the pro(ess+
: :
Evident pre editation i plies : a deli#erate planning o% the a(t : #e%ore e:e()ting it+ *he essen(e o% pre editation : an opport)nity to (oolly and serenely thin, and deli#erate : on the eaning and : (onse>)en(es o% !hat he planned to do& : an interval long eno)gh %orhis (ons(ien(e and #etter ")dg ent : to over(o e his evil desire and s(he e+ *he pre editation )st #e #ased )pon e:ternal %a(ts& and )st #e evident& not erely s)spe(ted indi(ating deli#erate planning Evident pre editation is inherent in ro##ery&ad)ltery&esta%a&and %alsi%i(ation+
: Ill)strations7 1+ A and 0 %o)ght on Monday+ A told 0 that so eday he !ill ,ill 0+ <n 'riday& A ,illed 0+ Ill)stration7 A and 0 !ere arg)ing a#o)t so ething+ <ne arg) ent led to another )ntil A str)(, 0 to death !ith a #olo+ A did not ,no! that C& the son o% 0 !as also in their ho)se and !ho !as peeping thro)gh the door and sa! !hat A did+ A%raid that A ight ,ill hi too& he hid so e!here in the ho)se+ A then dragged 0Fs #ody and po)red gasoline on it and #)rned the ho)se altogether+ As a (onse>)en(e& C !as #)rned and event)ally died too+ 2+ C and . %o)ght on Monday #)t sin(e C already s)%%ered so any #lo!s& he told .& 8*his !ee, shall not pass& I !ill ,ill yo)+9 <n 'riday& C ,illed .+ Is there evident pre editation in #oth (asesN None in #oth (ases+ What (ondition is issing to #ring a#o)t evident pre editationN Eviden(e to sho! that #et!een Monday and 'riday& the o%%ender (l)ng to his deter ination to ,ill the vi(ti & a(ts indi(ative o% his having (l)ng to his deter ination to ,ill 0+
As %ar as the ,illing o% 0 is (on(erned& it is ho i(ide sin(e it is noted that they !ere arg)ing+ It (o)ld not #e )rder+ As %ar as the ,illing o% C is (on(erned& it is arson sin(e he intended to #)rn the ho)se only+
@+ A and 0 had a >)arrel+ A #o:ed 0+ A told 0& 8I !ill ,ill yo) this !ee,+9 A #o)ght %irear s+ <n 'riday& he !aited %or 0 #)t ,illed C instead+ Was there evident pre editationN
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C =eld7 No evident pre editation e:ist in this (ase+ *here !as no s)%%i(ient interregn) %ro the ti e .ennis !as sta##ed #y the vi(ti & !hen .ennis %led to their ho)se and his ar ing hi sel% !ith a ,ni%e& and !hen he sta##ed the vi(ti + In a (ase o% %airly re(ent vintage& it !as r)led that there is no evident pre editation !hen the %ra(as !as the res)lt& not o% a deli#erate plan #)t o% rising te pers& or !hen the atta(, !as ade in the heat o% anger+
*here is a#erratio i(t)s+ So& >)ali%y+ Inso%ar as 0 is (on(erned& the (ri e is atte pted )rder #e(a)se there is evident pre editation+ =o!ever& that )rder (annot #e (onsidered %or C+ Inso%ar as C is (on(erned& the (ri e is ho i(ide #e(a)se there !as no evident pre editation+
2@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ Salpigao7 Evident pre editation is pres) ed to e:ist !hen (onspira(y is dire(tly esta#lished+ When (onspira(y is erely i plied& evident pre editation (annot #e pres) ed& the latter )st #e proved ")st li,e any other %a(t+ $S v+ Manalinde 41;0;57 I% the o%%ender pre editated on the ,illing o% any person& it is proper to (onsider against the o%%ender the aggravating (ir() stan(e o% evident pre editation& #e(a)se !hoever is ,illed #y hi is (onte plated in the pre editation+ People v+ Mondi"ar 4200257 In a previo)s in(ident& Apla(ador had sta##ed Mondi"ar& his %ather in la! on the ,nee+ A onth a%ter& Mondii"ar sta##ed and ha(,ed his sonDinDla! !ith the )se o% a sharp and pointed #olo !hi(h res)lted to his death+ =eld7 *here !as no evident pre editation+ 'or the (ir() stan(e o% evident pre editation to #e appre(iated& the prose()tion )st present (lear and positive eviden(e o% the planning and preparation )nderta,en #y the o%%ender prior to the (o ission o% the (ri e+ Settled is the r)le that evident pre editation& li,e any other (ir() stan(e that >)ali%ies a ,illing to )rder& )st #e esta#lished #eyond reasona#le do)#t as (on(l)sively and ind)#ita#ly as the ,illing itsel%+ In the present (ase& no eviden(e !as presented #y the prose()tion as to !hen and ho! appellant planned and prepared %or the ,illing o% the vi(ti + *here is no sho!ing o% any notorio)s a(t eviden(ing a deter ination to (o it the (ri e !hi(h (o)ld prove appellantSs (ri inal intent+
People v+ 0ernal 4200257 Appellant& 'ernando& 'eli:& Rey all s)rna ed 0ernal and the vi(ti Pedrito !ent to a p)#ho)se+ Pedrito& Rey and appellant !ent inside !hile 'ernando and 'eli: !aited o)tside+ 'ernando later !ent inside and sa! the three in a sleeping position+ 'ernando then as,ed 'eli: to start the tri(y(le as they !o)ld #ring ho e the three+ =e %irst #ro)ght Pedrito o)t o% the p)# and had hi seated at the passengers seat inside the tri(y(le+ 'ernado then got appellant !ho !as ro)sed !hen they rea(hed the tri(y(le+ While 'ernado !as %et(hing Rey& a(()sed positioned hi sel% at the #a(, o% Pedrito !ho !as still asleep and dis(harged his %irear t!i(e hitting the latter on the head+
=eld7 *he Co)rt r)led that there !as no eviden(e dire(tly sho!ing any preD(on(eived plan or devise e ployed #y a(()sedDappellant to ,ill the vi(ti + A(()sedDappellant did not go to 0arangay .angdangla& 0ang)ed to ,ill the vi(ti #)t to attend to so e i portant atters+ A(()sedDappellant !as ")st invited #y his relatives& !ho he had not seen %or a !hile a%ter he (hanged residen(e& to have a drin,ing spree+ *he pro#a#ility is that the de(ision to shoot the vi(ti !as ade only right there and then+ *his sho)ld at least (ast reasona#le do)#t on the e:isten(e o% a pre editated plan to ,ill the vi(ti + ')rther& the ere e:isten(e o% illD%eeling or gr)dge #et!een the parties is not s)%%i(ient to esta#lish pre editated ,illing+ =en(e& it !o)ld #e erroneo)s to de(lare that the ,illing o% the vi(ti !as pre editated+
People v+ *orpio7 While having a drin,ing spree in a (ottage& Anthony tried to let .ennis *orpio drin, gin and as the latter re%)sed& Anthony #athed .ennis !ith gin and a)led hi several ti es+ .ennis (ra!led #eneath the ta#le and Anthony tried to sta# hi !ith a 22 %an ,ni%e #)t did not hit hi + .ennis got )p and ran to!ards their ho e+ $pon rea(hing ho e& he got a ,ni%e+ =e !ent #a(, to the (ottage #y another ro)te and )pon arrival Anthony !as still there+ $pon seeing .ennis& Anthony avoided .ennis and ran #y passing the shore to!ards the (ree, #)t .ennis et hi & #lo(,ed hi and sta##ed hi + When he !as hit& Anthony ran #)t got entangled !ith a %ishing net #eside the (ree, and %ell on his #a(,+ .ennis then o)nted on hi and (ontin)ed sta##ing hi res)lting to the latterFs death+ *herea%ter& .ennis le%t and slept at a grassy eado! near a Ca p+ In the orning& he !ent to Estrera& a poli(e o%%i(er to !ho he vol)ntarily s)rrendered+
People v+ 0iso 4200@57 .ario& a #la(, #elt in ,arate& entered an eatery& seated hi sel% #eside *eresita and ade se:)al advan(es to her in the presen(e o% her #rother& Ed)ardo+ Ed)ardo (onta(ted his (o)sin& 0iso& an e:D(onvi(t and a ,no!n to)ghie in the area& and related to hi !hat .ario had done to *eresita+ Ed)ardo and Pio& and 2 others de(ided to (on%ront .ario+ *hey positioned the selves in the alley near the ho)se o% .ario+ When .ario arrived on #oard a ta:i(a#& the %o)r assa)lted .ario+ Ed)ardo held& !ith his right hand& the !rist o% .ario and (overed the o)th o% .ario !ith his le%t hand+ *he 2 others held .arioSs right hand and hair+ Pio then sta##ed .ario near the #reast !ith a %an ,ni%e+ Ed)ardo sta##ed .ario and %led !ith his three (o panions %ro the s(ene+
=eld7 *here !as no evident pre editation+ *he prose()tion %ailed to prove that the %o)r intended to ,ill .ario and i% they did intend to ,ill hi & the prose()tion %ailed to prove ho! the ale%a(tors intended to (ons) ate the (ri e+ E:(ept %or the %a(t that the appellant and his three (o panions !aited in an alley
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER %or .ario to ret)rn to his ho)se& the prose()tion %ailed to prove any overt a(ts on the part o% the appellant and his (ohorts sho!ing that that they had (l)ng to any plan to ,ill the vi(ti +
1-+ Cra%t& 'ra)d or .isg)ise

: : : Involves intelle(t)al tri(,ery and ()nning on the part o% the a(()sed+ It is e ployed as a s(he e in the e:e()tion o% the (ri e+ 'RA$. : Insidio)s !ords or a(hinations )sed : to ind)(e the vi(ti : to a(t in a anner : !hi(h !o)ld ena#le the o%%ender to (arry o)t his design+ CRA'* : Cra%t and %ra)d ay #e : a#sor#ed in trea(hery i% they have #een deli#erately adopted as the eans& ethods or %or s %or the trea(hero)s strategy& or : they ay (oDe:ist independently !here they are adopted %or a di%%erent p)rpose in the (o ission o% the (ri e+
People v+ La#)g)en 4200057 $nder the prete:t o% selling @ (o!s to the vi(ti & La#)g)en (onvin(ed the vi(ti to see the (o!s and #ring P-0&000 !ith hi + *he t!o rode on the vi(tii Fs otor(y(le and La#)g)en l)red hi to !here he (o)ld divest the vi(ti o% his oney !ith the least danger o% #eing (a)ght+ =e then #oarded a #)s leaving the otor(y(le o% the vi(ti on the side o% the road+ *he vi(ti Fs dead #ody !as %o)nd on the iddle o% a ri(e %ield& /0 eters %ro the servi(e drop o% an irrigation (anal+ =eld7 *he generi( aggravating (ir() stan(es o% %ra)d and (ra%t is present in this (ase+ Cra%t involves intelle(t)al tri(,ery and ()nning on the part o% the o%%ender+ When there is a dire(t ind)(e ent #y insidio)s !ords or a(hinations& %ra)d is present+ 0y saying that he !o)ld a((o pany the vi(ti to see the (o!s !hi(h the latter intended to #)y& appellant !as a#le to l)re the vi(ti to go !ith hi +
2CRIMINAL LAW 1
1/+ S)perior Strength or Means to Wea,en .e%ense

: *o *AJE A.VAN*A1E o% s)perior strength eans : to )se p)rposely e:(essive %or(e : o)t o% proportion to the eans o% de%ense availa#le to the person atta(,ed+ S)periority ay arise %ro : aggressorFs se:& #)ild& !eapon or n) #er : as (o pared to that o% the vi(ti 4e+g+ a(()sed atta(,ed an )nar ed girl !ith a ,ni%eM @ en sta##ed to death the %e ale vi(ti 5+ No advantage o% s)perior strength !hen : one !ho atta(,s is over(o e !ith passion and o#%)s(ation or : !hen >)arrel arose )ne:pe(tedly and the %atal #lo! !as str)(, !hile vi(ti and a(()sed !ere str)ggling+ Vers)s #y a #and7 : In the (ir() stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength& !hat is ta,en into a((o)nt is : not the n) #er o% aggressors nor the %a(t that they are ar ed : #)t their relative physi(al ight visDUDvis the o%%ended party Means E ployed to Wea,en .e%ense : *his (ir() stan(e is appli(a#le only : to (ri es against persons and : so eti es against person and property& s)(h as ro##ery !ith physi(al in")ries or ho i(ide+ *he eans )sed )st not totally eli inate possi#le de%ense o% the vi(ti & : other!ise it !ill %all )nder trea(hery
'ra)d When there is a .IREC* IN.$CEMEN*#y insidio)s!ordsor a(hinations
Cra%t *he a(t o% the a(()sed done in order N<* *< AR<$SE*=E S$SPICI<N
.IS1$ISE : Resorting to any devi(e to (on(eal identity+ : *he test o% disg)ise is : !hether the devi(e or (ontrivan(e resorted to #y the o%%ender : !as intended to or did a,e identi%i(ation ore di%%i()lt& s)(h as the )se o% a as,& %alse hair or #eard+ : 0)t i% in spite o% the )se o% hand,er(hie% to (over their %a(es& the ()lprits !ere re(ogni?ed #y the vi(ti & disg)isedisnot(onsidered aggravating+
People v+ San Pedro7 Where the a(()sed pretended to hire the driver in order to get his vehi(le& it !as held that there !as (ra%t dire(ted to the the%t o% the vehi(le& separate %ro the eans s)#se>)ently )sed to trea(hero)sly ,ill the de%enseless driver+ People v+ Masilang7 *here !as also (ra%t !here a%ter hit(hing a ride& the a(()sed re>)ested the driver to ta,e the to a pla(e to visit so e#ody& !hen in %a(t they had already planned to ,ill the driver+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER People v+ Carpio7 *here )st #e eviden(e o% notorio)s ine>)ality o% %or(es #et!een the o%%ender and the o%%ended party in their age& si?e and strength& and that the o%%ender too, advantage o% s)(h s)perior strength in the (o ission o% the (ri e+ *he ere %a(t that there !ere t!o persons !ho atta(,ed the vi(ti does not per se (onstit)te a#)se o% s)perior strength+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C they ea(h t!i(e ha(,ed $ldari(o res)lting to his death+ =eld7 RMere s)periority in n) #er& even ass) ing it to #e a %a(t& !o)ld not ne(essarily indi(ate the attendan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength+ *he prose()tion sho)ld still prove that the assailants p)rposely )sed e:(essive %or(e o)t o% proportion to the eans o% de%ense availa#le to the persons atta(,ed+R R'inally& to appre(iate the >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength& !hat sho)ld #e (onsidered is !hether the aggressors too, advantage o% their (o #ined strength in order to (ons) ate the o%%ense+ *o ta,e advantage o% s)perior strength eans to p)rposely )se e:(essive %or(e o)t o% proportion to the eans availa#le to the person atta(,ed to de%end hi sel%+R In the (ase at #ar& the vi(ti $ldari(o de Castro !as the one !ho pi(,ed a %ight !ith the a(()sedDappellants #e(a)se he did not li,e the "o,e #y one o% the a(()sedDappellants+ *here !as no eviden(e to sho! that the a(()sedDappellants p)rposely so)ght and too, advantage o% their n) #er to s)#d)e the vi(ti +
2/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ Lo#rigas 4200257 'ran,& Marlito& #oth s)rna ed Lo#rigas and Mante a)led and #o: *aylaran !ho !as already 32 years old+ *he vi(ti died (a)sed #y severe #eating and a)ling on the (hest portion on the vi(ti Fs #ody+ =eld7 *he (ri e (o itted !as )rder >)ali%ied #y the aggravating (ir() stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength+ *o appre(iate a#)se o% s)perior strength& there )st #e a deli#erate intent on the part o% the ale%a(tors to ta,e advantage o% their greater n) #er+ *hey )st have notorio)sly sele(ted and ade )se o% s)perior strength in the (o ission o% the (ri e+ *o ta,e advantage o% s)perior strength is to )se e:(essive %or(e that is o)t o% proportion to the eans %or sel%Dde%ense availa#le to the person atta(,edM th)s& the prose()tion )st (learly sho! the o%%endersS deli#erate intent to do so+
People v+ 0ar(elon 4200257 0ar(elon !ent inside the ho)se o% A ador+ *herea%ter& a(()sed strangled and sta##ed the vi(ti !ith a ,ni%e+ A ador died as a res)lt+ At the ti e the (ri e !as (o itted& A ador !as a 2; yearDold !o an and 0ar(elon !as only 2; years old+ =eld7 A#)se o% s)perior strength !as present in the (o ission o% the (ri e+ *he (o)rt (ited the (ase o% People vs+ <() en& !here an atta(, #y a an !ith a deadly !eapon )pon an )nar ed !o an (onstit)tes the (ir() stan(e o% a#)se o% that s)periority !hi(h his se: and the !eapon )sed in the a(t a%%orded hi & and %ro !hi(h the !o an !as )na#le to de%end hersel%+ *he disparity in age #et!een the assailant and the vi(ti & aged 2; and 2;& respe(tively& indi(ates physi(al s)periority on appellantSs part over the de(eased+ It did not atter that appellant !as Rdar,R !ith a Rsli #ody #)ildR or R edyo ata#a+R What attered !as that the ale%a(tor !as ale and ar ed !ith a lethal !eapon that he )sed to slay the vi(ti +
People v+ Vent)ra 4200-57 Vent)ra ar ed !ith a +@6 Cali#er =o eD ade Revolver and 'lores ar ed !ith a #laded !eapon& entered the ho)se o% the 0o(ate"as #y ()tting a hole in the ,it(hen door+ Vent)ra anno)n(ed a holdD)p and hit Bai e on the head and as,ed %or the ,eys+ Bai e (alled o)t %or help and tried to !restle the g)n a!ay %ro Vent)ra+ 'lores then sta##ed Bai e @ ti es+ 'lores also sta##ed Bai eFs !i%e Aileen !ho had #een a!a,ened+ Aileen tried to de%end hersel% !ith an ele(tri( (ord to no avail+ Aileen died on the hospital on the sa e day+
=eld7 0y deli#erately e ploying a deadly !eapon against Aileen& 'lores too, advantage o% the s)periority !hi(h his strength& se: and !eapon gave hi over his )nar ed vi(ti + *he %a(t that Aileen atte pted to %end o%% the atta(, on her and her h)s#and #y thro!ing near#y o#"e(ts& s)(h as an ele(tri( (ord& at appellant 'lores does not a)to ati(ally negate the possi#ility that the latter !as a#le to ta,e advantage o% his s)perior strength+
12+ *rea(hery 4Aleviosa5

: : E ploy ent o% eans& ethods and %or in the (o ission o% the (ri e !hi(h tend dire(tly and spe(ially to : ens)re its e:e()tion : !itho)t ris, to hi sel% arising %ro the de%ense !hi(h the o%%ended party ight a,e+ *he essen(e o% trea(hery is that : #y virt)e o% the eans& ethod or %or e ployed #y the o%%ender& : the o%%ended party !as not a#le to p)t )p any de%ense+
People v+ Sansaet 4200257 $ldari(o !as drin,ing !ith 1/ other en that in(l)de the Sansaet #rothers& Rogelio& Leopoldo and Silverio+ 0e(a)se o% a #ad "o,e that (ropped )p& ver#al e:(hanges ens)ed+ *herea%ter& Rogelio and $ldari(o started ha(,ing ea(h other !ith #olos+ Silverio and Leopolo positioned the selves #ehind the vi(ti and also ha(,ed hi + $ldari(o retaliated !o)nding Silverio+ Rogelio then
nd
ha(,ed $ldari(o a 2 ti e+ Leopoldo and Rogelio (ontin)ed ha(,ing $ldari(o !hen the latter %ell+ *hey then dragged $ldari(o to!ards the river and there
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C trea(hery !as (onsidered as the vi(ti position to de%end hi sel%+ !as not in a
I% : the o%%ended party !as a#le to p)t )p a de%ense& even only a to,en one& there is no trea(hery+ : Instead&so eotheraggravating (ir() stan(e ay #e present #)t it is no longer trea(hery+ : R)les Regarding *rea(hery : Appli(a#le only to (ri es against persons+ : Means& ethods or %or s need not ins)re a((o plish ent o% (ri e+ : *he ode o% atta(, )st #e (ons(io)sly adopted+ : Atta(,s sho! intention to eli inate ris,7 : Vi(ti asleep : Vi(ti hal%Da!a,e or ")st a!a,ened : Vi(ti grappling or #eing held+ : Atta(,ed %ro #ehind : Additional r)les7 : When the aggression is C<N*IN$<$S& trea(hery )st #e present in the 0E1INNIN1 o% the assa)lt+ : Whentheassa)ltWASN<* C<N*IN$<$S& in that there !as an interr)ption& it is s)%%i(ient that trea(hery !as present A* *=E M<MEN* *=E 'A*AL 0L<W WAS 1IVEN+
22
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ Male"ana7 *rea(hery ay still #e appre(iated even !hen the vi(ti !as %ore!arned o% danger to his person+ What is de(isive is that the e:e()tion o% the atta(, ade it i possi#le %or the vi(ti to de%end hi sel% or to retaliate+ *h)s& even a %rontal atta(, (o)ld #e trea(hero)s !hen )ne:pe(ted and on an )nar ed vi(ti !ho !o)ld #e in no position to repel the atta(, or avoid it+ *rea(hery (annot o#%)s(ation+ (oDe:ist !ith passion and
People v+ Renda"e 4200057 Lennie !as a 1/Dyear old dea%D )te+ Renda"e& on the other hand& !as 2@ years old and in the pri e o% his strength+ Renda"e %ollo!ed Lennie !hen the latter !as on her !ay ho e alone+ With the )se o% a ,ni%e& he then in%li(ted 6 sta# !o)nds& / o% !hi(h !ere %atal on the vi(ti Fs #a(,+ Lennie died as a res)lt+ =er #ody !as %o)nd in a s)gar (ane plantation+ =eld7 *rea(hery >)ali%ied the ,illing to )rder+
Ill)stration7 A and 0 have #een >)arreling %or so e ti e+ <ne day& A approa(hed 0 and #e%riended hi + 0 a((epted+ A proposed that to (ele#rate their rene!ed %riendship& they !ere going to drin,+ 0 !as having too )(h to drin,+ A !as ")st !aiting %or hi to get into:i(ated and a%ter !hi(h& he sta##ed 0+
*o (onstit)te trea(hery& t!o (onditions )st (on()r7 415 the e ploy ent o% eans& ethods or anner o% e:e()tion that !o)ld ens)re the o%%enderSs sa%ety %ro any de%ense or retaliatory a(t on the part o% the o%%ended partyM and 425 the o%%enderSs deli#erate or (ons(io)s (hoi(e o% the eans& ethod or anner o% e:e()tion+ No one has positively testi%ied on ho! Lennie !as ,illed #)t the vi(ti Fs #ody sho!s the anner in !hi(h she !as atta(,ed #y her assailant+ It elo>)ently spea,s %or itsel%+ *he in")ries esta#lished the anner in !hi(h the ,illing !as (r)elly (arried o)t !ith little or no ris, to the assailant+ *he n) #er o% sta# !o)nds& ost o% !hi(h !ere in%li(ted at the #a(, o% the (hild P )nar ed and alone P sho!s the deli#erateness& the s)ddenness and the )ne:pe(tedness o% the atta(,& !hi(h th)s deprived her o% the opport)nity to r)n or %ight #a(,+
A pretended to #e%riend 0& ")st to into:i(ate the latter+ Into:i(ation is the eans deli#erately e ployed #y the o%%ender to !ea,en the de%ense o% the other party+ I% this !as the very eans e ployed& the (ir() stan(e ay #e trea(hery and not a#)se o% s)perior strength or eans to !ea,en the de%ensePeople vs+ Ilagan7 S)ddenness o% the atta(, does not #y itsel% (onstit)te trea(hery in the a#sen(e o% eviden(e that the anner o% atta(, !as (ons(io)sly adopted #y the o%%ender to render the vi(ti de%enseless+
People vs+ 1)po7 *rea(hery is not appre(iated !here >)arrel and heated dis()ssion pre(eded a ,illing& #e(a)se the vi(ti !o)ld #e p)t on g)ard+ People vs+ *ori#io7 0)t altho)gh a >)arrel pre(eded a ,illing !here the vi(ti !as atop a (o(on)t tree&
People v+ $ aya 4200257 $ aya and the vi(ti & Mendo?a !ere living as h)s#and and !i%e in a shanty ere(ted inside a (o po)nd o!ned #y Velas>)e?+ .)ring the (o)pleFs stay in the (o po)nd& Velas>)e? !o)ld noti(e the %re>)ently >)arelling and Mendo?a on o((asions !o)ld r)n to Velas>)e? %or help %or the #eatings in%li(ted on her #y her h)s#and+ Velas>)e? then noti(ed a %o)l odor e anating %ro the (o)pleFs shanty !hi(h he at %irst tho)ght to #e that o% a po)ltry %eed or ,aning #a#oy+ With the assistan(e o% the poli(e !ho #ro,e the shantyFs !alls& the de(o posing #ody o% Mendo?a !as %o)nd inside+ *he trial (o)rt %o)nd $ aya g)ilty o% )rder+
=eld7 *he >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e o% trea(hery !as not esta#lished !ith (on(rete eviden(e+ *he (ir() stantial eviden(e on re(ord does not (learly sho! that there !as any (ons(io)s and deli#erate
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER e%%ort on the part o% the a(()sed to adopt any parti()lar eans& ethod or %or o% atta(, to ens)re the (o ission o% the (ri e !itho)t a%%ording the vi(ti any eans to de%end hersel%+ *he (on(l)sion that there !as trea(hery (an hardly #e gleaned #e(a)se the vi(ti and $ aya !ere inside their shanty and no one !itnessed ho! the ,illing too, pla(e+ Nota#ly& the edi(al %indings o% the vi(ti Ss (adaver sho!& (ont)sions on her ar s and legs& indi(ating that there ay have #een a >)arrel prior to the sta##ing+ *his reasona#ly negates trea(hery+
Raping a !o an %ro #ehind is igno ino)s #e(a)se that is not the nor al %or o% inter(o)rse& it is so ething !hi(h o%%ends the orals o% the o%%ended !o an+ *his is ho! ani als do it+
23
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ *orre%iel 41;-357 *he novelty o% the anner in !hi(h the a(()sed raped the vi(ti #y !inding (ogon grass aro)nd his genitals a)g ented the !rong done #y in(reasing its pain and adding igno iny thereto+ People v+ Al%anta 41;;;57 *here !as igno iny #e(a)se the a(()sed not only )sed issionary position #)t also 8the sa e position as dogs do+9 =e also inserted his %inger inside her+ Altho)gh the 8dog position9 is not novel and o%ten #een )sed #y (o)ples& there is igno iny i% the se:)al a(t is per%or ed not #y (onsenting parties+
People v+ .) adag 4200-57 Pr)dente !ith his %riends in(l)ding Meliston agreed to eet at a s!i ing pool to (ele#rate the %east o% St+ Bohn+ <n their !ay ho e& there !as heavy do!npo)r so they de(ided to ta,e a shelter at a store !here 2 en& 1 o% !ho is .) adag are having so e drin,s+ .) adag o%%ered Pr)dente a drin, o% *and)ay #)t the latter re%)sed then le%t+ .) adag %ollo!ed Pr)dente and sta##ed the vi(ti on his #reast !ith a ,ni%e !hi(h res)lted to his death+ =eld7 As a general r)le& a s)dden atta(, #y the assailant& !hether %rontally or %ro #ehind& is trea(hery i% s)(h ode o% atta(, !as deli#erately adopted #y hi !ith the p)rpose o% depriving the vi(ti o% a (han(e to either %ight or retreat+ *he r)le does not apply i% the atta(, !as not pre(on(eived #)t erely triggered #y in%)riation o% the appellant on an a(t ade #y the vi(ti + In the present (ase& it is apparent that the atta(, !as not pre(on(eived+ It !as triggered #y the appellantSs anger #e(a)se o% the vi(ti Ss re%)sal to have a drin, !ith the appellant and his (o panions+
People v+ Siao 4200057 *he aggravating (ir() stan(e o% igno iny is present in this (ase+ Where the a(()sed in (o itting the rape )sed not only the issionary position& i+e+ ale s)perior& %e ale in%erior #)t also the dog position as dogs do& i+e+ entry %ro #ehind& as !as proven li,e the (ri e itsel% in the instant (ase& the aggravating (ir() stan(e o% igno iny attended the (o ission thereo%+
People v+ .e 1)? an 4200357 It sho)ld #e ade (lear that the essen(e o% trea(hery is the s)dden and )ne:pe(ted atta(, on an )ns)spe(ting vi(ti !itho)t the slightest provo(ation on his part+ *his is even ore tr)e i% the assailant is an ad)lt and the vi(ti is a inor+ Minor (hildren& !ho #y reason o% their tender years& (annot #e e:pe(ted to p)t )p a de%ense+ *h)s& !hen an ad)lt person illegally atta(,s a inor& trea(hery e:ists+
People v+ Ca(hola 4200-57 'or igno iny to #e appre(iated& it is re>)ired that the o%%ense #e (o itted in a anner that tends to a,e its e%%e(t ore h) iliating& th)s adding to the vi(ti Ss oral s)%%ering+ Where the vi(ti !as already dead !hen his #ody or a part thereo% !as dis e #ered& igno iny (annot #e ta,en against the a(()sed+ In this (ase& the in%or ation states that Vi(torinoSs se:)al organ !as severed a%ter he !as shot and there is no allegation that it !as done to add igno iny to the nat)ral e%%e(ts o% the a(t+ We (annot& there%ore& (onsider igno iny as an aggravating (ir() stan(e+
13+ Igno iny

: : : It is a (ir() stan(e pertaining to the oral order& !hi(h adds disgra(e to the aterial in")ry (a)sed #y the (ri e+ *he eans e ployed or the (ir() stan(es #ro)ght a#o)t )st tend to a,e the e%%e(ts o% the (ri e : M<RE =$MILIA*IN1 or : *< P$* *=E <''EN.E. PAR*C *< S=AME+ Appli(a#le to (ri es against (hastity& rape& less serio)s physi(al in")ries& light or grave (oer(ion and )rder+
People v+ 0) idang 4200057 *he aggravating (ir() stan(e o% igno iny shall #e ta,en into a((o)nt i% eans are e ployed or (ir() stan(es #ro)ght a#o)t !hi(h add igno iny to the nat)ral e%%e(ts o% the o%%enseM or i% the (ri e !as (o itted in a anner that tends to a,e its e%%e(ts ore h) iliating to the vi(ti & that is& add to her oral s)%%ering+ It !as esta#lished that 0ali!ang )sed the %lashlight and e:a ined the genital o% 1loria #e%ore he ravished her+ =e (o itted his #estial deed in the presen(e o% 1loriaSs old %ather+ *hese %a(ts (learly sho! that 0ali!ang deli#erately !anted to %)rther h) iliate1loria&there#yaggravatingand (o po)nding her oral s)%%erings+ Igno iny !as appre(iated in a (ase !here a !o an !as raped in the presen(e o% her #etrothed& or o% her h)s#and& or !as ade to e:hi#it to the rapists her (o plete na,edness #e%ore they raped her+
16+ $nla!%)l Entry

: *here is )nla!%)l entry !hen an entran(e is e%%e(ted #y a !ay not intended %or the p)rpose+ $nla!%)l entry )st #e a eans to e%%e(t entran(e and not %or es(ape+ *here is no )nla!%)l entry !hen : the door is #ro,en and : therea%ter the a(()sed ade an entry thr) the #ro,en door+ : *he #rea,ing o% the door is (overed #y paragraph 1;+ $nla!%)l entry is : inherent in the (ri e o% trespass to d!elling and ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things : #)t aggravating in the (ri e o% ro##ery !ith violen(e against or inti idation o% persons+ :
: :
%a(ilitate the (o ission o% the (ri e to #e aggravating+ 8or other si ilar eans9 I the e:pression sho)ld #e )nderstood as re%erring to : M<*<RIQE. vehi(les or : other e%%i(ient eans o% transportation si ilar to a)to o#ile or airplane+
26
CRIMINAL LAW 1
21+ Cr)elty
Ele ents7 a+ *hat the in")ry (a)sed #e deli#erately in(reased #y (a)sing other !rongM #+ *hat the other !rong #e )nne(essary %or the e:e()tion o% the p)rpose o% the o%%ender+ : 'or it to e:ist& it )st #e sho!n that the a(()sed en"oyed and delighted in a,ing his vi(ti s)%%er+ I% the vi(ti !as already dead !hen the a(ts o% )tilation !ere #eing per%or ed& : this !o)ld also >)ali%y the ,illing to )rder d)e to o)traging o% his (orpse+
1;+ 0rea,ing Wall& 'loor& Roo%

: *o #e (onsidered as an AC& : #rea,ing the door )st #e )tili?ed : as a eans to the (o ission o% the (ri e+ It is only aggravating in (ases !here : the o%%ender resorted to any o% said eans *< EN*ER the ho)se+ : I% the !all& et(+ is #ro,en in order to get o)t o% the pla(e& it is not aggravating
Igno iny sho(,sthe oral (ons(ien(e o% an re%ers to the oral e%%e(t o% a (ri e and it pertains to the oral order& !hether or not the vi(ti is dead or alive
Cr)elty physi(al re%ers to the physi(al s)%%ering o% the vi(ti so he has to #e alive
20+ With Aid o% Persons $nder 1/M 0y Motor Vehi(le

With the aid o% persons )nder 1/ years o% age : *o repress& so %ar as possi#le& : the %re>)ent pra(ti(e resorted to #y pro%essional (ri inals : o% availing the selves o% inors o ta,ing advantage o% their la(, o% (ri inal responsi#ility o 4re e #er that inors are given lenien(y !hen they (o it a (ri e5
People v+ Catian 420025M Catian repeatedly stri,e Willy !ith a R(ha,oR on the head& (a)sing Willy to %all on his ,nees+ Cal)nod se(onded #y stri,ing the vi(ti !ith a pie(e o% !ood on the %a(e+ When Willy %inally (ollapsed& S) alpong pi(,ed hi )p& (arried hi over his sho)lder& and (arried Willy to a pla(e !here they #)rned Willy+ *he latterFs s,eletal re ains !ere dis(overed #y a (hild !ho !as past)ring his (o! near a pean)t plantation+ =eld7 *he (ir() stan(e o% (r)elty ay not #e (onsidered as there is no sho!ing that the vi(ti !as #)rned !hile he !as still alive+ 'or (r)elty to e:ist& there )st #e proo% sho!ing that the a(()sed delighted in a,ing their vi(ti s)%%er slo!ly and grad)ally& (a)sing hi )nne(essary physi(al and oral pain in the (ons) ation o% the (ri inal a(t+ No proo% !as presented that !o)ld sho! that a(()sedDappellantsdeli#eratelyand!antonly a)g ented the s)%%ering o% their vi(ti +
0y eans o% a otor vehi(le : *o (o)ntera(t the great %a(ilities %o)nd #y odern (ri inals in said eans to (o it (ri e and %lee and a#s(ond on(e the sa e is (o itted+ : *his (ir() stan(e is aggravating only !hen )sed in the (o ission o% the o%%ense+ : I% otor vehi(les are )sed only in the es(ape o% the o%%ender& it is not aggravating+ It )st have #een )sed to
People v+ 1)errero 4200257 Appellant %irst severed the vi(ti Ss head #e%ore his penis !as ()tDo%%+ *his #eing the se>)en(e o% events& (r)elty has to #e r)led o)t %or it (onnotes an a(t o% deli#erately and sadisti(ally a)g enting the !rong #y (a)sing another
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER !rong not ne(essary %or its (o ission& or inh) anely in(reasing the vi(ti Ss s)%%ering+ As testi%ied to #y .r+ Sanglay& and re%le(ted in her edi(al (erti%i(ate& Ernesto in %a(t died as a res)lt o% his head #eing severed+ No (r)elty is to #e appre(iated !here the a(t (onstit)ting the alleged (r)elty in the ,illing !as perpetrated !hen the vi(ti !as already dead+
1+ Relationship
4SA.0SA5 a+ Spo)se #+ As(endant (+ .es(endant d+ 0rother e+ Sister %+ Relative #y A%%inity
2;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
<ther Aggravating Cir() stan(es

1+ <rgani?ed or Syndi(ated Cri e 1ro)p 4Art+ 22& RPC5
: <rgani?ed or syndi(ated (ri e gro)p7 : A gro)p o% t!o or ore persons : (olla#orating&(on%ederatingor )t)ally helping one another : %or the p)rpose o% gain in the (o ission o% a (ri e+ : Spe(ial aggravating (ir() stan(e : *he a:i ) penalty shall #e i posed : i% the o%%ense !as (o itted #y any person : !ho #elongs to an organi?ed or syndi(ated (ri e gro)p+
A+ Where relationship is e:e pting : In the (ase o% an a((essory !ho is related to the prin(ipal !ithin the relationship pres(ri#ed in Arti(le 20M : Also in Arti(le 2-3& a spo)se does not in()r (ri inal lia#ility %or a (ri e o% less serio)s physi(al in")ries or serio)s physi(al in")ries i% this !as in%li(ted a%ter having s)rprised the o%%ended spo)se or para o)r or istress (o itting a(t)al se:)al inter(o)rse+ : *hose (o only given in Arti(le @@2 !hen the (ri e o% the%t& ali(io)s is(hie% and s!indling or esta%a+
2+ $se <% .r)gs

: $nder the .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 2002 4Se(+ 2/5 : not!ithstanding the provisions o% any la! to the (ontrary& : a positive %inding %or the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs shall #e7 : a>)ali%yingaggravating (ir() stan(e in the (o ission o% a (ri e #y an o%%ender& and the appli(ation o% the penalty provided %or in the Revised Penal Code shall #e appli(a#le+
V+ Alternative Cir() stan(es

4ASJE. *WICE IN 0AR EEAMS5 *=REE *CPES o% alternative (ir() stan(es7 1+ Relationship 2+ Into:i(ation @+ .egree o% ed)(ationAinstr)(tion IMP<R*AN* P<IN*7 Cir() stan(es !hi(h )st #e ta,en in (onsideration as aggravating or itigating a((ording to the nat)re and e%%e(ts o% the (ri e+
0+ Where relationship is aggravating : in CRIMES A1AINS* PERS<NS in (ases !here : the o%%ended party is a relative o% a higher degree than the o%%ender 4grandson ,ills grand%ather5& or : !hen the o%%ender and the o%%ended party are relatives o% the sa e level& as ,illing a #rother& a #rotherDinDla!& a hal%D#rother or adopted #rother+ : When CRIME A1AINS* PERS<NS is any o% the SERI<$S P=CSICAL INB$RIES 4Art+ 22@5& even i% the o%%ended party is a des(endant o% the o%%ender&relationshipis A11RAVA*IN1+ : 0)t the serio)s physi(al in")ries )st not #e in%li(ted #y a parent )pon his (hild #y e:(essive (hastise ent+ : When the (ri e is LESS SERI<$S P=CSICAL INB$RIES <R SLI1=* P=CSICAL INB$RIES : i% the o%%ended party is a relative o% a higher degree than the o%%ender : When (ri e against persons is =<MICI.E <R M$R.ER& : relationship is aggravating even i% the vi(ti o% the (ri e is a relative o% lo!er degree+ : In CRIMES A1AINS* C=AS*I*C& : relationship is al!ays aggravating : In the CRIME <' H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N&
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C hit on the nape o% the ne(, !hi(h (a)sed hi to %all to the gro)nd+ *hen Cesar ha(,ed hi again and this ti e& Virgilio !as hit on the right side o% the head+ Virgilio is the elder #rother o% Cesar+ =eld7 In order that the alternative (ir() stan(e o% relationship ay #e ta,en into (onsideration in the i position o% the proper penalty& the o%%ended party )st either #e the 4a5 spo)se& 4#5 as(endant& 4(5 des(endant& 4d5 legiti ate& nat)ral or adopted #rother or sister& or 4e5 relative #y a%%inity in the sa e degree& o% the o%%ender+ In the (ase at #ar& Cesar and Virgilio Mar(os are #rothers+ A(()sed li,e!ise de(lared that Virgilio is his #rother+ *he r)le is that relationship is aggravating in (ri es against persons as !hen the o%%ender and the o%%ended party are relatives o% the sa e level& s)(h as ,illing a #rother+
: the o%%ended !o an )st #e a virgin and less than 16 years old+ : 0)t i% the o%%ender is a #rother o% the o%%ended !o an or an as(endant o% the o%%ended !o an& V regardless o% !hether the !o an is o% #ad rep)tation& V even i% the !o an is 20 years old or ore& : (ri e is >)ali%ied sed)(tion+ In s)(h a (ase& relationship is >)ali%ying+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
C+ Where relationship is itigating : When the CRIME IS LESS SERI<$S P=CSICAL INB$RIES <R SLI1=* P=CSICAL INB$RIES : i% the o%%ended party is a relative o% a higher degree than the o%%ender : When (ri e against persons is =<MICI.E <R M$R.ER& : relationship is aggravating even i% the vi(ti o% the (ri e is a relative o% lo!er degree+ : In CRIMES A1AINS* C=AS*I*C& : relationship is al!ays aggravating : In the CRIME <' H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N& : the o%%ended !o an )st #e a virgin and less than 16 years old+ : 0)t i% the o%%ender is a #rother o% the o%%ended !o an or an as(endant o% the o%%ended !o an& V regardless o% !hether the !o an is o% #ad rep)tation& V even i% the !o an is 20 years old or ore& : (ri e is >)ali%ied sed)(tion+ In s)(h a (ase& relationship is >)ali%ying+ : When the CRIME IS LESS SERI<$S
2+ Into:i(ation
: It is only the (ir() stan(e o% into:i(ation !hi(h : i% not itigating& : is a)to ati(ally aggravating+
A+ When itigating 1+ *here )st #e an indi(ation that a+ #e(a)se o% the al(oholi( inta,e o% the o%%ender& #+ he is s)%%ering %ro di inished sel%D (ontrol+ (+ It is not the >)antity o% al(oholi( drin,+ d+ Rather it is the e%%e(t o% the al(ohol )pon the o%%ender !hi(h shall #e the #asis o% the itigating (ir() stan(e+ 2+ *hat o%%ender is a+ not a ha#it)al drin,er and #+ did not ta,e al(oholi( drin, !ith the intention to rein%or(e his resolve to (o it (ri e
People v+ Atop 41;;657 11DyearDold Regina lives !ith her grand other+ Atop is the (o onDla! h)s#and o% her grand other+ Atop !as %o)nd g)ilty o% - (o)nts o% rape !hi(h !as (o itted in 1;;@ 42:5& 1;;- and 1;;/+ *he lo!er (o)rt too, into a((o)nt the Aggravating Cir() stan(e o% relationship+ =eld7 *he la! (annot #e stret(hed to in(l)de persons atta(hed #y (o onDla! relations+ In this (ase& there is no #lood relationship or legal #ond that lin,s Atop to his vi(ti + People v+ Mar(os 4200157 Virgilio arrived at the ho)se o% the Mar(oses and pro(eeded to the artesian !ell lo(ated at the #a(, o% the ho)se+ Virgilio #ent do!n to p)t on the gro)nd the tools he !as (arrying+ Cesar then (a e o)t o% the ,it(hen door !ith a #olo in hand and s)ddenly ha(,ed Virgilio %ro #ehind+ Virgilio !as
0+ When Aggravating7 1+ I% into:i(ation is ha#it)al 2+ I% it is intentional to e #olden o%%ender to (o it (ri e

People v+ Ca ano 41;6257 A%ter the a(()sed had #een drin,ing li>)or& he sta##ed t!i(e the vi(ti Pas()a !ith a #olo !hile the latter !as !al,ing along the #arrio street+ A%ter ha(,ing and sta##ing to death the vi(ti & the a(()sed pro(eeded to the seashore and )pon %inding 0)ena%lor& ha(,ed the latter !ith the sa e #olo+ =eld7 Into:i(ation is itigating i% a((idental& not ha#it)al nor intentional& i+e+& not s)#se>)ent to the plan to (o it the (ri e+ It is aggravating i% ha#it)al or intentional+ *o #e itigating& it )st #e ind)#ita#ly proved+ A ha#it)al dr)n,ard is one given to into:i(ation #y e:(essive )se o% into:i(ating drin,s+ *he ha#it sho)ld #e a(t)al and (on%ir ed+ It is
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER )nne(essary that it #e a atter o% daily o(()rren(e+ Into:i(ation lessens the individ)al resistan(e to evil tho)ght and )nder ines !illDpo!er a,ing its vi(ti a potential evil doer+ In this (ase& the into:i(ation o% the appellant not #eing ha#it)al and (onsidering that the said appellant !as in a state o% into:i(ation at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the %elony& the alternative (ir() stan(e o% into:i(ation sho)ld #e (onsidered itigating+
Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN1 CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C eans are resorted to #y a p)#li( o%%i(er to trap and (at(h the (ri inal+ Not a #ar to the prose()tion and (onvi(tion o% the la!#rea,er+ (o it a (ri e and !o)ld arrest hi )pon or a%ter the (o ission o% the (ri e #y the latter+ *he a(()sed )st #e a(>)itted #e(a)se the o%%ender si ply a(ts as a tool o% the la! en%or(ers
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
@+ .egree o% Instr)(tionA Ed)(ation

: Re%ers to the la(, o% s)%%i(ient intelligen(e o% and ,no!ledge o% the %)ll signi%i(an(e o% oneFs a(t 0eing illiterate does not itigate lia#ility i% (ri e (o itted is one !hi(h one inherently )nderstands as !rong 4e+g+ parri(ide5 *o #e (onsidered itigating& degree o% instr)(tion )st have so e reasona#le (onne(tion to the o%%ense
EEAMPLE <' EN*RAPMEN*7 A& a govern ent antiDnar(oti(s agent& a(ted as a pose)r #)yer o% sha#) and negotiated !ith 0& a s)spe(ted dr)g p)sher !ho is )na!are that A is a poli(e o%%i(er+ A then paid 0 in ar,ed oney and the latter handed over a sa(het o% sha#)+ $pon signal& the (ops (losed in on 0
EEAMPLE <' INS*I1A*I<N7 A& leader o% an antiDnar(oti(s tea & approa(hed and pers)aded 0 to a(t as a #)yer o% sha#) and transa(t !ith C& a s)spe(ted p)sher+ 0 !as given ar,ed oney to pay C %or a sa(het o% sha#)+ A%ter the sale !as (ons) ated& the (ops (losed in and arrested #oth 0 and C+
VI+ A#sol)tory Ca)ses

*here are '<$R *CPES o% a#sol)tory (ir() stan(es7 1+ 2+ @+ -+ Instigation Pardon <ther A#sol)tory Ca)ses A(ts not (overed #y la! and in (ase o% e:(essive p)nish ent 4Art+ /5 People v+ Pa(is 4200257 Cap& an N0I agent& re(eived in%or ation that a Pa(is !as o%%ering to sell W ,g o% Rsha#)+R A #)yD#)st operation !as approved+ *he in%or ant introd)(ed Cap to Pa(is as an interested #)yer+ *hey negotiated the sale o% W ,g o% sha#)+ Pa(is handed to Cap a paper #ag !ith the ar,ings RCello! Ca#R+ While e:a ining it& Pa(is as,ed %or the pay ent+ Cap gave the R#oodle oneyR to Pa(is+ $pon Pa(isSs re(eipt o% the pay ent& the o%%i(ers identi%ied the selves as N0I agents and arrested hi + =eld7 *he operation that led to the arrest o% appellant !as an entrap ent& not instigation+ In entrap ent& !ays and eans are resorted to %or the p)rpose o% trapping and (apt)ring la!#rea,ers in the e:e()tion o% their (ri inal plan+ In instigation& instigators pra(ti(ally ind)(e the !o)ldD#e de%endant into the (o ission o% the o%%ense and #e(o e (oDprin(ipals the selves+ Entrap ent is san(tioned #y la! as a legiti ate ethod o% apprehending (ri inal ele ents engaged in the sale and distri#)tion o% illegal dr)gs+
IMP<R*AN* P<IN*S7 A(ts not (overed #y la! and in (ase o% e:(essive p)nish ent 4art+ /5 A#sol)tory (a)ses are those !here the a(t (o itted is a (ri e #)t %or reasons o% p)#li( poli(y and senti ent there is no penalty i posed+
1+ Entrap ent and Instigation

Entrap ent Ways and eans are resorted to %or the p)rpose o% trapping and (apt)ring the la!#rea,er in the e:e()tion o% his (ri inal plan *he eans originate %ro the ind o% the (ri inal+ Instigation *he instigator pra(ti(ally ind)(es the !o)ldD#e a(()sed into the (o ission o% the o%%ense and hi sel% #e(o es a (oDprin(ipal+ *he la! en%or(er (on(eives the (o ission o% the (ri e and s)ggests to the a(()sed !ho (arries it into e:e()tion+ A p)#li( o%%i(er or a private dete(tive ind)(es an inno(ent person to $S v+ Phelps 41;1057 Phelps !as (harged and %o)nd g)ilty %or violating the <pi) La! 4A(t No+ 13215+ Phelps !as ind)(ed #y S ith& an e ployee o% the 0)rea) o% Internal Reven)e& into pro()ring opi) & providing %or a ven)e and a,ing arrange ents %or the t!o o% the to s o,e opi) + =eld7 S ith not only s)ggested the (o ission o% the (ri e #)t also e:pressed his desire to (o it the o%%ense in paying the a o)nt re>)ired %or the arrange ents+ S)(h a(ts done #y e ployees o% govern ent in en(o)raging or ind)(ing persons to (o it a (ri e in order to prose()te the are ost reprehensi#le+
A person has planned or is a#o)t to (o it a (ri e and !ays and
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *his is an instan(e o% instigation !here S ith& the instigator 4!ho is either a p)#li( o%%i(er or a private dete(tive5 pra(ti(ally ind)(es the !o)ldD#e a(()sed into the (o ission o% the o%%ense+ People v+ L)a Ch) and $y Se *ieng 41;@157 B)an Sa son s oothed the !ay %or the introd)(tion o% prohi#ited dr)gs& #)t only a%ter the a(()sed $y Se *ieng had already planned its i portation and ordered said dr)g+ =eld7 Entrap ent is not a (ase !here an inno(ent
@+ <ther A#sol)tory Ca)ses

a+ Spontaneo)s desistan(e #+Light %elonies not (ons) ated (+ A((essories in light %elonies d+A((essories e:e pt )nder Arti(le 20 e+ *respass to d!elling to prevent serio)s har to sel% %+ e:e ption %ro (ri inal lia#ility in (ri es against property g+ $nder Arti(le @@2& e:e ptions %ro (ri inal lia#ility %or (ases o% the%t& s!indling and ali(io)s is(hie%+ *here !o)ld only #e (ivil lia#ility+ h+ .eath )nder e:(eptional (ir() stan(es 4Art+ 2-35 i+ $nder Arti(le 21;& dis(overing se(rets thro)gh sei?)re o% (orresponden(e o% the !ard #y their g)ardian is not penali?ed+ "+ Ways on ho! (ri inal lia#ility is e:ting)ished )nder Art 6;+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
person is ind)(ed to (o it a (ri e erely to prose()te hi & #)t it si ply a trap set to (at(h a (ri inal+ Entrap ent D Entrapping persons into (ri e %or the p)rpose o% instit)ting (ri inal prose()tions+ It is a s(he e or te(hni>)e ens)ring the apprehension o% the (ri inals #y #eing in the a(t)al (ri e s(ene+ *he la! o%%i(ers shall not #e g)ilty to the (ri e i% they have done the %ollo!ing7 a+ =e does not ind)(e a person to (o it a (ri e %or personal gain or is not involved in the planning o% the (ri e+ #+ .oes ta,e the ne(essary steps to sei?e the instr) ent o% the (ri e and to arrest the o%%enders #e%ore he o#tained the pro%its in ind+
-+ A(ts Not Covered 0y La! And In Case <% E:(essive P)nish ent
Arti(le / (overs t!o sit)ations7 a+ *he (o)rt (annot (onvi(t the a(()sed #e(a)se the a(ts do not (onstit)te a (ri e+ *he proper ")dg ent is a(>)ittal& #)t the (o)rt is andated to report to the Chie% E:e()tive that said a(t #e ade s)#"e(t o% penal legislation and !hy+ #+ Where the (o)rt %inds the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (ri e too harsh (onsidering the (onditions s)rro)nding the (o ission o% the (ri e& the ")dge sho)ld i pose the la! the ")dge sho)ld i pose the la!+ *he ost that he (o)ld do is re(o end to the Chie% E:e()tive to grant e:e()tive (le en(y+
Instigation D *he involve ent o% a la! o%%i(er in the (ri e itsel% in the %ollo!ing anner7 a+ =e ind)(es a person to (o it a (ri e %or personal gain+ #+ .oesnFt ta,e the ne(essary steps to sei?e the instr) ent o% the (ri e K to arrest the o%%enders #e%ore he o#tained the pro%its in ind+ (+ =e o#tained the pro%its in ind even thro)gh a%ter!ards does ta,e the ne(essary steps sei?e the instr) ent o% the (ri e and to arrest the o%%enders+
People v+ Venera(ion 41;;/57 *he a(()sed !as %o)nd g)ilty o% the (ri e o% Rape !ith =o i(ide+ *he instant petition raised the iss)e o% !hether or not the respondent ")dge a(ted !ith grave a#)se o% dis(retion !hen he %ailed or re%)sed to i pose the andatory penalty o% death )nder RA 32/;+ =eld7 *he la! plainly and )ne>)ivo(ally provides that 8!hen #y reason or on the o((asion o% rape& a ho i(ide is (o itted& the penalty shall #e death+ Co)rts are not (on(erned !ith !isdo & e%%i(a(y or orality o% la!+ *he dis(o %ort %a(ed #y those %or(ed #y la! to i pose death penalty is an an(ient one& #)t it is a atter )pon !hi(h ")dges have no (hoi(e+ *he R)les o% Co)rt andates that a%ter an ad")di(ation o% g)ilt& the ")dges sho)ld i pose the proper penalty and (ivil lia#ility provided %or #y the la! on the a(()sed+
2+ Pardon
1eneral r)le7 Pardon does not e:ting)ish (ri inal a(tion 4Art 2@5+ E:(eption7 Pardon #y arriage #et!een the a(()sed and the o%%ended party in (ases o% SE.$C*I<N& A0.$C*I<N& RAPE AN. AC*S <' LASCIVI<$SNESS 4Art @--5+
VII+ E:ten)ating Cir() stan(es

: Cir() stan(es !hi(h itigate the (ri inal lia#ility o% the o%%ender #)t not %o)nd in Arti(le 1@
3@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Ill)stration7 A ,lepto ania( is (ri inally lia#le+ 0)t he !o)ld #e given the #ene%it o% a itigating (ir() stan(e analogo)s to paragraph ; o% Arti(le 1@& that o% s)%%ering %ro an illness !hi(h di inishes the e:er(ise o% his !ill poser !itho)t& ho!ever& depriving hi o% the (ons(io)sness o% his a(t+ An )n!ed other ,illed her (hild in order to (on(eal a dishonor+ *he (on(eal ent o% dishonor is an e:ten)ating (ir() stan(e inso%ar as the )n!ed other or the aternal grandparents are (on(erned& #)t not inso%ar as the %ather o% the (hild is (on(erned+ Mother ,illing her ne! #orn (hild to (on(eal her dishonor& penalty is lo!ered #y t!o degrees+ Sin(e there is a aterial lo!ering o% the penalty or itigating the penalty& this is an e:ten)ating (ir() stan(e+
Chapter V+ PERS<NS CRIMINALLC LIA0ILE
Chapter V+ Persons Cri inally Lia#le

$nder the Revised Penal Code& !hen ore than one person parti(ipated in the (o ission o% the (ri e& the la! loo,s into their parti(ipation #e(a)se in p)nishing o%%enders& the Revised Penal Code (lassi%ies the as7 I+ PRINCIPAL II+ ACC<MPLICE III+ ACCESS<RC
there is no #asis %or (ri inal lia#ility #e(a)sethereisno(ri inal parti(ipation+
3CRIMINAL LAW 1
0+ 0y Ind)(e ent
a+ Ind)(e ent )st #e strong eno)gh that the person ind)(ed (o)ld not resist+ : *his is tanta o)nt to an irresisti#le %or(e (o pelling the person ind)(ed to (arry o)t the (ri e+ : IllDadvised lang)age is not eno)gh )nless he !ho ade s)(h re ar, or advi(e is a (oD(onspirator in the (ri e (o itted+ #+ When does a prin(ipal #y ind)(tion #e(o e lia#le7 : *he prin(ipal #y ind)(tion #e(o es lia#le only !hen the prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation (o itted the a(t ind)(ed+ (+ What are the e%%e(ts o% a(>)ittal o% prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation )pon the lia#ility o% prin(ipal #y ind)(e ent7 : Conspira(y is negated #y the a(>)ittal o% (oDde%endant+ : <ne (annot #e held g)ilty o% having instigated the (o ission o% a (ri e !itho)t proo% that the (ri e had #een a(t)ally (o itted #y another+
*his (lassi%i(ation is tr)e only )nder the Revised Penal Code and is not applied )nder spe(ial la!s& #e(a)se the penalties )nder the latter are never grad)ated+ .o not )se the ter 8prin(ipal9 !hen the (ri e (o itted is a violation o% spe(ial la! 4)se the ter 8o%%enderAs& ()lpritAs& a(()sed5 As to the lia#ility o% the parti(ipants in the grave& less grave or light %elony7 : When the %elony is grave& or less grave& all parti(ipants are (ri inally lia#le+ : 0)t !hen the %elony is only light& only the prin(ipal and the a((o pli(e are lia#le+ *he a((essory is not+ : *here%ore& it is only !hen the light %elony is against persons or property that (ri inal lia#ility atta(hes to the prin(ipal or a((o pli(e& even tho)gh the %elony is only atte pted or %r)strated& #)t a((essories are not lia#le %or light %elonies+
I+
Prin(ipals
A+ 0y .ire(t Parti(ipation 0+ 0y Ind)(e ent C+ 0y Indispensa#le Cooperation A+ 0y .ire(t Parti(ipation

1+ *hose !ho are lia#le7 : aterially e:e()te the (ri eM : appear at the s(ene o% the (ri eM : per%or a(ts ne(essary in (o ission o% the o%%ense+ 2+ Why one !ho does not appear at the s(ene o% the (ri e is not lia#le7 : hisnonDappearan(eisdee ed desistan(e !hi(h is %avored and en(o)raged+ : (onspira(y is generally not a (ri e )nless the la! spe(i%i(ally provides a penalty there%ore+
Ill)strations7 15 While in the (o)rse o% a >)arrel& a person sho)ted to A& 8Jill hi X Jill hi X9 A ,illed the other person+ Is the person !ho sho)ted (ri inally lia#leN Is that ind)(e entN No+ *he sho)ting )st #e an irresisti#le %or(e %or the one sho)ting to #e lia#le+ 25 *here !as a >)arrel #et!een t!o %a ilies+ <ne o% the sons o% %a ily A (a e o)t !ith a shotg)n+ =is other then sho)ted& 8ShootX9 =e shot and ,illed so eone+ Is the other lia#leN No+
People v+ Valderra a 41;;@57

Ernesto sho)ted to his yo)nger #rother <s(ar& 80irahin o na& #irahin o naX9 <s(ar sta##ed the vi(ti + It !as held that there !as no (onspira(y+ Boint or si )ltaneo)s a(tion per se is not indi(ia o% (onspira(y !itho)t sho!ing o% (o on design+ <s(ar has no ran(or !ith the vi(ti %or hi to ,ill the latter+ Considering that Ernesto had great oral as(endan(y and in%l)en(e over <s(ar& #eing )(h older 4@/ years old5 than the latter& !ho !as 16 years old& and it !as Ernesto !ho provided his allo!an(e& (lothing as !ell as %ood and shelter& Ernesto is prin(ipal #y ind)(e ent+
the
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER People v+ Agapinay 41;;057 *he one !ho )ttered 8,ill hi & !e !ill #)ry hi 9 !hile the %elonio)s aggression !as ta,ing pla(e (annot #e held lia#le as prin(ipal #y ind)(e ent+ $tteran(e !as said in the e:(ite ent o% the ho)r& not a (o and to #e o#eyed+ People v+ Madall 41;;057 *he son !as a)led+ *he %a ily !as not in good ter s !ith their neigh#ors+ *he %ather (hallenged every#ody and !hen the neigh#ors approa(hed& he !ent ho e to get a ri%le+ *he sho)ts o% his !i%e 8here (o es another& shoot hi 9 (annot a,e the !i%e a prin(ipal #y ind)(e ent+ It is not the deter ining (a)se o% the (ri e in the a#sen(e o% proo% that the !ords had great in%l)en(e over the h)s#and+ Neither is the !i%eFs a(t o% #ea ing the vi(ti !ith a %lashlight indispensa#le to the ,illing+ She assisted her h)s#and in ta,ing good ai & #)t s)(h assistan(e erely %a(ilitated the %elonio)s a(t o% shooting+ Considering that it !as not so dar, and the h)s#and (o)ld have a((o plished the deed !itho)t his !i%eFs help& and (onsidering %)rther that do)#ts )st #e resolved in %avor o% the a(()sed& the lia#ility o% the !i%e is only that o% an a((o pli(e+
is not in (onspira(y !ith the prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation+

A((o pli(e *hey ,no! and agree !ith the (ri inal design A((o pli(es (o e to ,no! a#o)t it a%ter the prin(ipals have rea(hed the de(ision and only then do they agree to (ooperate in its e:e()tion A((o pli(es erely assent to the plan and (ooperate in its a((o plish ent A((o pli(es are erely instr) ents !ho per%or a(ts not essential to the perpetration o% the o%%ense+
3/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Conspirator *hey ,no! o% and "oin in the (ri inal design Conspirators ,no! the (ri inal intention #e(a)se they the selves have de(ided )pon s)(h (o)rse o% a(tion Conspirators de(ide that a (ri e sho)ld #e (o itted
Conspirators are the a)thors o% a (ri e
C+ Re>)isites7
: *hat there #e (o )nity o% designM that is& ,no!ing the (ri inal design o% the prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation& he (on()rs !ith the latter in his p)rposeM : *hat he (ooperates in the e:e()tion o% the o%%ense #y previo)s or si )ltaneo)s a(ts& !ith the intention o% s)pplying aterial or oral aid in the e:e()tion o% the (ri e in an e%%i(a(io)s !ayM and : *hat there #e a relation #et!een the a(ts done #y the prin(ipal and those attri#)ted to the person (harged as a((o pli(e+
C+ 0y Indispensa#le Cooperation
: *he %o()s is not ")st on parti(ipation #)t on the i portan(e o% parti(ipation in (o itting the (ri e+ *he #asis is the i portan(e o% the (ooperation to the (ons) ation o% the (ri e+ : I% the (ri e (o)ld hardly #e (o itted !itho)t s)(h (ooperation& then s)(h (ooperator !o)ld #e a prin(ipal+ : I% the (ooperation erely %a(ilitated or hastened the (ons) ation o% the (ri e& the (ooperator is erely an a((o pli(e+ In (ase o% do)#t& %avor the lesser penalty or lia#ility+ Apply the do(trine o% pro reo+
Prin(ipal #y Cooperation Cooperation is indispensa#le to the (o ission o% the a(t
A((o pli(e Cooperation is not indispensa#le to the (o ission o% the a(t
III+ A((essories
A+ When a((essories are not (ri inally lia#le7
1+ When the %elony (o itted is a light %elony 2+ When the a((essory is related to the prin(ipal as i+ spo)se ii+ as(endant& or des(endant& or iii+ #rother or sister !hether legiti ate& or nat)ral or adopted or iv+ !here the a((essory is a relative #y a%%inity !ithin the sa e degree& : )nless the a((essory hi sel% pro%ited %ro the e%%e(ts or pro(eeds o% the (ri e or assisted the o%%ender to pro%it there%ro +
II+ A((o pli(es

A+ When is one a((o pli(e7
: :
regarded
as
an
.eter ine i% there is a (onspira(y+ I% there is& as a general r)le& the (ri inal lia#ility o% all !ill #e the sa e& #e(a)se the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all+
0+ What are the a((o pli(e7

:
other
traits
o%
an
does not have previo)s agree ent or )nderstandingM or
0+ When one (annot #e an a((essory7

: : he does not ,no! the (o ission o% the (ri e he parti(ipated in the (ri e as a prin(ipal or an a((o pli(e
C+ When an a((essory is e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility7

4ASJE. - *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 : When the prin(ipal is his7 : spo)se& : as(endant : des(endant : legiti ate& nat)ral or adopted #rother& sister or relative #y a%%inity !ithin the sa e degree+
Note7 Even i% only t!o o% the prin(ipals g)ilty o% )rder are the #rothers o% the a((essory and the others are not related to hi & s)(h a((essory is e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility+
.+ When an a((essory is N<* e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility even i% the prin(ipal is related to hi 7
: I% s)(h a((essory : pro%ited %ro the e%%e(ts o% the (ri e& or : assisted the o%%ender to pro%it #y the e%%e(ts o% the (ri e
E+ <ther instan(es !hen one #e(o es an a((essory7

1+ 2+ @+ -+ /+ a((essory as a %en(e a(>)iring the e%%e(ts o% pira(y or #rigandage destroying the (orp)s deli(ti har#oring or (on(ealing an o%%ender !hether the a((o pli(e and the a((essory ay #e tried and (onvi(ted even #e%ore the prin(ipal is %o)nd g)ilty
2+ A(>)iring the e%%e(ts o% pira(y or #rigandage7 Presidential .e(ree /@2 4AntiDpira(y and =igh!ay Ro##ery la! o% 1;3-5 : I% the (ri e !as pira(y or #rigandage )nder P. /@2& said a(t (onstit)tes the (ri e o% a#etting pira(y or a#etting #rigandage as the (ase ay #e& altho)gh the penalty is that o% an a((o pli(e& not ")st an a((essory& to the pira(y or the #rigandage+ : Se(tion - o% P. /@2 provides that any person !ho ,no!ingly and in any anner a(>)ires or re(eives property ta,en #y s)(h pirates or #rigands or in any anner derives #ene%it there%ro & shall #e (onsidered as an a((o pli(e o% the prin(ipal o%%enders in a((ordan(e !ith the R)les pres(ri#ed #y the Revised Penal Code+ : It shall #e pres) ed that any person !ho does any a(ts provided in this se(tion has per%or ed the ,no!ingly& )nless the (ontrary is proven+ : Altho)gh Rep)#li( A(t 32/;& in a ending Arti(le 122 o% the Revised Penal Code& in(orporated therein the (ri e o% pira(y in Philippine territorial !aters and th)s (orrespondingly s)perseding P. /@2 se(tion - o% said .e(ree& !hi(h p)nishes said a(ts as a (ri e o% a#etting pira(y or #rigandage& still stands as it has not #een repla(ed or odi%ied& and is not in(onsistent !ith any provision o% RA 32/;+
32
CRIMINAL LAW 1
1+ A((essory as a %en(e7 Presidential .e(ree No+ 1212 4AntiD'en(ing La!5 : <ne !ho ,no!ingly pro%its or assists the prin(ipal to pro%it #y the e%%e(ts o% ro##ery or the%t 4i+e+ a %en(e5 is not ")st an a((essory to the (ri e& #)t prin(ipally lia#le %or %en(ing : *he penalty is higher than that o% a ere a((essory to the (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t+ : Mere possession o% any arti(le o% val)e !hi(h has #een the s)#"e(t o% ro##ery or the%t #rings a#o)t the pres) ption o% 8%en(ing9+ : Presidential .e(ree No+ 1212 has& there%ore& odi%ied Arti(le 1; o% the Revised penal Code+
@+ .estroying the Corp)s .eli(ti : When the (ri e is ro##ery or the%t& !ith respe(t to the third involve ent o% the a((essory& do not overloo, the p)rpose !hi(h )st #e to prevent dis(overy o% the (ri e+ : *he (orp)s deli(ti is not the #ody o% the person !ho is ,illed+ : Even i% the (orpse is not re(overed& as long as that ,illing is esta#lished #eyond reasona#le do)#t& (ri inal lia#ility !ill arise+ : I% there is so eone !ho destroys the (orp)s deli(ti to prevent dis(overy&he#e(o esan a((essory+
-+ =ar#oring or Con(ealing an <%%ender : In the %o)rth %or or anner o% #e(o ing an a((essory& ta,e note that the la! disting)ishes #et!een7
ap)#li(o%%i(erhar#oring& (on(ealing or assisting the prin(ipal to es(ape& and a private (iti?en or (ivilian har#oring& (on(ealing or assisting the prin(ipal to es(ape+
Civilian *he nat)re o% the (ri e is aterial 'or hi to #e(o e an a((essory& the prin(ipal )st have (o itted the (ri e o% treason& parri(ide& )rder or atte pt on the li%e o% the Chie% E:e()tive
P)#li( <%%i(er *he nat)re o% the (ri e is i aterial What is aterial is that he )sed his p)#li( %)n(tion in assisting the es(ape
Ill)stration7 a+ Cri e (o itted is ,idnapping %or ranso o% his e ployer+ Prin(ipal !as #eing (hased #y poli(e+ #+ =is a)nt hid hi in the (eiling o% her ho)se and she told the soldiers that her nephe! had never visited her+ When the soldiers le%t& the a)nt even gave oney to her nephe! %or the latter to go to the provin(e+ (+ Is the a)nt (ri inally lia#leN No+ Arti(le 20 does not in(l)de an a)nt+ =o!ever& this is not the reason+ d+ *he prin(ipal )st have (o itted either treason& parri(ide& )rder& or atte pt on the li%e o% the Chie% E:e()tive& or that the prin(ipal is ,no!n to #e ha#it)ally g)ilty o% so e other (ri e& e+ %or a person !ho is not a p)#li( o%%i(er and !ho assists an o%%ender to es(ape or other!ise har#ors& or (on(eals s)(h o%%ender& to #e (ri inally lia#le+ %+ In this (ase& the (ri e (o itted !as ,idnapping+
the latter is a(>)itted& the a((o pli(e and the a((essory shall not #e (ri inally lia#le& )nless the a(>)ittal is #ased on a de%ense !hi(h is personal only to the prin(ipal+ : =o!ever& it is not al!ays tr)e that the a((o pli(e and the a((essory (annot #e (ri inally lia#le !itho)t the prin(ipal #eing %irst (onvi(ted+ : $nder R)le 110 o% the Revised R)les on Cri inal Pro(ed)re& it is re>)ired that all those involved in the (o ission o% the (ri e )st #e in(l)ded in the in%or ation that ay #e %iled+ *he lia#ility o% the a(()sed !ill depend on the >)ant) o% eviden(e add)(ed #y the prose()tion against the parti()lar a(()sed #)t the prose()tion )st initiate the pro(eedings against the prin(ipal+ Even i% the prin(ipal is (onvi(ted& i% the eviden(e presented against a s)pposed a((o pli(e or a((essory does not eet the re>)ired proo% #eyond reasona#le do)#t& then said a(()sed !ill #e a(>)itted+ So the (ri inal lia#ility o% an a((o pli(e or a((essory does not depend on the (ri inal lia#ility o% the prin(ipal #)t depends on the >)ant) o% eviden(e+ 0)t i% the eviden(e sho!s that the a(t done does not (onstit)te a (ri e and the prin(ipal is a(>)itted& then the s)pposed a((o pli(e and a((essory sho)ld also #e a(>)itted+ I% there is no (ri e& then there is no (ri inal lia#ility& !hether prin(ipal& a((o pli(e or a((essory+
33
CRIMINAL LAW 1
In the pre(eding ill)stration& the a)nt is not (ri inally lia#le )nder the Revised Penal Code #e(a)se the (ri e is ,idnapping& #)t she (an #e held lia#le )nder P. 162;+
P. 162; 4Also Jno!n as the La! Penali?ing 8<#str)(tion o% B)sti(e95 *here is no spe(i%i(ation o% the (ri e to #e (o itted #y the o%%ender in order that (ri inal lia#ility #e in()rred *he o%%ender need not even #e the prin(ipal or need not #e (onvi(ted o% the (ri e (harged An o%%ender o% any (ri e is no longer an a((essory #)t is si ply an o%%ender !itho)t regard to the (ri e o% the person assisted to es(ape
Revised Penal Code
Spe(i%ies the (ri es that sho)ld #e (o itted in (ase a (ivilian aids in the es(ape *he o%%ender is the prin(ipal or )st #e (onvi(ted o% the (ri e (harged *he one !ho har#ored or (on(ealed an o%%ender is still an a((essory
*aer v+ CA 41;;057 A(()sed re(eived %ro his (oDa(()sed t!o stolen ale (ara#aos+ Conspira(y !as not proven+ *aer !as held lia#le as an a((essory in the (ri e o% (attleDr)stling )nder P. /@@+ *aer sho)ld have #een lia#le as prin(ipal %or violation o% the AntiD 'en(ing La! sin(e (attleDr)stling is a %or o% the%t or ro##ery o% large (attle& e:(ept that he !as not (harged !ith %en(ing+ Enrile v+ A in 41;;057 A person (harged !ith re#ellion sho)ld not #e separately (harged )nder P. 162;+ *he theory o% a#sorption )st not (on%ine itsel% to (o on (ri es #)t also to o%%enses p)nished )nder spe(ial la!s !hi(h are perpetrated in %)rtheran(e o% the politi(al o%%ense+
/+ Whether the a((o pli(e and the a((essory ay #e tried and (onvi(ted even #e%ore the prin(ipal is %o)nd g)ilty : *here is an earlier S)pre e Co)rt r)ling that the a((essory and a((o pli(e )st #e (harged together !ith the prin(ipalM i%
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES
Chapter VI+ Penalties

*his Se(tion dis()sses the %ollo!ing7 I+ 1ENERAL PRINCIPLES II+ PENAL*IES W=IC= MAC 0E IMP<SE. III+ SPECI'IC PRINCIPAL AN. ACCESS<RC PENAL*IES IV+ ACCESS<RC PENAL*IES V+ MEAS$RES N<* C<NSI.ERE. PENAL*C VI+ APPLICA*I<N AN. C<MP$*A*I<N <' PENAL*IES VII+ SPECIAL R$LES '<R CER*AIN SI*$A*I<NS VIII+ *=E IN.E*ERMINA*E SEN*ENCE LAW IE+ EEEC$*I<N AN. SERVICE <' PENAL*IES
@+ S<CIAL .E'ENSE I sho!n #y its in%le:i#le severitytore(idivistandha#it)al delin>)ents+
36
CRIMINAL LAW 1
I+
1eneral Prin(iples
Art+ 21+ Penalties that ay #e i posed+ P No %elony shall #e p)nisha#le #y any penalty not pres(ri#ed #y la! prior to its (o ission+
Penalty is the s)%%ering that is in%li(ted #y the State %or the transgression o% a la!+ .i%%erent B)ridi(al Conditions o% Penalty7 1+ M)st #e PR<.$C*IVE <' S$''ERIN1& !itho)t a%%e(ting the integrity o% the h) an personality+ 2+ M)st #e C<MMENS$RA*E to the o%%ense I di%%erent (ri es )st #e p)nished !ith di%%erent penalties+ @+ M)st #e PERS<NAL I no one sho)ld #e p)nished %or the (ri e o% another+ -+ M)st #e LE1AL I it is the (onse>)en(e o% a ")dg ent a((ording to la!+ /+ M)st #e CER*AIN I no one ay es(ape its e%%e(ts+ 2+ M)st #e EH$AL %or all+ 3+ M)st #e C<RREC*I<NAL+
*his arti(le prohi#its the 1overn ent %ro p)nishing any person %or any %elony !ith any penalty !hi(h has not #een pres(ri#ed #y the la!+ It has no appli(ation to any o% the provisions o% the RPC %or the reason that %or every %elony de%ined in the Code& a penalty has #een pres(ri#ed+ REAS<N7 An a(t or o ission (annot #e p)nished #y the State i% at the ti e it !as (o itted there !as no la! prohi#iting it& #e(a)se a la! (annot #e rationally o#eyed )nless it is %irst sho!n& and a an (annot #e e:pe(ted to o#ey an order that has not #een given+
<*=ER C<NS*I*$*I<NAL PR<=I0I*I<NS
*heories ")sti%ying penalty7 1+ PREVEN*I<N I to s)ppress danger to the State 2+ SEL'D.E'ENSE I to prote(t the so(iety %ro the threat and !rong in%li(ted #y the (ri inal+ @+ RE'<RMA*I<N I to (orre(t and re%or the o%%ender+ -+ EEEMPLARI*C I to serve as an e:a ple to deter others %ro (o itting (ri es+ /+ B$S*ICE I %or retri#)tive ")sti(e& a vindi(ation o% a#sol)te right and oral la! violated #y the (ri inal+
1;63 C<NS*I*$*I<N Se(tion 16+ 415 No person shall #e detained solely #y reason o% his politi(al #elie%s and aspirations+ 425 No invol)ntary servit)de in any %or shall e:ist e:(ept as a p)nish ent %or a (ri e !hereo% the party shall have #een d)ly (onvi(ted+ Se(tion 1;+ 415 E:(essive %ines shall not #e i posed& nor (r)el& degrading or inh) an p)nish ent in%li(ted+ Neither shall death penalty #e i posed& )nless& %or (o pelling reasons involving heino)s (ri es& the Congress herea%ter provides %or it+ Any death penalty already i posed shall #e red)(ed to re(l)sion perpet)a+ Se(tion 20+ No person shall #e i prisoned %or de#t or nonDpay ent o% a poll ta:+ Se(tion 22+ No e: post %a(to la! or #ill o% attainder shall #e ena(ted+
P)rpose o% penalty )nder the RPC7 1+ RE*RI0$*I<N <R EEPIA*I<N I the penalty is (o ens)rate !ith the gravity o% the o%%ense+ It per its so(iety to e:a(t proportionate revenge& and the o%%ender to atone %or his !rongs+ 2+ C<RREC*I<N <R RE'<RMA*I<N I as sho!n #y the r)les !hi(h reg)late the e:e()tion o% the penalties (onsisting in deprivation o% li#erty+
II+ Penalties Whi(h May 0e I posed

Art+ 2/+ Penalties !hi(h ay #e i posed+ *he penalties !hi(h ay #e i posed a((ording to this Code& and their di%%erent (lasses& are those in(l)ded in the %ollo!ing7
A+ S(ale o% Prin(ipal Penalties

1+ Capital p)nish ent7 : .eath+ 2+ A%%li(tive penalties7 : Re(l)sion perpet)a& : Re(l)sion te poral& : Perpet)alorte porary dis>)ali%i(ation& : Perpet)alorte porary dis>)ali%i(ation& : Prision ayor+ @+ Corre(tional penalties7 : Prision (orre((ional& : Arresto ayor& : S)spension& : .estierro+ -+ Light penalties7 : Arresto enor& : P)#li( (ens)re+ /+ Penalties (o on to the three pre(eding (lasses7 : 'ine& and : 0ondto,eepthepea(e+
Indivisi#le : those !hi(h have no %i:ed d)ration7 : .eath : Re(l)sion perpet)a : Perpet)al a#sol)te or spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation : P)#li( (ens)re
3;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
a#sol)te spe(ial
2+ A((ording to s)#"e(tD atter : Corporal 4death5 : .eprivation o% %reedo 4re(l)sion& prision& arresto5 : Restri(tion o% %reedo 4destierro5 : .eprivation o% rights 4dis>)ali%i(ation and s)spension5 : Pe()niary 4%ine5 @+ A((ording to their gravity : Capital : A%%li(tive : Corre(tional : Light Note7 P)#li( (ens)re is a penalty& : *h)s& it is not proper in a(>)ittal+ : =o!ever& the Co)rt in a(>)itting the a(()sed ay (riti(i?e his a(ts or (ond)(t+ Penalties that are either prin(ipal or a((essory7 : Perpet)alorte porarya#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation& : Perpet)alorte poraryspe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation& and : S)spension : ay #e prin(ipal or a((essory penalties& #e(a)se they %or ed in the 2 general (lasses+ 4As,ed @ ti es in the 0ar E:a s5
0+ S(ale o% A((essory Penalties

1+ Perpet)alorte porarya#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation& 2+ Perpet)alorte poraryspe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation& @+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& the right to vote and #e voted %or& the pro%ession or (alling+ -+ Civil interdi(tion& /+ Inde ni%i(ation& 2+ 'or%eit)re or (on%is(ation o% instr) ents and pro(eeds o% the o%%ense& 3+ Pay ent o% (osts
III+ Spe(i%i( Prin(ipal Penalties

C+ Ma"or Classi%i(ation
4As,ed @ ti es in the 0ar E:a s5 : PRINCIPAL PENAL*IES I those e:pressly i posed #y the (o)rt in the ")dg ent o% (onvi(tion+ ACCESS<RC PENAL*IES I those that are dee ed in(l)ded in the i position o% the prin(ipal penalties+
and
A((essory
A+ Capital P)nish ent7 .eath Penalty

: RA ;@-2 or 8An A(t Prohi#iting the I position o% .eath Penalty in the Philippines9 : e:pressly repealed RA 6133 or 8A(t .esignating .eath #y Lethal In"e(tion9 and RA 32/; or 8.eath Penalty La!9+ RA ;@-2 repealed all the other la!s i posing death penalty+ : Se(tion 2 states that7 8In lie) o% the death penalty& the %ollo!ing shall #e i posed7 a+ the penalty o% re(l)sion perpet)a& !hen the la! violated a,es )se o%
.+ <ther Classi%i(ations o% Penalties

1+ A((ording to their divisi#ility7 : .ivisi#le : those that have %i:ed d)ration : divisi#le into three periods+
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES the penalty o% dis>)ali%i(ation is i posed as an a((essory penalty& in !hi(h (ase its d)ration shall #e that o% the prin(ipal penalty+ Art+ -1+ Re(l)sion perpet)a and te poralM *heir a((essory penalties7 *he penalties o% re(l)sion perpet)a and re(l)sion te poral shall (arry !ith the that o% (ivil interdi(tion %or li%e or d)ring the period o% the senten(e as the (ase ay #e& and that o% perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation !hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er even tho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sa e shall have #een e:pressly re itted in the pardon+ Art+ -2+ Prision ayorM Its a((essory penalties7 ayor& shall (arry !ith it re(l)sion
the no en(lat)re o% the penalties o% the Revised Penal CodeM or #+ the penalty o% li%e i prison ent& !hen the la! violated does not a,e )se o% the no en(lat)re o% the penalties o% the Revised Penal Code+9
60
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ 0on 4200257 Cet in tr)th& there is no aterial di%%eren(e #et!een 8i position9 and 8appli(ation&9 %or #oth ter s e #ody the operation in la! o% the death penalty+ Sin(e Arti(le 31 deno inates 8death9 as an ele ent in the grad)ated s(ale o% penalties& there is no >)estion that the operation o% Arti(le 31 involves the a(t)al appli(ation o% the death penalty as a eans o% deter ining the e:tent !hi(h a personFs li#erty is to #e deprived+ Sin(e Rep+ A(t No+ ;@-2 )ne>)ivo(ally #ars the appli(ation o% the death penalty& as !ell as e:pressly repeals all s)(h stat)tory provisions re>)iring the appli(ation o% the death penalty& s)(h e%%e(t ne(essarily e:tends to its relevan(e to the grad)ated s(ale o% penalties )nder Arti(le 31+ *he (o)rt (annot %ind #asis to (on(l)de that Rep+ A(t No+ ;@-2 intended to retain the operative e%%e(ts o% the death penalty in the grad)ation o% the other penalties in o)r penal la!s+ M)no? (annot en"oin )s to adopt s)(h (on(l)sion+ Rep+ A(t No+ ;@-2 is not s!addled in the sa e restraints appre(iated #y M)Lo? on Se(tion 1;415& Arti(le III+ *he very Congress e po!ered #y the Constit)tion to reinstate the i position o% the death penalty on(e tho)ght it #est to do so& thro)gh Rep+ A(t No+ 32/0+ Within the sa e real o% (onstit)tional dis(retion& Congress has reversed itsel%+ It )st #e asserted that today& the legal stat)s o% the s)ppression o% the death penalty in the Philippines has never #een ore se()re than at any ti e in o)r politi(al history as a nation+
*he penalty o% prision
that o% te porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation and that o% perpet)al spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation %ro o% s)%%rage the right
!hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er altho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sa e shall have #een e:pressly re itted in the pardon+
1+ Re(l)sion Perpet)a
: : .)ration7 20 years and 1 day to -0 years A((essory Penalties7 a+ Civil interdi(tion %or li%e or d)ring the period o% the senten(e as the (ase ay #e+ #+ Perpet)alA#sol)te.is>)ali%i(ation !hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er even tho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sa e shall have #een e:pressly re itted in the pardon+
0+ A%%li(tive Penalties
Art+ 23+ a+ Re(l)sion perpet)a+ Any person senten(ed to any o% the perpet)al penalties shall #e pardoned a%ter )ndergoing the penalty %or thirty years& )nless s)(h person #y reason o% his (ond)(t or so e other serio)s (a)se shall #e (onsidered #y the Chie% E:e()tive as )n!orthy o% pardon+ #+ Re(l)sion te poral+ *he penalty o% re(l)sion te poral shall #e %ro t!elve years and one day to t!enty years+ (+ Prision ayor and te porary dis>)ali%i(ation+ *he d)ration o% the penalties o% prision ayor and te porary dis>)ali%i(ation shall #e %ro si: years and one day to t!elve years& e:(ept !hen
People v+ 1at!ard 41;;357 *he a(()sed !as (onvi(ted o% violating the .angero)s .r)gs A(t %or )nla!%)lly i porting into the Philippines heroin+ *he trial (o)rt senten(ed the a(()sed to s)%%er the penalty o% i prison ent %or @/ years o% re(l)sion perpet)a there #eing no aggravating or itigating (ir() stan(e sho!n to have attended in the (o ission o% the (ri e+ =eld7 As a ended #y RA 32/;& the penalty o% re(l)sion perpet)a is no! a((orded a de%ined d)ration ranging %ro 20 years and 1 day to -0 years+ *he Co)rt held that in spite o% the a end ent p)tting the d)ration o% RP& it sho)ld re ain as an indivisi#le
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER penalty sin(e there !as never intent on the part o% Congress to re(lassi%y it into a divisi#le penalty+ *he a:i ) d)ration o% re(l)sion perpet)a is not and has never #een @0 years !hi(h is erely the n) #er o% years !hi(h the (onvi(t )st serve in order to #e eligi#le %or pardon or %or the appli(ation o% the @D %old r)le 4in%ra5+ People v+ Ra ire? 4200157 *he SC disagrees !ith the trial (o)rt in senten(ing appellant Rto s)%%er i prison ent o% %orty 4-05 years re(l)sion perpet)a+R *here !as no ")sti%i(ation or need %or the trial (o)rt to spe(i%y the length o% i prison ent& #e(a)se re(l)sion perpet)a is an indivisi#le penalty+ *he signi%i(an(e o% this %)nda ental prin(iple !as laid do!n #y the Co)rt in People v+ .i>)it+ RSin(e re(l)sion perpet)a is an indivisi#le penalty& it has no ini ) & edi) or a:i ) periods+ It is i posed in its entirety regardless o% any itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(es that ay have attended the (o ission o% the (ri e+ 4Art+ 2@& Revised Penal Code5 Re(l)sion Perpet)a is i prison ent %or li%e #)t the person senten(ed to s)%%er it shall #e pardoned a%ter )ndergoing the penalty %or thirty 4@05 years& )nless #y reason o% his (ond)(t or so e other serio)s (a)se& he shall #e (onsidered #y the Chie% E:e()tive as )n!orthy o% pardon 4Art+ 23& Revised Penal Code5+R
.isting)ished %ro Li%e I prison ent 4ASJE. / *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5
61
CRIMINAL LAW 1
People v+ 0alla#are 41;;257 *he trial (o)rt erred in i posing the penalty o% li%e i prison ent %or violation o% P. 1622+ *he (ri e o% illegal possession o% %irear in its aggravated %or is p)nished #y the penalty o% death+ Sin(e the o%%ense !as (o itted on Sep+ 12& 1;;0& at a ti e !hen the i position o% the death penalty !as prohi#ited& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree !hi(h is re(l)sion perpet)a sho)ld #e i posed+ *his is not e>)ivalent to li%e i prison ent+ While li%e i prison ent ay appear to #e the English translation o% re(l)sion perpet)a& in reality& it goes deeper than that+ LI'E IMPRIS<NMEN* I posed %or serio)s o%%enses penali?ed #y spe(ial la!s .oes not (arry !ith it a((essory penalties .oes not appear to have any de%inite e:tent or d)ration RECL$SI<N PERPE*$A Pres(ri#ed )nder the RPC Carries !ith it a((essory penalties Entails i prison ent %or at least @0 years a%ter !hi(h the (onvi(t #e(o es eligi#le %or pardon altho)gh the a:i ) period shall in no (ase e:(eed -0 years
*he %ollo!ing ta#le also (ontains .ISH$ALI'ICA*I<N as an a%%li(tive penalty& #e(a)se its di%%erent %or s (an also #e i posed as a prin(ipal altho)gh it is pri arily (ategori?ed as an a((essory penalty+ PENAL*C .eath 4REPEALE.5 .eath& !hen not e:e()ted d)e to pardon or (o )tation 4REPEALE.5 Re(l)sion perpet)a .$RA*I<N Indivisi#le : : PA. Civil interdi(tion @0 yrs %ro senten(e PA. Civil interdi(tion %or li%e E''EC*S ACCESS<RIES
20 years K 1 day to -0 years 4Indivisi#le5 : .eprivation o% p)#li( o%%i(e& even i% #y ele(tion .eprivation o% right to vote K #e voted %or .is>)ali%i(ation %ro p)#li( o%%i(e held Loss o% retire ent rights .eprivation o% o%%i(e& e ploy ent& pro%ession& or (alling a%%e(ted .is>)ali%i(ation %ro si ilar o%%i(es or e ploy ents
: :
Perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation 4PA.5
: 'or li%e : : :
Perpet)al spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation 4PS.5
'or li%e
Re(l)sion te poral
12 years K 1 day to 20 years
: :
PA. Civil interdi(tion %or d)ration o% senten(e
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER PENAL*C Prision ayor .$RA*I<N 2 years K 1 day to 12 years : *e porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation 4*A.5 2 years K 1 day to 12 years : : : : *e porary spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation 4*S.5 2 years K 1 day to 12 years .eprivation o% p)#li( o%%i(e& even i% #y ele(tion .eprivation o% right to vote K #e voted %or d)ring senten(e .is>)ali%i(ation %ro p)#li( o%%i(e held d)ring senten(e Loss o% retire ent rights .eprivation o% o%%i(e& e ploy ent& pro%ession& or (alling a%%e(ted .is>)ali%i(ation %ro si ilar o%%i(es or e ploy ents E''EC*S
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES ACCESS<RIES : : *A. PS. o% s)%%rage
62
CRIMINAL LAW 1
2+ Re(l)sion *e poral
: : .)ration7 12 years and 1 day to 20 years A((essory Penalties7 a+ Civil interdi(tion %or li%e or d)ring the period o% the senten(e as the (ase ay #e+ #+ Perpet)alA#sol)te.is>)ali%i(ation !hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er even tho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sa e shall have #een e:pressly re itted in the pardon+
15
lia#ility at the rate o% one day %or ea(h eight pesos& s)#"e(t to the %ollo!ing r)les7 I% the prin(ipal penalty i posed #e prision (orre((ional or arresto and %ine& :he shall re ain )nder (on%ine ent )ntil his %ine re%erred to in the pre(eding paragraph is satis%ied& :#)t his s)#sidiary i prison ent shall not e:(eed oneDthird o% the ter o% the senten(e& :and in no (ase shall it (ontin)e %or ore than one year& and no %ra(tion or part o% a day shall #e (o)nted against the prisoner+ When the prin(ipal penalty i posed #e only a %ine& :the s)#sidiary i prison ent shall not e:(eed si: onths& :i% the ()lprit shall have #een prose()ted %or a grave or less grave %elony& and shall not e:(eed %i%teen days& i% %or a light %elony+ When the prin(ipal i posed is higher than prision (orre((ional& :no s)#sidiary i prison ent shall #e i posed )pon the ()lprit+ I% the prin(ipal penalty i posed is not to #e e:e()ted #y (on%ine ent in a penal instit)tion& :#)t s)(h penalty is o% %i:ed d)ration& :the (onvi(t& d)ring the period o% ti e esta#lished in the pre(eding r)les& :shall (ontin)e to s)%%er the sa e deprivations as those o% !hi(h the prin(ipal penalty (onsists+ *he s)#sidiary personal lia#ility !hi(h the (onvi(t ay have s)%%ered #y reason o% his insolven(y shall not relieve hi & :%ro the %ine in (ase his %inan(ial (ir() stan(es sho)ld i prove+ 4As a ended #y RA /-2/& April 21& 1;2;5+
25
@+ Prision Mayor
: : .)ration7 2 years and 1 day to 12 years A((essory Penalties7 a+ *e porary A#sol)te .is>)ali%i(ation #+ Perpet)al Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation %ro the right to s)%%rage !hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er altho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty )nless the sa e shall have #een e:pressly re itted in the pardon+
@5
-5
C+ Corre(tional Penalties
Art+ 23 4-5+ Prision (orre((ional& s)spension& and destierro+ 15 *he d)ration o% the penalties o% prision (orre((ional& s)spension and destierro 25 shall #e %ro si: onths and one day to si: years& @5 e:(ept !hen s)spension is i posed as an a((essory penalty& -5 in !hi(h (ase& its d)ration shall #e that o% the prin(ipal penalty+ Arresto ayor+ *he d)ration o% the penalty o% arresto ayor shall #e %ro one onth and one day to si: onths+ Art+ @;+ S)#sidiary penalty+ I% the (onvi(t has no property !ith !hi(h to eet the %ine entioned in the paragraph @ o% the ne:t pre(eding arti(le& : he shall #e s)#"e(t to a s)#sidiary personal
/5
4As,ed 2 ti es in the 0ar E:a s5

Art+ -@+ Prision (orre((ionalM Its a((essory penalties+ *he penalty o% prision (orre((ional shall (arry !ith it that o% s)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& %ro the right to %ollo! a pro%ession or (alling&
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER and that o% perpet)al spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation %ro the right o% s)%%rage& i% the d)ration o% said i prison ent shall e:(eed eighteen onths+ *he o%%ender shall s)%%er the dis>)ali%i(ation provided in the arti(le altho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sa e shall have #een e:pressly re itted in the pardon+ Art+ --+ ArrestoM Its a((essory penalties+ *he penalty o% arresto shall (arry !ith it that o% s)spension o% the right to hold o%%i(e and the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+
.+ Light Penalties
Art+ 23 425+ Arresto enor+ *he d)ration o% the penalty o% arresto %ro one day to thirty days+ Art+ @;+ S)#sidiary penalty+ S$PRA Art+ --+ ArrestoM Its a((essory penalties+ *he penalty o% arresto shall (arry !ith it that o% s)spension o% the right too hold o%%i(e and the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+ enor shall #e
6@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
1+ Arresto Menor
: : .)ration7 1 day to @0 days A((essory Penalties7 a+ S)spension o% right to hold o%%i(e #+ S)spension o% the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+
1+ Prision Corre((ional
: : .)ration7 2 onths and 1 day to 2 years A((essory Penalties7 a+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e #+ S)spension %ro the right to %ollo! a pro%ession or (alling (+ Perpet)al Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation %ro the right o% s)%%rage& i% the d)ration o% the i prison ent shall e:(eed 16 onths
2+ P)#li( Cens)re
: Cens)re& #eing a penalty is not proper in a(>)ittal+
2+ Arresto Mayor
: : .)ration7 1 onth and 1 day to 2 onths A((essory Penalties7 a+ S)spension o% right to hold o%%i(e #+ S)spension o% the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+
PENAL*C Prision (orre((ional
.$RA*I<N 2 onths K 1 day to 2 years
E''EC*S
ACCESS<RIES : : S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e S)spension %ro pro%ession or (alling PS. o% s)%%rage& i% penalty e:(eeds 16 os+
: S)spension 2 onths K 1 day to 2 years : : : 2 onths K 1 day to 2 years
.estierro
P)#li( o%%i(e Pro%ession or (alling S)%%rage Prohi#ition to enter !Ain 2/D 2/0 , radi)s %ro the designate d pla(e : : S)spension o% right to hold o%%i(e and right o% s)%%rage
Arresto
ayor
1 onth K 1 day to 2 onths
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES o%%i(e o% the (ler, o% the (o)rt to g)arantee said )nderta,ing+ *he (o)rt shall deter ine& a((ording to its dis(retion& the period o% d)ration o% the #ond+ Sho)ld the person senten(ed %ail to give the #ond as re>)ired he shall #e detained %or a period !hi(h shall in no (ase e:(eed si: onths& is he shall have #een prose()ted %or a grave or less grave %elony& and shall not e:(eed thirty days& i% %or a light %elony+
E+ PenaltiesCo ontoA%%li(tive& Corre(tional and Light Penalties 1+ 'ine

Art+ 22+ When a%%li(tive& (orre(tional& or light penalty+ 15 A %ine& !hether i posed as a single or as an alternative penalty& 25 shall #e (onsidered an a%%li(tive penalty& i% it e:(eeds 2&000 pesosM @5 a (orre(tional penalty& i% it does not e:(eed 2&000 pesos #)t is not less than 200 pesosM -5 and a light penalty i% it less than 200 pesos+
6CRIMINAL LAW 1
2 WACS <' 1IVIN1 0<N.7 : *his arti(le erely (lassi%ies %ine and has nothing to do !ith the de%inition o% light %elony+ 'ine is7 : A%%li(tive I over P2&000 : Corre(tional I P200 to P2&000 : Light Penalty I less than P200 a+ *he o%%ender )st present : 2 s)%%i(ient s)reties !ho shall )nderta,e that : the o%%ender !ill not (o it the o%%ense so)ght to #e prevented& : and that in (ase s)(h o%%ense #e (o itted o they !ill pay the a o)nt deter ined #y the (o)rtM
Art+ 22+ I position o% %ines+ P In i posing %ines the (o)rts ay %i: any a o)nt !ithin the li its esta#lished #y la!M in %i:ing the a o)nt in ea(h (ase attention shall #e given& not only to the itigating and aggravating (ir() stan(es& #)t ore parti()larly to the !ealth or eans o% the ()lprit+
#+ *he o%%ender )st : deposit s)(h a o)nt !ith the (ler, o% (o)rt to g)arantee said )nderta,ingM : *he (o)rt shall deter ine the period o% d)ration o% the #ond+ *he o%%ender ay #e detained& i% he (annot give the #ond& : %or a period not to e:(eed 2 onths i% prose()ted %or grave or less grave %elony& or : %or a period not to e:(eed @0 days& i% %or a light %elony+ 0ond to ,eep the pea(e is di%%erent %ro #ail #ond !hi(h is posted %or the provisional release o% a person arrested %or or a(()sed o% a (ri e+
: :
*he (o)rt (an %i: any a o)nt o% the %ine !ithin the li its esta#lished #y la!+ *he (o)rt )st (onsider7 : *he itigatingandaggravating (ir() stan(esM and : More parti()larly& the !ealth or eans o% the ()lprit+ When the la! does not %i: the ini ) o% the %ine& : the deter ination o% the a o)nt o% the %ine to #e i posed )pon the ()lprit : is le%t to the so)nd dis(retion o% the (o)rt& : provided it shall not e:(eed the a:i ) a)thori?ed #y la!+ 'ines are not divided into @ e>)al portions+
PENAL*C Arresto enor P)#li( (ens)re Penalty 4Co on to All *hree *ypes5 'ine 0ond to ,eep the pea(e
.$RA*I<N 1 day to @0 days
ACCESS<RIES S)spension o% right to hold o%%i(e and right o% s)%%rage
2+ 0ond to Jeep the Pea(e

Art+ @/+ E%%e(ts o% #ond to ,eep the pea(e+ P It shall #e the d)ty o% any person senten(ed to give #ond to ,eep the pea(e& to present t!o s)%%i(ient s)reties !ho shall )nderta,e that s)(h person !ill not (o it the o%%ense so)ght to #e prevented& and that in (ase s)(h o%%ense #e (o itted they !ill pay the a o)nt deter ined #y the (o)rt in the ")dg ent& or other!ise to deposit s)(h a o)nt in the
As deter ined #y the (o)rt
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES @5 -5 o% the right to vote in any pop)lar ele(tion %or any p)#li( o%%i(e or to #e ele(ted to s)(h o%%i(e+ Moreover& the o%%ender shall not #e per itted to hold any p)#li( o%%i(e d)ring the period o% his dis>)ali%i(ation+
IV+ A((essory Penalties

A+ 0+ C+ Perpet)alorte porarya#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation& Perpet)alorte poraryspe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation& S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& the right to vote and #e voted %or& the pro%ession or (alling+ Civil interdi(tion& Inde ni%i(ationA 'or%eit)re or (on%is(ation o% instr) ents and pro(eeds o% the o%%ense& Pay ent o% (osts+
6/
CRIMINAL LAW 1
.+ E+ '+
Art+ @@+ E%%e(ts o% the penalties o% s)spension %ro any p)#li( o%%i(e& pro%ession or (alling& or the right o% s)%%rage+ *he s)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& pro%ession or (alling& and the e:er(ise o% the right o% s)%%rage shall dis>)ali%y the o%%ender %ro holding s)(h o%%i(e or e:er(ising s)(h pro%ession or (alling or right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+
A+ Perpet)al or *e porary .is>)ali%i(ation
A#sol)te
*he person s)spended %ro
holding p)#li( o%%i(e
Art+ @0+ E%%e(ts o% the penalties o% perpet)al or te porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation+ P 15 *he deprivation o% the p)#li( o%%i(es and e ploy ents !hi(h the o%%ender ay have held even i% (on%erred #y pop)lar ele(tion+ 25 *he deprivation o% the right to vote in any ele(tion %or any pop)lar o%%i(e or to #e ele(ted to s)(h o%%i(e+ @5 *he dis>)ali%i(ation %or the o%%i(es or p)#li( e ploy ents and %or the e:er(ise o% any o% the rights entioned+ : In (ase o% te porary dis>)ali%i(ation& s)(h dis>)ali%i(ation as is (o prised in paragraphs 2 and @ o% this arti(le shall last d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+ *he loss o% all rights to retire ent pay or other pension %or any o%%i(e %or erly held+
shall not hold another having si ilar %)n(tions d)ring the period o% his s)spension+ Art+ @-+ Civil interdi(tion+ Civil interdi(tion shall deprive the o%%ender d)ring the ti e o% his senten(e o% the rights o% parental a)thority& or g)ardianship& either as to the person or property o% any !ard& o% arital a)thority& o% the right to anage his property and o% the right to dispose o% s)(h property #y any a(t or any (onveyan(e inter vivos+ Art+ -/+ Con%is(ation and %or%eit)re o% the pro(eeds or instr) ents o% the (ri e+ Every penalty i posed %or the (o ission o% a %elony shall (arry !ith it the %or%eit)re o% the pro(eeds o% the (ri e and the instr) ents or tools !ith !hi(h it !as (o itted+ S)(h pro(eeds and instr) ents or tools shall #e (on%is(ated and %or%eited in %avor o% the 1overn ent& )nless they #e property o% a third person not lia#le %or the o%%ense& #)t those arti(les !hi(h are not s)#"e(t o% la!%)l (o er(e shall #e destroyed+
-5
E%%e(ts7 : .eprivation o% any p)#li( o%%i(e or e ploy ent o% o%%enderM : .eprivation o% the right to vote in any ele(tion or to #e voted )ponM : Loss o% rights to retire ent pay or pension All these e%%e(ts : last d)ring the li%eti e o% the (onvi(t and : even a%ter the servi(e o% the senten(e
4As,ed on(e in the 0ar E:a s5 : EECEP* as regards paragraphs 2 and @ o% the a#ove in (onne(tion !ith te porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation+
0+ Perpet)alor .is>)ali%i(ation
*e porary
Spe(ial
Art+ @2+ E%%e(t o% the penalties o% perpet)al or te porary spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation %or the e:er(ise o% the right o% s)%%rage+ 15 *heperpet)alorte poraryspe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation %or the e:er(ise o% the right o% s)%%rage 25 shall deprive the o%%ender perpet)ally or d)ring the ter o% the senten(e& a((ording to the nat)re o% said penalty&
Art+ @1+ E%%e(t o% the penalties o% perpet)al or te porary spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation+ 15 *he deprivation o% the o%%i(e& e ploy ent& pro%ession or (alling a%%e(tedM 25 *he dis>)ali%i(ation %or holding si ilar o%%i(es or e ploy ents either perpet)ally or d)ring the ter o% the senten(e a((ording to the e:tent o% s)(h dis>)ali%i(ation+
E%%e(ts7 'or p)#li( o%%i(e& pro%ession or (alling7
: .eprivation o% the o%%i(e& e ploy ent& pro%ession or (alling a%%e(tedM : .is>)ali%i(ation %or holding si ilar o%%i(es or e ploy ents d)ring the period o% dis>)ali%i(ationM E%%e(ts7 'or the e:er(ise o% right to s)%%rage7 : .eprivation o% the right to vote or to #e ele(ted in an o%%i(eM : Cannot hold any p)#li( o%%i(e d)ring the period o% dis>)ali%i(ation *he penalty %or dis>)ali%i(ation i% i posed as an a((essory penalty is i posed %or PR<*EC*I<N and N<* %or the !ithholding o% a privilege+ *e porary dis>)ali%i(ation or s)spension i% i posed as an a((essory penalty& the d)ration is the sa e as that o% the prin(ipal penalty+
govern ent (annot appeal %ro the (on%is(ation as that !o)ld in(rease the penalty already i posed+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
'+ Pay ent o% Costs

: In(l)des7 : 'ees& and : Inde nities& in the (o)rse o% ")di(ial pro(eedings+ Costs ay #e %i:ed a o)nts already deter ined #y la! or reg)lations or a o)nts s)#"e(t to a s(hed)le+ I% the a(()sed is (onvi(tedM (osts ay #e (harged against hi + I% he is a(>)itted& (osts are de o%%i(io& eaning ea(h party #ears his o!n e:pense+
: :
C+ S)spension %ro P)#li( <%%i(e& the Right to Vote and 0e Voted %or& the Right to Pra(ti(e a Pro%ession or Calling
: E%%e(ts7 : .is>)ali%i(ation %ro holding s)(h o%%i(e or the e:er(ise o% s)(h pro%ession or right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(eM : Cannot hold another o%%i(e having si ilar %)n(tions d)ring the period o% s)spension+
V+ Meas)res Not Considered Penalty

RPC& Art+ 2-+ Meas)res o% prevention or sa%ety !hi(h are nor (onsidered penalties+ : *he %ollo!ing shall not #e (onsidered as penalties7 15 *he arrest and te porary detention o% a(()sed persons& as !ell as their detention #y reason o% insanity or i #e(ility& or illness re>)iring their (on%ine ent in a hospital+ 25 *he (o it ent o% a inor to any o% the instit)tions entioned in Arti(le 60 and %or the p)rposes spe(i%ied therein+ @5 S)spension %ro the e ploy ent o% p)#li( o%%i(e d)ring the trial or in order to instit)te pro(eedings+ -5 'ines and other (orre(tive eas)res !hi(h& in the e:er(ise o% their ad inistrative dis(iplinary po!ers& s)perior o%%i(ials ay i pose )pon their s)#ordinates+ /5 .eprivation o% rights and the reparations !hi(h the (ivil la!s ay esta#lish in penal %or +
.+ Civil Interdi(tion
: E%%e(ts7 .eprivation o% the %ollo!ing rights7 : Parental a)thority : 1)ardianship over the !ard : Marital a)thority : Right to anage property and to dispose o% the sa e #y a(ts inter vivos Civil interdi(tion is an a((essory penalty to the %ollo!ing prin(ipal penalties7 : .eath i% (o )ted to li%e i prison entM : Re(l)sion perpet)a : Re(l)sion te poral
: :
E+ Inde ni%i(ation or Con%is(ation o% Instr) ents or Pro(eeds o% the <%%ense

: : : : *his is in(l)ded in every penalty %or the (o ission o% the (ri e+ *he (on%is(ation is in %avor o% the govern ent+ Property o% a third person not lia#le %or the o%%ense is not s)#"e(t to (on%is(ation+ I% the trial (o)rt did not order any (on%is(ation o% the pro(ees o% the (ri e& the : :
*hey are not penalties #e(a)se they are not i posed as a res)lt o% ")di(ial pro(eedings+ *hose entioned in par+ @ and - are erely preventive eas)res #e%ore (onvi(tion o% o%%enders+ *he (o it ent o% a inor entioned in par+ 2 is not a penalty #e(a)se it is not i posed #y the (o)rt in a ")dg ent o% (onvi(tion+ *he i position o% the senten(e in s)(h (ase is s)spended+ *he s)((eeding provisions are so e e:a ples o% deprivation o% rights esta#lished in penal %or 7
'a ily Code& Art+ 226+ Parental a)thority ter inates per anently7
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER 415 $pon the death o% the parentsM 425 $pon the death o% the (hildM or 4@5 $pon e an(ipation o% the (hild+ 4@23a5 'a ily Code& Art+ 22;+ $nless s)#se>)ently revived #y a %inal ")dg ent& parental a)thority also ter inates7 1+ $pon adoption o% the (hildM 2+ $pon appoint ent o% a general g)ardianM @+ $pon ")di(ial de(laration o% a#andon ent o% the (hild in a (ase %iled %or the p)rposeM -+ $pon %inal ")dg ent o% a (o petent (o)rt divesting the party (on(erned o% parental a)thorityM or /+ $pon ")di(ial de(laration o% a#sen(e or in(apa(ity o% the person e:er(ising parental a)thority+ 4@23a5
E:a ples o% penalties deprivation o% li#erty7 15 I prison ent 25 .estierro
(onsisting
in
63
CRIMINAL LAW 1
: :
When the o%%ender is not in prison& R)le No+ 2 applies+ I% the o%%ender is )ndergoing preventive i prison ent& R)le No+ @ applies #)t the o%%ender is entitled to a ded)(tion o% %)ll ti e or -A/ o% the ti e o% his detention+
Art+ 2;+ Period o% preventive i prison ent ded)(ted %ro ter o% i prison ent+ <%%enders!hohave)ndergonepreventive i prison ent
VI+ Appli(ation Penalties
and
Co p)tation
o%
shall #e (redited in the servi(e o% their senten(e (onsisting o% deprivation o% li#erty& !ith the %)ll ti e d)ring !hi(h they have )ndergone preventive i prison ent& i% the detention prisoner agrees vol)ntarily in !riting to a#ide #y the sa e dis(iplinary r)les i posed )pon (onvi(ted prisoners& e:(ept in the %ollo!ing (ases7 a+ #+ When they are re(idivists or have #een (onvi(ted previo)sly t!i(e or ore ti es o% any (ri eM and When )pon #eing s) oned %or the e:e()tion o% their senten(e they have %ailed to s)rrender vol)ntarily+
Art+ 26+ Co p)tation o% penalties+ P I% the o%%ender shall #e in prison& the ter o% the d)ration o% the te porary penalties shall #e (o p)ted %ro the day on !hi(h the ")dg ent o% (onvi(tion shall have #e(o e %inal+ I% the o%%ender #e not in prison& the ter o% the d)ration o% the penalty (onsisting o% deprivation o% li#erty shall #e (o p)ted %ro the day that the o%%ender is pla(ed at the disposal o% the ")di(ial a)thorities %or the en%or(e ent o% the penalty+ *he d)ration o% the other penalties shall #e (o p)ted only %ro the day on !hi(h the de%endant (o en(es to serve his senten(e+
I% the detention prisoner does not agree to a#ide #y the sa e dis(iplinary r)les i posed )pon (onvi(ted prisoners& he shall #e (redited in the servi(e o% his senten(e !ith %o)rD%i%ths o% the ti e d)ring !hi(h he has )ndergone preventive i prison ent+ 4As a ended #y Rep)#li( A(t 2123& B)ne 13& 1;305+ Whenever an a(()sed has )ndergone preventive i prison ent :%or a period e>)al to or ore than the possi#le a:i ) i prison ent o% the o%%ense (harged to !hi(h he ay #e senten(ed :and his (ase is not yet ter inated& he shall #e released i ediately !itho)t pre")di(e to the (ontin)ation o% the trial thereo% or the pro(eeding on appeal& i% the sa e is )nder revie!+ In (ase the a:i ) penalty to !hi(h the a(()sed ay #e senten(ed is destierro& he shall #e released a%ter thirty 4@05 days o% preventive i prison ent+ 4As a ended #y E+<+ No+ 21-& B)ly 10& 1;665+
C<MP$*A*I<N <' PENAL*IES7 15 W=EN *=E <''EN.ER IS IN PRIS<N I the d)ration o% te porary penalties is %ro the day on !hi(h the ")dg ent o% (onvi(tion #e(o es %inal+ 25 W=EN *=E <''EN.ER IS N<* IN PRIS<N I the d)ration o% penalty (onsisting in deprivation o% li#erty& is %ro the day that the o%%ender is pla(ed at the disposal o% ")di(ial a)thorities %or the en%or(e ent o% the penalty+ @5 *=E .$RA*I<N <' <*=ER PENAL*IES I the d)ration is %ro the day on !hi(h the o%%ender (o en(es to serve his senten(e
E:a ples o% te porary penalties7 15 *e porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation 25 *e porary spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation @5 S)spension I% o%%ender is )nder detention& as !hen he is )ndergoing preventive i prison ent& R)le No+ 1 applies+ I% not )nder detention& #e(a)se the o%%ender has #een released on #ail& R)le No+ @ applies+
*hea(()sed)ndergoespreventive i prison ent !hen the o%%ense (harged is non#aila#le& or even i% #aila#le& he (annot %)rnish the re>)ired #ail+ *he (onvi(t is to #e released i ediately i% the penalty i posed a%ter trial is less than
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES o%%set the & Art+ 2@ o% the RPC sho)ld #e applied+ *he said arti(le provides that !hen the (o ission o% the a(t is attended #y so e itigating (ir() stan(e and there is no aggravating (ir() stan(e& the lesser penalty shall #e applied+
the %)ll ti e or %o)rD%i%ths o% the ti e o% the preventive i prison ent+ *he a(()sed shall #e released i ediately !henever he has )ndergone preventive i prison ent %or a period e>)al to or ore than the possi#le a:i ) i prison ent %or the o%%ense (harged+ 4As,ed - ti es in the 0ar E:a s5
66
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Prin(ipals& A((o pli(es and A((essories inCons) ated&'r)stratedand Atte pted 'elonies+
Art+ -2+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon prin(ipals in general+ P *he penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (o ission o% a %elony shall #e i posed )pon the prin(ipals in the (o ission o% s)(h %elony+ Whenever the la! pres(ri#es a penalty %or a %elony is general ter s& it shall #e )nderstood as appli(a#le to the (ons) ated %elony+
Art+ -2+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon prin(ipals in general+ *he penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (o ission o% a %elony shall #e i posed )pon the prin(ipals in the (o ission o% s)(h %elony+ Whenever the la! pres(ri#es a penalty %or a %elony is general ter s& it shall #e )nderstood as appli(a#le to the (ons) ated %elony+ Art+ /0+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon prin(ipals o% a %r)strated (ri e+ *he penalty ne:t lo!er in degree than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (ons) ated %elony shall #e i posed )pon the prin(ipal in a %r)strated %elony+ Art+ /1+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon prin(ipals o% atte pted (ri es+ A penalty lo!er #y t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (ons) ated %elony shall #e i posed )pon the prin(ipals in an atte pt to (o it a %elony+ Art+ /2+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon a((o pli(es in (ons) ated (ri e+ *he penalty ne:t lo!er in degree than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (ons) ated shall #e i posed )pon the a((o pli(es in the (o ission o% a (ons) ated %elony+ Art+ /@+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon a((essories to the (o ission o% a (ons) ated %elony+ *he penalty lo!er #y t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (ons) ated %elony shall #e i posed )pon the a((essories to the (o ission o% a (ons) ated %elony+ Art+ /-+ Penalty to i posed )pon a((o pli(es in a %r)strated (ri e+ *he penalty ne:t lo!er in degree than pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the %r)strated %elony shall #e i posed )pon the a((o pli(es in the (o ission o% a %r)strated %elony+ Art+ //+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon a((essories o% a %r)strated (ri e+ *he penalty lo!er #y t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the %r)strated %elony shall #e i posed )pon the a((essories to the (o ission o% a %r)strated %elony+ Art+ /2+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon a((o pli(es in an atte pted (ri e+ *he penalty ne:t lo!er in degree than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or an atte pt to (o it a %elony shall #e
1ENERAL R$LE7 *he penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! in general ter s shall #e i posed7 : $pon the prin(ipals : 'or (ons) ated %elony EECEP*I<N7 *he e:(eption is !hen the penalty to #e i posed )pon the prin(ipal in %r)strated or atte pted %elony is %i:ed #y la!+ Whenever it is #elieved that the penalty lo!er #y one or t!o degrees (orresponding to said a(ts o% e:e()tion is not in proportion to the !rong done& the la! %i:es a distin(t penalty %or the prin(ipal in %r)strated or atte pted %elony+ *he grad)ation o% penalties #y degrees re%ers to S*A1ES <' EEEC$*I<N 4(ons) ated& %r)strated or atte pted5 and to the .E1REE <' *=E CRIMINAL PAR*ICIPA*I<N <' *=E <''EN.ER 4!hether as prin(ipal& a((o pli(e or a((essory5 *he division o% a divisi#le penalty into three periods& as a:i ) & edi) and ini ) & re%ers to the proper period o% the penalty !hi(h sho)ld #e i posed !hen aggravating or itigating (ir() stan(es attend the (o ission o% the (ri e+
People v+ 'or igones 41;/0577 *he a(()sed !itho)t a previo)s >)arrel or provo(ation too, his #olo and sta##ed his !i%e in the #a(, res)lting to the latterFs death+ *he a(()sed !as senten(ed to the penalty o% re(l)sion perpet)a+ =eld7 *he penalty appli(a#le %or parri(ide )nder Art+ 2-2 o% the RPC is (o posed only o% 2 indivisi#le penalties& re(l)sion perpet)a to death+ Altho)gh the (o ission o% the a(t is attended #y so e itigating (ir() stan(e !itho)t any aggravating (ir() stan(e to
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER i posed )pon the a((o pli(es in an atte pt to (o it the %elony+ Art+ /3+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon a((essories o% an atte pted (ri e+ *he penalty lo!er #y t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the atte pted %elony shall #e i posed )pon the a((essories to the atte pt to (o it a %elony+
A .E1REE is one entire penalty& one !hole penalty or one )nit o% the penalties en) erated in the grad)ated s(ales provided %or in Art+ 31+ Ea(h o% the penalties o% re(l)sion perpet)a& re(l)sion te poral& prision ayor& et(+& en) erated in the grad)ated s(ales o% Art+ 31 is a degree+ When there is a itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(e& the penalty is lo!ered or in(reased #y PERI<. only& EECEP* !hen the penalty is divisi#le and there are t!o or ore itigating and !itho)t aggravating (ir() stan(es& in !hi(h (ase the penalty is lo!ered #y degree+ A PERI<. is one o% the three e>)al portions (alled the ini ) & edi) and a:i ) o% a divisi#le penalty+ 1ENERAL R$LE7 An a((o pli(e is p)nished #y a penalty one degree lo!er than the penalty i posed )pon the prin(ipal+ EECEP*I<NS7 : *he as(endants& g)ardians& ()rators& tea(hers and any person !ho& #y a#)se o% a)thority or (on%idential relationship& shall (ooperate as a((o pli(es in the (ri es o% rape& a(ts o% las(ivio)sness& sed)(tion& (orr)ption o% inors& !hite slate trade or a#d)(tion+ 4Art+ @-25 : <ne !ho %)rnished the pla(e %or the perpetration o% the (ri e o% slight illegal detention+ 4Art+ 2265
6;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
.IA1RAM <' *=E APPLICA*I<N <' AR*S+ /0D/37
C<NS$MM A*E. 'R$S*RA*E . A**EMP*E .
PRINCIPALS ACC<MPLICES ACCESS<RIES
0 1 2
1 2 @
2 @ -
809 represents the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! in de%ining a (ri e& !hi(h is to #e i posed on the PRINCIPAL in a C<NS$MMA*E. <''ENSE& in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% Art+ -2+ *he other %ig)res represent the degrees to !hi(h the penalty )st #e lo!ered& to eet the di%%erent sit)ation anti(ipated #y la!+ EECEP*I<NS7 Arts+ /0 to /3 shall not apply to (ases !here the la! e:pressly pres(ri#es the penalty %or %r)strated or atte pted %elony& or to #e i posed )pon a((o pli(es or a((essories+
Art+ 20+ E:(eption to the r)les esta#lished in Arti(les /0 to /3+ *he provisions (ontained in Arti(les /0 to /3& in(l)sive& o% this Code shall not #e appli(a#le to (ases in !hi(h the la! e:pressly pres(ri#es the penalty provided %or a %r)strated or atte pted %elony& or to #e i posed )pon a((o pli(es or a((essories+
1eneral r)le7 An a((essory is p)nished #y a penalty t!o degrees lo!er than the penalty i posed )pon the prin(ipal+ E:(eption7 When a((essory is p)nished as prin(ipal I ,no!ingly (on(ealing (ertain evil pra(ti(es is ordinarily an a(t o% the a((essory& #)t in Art+ 1-2& s)(h a(t is p)nished as the a(t o% the prin(ipal+ : When a((essories are p)nished !ith a penalty one degree lo!er7 : Jno!ingly )sing (o)nter%eited seal or %orged signat)re or sta p o% the President 4Art+ 1225+ : Illegal possession and )se o% a %alse treas)ry or #an, note 4Art+ 1265+ : $sing %alsi%ied do() ent 4Art+ 13@ par+@5 : $sing %alsi%ied dispat(h 4Art+ 13@ par+ 25
0ASES '<R *=E .E*ERMINA*I<N <' *=E EE*EN* <' PENAL*C7 : *he stage rea(hed #y the (ri e in its develop ent4eitheratte pted& %r)strated or (ons) ated5 : *he parti(ipation therein o% the person lia#le+ : *heaggravatingor itigating (ir() stan(es !hi(h attended the (o ission o% the (ri e+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Art+ 21+ R)les %or grad)ating penalties+ 'or the p)rpose o% grad)ating the penalties !hi(h& a((ording to the provisions o% Arti(les /0 to /3& in(l)sive& o% this Code& are to #e i posed )pon persons g)ilty as prin(ipals o% any %r)strated or atte pted %elony& or as a((o pli(es or a((essories& the %ollo!ing r)les shall #e o#served7 15 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the %elony is single and indivisi#le& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degrees shall #e that i ediately %ollo!ing that indivisi#le penalty in the respe(tive grad)ated s(ale pres(ri#ed in Arti(le 31 o% this Code+ 25 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (ri e is (o posed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties& or o% one or ore divisi#le penalties to #e i pose to their %)ll e:tent& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree shall #e that i ediately %ollo!ing the lesser o% the penalties pres(ri#ed in the respe(tive grad)ated s(ale+ @5 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (ri e is (o posed o% one or t!o indivisi#le penalties and the a:i ) period o% another divisi#le penalty& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree shall #e (o posed o% the edi) and ini ) periods o% the proper divisi#le penalty and the a:i ) periods o% the proper divisi#le penalty and the a:i ) period o% that i ediately %ollo!ing in said respe(tive grad)ated s(ale+ -5 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (ri e is (o posed o% several periods& (orresponding to di%%erent divisi#le penalties& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree shall #e (o posed o% the period i ediately %ollo!ing the ini ) pres(ri#ed and o% the t!o ne:t %ollo!ing& !hi(h shall #e ta,en %ro the penalty pres(ri#ed& i% possi#leM other!ise %ro the penalty i ediately %ollo!ing in the a#ove entioned respe(tive grad)ated s(ale+ /5 When the la! pres(ri#es a penalty %or a (ri e in so e anner not espe(ially provided %or in the %o)r pre(eding r)les& the (o)rts& pro(eeding #y analogy& shall i pose (orresponding penalties )pon those g)ilty as prin(ipals o% the %r)strated %elony& or o% atte pt to (o it the sa e& and )pon a((o pli(es and a((essories+
*he MINIM$M o% the indeter inate penalty is !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er than that pres(ri#ed #y the RPC %or the o%%ense+ *hose r)les also apply in lo!ering the penalty #y one or t!o degrees #y reason o% the presen(e o% privileged itigating (ir() stan(e 4Arts+ 26 and 2;5& or !hen the penalty is divisi#le and there are t!o or ore itigating (ir() stan(es 4generi(5 and no aggravating (ir() stan(e 4Art+ 2-5+ *he lo!er penalty shall #e ta,en %ro grad)ated s(ale in Art+ 31+ the
;0
CRIMINAL LAW 1
*he IN.IVISI0LE PENAL*IES are7 a+ death #+ re(l)sion perpet)a (+ p)#li( (ens)re *he .IVISI0LE PENAL*IES are7 a+ re(l)sion te poral #+ prision ayor (+ prision (orre((ional d+ arresto ayor e+ destierro %+ arresto enor *he divisi#le penalties are divided into three periods7 MINIM$M& ME.I$M AN. *=E MAEIM$M
'IRS* R$LE7 When the penalty is single and indivisi#le+ : E:+ re(l)sion perpet)a : *he penalty i ediately %ollo!ing it is re(l)sion te poral+ : *h)s& re(l)sion te poral is the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree+
: : *his arti(le provides %or the r)les to #e o#served in lo!ering the penalty #y one or t!o degrees7 : 'or the prin(ipal in %r)strated %elony : one degree lo!erM : 'or the prin(ipal in atte pted %elony : t!o degrees lo!erM : 'or the a((o pli(e in (ons) ated %elony : one degree lo!erM and : 'or the a((essory in (ons) ated %elony : t!o degrees lo!er+
SEC<N. R$LE 4a57 When the penalty is (o posed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties : E:+ re(l)sion perpet)a to death : *he penalty i ediately %ollo!ing the lesser o% the penalties& !hi(h is re(l)sionperpet)a&isre(l)sion te poral+
*he r)les provided %or in Art+ 21 sho)ld also apply in deter ining the MINIM$M o% the indeter inatepenalty)nderthe Indeter inate Senten(e La!+
SEC<N. R$LE 4#57 When the penalty is (o posed o% one or ore divisi#le penalties to #e i posed to their %)ll e:tent : E:+ prision (orre((ional to prision ayor : *he penalty i ediately %ollo!ing the lesser o% the penalties o% prision (orre((ional to prision ayor is arresto ayor+
*=IR. R$LE 4a57 When the penalty is (o posed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties and the a:i ) period o% a divisi#le penalty : E:+ re(l)sion te poral in its MAEIM$M period to death
Penalty %or the prin(ipal in (ons) ated )rder Ma:i ) Medi) Mini ) Ma:i ) Medi) Mini ) Penalty %or a((o pli(eM or %or prin(ipal in %r)strated )rder
I% the penalty is any one o% the three periods o% a divisi#le penalty& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree shall #e that period ne:t %ollo!ing the given penalty+ *he penalty i ediately in%erior is prision ayor in its ME.I$M period+
;1
CRIMINAL LAW 1
.eath Re(l)sion Perpet)a Re(l)sion *e poral Prision Mayor
SIMPLI'IE. R$LES7 *he r)les pres(ri#ed in pars+ - and / o% Art+ 21 ay #e si pli%ied as %ollo!s7 1+ I% the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code (onsists in @ periods& (orresponding to di%%erent divisi#le penalties& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree is the penalty (onsisting in the @ periods do!n in the s(ale+ 2+ I% the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code (onsists in 2 periods& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree is the penalty (onsisting in 2 periods do!n in the s(ale+ @+ I% the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code (onsists in only 1 period& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree is the ne:t period do!n in the s(ale+
*=IR. R$LE 4#57 When the penalty is (o posed o% one indivisi#le penalty and the a:i ) period o% a divisi#le penalty+ : E:+ Re(l)sion te poral in its MAEIM$M period to Re(l)sion perpet)a : *he sa e r)le shall #e o#served in lo!ering the penalty #y one or t!o degrees+
E%%e(ts o% Mitigating and Aggravating Cir() stan(es
'<$R*= R$LE7 When the penalty is (o posed o% several periods+ : E:+ Prision Mayor in its ME.I$M period to Re(l)sion te poral in its MINIM$M period+ : *his r)le (onte plates a penalty (o posed o% at least @ periods+ : *he several periods )st (orrespond to di%%erent divisi#le penalties+
Re(l)sion te poral Prision Mayor Prision Corre((ional
Ma:i ) Medi) Mini ) Ma:i ) Medi) Mini ) Ma:i ) Medi) Mini )
Penalty %or the prin(ipal in the (ons) ated %elony Penalty %or the a((o pli(eM or prin(ipal in %r)strated %elony
'I'*= R$LE 4a57 When the penalty has t!o periods : E:+ Prision (orre((ional in its MINIM$M and ME.I$M periods
Ma:i ) Medi) Mini ) Ma:i ) Medi) Mini )
Prision (orre((ional Arresto Mayor
*he penalty pres(ri#ed %or the %elony *he penalty ne:t lo!er
'I'*= R$LE 4#57 When the penalty has one period+ : E:+ Prision Mayor in its MAEIM$M period
Art+ 22+ E%%e(t o% the attendan(e o% itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(es and o% ha#it)al delin>)en(y+ Mitigating or aggravating (ir() stan(es and ha#it)al delin>)en(y shall #e ta,en into a((o)nt %or the p)rpose o% di inishing or in(reasing the penalty in (on%or ity !ith the %ollo!ing r)les7 15 Aggravating (ir() stan(es !hi(h in the selves (onstit)te a (ri e spe(ially p)nisha#le #y la! or !hi(h are in(l)ded #y the la! in de%ining a (ri e and pres(ri#ing the penalty there%or shall not #e ta,en into a((o)nt %or the p)rpose o% in(reasing the penalty+ 25 *he sa e r)le shall apply !ith respe(t to any aggravating (ir() stan(e inherent in the (ri e to s)(h a degree that it )st o% ne(essity a((o pany the (o ission thereo%+ @5 Aggravating or itigating (ir() stan(es !hi(h arise %ro the oral attri#)tes o% the o%%ender& or %ro his private relations !ith the o%%ended party& or %ro any other personal (a)se& shall only serve to aggravate or itigate the lia#ility o% the prin(ipals& a((o pli(es and a((essories as to !ho s)(h (ir() stan(es are attendant+ -5 *he (ir() stan(es !hi(h (onsist in the aterial e:e()tion o% the a(t& or in the eans e ployed to a((o plish it& shall serve to aggravate or itigate the lia#ility o% those persons only !ho had ,no!ledge o% the at the ti e o% the e:e()tion o% the a(t or their (ooperation therein+ /5 =a#it)al delin>)en(y shall have the %ollo!ing e%%e(ts7 4a5 $pon a third (onvi(tion the ()lprit shall #e senten(ed to the penalty provided #y la! %or the last (ri e o% !hi(h he #e %o)nd g)ilty and to the additional penalty o% prision (orre((ional in its edi) and a:i ) periodsM 4#5 $pon a %o)rth (onvi(tion& the ()lprit shall #e
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER senten(ed to the penalty provided %or the last (ri e o% !hi(h he #e %o)nd g)ilty and to the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its ini ) and edi) periodsM and 4(5 $pon a %i%th or additional (onvi(tion& the ()lprit shall #e senten(ed to the penalty provided %or the last (ri e o% !hi(h he #e %o)nd g)ilty and to the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its a:i ) period to re(l)sion te poral in its ini ) period Not!ithstanding the provisions o% this arti(le& the total o% the t!o penalties to #e i posed )pon the o%%ender& in (on%or ity here!ith& shall in no (ase e:(eed @0 years+ 'or the p)rpose o% this arti(le& a person shall #e dee ed to #e ha#it)al delin>)ent& is !ithin a period o% ten years %ro the date o% his release or last (onvi(tion o% the (ri es o% serio)s or less serio)s physi(al in")ries& ro#o& h)rto& esta%a or %alsi%i(ation& he is %o)nd g)ilty o% any o% said (ri es a third ti e or o%tener+
'i%th or additional (onvi(tion+ *he penalty is that provided #y la! %or the last (ri e and the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its a:i ) period to re(l)sion te poral in its ini ) period+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
25
35
What are the e%%e(ts o% the attendan(e o% itigatingoraggravating (ir() stan(esN 15 Aggravating (ir() stan(es !hi(h are not (onsidered %or the p)rpose o% in(reasing the penalty7 : *hose!hi(hinthe selves (onstit)tea(ri eespe(ially p)nisha#le #y la!+ : *hose in(l)ded #y la! in de%ining the (ri e+ : *hose inherent in the (ri e #)t o% ne(essity they a((o pany the (o ission thereo%+ 25 Aggravating or itigating (ir() stan(es that serve to aggravate or itigate the lia#ility o% the o%%ender to !ho s)(h are attendant+ *hose arising %ro 7 : Moral attri#)tes o% the o%%ender : =is private relations !ith the o%%ended party : Any other personal (a)se @5 Aggravating or itigating (ir() stan(es that a%%e(t the o%%enders only !ho had ,no!ledge o% the at the ti e o% the e:e()tion o% the a(t or their (ooperation therein+
Note7 : In no (ase shall the total o% the 2 penalties i posed )pon the o%%ender e:(eed @0 years+ : *he la! does not apply to (ri es des(ri#ed in Art+ 1//+ : *he i position o% the additional penalty onha#it)aldelin>)entsare C<NS*I*$*I<NAL #e(a)se s)(h la! is neither an EE P<S* 'AC*< LAW nor an additional p)nish ent %or %)t)re (ri es+ : It is si ply a p)nish ent on %)t)re (ri es on a((o)nt o% the (ri inal propensities o% the a(()sed+ : *he i position o% s)(h additional penalties is andatory and is not dis(retionary+ : =a#it)al delin>)en(y applies at any stage o% the e:e()tion #e(a)se s)#"e(tively& the o%%ender reveals the sa e degree o% depravity or perversity astheone!ho(o itsa (ons) ated (ri e+ : It applies to all parti(ipants #e(a)se it reveals persisten(e in the o% the in(lination to !rongdoing and o% the perversity o% (hara(ter that led the to (o it the previo)s (ri e+
Cases !here attending aggravating or itigating(ir() stan(esarenot (onsidered in the i position o% penalties 15 Penalty that is single and indivisi#le 25 'elonies thro)gh negligen(e @5 When the penalty is a %ine -5 When the penalty is pres(ri#ed #y a spe(ial la!+ 4As,ed @ ti es in the 0ar E:a s5
What are the legal e%%e(ts o% ha#it)al delin>)en(yN : *hird (onvi(tion+ *he ()lprit is senten(ed to the penalty %or the (ri e (o itted and to the additional penalty o% prision (orre((ional in its edi) and a:i ) period+ : 'o)rth (onvi(tion+ *he penalty is that provided #y la! %or the last (ri e and the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its ini ) and edi) periods+
Art+ 2@+ R)les %or the appli(ation o% indivisi#le penalties+ 15 In all (ases in !hi(h the la! pres(ri#es a single indivisi#le penalty& 25 it shall #e applied #y the (o)rts regardless o% any itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(es that ay have attended the (o ission o% the deed+ @5 In all (ases in !hi(h the la! pres(ri#es a penalty (o posed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties& -5 the %ollo!ing r)les shall #e o#served in the appli(ation thereo%7 a5 When in the (o ission o% the deed there is present only one aggravating (ir() stan(e&
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER the greater penalty shall #e applied+ When there are neither itigating nor aggravating (ir() stan(es and there is no aggravating (ir() stan(e& the lesser penalty shall #e applied+ When the (o ission o% the a(t is attended #y so e itigating (ir() stan(es and there is no aggravating (ir() stan(e& the lesser penalty shall #e applied+ When #oth itigating and aggravating (ir() stan(es attended the (o ission o% the a(t& the (o)rt shall reasona#ly allo! the to o%%set one another in (onsideration o% their n) #er and i portan(e& %or the p)rpose o% applying the penalty in a((ordan(e !ith the pre(eding r)les& a((ordingtotheres)lto%s)(h (o pensation+
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES present in the (o ission o% the a(t& they shall i pose the penalty in its a:i ) period+ When #oth itigating and aggravating (ir() stan(es are present& the (o)rt shall reasona#ly o%%set those o% one (lass against the other a((ording to their relative !eight+ When there are t!o or ore itigating (ir() stan(esandnoaggravating (ir() stan(es are present& the (o)rt shall i pose the penalty ne:t lo!er to that pres(ri#ed #y la!& in the period that it ay dee appli(a#le& a((ording to th3e n) #er and nat)re o% s)(h (ir() stan(es+ Whatever ay #e the n) #er and nat)re o% the aggravating (ir() stan(es& the (o)rts shall not i pose a greater penalty than that pres(ri#ed #y la!& in its a:i ) period+ Within the li its o% ea(h period& the (o)rt shall deter ine the e:tent o% the penalty a((ording to the n) #er and nat)re o% the aggravating and itigating (ir() stan(es and the greater and lesser e:tent o% the evil prod)(ed #y the (ri e+
#5
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
iv+
(5
v+
d5
vi+
vii+
R)les %or the appli(ation o% indivisi#le penalties7 a+ Penalty is single and indivisi#le i+ *he penalty shall #e applied regardless o% the presen(e o% itigatingoraggravating (ir() stan(es+ ii+ E:+ re(l)sion perpet)a or death #+ Penalty is (o posed o% 2 indivisi#le penalties7 a5 <neaggravating(ir() stan(e present7 =I1=ER penalty #5 No itigating(ir() stan(es present7 LESSER penalty (5 So e itigating (ir() stan(es presentandnoaggravating7 LESSER penalty d5 Mitigatingandaggravating (ir() stan(es o%%set ea(h other : 0asis o% penalty7 n) #er and i portan(e+ 4As,ed 2 ti es in the 0ar E:a s5
R)les %or the appli(ation o% .IVISI0LE PENAL*IES 15 No aggravating and No itigating7 ME.I$M PERI<. 25 <ne itigating7 MINIM$M PERI<. @5 <ne aggravating7 4any n) #er (annot e:(eed the penalty provided #y la! in its a:i ) period57 MAEIM$M PERI<. -5 Mitigatingandaggravating (ir() stan(es present7 : to o%%set ea(h other a((ording to relative !eight /5 2 or ore itigating and no aggravating7 : one degree lo!er 4has the e%%e(t o% a privileged itigating (ir() stan(e5
Art+ 2-+ R)les %or the appli(ation o% penalties !hi(h (ontain three periods+ 15 In (ases in !hi(h the penalties pres(ri#ed #y la! (ontain three periods& 25 !hether it #e a single divisi#le penalty or (o posed o% three di%%erent penalties& @5 ea(h one o% !hi(h %or s a period in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% Arti(les 32 and 33& -5 the (o)rt shall o#serve %or the appli(ation o% the penalty the %ollo!ing r)les& a((ording to !hether there are or are not itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(es7 i+ When there are neither aggravating nor itigating (ir() stan(es& they shall i pose the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! in its edi) period+ ii+ When only a itigating (ir() stan(es is present in the (o ission o% the a(t& they shall i pose the penalty in its ini ) period+ iii+ When an aggravating (ir() stan(e is
: N<*E7 Art+ 2- does not apply to7 15 indivisi#le penalties 25 penalties pres(ri#ed #y spe(ial la!s @5 %ines -5 (ri es (o itted #y negligen(e 4As,ed @ ti es in the 0ar E:a s5
Art+ 23+ Penalty to #e i posed !hen not all the re>)isiteso%e:e ptiono%the%o)rth (ir() stan(e o% Arti(le 12 are present+ When all the (onditions re>)ired in (ir() stan(es N) #er - o% Arti(le 12 o% this Code to e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility are not present& the penalty o% arresto ayor in its a:i ) period to prision (orre((ional in its ini ) period shall #e i posed )pon the ()lprit i% he shall have #een g)ilty o% a grave %elony& and arresto ayor in its ini ) and periods& i% o% a less grave %elony+ edi)
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES =eld7 $nder Arti(le -6 o% the Revised Penal Code& a (o ple: (ri e re%ers to7 15 the (o ission o% at least t!o grave or less grave %elonies that )st #oth 4or all5 #e the res)lt o% a single a(t& or 25 one o%%ense )st #e a ne(essary eans %or (o itting the other 4or others5+ $sing the a#ove g)idelines& the a(ts (annot (onstit)te a (o ple: (ri e+ Spe(i%i(ally& the alleged a(tions sho!ing %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( andAor a (o er(ial do() ent !ere not ne(essary to (o it esta%a+ Neither !ere the t!o (ri es the res)lt o% a single a(t+ People v+ 1on?ale? 4S)pra57 0oth o% the %a ilies o% Andres and that o% 1on?ale? !ere on their !ay to the e:it o% the Loyola Me orial Par,+ 1on?ales !as driving !ith his grandson and @ ho)se aids& !hile Andres !as driving !ith his pregnant !i%e& 'eli#er& his 2yr old son& Jenneth& his nephe! Jevin and his sisterDinDla!+ At an interse(tion& their t!o vehi(les al ost (ollided+ 1on?ales (ontin)ed driving !hile Andres tailed 1on?alesF vehi(le and ()t hi o%% !hen he %o)nd the opport)nity to do so& then got o)t o% his vehi(le and ,no(,ed on the appellantSs (ar !indo!+ =eated e:(hange o% re ar,s %ollo!ed+ <n his !ay #a(, to his vehi(le& he et 1on?ales son& .ino+ Andres had a sho)ting at(h this ti e !ith .ino+ 1on?ales then alighted %ro his (ar and %ired a single shot at the last !indo! on the le%t side o% AndresS vehi(le at an angle a!ay %ro Andres+ *he single #)llet %ired hit Jenneth& Jevin and 'eli#er !hi(h (a)sed the latterFs death+ =eld7 *he r)les on the i position o% penalties %or (o ple: (ri es )nder Art+ -6 o% the Revised Penal Code are not appli(a#le in this (ase+ Art+ -6 applies i% a single a(t (onstit)tes t!o or ore grave and less grave %elonies or !hen an o%%ense is a ne(essary eans o% (o itting anotherM in s)(h a (ase& the penalty %or the ost serio)s o%%ense shall #e i posed in its a:i ) period+ Considering that the o%%enses (o itted #y the a(t o% the appellant o% %iring a single shot are7 one (o)nt o% ho i(ide& a grave %elony& and t!o (o)nts o% slight physi(al in")ries& a light %elony&
Penalty to #e i posed i% the re>)isites o% a((ident 4Art+ 12 par -5 are not all present7 a5 1RAVE 'EL<NC7 arresto ayor a:i ) period to prision (orre((ional ini ) period #5 LESS 1RAVE 'EL<NC7 arresto ayor ini ) period and edi) period
;CRIMINAL LAW 1
Art+ 2;+ Penalty to #e i posed !hen the (ri e (o itted is not !holly e:()sa#le+ A penalty lo!er #y one or t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed #y la! shall #e i posed i% the deed is not !holly e:()sa#le #y reason o% the la(, o% so e o% the (onditions re>)ired to ")sti%y the sa e or to e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility in the several (ases entioned in Arti(le 11 and 12& provided that the a"ority o% s)(h (onditions #e present+ *he (o)rts shall i pose the penalty in the period !hi(h ay #e dee ed proper& in vie! o% the n) #er and nat)re o% the (onditions o% e:e ption present or la(,ing+
Penalty to #e i posed !hen the (ri e (o itted is not !holly e:()sa#le7 : <ne or t!o degrees lo!er : i% the a"ority o% the (onditions %or ")sti%i(ation or e:e ption in the (ases provided in Arts+ 11 and 12 are present+
People v+ La(anilao 41;6657 *he C'I %o)nd the a(()sed& a poli(e an& g)ilty o% ho i(ide+ <n appeal #e%ore the CA& the CA %o)nd that the a(()sed a(ted in the per%or an(e o% a d)ty #)t that the shooting o% the vi(ti !as not the ne(essary (onse>)en(e o% the d)e per%or an(e thereo%& there%ore (rediting to hi the itigating (ir() stan(e (onsisting o% the in(o plete ")sti%ying (ir() stan(e o% %)l%ill ent o% d)ty+ *he CA lo!ered the penalty erely #y one period applying Art+ 2- 425 appre(iating in(o plete %)l%ill ent o% d)ty as a ere generi( itigating (ir() stan(e lo!ering the penalty to ini ) period+
=eld7 CA erred #e(a)se in(o plete %)l%ill ent o% d)ty is a privileged itigating (ir() stan(e !hi(h not only (annot #e o%%set #y aggravating (ir() stan(es #)t also red)(es the penalty #y one or t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed # la!+ *he governing provision is Art+ 2; o% the RPC+
VII+ Spe(ial R)les %or Certain Sit)ations

A+ Co ple: Cri es
Monteverde v+ People 4200257 Monteverde !as p)rportedly (harged !ith the (o ple: (ri e o% esta%a thro)gh %alsi%i(ation o% a (o er(ial do() ent %or allegedly %alsi%ying the do() ent she had s)# itted to sho! that the oney donated #y PA1C<R !as )sed and spent %or lighting aterials %or her #arangay+
the r)les on the i position o% penalties %or (o ple: (ri es& !hi(h re>)ires t!o or ore grave andAor less grave %elonies& !ill not apply+ People v+ Co adre 4200-57 Ro#ert Ag#anlog& Wa#e& 0)llanday& Ca at and E)genio !ere having a drin,ing spree on the terra(e o% the ho)se o% Ro#ertFs %ather& Bai e Ag#anlog+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Bai e !as seated on the #anister o% the terra(e listening to the (onversation o% the (o panions o% his son+ As the drin,ing session !ent on& Ro#ert and the others noti(ed appellants 1eorge and Antonio Co adre and Lo?ano !al,ing+ *he @ stopped in %ront o% the ho)se+ While his (o panions loo,ed on& Antonio s)ddenly lo##ed a hand grenade !hi(h %ell on the roo% o% the terra(e+ Appellants i ediately %led+ *he hand grenade e:ploded ripping a hole in the roo% o% the ho)se+ Ro#ert died !hile his %ather& Bai e& Wa#e& Ca at& and 0)llanday s)stained shrapnel in")ries+ =eld7 Antonio is g)ilty o% the (o ple: (ri e o% )rder !ith )ltiple atte pted )rder )nder Arti(le -6 o% the Revised Penal Code+ *he )nderlying philosophy o% (o ple: (ri es in the Revised Penal Code& !hi(h %ollo!s the pro reo prin(iple& is intended to %avor the a(()sed #y i posing a single penalty irrespe(tive o% the (ri es (o itted+ *he rationale #eing& that the a(()sed !ho (o its t!o (ri es !ith single (ri inal i p)lse de onstrates lesser perversity than !hen the (ri es are (o itted #y di%%erent a(ts and several (ri inal resol)tions+ *he single a(t #y appellant o% detonating a hand grenade ay >)antitatively (onstit)te a (l)ster o% several separate and distin(t o%%enses& yet these (o ponent (ri inal o%%enses sho)ld #e (onsidered only as a single (ri e in la! on !hi(h a single penalty is i posed #e(a)se the o%%ender !as i pelled #y a 8single (ri inal i p)lse9 !hi(h sho!s his lesser degree o% perversity+ People v+ .elos Santos 4200157 1lenn .elos Santos and his @ %riends !ent to 0),idnon on his Is)?) El% tr)(,+ <n their !ay& they de(ided to pass #y a resta)rant !here 1lenn had @ #ottles o% #eer+ 'ro 0),idnon to Cagayan de <ro City& 1lennFs tr)(, hit& #) ped& serio)sly !o)nded and (lai ed the lives o% several e #ers o% the PNP !ho !ere )ndergoing an end)ran(e r)n on a high!ay !earing #la(, shirts and shorts and green (o #at shoes+ *!elve trainees !ere ,illed on the spot& 12 !ere serio)sly !o)nded& 1 o% !ho event)ally died and 10 s)stained inor in")ries+ At the ti e o% the o(()rren(e& the pla(e o% the in(ident !as very dar, as there !as no oon+ Neither !ere there la posts that ill) inated the high!ay+ *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted 1lenn o% the (o ple: (ri e o% )ltiple )rder& )ltiple %r)strated )rder and )ltiple atte pted )rder& !ith the )se o% otor vehi(le as the >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e+ =eld7
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES Considering that the in(ident !as not a prod)(t o% a ali(io)s intent #)t rather the res)lt o% a single a(t o% re(,less driving& 1lenn sho)ld #e held g)ilty o% the (o ple: (ri e o% re(,less i pr)den(e res)lting in )ltiple ho i(ide !ith serio)s physi(al in")ries and less serio)s physi(al in")ries+ *he slight physi(al in")ries (a)sed #y 1lenn to the ten other vi(ti s thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e& !o)ld& had they #een intentional& have (onstit)ted light %elonies+ 0eing light %elonies& !hi(h are not (overed #y Arti(le -6& they sho)ld #e treated and p)nished as separate o%%enses+ Separate in%or ations sho)ld have& there%ore& #een %iled+ People v+ Velas>)e? 4200057 Velas>)e?& po,ed a toy g)n and %or(ed Jaren to go !ith her at his grand otherFs ho)se+ <)t o% %ear and not ,no!ing that the g)n that Velas>)e? !as holding is a ere toy& Jaren !ent !ith Velas>)e?+ Velas>)e? then raped Jaren t!i(e+ *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted Velas>)e? o% t!o (o)nts o% rape+ =eld7 Considering that Velas>)e? %or(i#ly a#d)(ted Jaren and then raped her t!i(e& he sho)ld #e (onvi(ted o% the (o ple: (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape and si ple rape+ *he penalty %or (o ple: (ri es is the penalty %or the ost serio)s (ri e !hi(h shall #e i posed in its a:i ) period+ Rape is the ore serio)s o% the t!o (ri es and is p)nisha#le !ith re(l)sion perpet)a )nder Arti(le 222D A o% the Revised Penal Code and sin(e re(l)sion perpet)a is a single indivisi#le penalty& it shall #e i posed as it is+ *he s)#se>)ent rape (o itted #y Velas>)e? (an no longer #e (onsidered as a separate (o ple: (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape #)t only as a separate a(t o% rape p)nisha#le #y re(l)sion perpet)a+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
0+ Cri es .i%%erent %ro

: : :
*hat Intended
I possi#le Cri es 4s)pra5 Pl)ral Cri es 4s)pra5 AdditionalPenalty%or A((essories
Certain
Art+ /6+ Additional penalty to #e i posed )pon (ertain a((essories+ *hose a((essories %alling !ithin the ter s o% paragraphs @ o% Arti(le 1; o% this Code !ho sho)ld a(t !ith a#)se o% their p)#li( %)n(tions& shall s)%%er the additional penalty o%
: :
a#sol)te perpet)al dis>)ali%i(ation i% the prin(ipal o%%ender shall #e g)ilty o% a grave %elony& and that o% a#sol)te te porary dis>)ali%i(ation i% he shall #e g)ilty o% a less grave %elony+
: : : A#sol)te perpet)al dis>)ali%i(ation i% the prin(ipal o%%ender is g)ilty o% a grave %elony+ A#sol)te te porary dis>)ali%i(ation i% the prin(ipal o%%ender is g)ilt o% less grave %elony+ : : :
C+ Where the <%%ender Is 0elo! 16 Cears

Art+ 26+ Penalty to #e i posed )pon a person )nder eighteen years o% age+ When the o%%ender is a inor )nder eighteen years and his (ase is one (o ing )nder the provisions o% the paragraphs ne:t to the last o% Arti(le 60 o% this Code& the %ollo!ing r)les shall #e o#served7 15 $pon a person )nder %i%teen #)t over nine years o% age& !ho is not e:e pted %ro lia#ility #y reason o% the (o)rt having de(lared that he a(ted !ith dis(ern ent& a dis(retionary penalty shall #e i posed& #)t al!ays lo!er #y t!o degrees at least than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (ri e !hi(h he (o itted+ $pon a person over %i%teen and )nder eighteen years o% age the penalty ne:t lo!er than that pres(ri#ed #y la! shall #e i posed& #)t al!ays in the proper period+
disapproved or i% !hile in the re%or atory instit)tion he #e(o es in(orrigi#le in !hi(h (ase he shall #e ret)rned to the (o)rt %or the i position o% the proper penalty+ ; to 1/ years only !ith dis(ern ent7 at least 2 degrees lo!er+ 1/ to 16 years old7 penalty ne:t lo!er Art+ 26 provides %or t!o o% the PRIVILE1E. MI*I1A*IN1 CIRC$MS*ANCES I% the a(t is attended #y t!o or ore itigating and no aggravating (ir() stan(e& the penalty #eing divisi#le& a inor over 1/ #)t )nder 16 years old ay still get a penalty t!o degrees lo!er+ 4As,ed on(e in the 0ar E:a s5
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
.+ *he *hreeD'old R)le

Art+ 30+ S)((essive servi(e o% senten(e+ When the ()lprit has to serve t!o or ore penalties& he shall serve the si )ltaneo)sly i% the nat)re o% the penalties !ill so per it other!ise& the %ollo!ing r)les shall #e o#served7 In the i position o% the penalties& the order o% their respe(tive severity shall #e %ollo!ed so that they ay #e e:e()ted s)((essively or as nearly as ay #e possi#le& sho)ld a pardon have #een granted as to the penalty or penalties %irst i posed& or sho)ld they have #een served o)t+ 'or the p)rpose o% applying the provisions o% the ne:t pre(eding paragraph the respe(tive severity o% the penalties shall #e deter ined in a((ordan(e !ith the %ollo!ing s(ale7 1+ .eath& 2+ Re(l)sion perpet)a& @+ Re(l)sion te poral& -+ Prision ayor& /+ Prision (orre((ional& 2+ Arresto ayor& 3+ Arresto enor& 6+ .estierro& ;+ Perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation& 10+ *e poral a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation+ 11+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& the right to vote and #e voted %or& the right to %ollo! a pro%ession or (alling& and 12+ P)#li( (ens)re Not!ithstanding the provisions o% the r)le ne:t pre(eding& the a:i ) d)ration o% the (onvi(tSs senten(e shall not #e ore than threeD%old the length o% ti e (orresponding to the ost severe o% the penalties i posed )pon hi + No other penalty to !hi(h he ay #e lia#le shall #e in%li(ted a%ter the s) total o% those i posed e>)als the sa e S)(h a:i ) years+ a:i ) period+ period shall in no (ase e:(eed %orty
25
P. No+ 20@+ AR*+ 1;2+ S)spension o% Senten(e and Co it ent o% Co)th%)l <%%ender+ 15 I% a%ter hearing the eviden(e in the proper pro(eedings& the (o)rt sho)ld %ind that the yo)th%)l o%%ender has (o itted the a(ts (harged against hi 25 the (o)rt shall deter ine the i posa#le penalty& in(l)ding any (ivil lia#ility (hargea#le against hi + @5 =o!ever& instead o% prono)n(ing ")dg ent o% (onvi(tion& the (o)rt shall s)spend all %)rther pro(eedings and shall (o it s)(h inor to the ()stody or (are o% the .epart ent o% So(ial Wel%are& or to any training instit)tion -5 )ntil he shall have rea(hed t!entyDone years o% age or& %or a shorter period as the (o)rt ay dee proper& /5 a%ter(onsideringthereportsand re(o endations o% the .epart ent o% So(ial Wel%are or the agen(y or responsi#le individ)al )nder !hose (are he has #een (o itted+
*he yo)th%)l o%%ender shall #e s)#"e(t to visitation and s)pervision #y a representative o% the .epart ent o% So(ial Wel%are or any d)ly li(ensed agen(y or s)(h other o%%i(er as the (o)rt ay designate s)#"e(t to s)(h (onditions as it ay pres(ri#e+
Art+ 26 applies to s)(h inor i% his appli(ation %or s)spension o% senten(e is
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER In applying the provisions o% this r)le the d)ration o% perpet)al penalties shall #e (o p)ted at thirty years+ 4As a ended5+
: :
<)tline o% the provisions o% this Arti(le7 15 When the ()lprit has to serve 2 or ore penalties&heshallservethe si )ltaneo)sly i% the nat)re o% the penalties !ill so per it+ 25 <ther!ise& the order o% their respe(tive severity shall #e %ollo!ed+ : *he respe(tive severity o% the penalties is as %ollo!s7 a+ .eath 4repealed5 #+ Re(l)sion perpet)a (+ Re(l)sion te poral d+ Prision ayor e+ Prision (orre((ional %+ Arresto ayor g+ Arresto enor h+ .estierro i+ Perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation "+ *e porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation ,+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& the right to vote& and #e voted %or& the right to %ollo! pro%ession or (alling& and l+ P)#li( (ens)re : *hepenalties!hi(h(an#e si )ltaneo)sly served are7 1+ Perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation 2+ Perpet)al spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation @+ *e porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation -+ *e porary spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation /+ S)spension 2+ .estierro 3+ P)#li( Cens)re 6+ 'ine and 0ond to ,eep the pea(e ;+ Civil interdi(tion 10+ Con%is(ation and pay ent o% (osts
: : :
*he threeD%old r)le applies only !hen the (onvi(t has to serve at least %o)r senten(es+ All the penalties& even i% #y di%%erent (o)rts at di%%erent ti es& (annot e:(eed threeD%old the ost severe+ : *he R)les o% Co)rt spe(i%i(ally provide that any in%or ation )st not (harge ore than one o%%ense+ : Ne(essarily&thevario)so%%ense p)nished !ith di%%erent penalties )st #e (harged )nder di%%erent in%or ations !hi(h ay #e %iled in the sa e (o)rt or in di%%erent (o)rts& at the sa e ti e or at di%%erent ti es+ S)#sidiary i prison ent %or s part o% the penalty+ Inde nity is a penalty+ Co)rt )st i pose all the penalties %or all the (ri es o% !hi(h the a(()sed is %o)nd g)ilty& #)t in the servi(e o% the sa e& they shall not e:(eed three ti es the ost severe and shall not e:(eed -0 years+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
Me"orada v+ Sandigan#ayan 41;6357 *he petitioner !as (onvi(ted o% violating Se(tion @4E5 o% RA No+ @01; a,a the AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t+ <ne o% the iss)es raised #y the petitioner (on(erns the penalty i posed #y the Sandigan#ayan !hi(h totals /2 years and 6 days o% i prison ent+ =e i p)gns this as (ontrary to the threeD%old r)le and insists that the d)ration o% the aggregate penalties sho)ld not e:(eed -0 years+ =eld7 Petitioner is ista,en in his appli(ation o% the @D%old r)le as set %orth in Art+ 30 o% the RPC+ *his arti(le is to #e ta,en into a((o)nt not in the i position o% the penalty #)t in (onne(tion !ith the servi(e o% the senten(e i posed+ Art+ 30 spea,s o% 8servi(e9 o% senten(e& 8d)ration9 o% penalty and penalty 8to #e in%li(ted9+ No!here in the arti(le is anything the 8i position o% penalty9+ entioned a#o)t
*he a#ove penalties& e:(ept destierro& (an #e served si )ltaneo)sly !ith i prison ent+ Penalties (onsisting in deprivation o% li#erty (annot #e served si )ltaneo)sly #y reason o% the nat)re o% s)(h penalties+
*hreeD%old R)le7 65 *he a:i ) d)ration o% the (onvi(tFs senten(e ;5 shall not #e ore than three ti es the length o% ti e 105 (orresponding to the ost severe o% the penalties i posed )pon hi +
It erely provides that the prisoner (annot #e ade to serve ore than three ti es the ost severe o% these penalties the a:i ) !hi(h is -0 years+
4As,ed on(e in the 0ar E:a s5 : Where the Penalty Is Not Co posed o% @ Periods
*he phrase 8the ost severe o% the penalties9 in(l)des e>)al penalties+
Art+ 2/+ R)le in (ases in !hi(h the penalty is not (o posed o% three periods+ In (ases in !hi(h the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! is not (o posed o% three periods&
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER the (o)rts shall apply the r)les (ontained in the %oregoing arti(les& dividing into three e>)al portions o% ti e in(l)ded in the penalty pres(ri#ed& and %or ing one period o% ea(h o% the three portions+
Meaning o% the R)le a+ Co p)te and deter ine %irst the @ periods o% the entire penalty+ #+ *he ti e in(l)ded in the penalty pres(ri#ed sho)ld #e divided into @ e>)al portions& a%ter s)#tra(ting the ini ) 4eli inate the 1 day5 %ro the a:i ) o% the penalty+ (+ *he ini ) o% the ini ) period sho)ld #e the ini ) o% the given penalty 4in(l)ding the 1 day5+ d+ *he >)otient sho)ld #e added to the ini ) pres(ri#ed 4eli inate the 1 day5 and the total !ill represent the a:i ) o% the ini ) period+ : *a,e the a:i ) o% the ini ) period& add 1 day and a,e it the ini ) o% the edi) periodM then add the >)otient to the ini ) 4eli inate the 1 day5 o% the edi) period and the total !ill represent the a:i ) o% the edi) period+ : *a,e the a:i ) o% the edi) period& add 1 day and a,e it the ini ) o% the a:i ) periodM then add the >)otient to the ini ) 4eli inate the 1 day5 o% the a:i ) period and the total !ill represent the a:i ) o% the a:i ) period+
3+ *hose !ho violated the ter s o% (onditional pardon granted to the #y the Chie% E:e()tive+ 6+ *hose!hose a:i ) ter o% i prison ent does not e:(eed one year+ ;+ *hose !ho& )pon the approval o% the la!& had #een senten(ed #y %inal ")dg ent+ 10+ *hose senten(ed to the penalty o% destierro or s)spension+ : P)rpose o% the la!7 to )pli%t and redee val)a#le h) an aterial and prevent )nne(essary and e:(essive deprivation o% li#erty and e(ono i( )se%)lness+ : It is ne(essary to (onsider the (ri inal %irst as an individ)al& and se(ond as a e #er o% the so(iety+ : *he la! is intended to %avor the de%endant& parti()larly to shorten his ter o% i prison ent& depending )pon his #ehavior and his physi(al& ental and oral re(ord as a prisoner& to #e deter ined#ythe0oardo% Indeter inate Senten(e+ *he settled pra(ti(e is to give the a(()sed the #ene%it o% the la! even in (ri es p)nisha#le !ith death or li%e i prison ent provided the res)lting penalty& a%ter (onsidering the attending (ir() stan(es& is re(l)sion te poral or less+ ISL does not apply to destierro+ ISL is e:pressly granted to those !ho are senten(ed to i prison ent e:(eeding 1 year+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
VIII+ *he Indeter inate Senten(e La! 4ISL5

*he Indeter inate Senten(e is (o posed o%7 1+ A MAEIM$M ta,en %ro the penalty i posa#le )nder the penal (ode 2+ A MINIM$M ta,en %ro the penalty ne:t lo!er to that %i:ed in the (ode+ *he la! does not apply to (ertain o%%enders7 1+ Persons (onvi(ted o% o%%ense p)nished !ith death penalty or li%e i prison ent+ 2+ *hose (onvi(ted o% treason& (onspira(y or proposal to (o it treason+ @+ *hose (onvi(ted o% isprision o% treason& re#ellion& sedition or espionage+ -+ *hose (onvi(ted o% pira(y+ /+ *hose !ho are ha#it)al delin>)ents+ 2+ *hose !ho shall have es(aped %ro (on%ine ent or evaded senten(e+
PR<CE.$RE'<R.E*ERMIN1*=E MAEIM$M AN. MINIM$M SEN*ENCE 1+ It (onsists o% a a:i ) and a ini ) instead o% a single %i:ed penalty+ 2+ Prisoner )st serve the ini ) #e%ore he is eligi#le %or parole+ @+ *he period #et!een the ini ) and a:i ) is indeter inate in the sense that the prisoner ay #e e:e pted %ro serving said indeter inate period in !hole or in part+ -+ *he a:i ) is deter ined in any (ase p)nisha#le )nder the RPC in a((ordan(e !ith the r)les and provisions o% said (ode e:a(tly as i% the ISL had never #een ena(ted+ /+ Apply %irst the e%%e(t o% privileged itigating (ir() stan(es then (onsider the e%%e(ts o% aggravatingandordinary itigating (ir() stan(es+ 2+ *he ini ) depends )pon the (o)rtFs dis(retion !ith the li itation that it )st #e !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree to that pres(ri#ed #y the Code %or the o%%ense (o itted+
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES aggravating (ir() stan(es& the (o)rts shall not i pose a greater penalty than that pres(ri#ed #y la!& in its a:i ) period+ Within the li its o% ea(h period& the (o)rt shall deter ine the e:tent o% the penalty a((ording to the n) #er and nat)re o% the aggravating and itigating (ir() stan(es and the greater and lesser e:tent o% the evil prod)(ed #y the (ri e+
Note7 A inor !ho es(aped %ro (on%ine ent in the re%or atory is entitled to the #ene%its o% the ISL #e(a)se his (on%ine ent is not (onsidered i prison ent+
People v+ Ca p)han 4s)pra57 *he penalty %or atte pted rape is t!o 425 degrees lo!er than the i posa#le penalty o% death %or the o%%ense (harged& !hi(h is stat)tory rape o% a inor #elo! seven 435 years+ *!o 425 degrees lo!er is re(l)sion te poral& the range o% !hi(h is t!elve 4125 years and one 415 day to t!enty 4205 years+ Applying the Indeter inate Senten(e La!& and in the a#sen(e o% any itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(e& the a:i ) o% the penalty to #e i posed )pon the a(()sed shall #e ta,en %ro the edi) period o% re(l)sion te poral& the range o% !hi(h is %o)rteen 41-5 years& eight 465 onths and 415 day to seventeen 4135 years and %o)r 4-5 onths& !hile the ini ) shall #e ta,en %ro the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree& !hi(h is prision ayor& the range o% !hi(h is %ro si: 425 years and one 415 day to t!elve 4125 years& in any o% its periods+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
g5
.e la Cr)? v+ CA 41;;257 In as )(h as the a o)nt o% P31/, is P2;@, ore than the a#ove entioned #en(h ar, o% P22,& then adding one year %or ea(h additional P10,& the a:i ) period o% 2 years& 6 onths and 21 days to 6 years o% prision ayor ini ) !o)ld #e in(reased #y 2; years& as (o p)ted #y the trial (o)rt+ 0)t the la! (ategori(ally de(lares that the a:i ) penalty then shall not e:(eed 20 years o% re(l)sion te poral+ $nder the ISL& the ini ) ter o% the indeter inate penalt sho)ld #e !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree to that pres(ri#ed # the Code %or the o%%ense (o itted& !hi(h is prision (orre((ional+ People v+ Saley 4s)pra57 $nder the Indeter inate Senten(e La!& a5 the a:i ) ter o% the penalty shall #e Rthat !hi(h& in vie! o% the attending (ir() stan(es& (o)ld #e properly i posedR )nder the Revised Penal Code& #5 and the ini ) shall #e R!ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er to that pres(ri#edR %or the o%%ense+ *he penalty ne:t lo!er sho)ld #e #ased on the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code %or the o%%ense& !itho)t %irst (onsidering any odi%ying (ir() stan(e attendant to the (o ission o% the (ri e+ *he deter ination o% the ini ) penalty is le%t #y la! to the so)nd dis(retion o% the (o)rt and it (an #e any!here !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er !itho)t any re%eren(e to the periods into !hi(h it ight #e s)#divided+ *he odi%ying (ir() stan(es are (onsidered only in the i position o% the a:i ) ter o% the indeter inate senten(e+ *he %a(t that the a o)nts involved in the instant (ase e:(eed P22&000+00 sho)ld not #e (onsidered in the initial deter ination o% the indeter inate penaltyM instead& the atter sho)ld #e so ta,en as analogo)s to odi%ying (ir() stan(es in the i position o% the a:i ) ter o% the %)ll indeter inate senten(e+ *his interpretation o% the la! a((ords !ith the r)le that penal la!s sho)ld #e (onstr)ed in %avor o% the a(()sed+ Sin(e the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the esta%a (harge against a(()sedDappellant is prision (orre((ional a:i ) to prision ayor ini ) & the penalty ne:t lo!er !o)ld then #e prision (orre((ional ini ) to edi) + *h)s& the ini ) ter o% the
4ASJE. 1/ *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5

Art+ 2-+ R)les %or the appli(ation o% penalties !hi(h (ontain three periods+ In (ases in !hi(h the penalties pres(ri#ed #y la! (ontain three periods& !hether it #e a single divisi#le penalty or (o posed o% three di%%erent penalties& ea(h one o% !hi(h %or s a period in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% Arti(les 32 and 33& the (o)rt shall o#serve %or the appli(ation o% the penalty the %ollo!ing r)les& a((ording to !hether there are or are not itigating or aggravating (ir() stan(es7 a5 When there are neither aggravating nor itigating (ir() stan(es& they shall i pose the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! in its edi) period+ #5 When only a itigating (ir() stan(e is present in the (o ission o% the a(t& they shall i pose the penalty in its ini ) period+ (5 When an aggravating (ir() stan(e is present in the (o ission o% the a(t& they shall i pose the penalty in its a:i ) period+ d5 When#oth itigatingandaggravating (ir() stan(es are present& the (o)rt shall reasona#ly o%%set those o% one (lass against the other a((ording to their relative !eight+ e5 When there are t!o or ore itigating (ir() stan(es and no aggravating (ir() stan(es are present& the (o)rt shall7 4d5 i pose the penalty ne:t lo!er to that pres(ri#ed #y la!& 4e5 in the period that it ay dee appli(a#le& 4%5 a((ording to the n) #er and nat)re o% s)(h (ir() stan(es+ %5 Whatever ay #e the n) #er and nat)re o% the
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER indeter inate senten(e sho)ld #e any!here !ithin si: 425 onths and one 415 day to %o)r 4-5 years and t!o 425 onths+
IE+ E:e()tion and Servi(e o% Penalties

: : E:e()tion o% Penalties :
Art+ 36+ When and ho! a penalty is to #e e:e()ted+ No penalty shall #e e:e()ted e:(ept #y virt)e o% a %inal ")dg ent+ A penalty shall not #e e:e()ted in any other %or that pres(ri#ed #y la!& nor !ith any other (ir() stan(es or in(idents than those e:pressly a)thori?ed there#y+ than
Convi(t shall not #e per itted to enter the pla(e designated in the senten(e nor !ithin the radi)s spe(i%ied& : !hi(h shall not ore than 2/0 and not less than 2/ , %ro the pla(e designated+ I% the (onvi(t enters the prohi#ited area& he (o its evasion o% senten(e+ .estierro is i posed7 : When the death or serio)s physi(al in")ries is (a)sed or are in%li(ted )nder e:(eptional (ir() stan(es 4art+ 2-35M : When a person %ails to give #ond %or good #ehavior 4art+ 26-5M : As a penalty %or the (on()#ine in the (ri e o% (on()#inage 4Art+ @@-5M : When a%ter lo!ering the penalty #y degrees& destierro is the proper penalty+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
In addition to the provisions o% the la!& the spe(ial reg)lations pres(ri#ed %or the govern ent o% the instit)tions in !hi(h the penalties are to #e s)%%ered shall #e o#served !ith regard to :the (hara(ter o% the !or, to #e per%or ed& :the ti e o% its per%or an(e& and other in(idents (onne(ted there!ith& :the relations o% the (onvi(ts a ong the selves and other persons& :the relie% !hi(h they ay re(eive& and :their diet+ *he reg)lations shall a,e provision %or the separation o% the se:es in di%%erent instit)tions& or at least into di%%erent depart ents and also %or the (orre(tion and re%or o% the (onvi(ts+
Art+ 66+ Arresto enor+ *he penalty o% arresto enor shall #e served in the )ni(ipal "ail& or in the ho)se o% the de%endant hi sel% )nder the s)rveillan(e o% an o%%i(er o% the la!& !hen the (o)rt so provides in its de(ision& ta,ing into (onsideration the health o% the o%%ender and other reasons !hi(h ay see satis%a(tory to it+
Servi(e o% the penalty o% arresto enor7 : In the )ni(ipal "ail : In the ho)se o% the o%%ender& #)t )nder the s)rveillan(e o% an o%%i(er o% the la!& !henever the (o)rt so provides in the de(ision d)e to the health o% the o%%ender+
*he ")dg ent )st #e %inal #e%ore it (an #e e:e()ted& #e(a)se the a(()sed ay still appeal !ithin 1/ days %ro its pro )lgation+ 0)t i% the de%endant has e:pressly !aived in !riting his right to appeal& the ")dg ent #e(o es %inal and e:e()tory+ See R)les and reg)lations to i ple ent RA No+ 6133 )nder Capital P)nish ent+
In the Matter o% the petition %or =a#eas Corp)s o% Pete Lagran 4200157 *he a(()sed !as (onvi(ted o% @ (o)nts o% violating 0P22 and !as senten(ed to i prison ent o% 1 year %or ea(h (o)nt+ =e !as detained on 'e#+ 2-& 1;;;+ <n Mar+ 1;& 2001& he %iled a petition %or ha#eas (orp)s (lai ing he (o pleted the servi(e o% his senten(e+ Citing Art+ 30& RPC& he (lai ed that he shall serve the penalties si )ltaneo)sly+ *h)s& there is no ore legal #asis %or his detention+
Art+ 62+ Re(l)sion perpet)a& re(l)sion te poral& prision ayor& prision (orre((ional and arresto ayor+ *he penalties o% re(l)sion perpet)a& re(l)sion te poral& prision ayor& prision (orre((ional and arresto ayor& shall #e e:e()ted and served in the pla(es and penal esta#lish ents provided #y the Ad inistrative Code in %or(e or !hi(h ay #e provided #y la! in the %)t)re+ Art+ 63+ .estierro+ Any person senten(ed to destierro shall not #e per itted to enter the pla(e or pla(es designated in the senten(e& nor !ithin the radi)s therein spe(i%ied& !hi(h shall #e not ore than 2/0 and not less than 2/ ,ilo eters %ro the pla(e designated+
=eld7 Art+ 30 allo!s si )ltaneo)s servi(e o% t!o or ore penalties only i% the nat)re o% the penalties so per it+ In the (ase at #ar& the petitioner !as senten(ed to s)%%er one year i prison ent %or every (o)nt o% the o%%ense (o itted+ *he nat)re o% the senten(e does not allo! petitioner to serve all the ter s si )ltaneo)sly+ *he r)le o% s)((essive servi(e o% senten(e applied+ )st #e
4As,ed on(e in the 0ar E:a s5
: E%%e(ts o% the Pro#ation La!

Pro#ation La! 4P. ;265 Pro#ation I a disposition )nder !hi(h a de%endant& a%ter (onvi(tion and senten(e& is released s)#"e(t to (onditions i posed #y the (o)rt and to the s)pervision o% a pro#ation o%%i(er+
H)estion7 When is the period %or %iling o% pro#ationN Ans!er7 'iling period is !ithin the period %or per%e(ting an appeal+ H)estion7 Where do yo) %ile yo)r pro#ation appli(ationN Ans!er7 *rial Co)rt H)estion7 .oes the la! allo! the si )ltaneo)s %iling o% pro#ation and appealN Ans!er7 No+ ItFs either yo) %ile %or pro#ation or yo) %ile %or appeal+ <nly one (hoi(e& i% yo) (hoose one then yo) are #arred %ro )sing the other+ H)estion7 When shall pro#ation #e deniedN Ans!er7 Pro#ation shall #e denied !hen7 1+ the o%%ender is in need o% (orre(tional treat ent that (an #e provided ost e%%e(tively #y his (o it ent to an instit)tion+ 2+ there is )nd)e ris, that d)ring the pro#ation& the o%%ender !ill (o it another (ri e+ @+ pro#ation !ill depre(ate the serio)sness o% the o%%ense (o itted+
H)estion7 =o! long ay a (onvi(t #e pla(ed on pro#ationN Ans!er7 1+ i% the (onvi(t is senten(e to i prison ent o% not ore than one year& pro#ation shall not e:(eed t!o years 2+ i% sAhe senten(ed to ore than one year& pro#ation shall not e:(eed si: years+ @+ i% the senten(e is only a %ine 4o%%ender in this (ase is ade to s)%%er s)#sidiary i prison ent5& pro#ation shall #e t!i(e the total n) #er o% days o% s)#sidiary i prison ent+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
Pa#lo vs+ Castillo 4200057 Previo)s (onvi(tion9& de%ined !ithin the (onte:t o% P. ;26 Lagrosa vs+ People 4200@57 A person !ho appeals his (onvi(tion %or p)rposes o% red)(ing the penalty to that !hi(h is !ithin the pro#ationa#le li it ay still apply %or pro#ation+
4ASJE. 12 *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5

*=E PR<0A*I<N LAW *a,en %ro the .<B !e#site 15 Se(tion @4a5 o% Presidential .e(rees ;26& as a ended& de%ines pro#ation as a disposition )nder !hi(h an a(()sed& a%ter (onvi(tion and senten(e& is released s)#"e(t to (onditions i posed #y the (o)rt and to the s)pervision o% a pro#ation o%%i(er+ It is a privilege granted #y the (o)rtM it (annot #e availed o% as a atter o% right #y a person (onvi(ted o% a (ri e+ *o #e a#le to en"oy the #ene%its o% pro#ation& it )st %irst #e sho!n that an appli(ant has none o% the dis>)ali%i(ations i posed #y la!+
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H)estion7 Who are the o%%enders dis>)ali%ied %ro pro#ationN Ans!er7 1+ those senten(ed to serve a a:i ) ter o% i prison ent o% ore than si: years 2+ those (onvi(ted o% s)#version or any (ri e against the national se()rity or p)#li( order+ @+ those !ho !ere previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent #y i prison ent o% not less than one onth and one day andA or a %ine o% not ore than t!o h)ndred pesos -+ those !ho have #een on(e on pro#ation )nder the provisions o% the de(ree /+ those !ho are already serving senten(e at the ti e the s)#stantive provsions o% the Pro#ation La! #e(a e appli(a#le+
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.is>)ali%ied <%%enders Pro#ation )nder P. No+ ;26& as a ended& is intended %or o%%enders !ho are 16 years o% age and a#ove& and !ho are not other!ise dis>)ali%ied #y la!+ <%%enders !ho are dis>)ali%ied are those7 415 senten(ed to serve a a:i ) ter o% i prison ent o% ore than si: yearsM 425 (onvi(ted o% s)#version or any o%%ense against the se()rity o% the State& or the P)#li( <rderM 4@5 !ho have previo)sly #een (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent o% an o%%ense p)nished #y i prison ent o% not less than one onth and one day andAor a %ine o% not ore than *!o =)ndred PesosM 4-5 !ho have #een on(e on pro#ation )nder the provisions o% this .e(reeM
H)estion7 What i% the o%%ender violates the (onditions o% his pro#ationN Ans!er7 SA=e shall serve the penalty i posed %or the o%%ense )nder !hi(h sAhe !as pla(ed on pro#ation+
0+
PostDSenten(e Investigation *he PostDSenten(e Investigation 4PSI5 and the s)# ission o% the PostDSenten(e Investigation Report 4PSIR5 are preDre>)isites to the (o)rt disposition on the appli(ation %or pro#ation+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER C+ 15 25 Period o% Pro#ation *he period o% pro#ation is in essen(e a ti eD #o)nd (ondition+ It is a (ondition in point o% ti e !hi(h ay #e shortened and lengthened !ithin the stat)tory li its and the a(hieve ents #y the pro#ationer o% the reasona#le degrees o% so(ial sta#ility and responsi#ility %ro the eas)red o#servation o% the s)pervising o%%i(er and the e:er(ise dis(retion #y the (o)rt in de(isive order+ 15
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES At any ti e d)ring pro#ation& the (o)rt ay iss)e a !arrant %or the arrest o% a pro#ationer %or any serio)s violation o% the (onditions o% pro#ation+ *he pro#ationer& on(e arrested and detained& shall i ediately #e #ro)ght #e%ore the (o)rt %or a hearing o% the violation (harged+ *he de%endant ay #e ad itted to #ail pending s)(h hearing+ In s)(h (ase& the provisions regarding release on #ail o% persons (harged !ith (ri e shall #e appli(a#le to pro#ationers arrested )nder this provision+ An order revo,ing the grant o% pro#ation or odi%ying the ter s and (onditions thereo% shall not #e appeala#le+
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/5 .+ 15 25 Pro#ation Conditions *he grant o% pro#ation is a((o panied #y (onditions i posed #y the (o)rt7 *he andatory (onditions re>)ire that the pro#ationer shall 4a5 present hi sel% to the pro#ation o%%i(er designated to )nderta,e his s)pervision at ea(h pla(e as ay #e spe(i%ied in the order !ithin 32 ho)rs %ro re(eipt o% said order& and 4#5 report to the pro#ation o%%i(er at least on(e a onth at s)(h ti e and pla(e as spe(i%ied #y said o%%i(er+ Spe(ial or dis(retionary (onditions are those additional (onditions i posed on the pro#ationer !hi(h are geared to!ards his (orre(tion and reha#ilitation o)tside o% prison and right in the (o )nity to !hi(h he #elongs+ A violation o% any o% the (onditions ay lead either to a ore restri(tive odi%i(ation o% the sa e or the revo(ation o% the grant o% pro#ation+ Conse>)ent to the revo(ation& the pro#ationer !ill have to serve the senten(e originally i posed+
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*er ination o% Pro#ation A%ter the period o% pro#ation and )pon (onsideration o% the report and re(o endation o% the pro#ation o%%i(er& the (o)rt ay order the %inal dis(harge o% the pro#ationer )pon %inding that he has %)l%illed the ter s and (onditions o% his pro#ation and there)pon the (ase is dee ed ter inated+ Progra s and Servi(es PostDSenten(e Investigation+ A%ter (onvi(tion and senten(e& a (onvi(ted o%%ender or his (o)nsel %iles a petition %or pro#ation !ith the trail (o)rt& !ho in t)rn orders the Pro#ation <%%i(er to (ond)(t a postDsenten(e investigation to deter ine !hether a (onvi(ted o%%ender ay #e pla(ed on pro#ation or not+ *he role o% the pro#ation o%%i(er in this phase is to (ond)(t the postDsenten(e investigation and to s)# it his report to the (o)rt !ithin the period not later than 20 days %ro re(eipt o% the order o% the Co)rt to (ond)(t the said investigation+ PreDParole Investigation+ *hePAR<LEAN.PR<0A*I<N A.MINIS*RA*I<N D 4PPA5 (ond)(ts preDparole investigation o% all senten(ed prisoners (on%ined in prisons and "ails !ithin their ")risdi(tion+ *he p)rpose is to deter ine !hether o%%enders (on%ined in prisonsA"ails are >)ali%ied %or parole or any %or o% e:e()tive (le en(y and to dis()ss !ith the their plans a%ter release+ Pro#ation o%%i(ers s)# it their preDparole assess ent reports to the 0oard o% Pardons and Parole+ S)pervision o% <%%enders+ *he Agen(y s)pervises t!o types o% o%%enders )nder (onditional release7 4g5 pro#ationers& or persons pla(ed )nder pro#ation #y the (o)rtsM 4h5 parolees and pardonees& or prisoners released on parole or (onditional pardon and re%erred #y the 0oard o% Pardons and Parole 40PP5toPAR<LEAN.PR<0A*I<N A.MINIS*RA*I<N 4PPA5+ *he o#"e(tives o% s)pervision are7 :to (arry o)t the (onditions set %orth in the
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Modi%i(ation o% Conditions o% Pro#ation .)ring the period o% pro#ation& the (o)rt ay& )pon appli(ation o% either the pro#ationers or the pro#ation o%%i(er& revise or odi%y the (onditions or period o% pro#ation+ *he (o)rt shall noti%y either the pro#ationer or the pro#ation o%%i(er o% the %iling o% s)(h an appli(ation so as to give #oth parties an opport)nity to #e heard thereon+
2+
'+*rans%er o% Residen(e 15Whenever a pro#ationer is per itted to reside in a pla(e )nder the ")risdi(tion o% another (o)rt& (ontrol over hi shall #e trans%erred to the e:e()tive ")dge o% the RCo)rt o% 'irst Instan(eR o% that pla(e& 25 and in s)(h (ase& a (opy o% the Pro#ation <rder& the investigation report and other pertinent re(ords shall #e %)rnished to said e:e()tive ")dge+ @5 *herea%ter& the e:e()tive ")dge to !ho ")risdi(tion over the pro#ationer is trans%erred -5 shall have the po!er !ith respe(t to hi that !as previo)sly possessed #y the (o)rt !hi(h granted the pro#ation+ 1+ Revo(ation o% Pro#ation
@+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER pro#ationAparole order& :toas(ertain!hetherthe pro#ationerAparoleeApardonee is (o plying !ith the said (onditions& and :to #ring a#o)t the reha#ilitation o% the (lient and his reDintegration into the (o )nity+ Reha#ilitation Progra s+ *he treat ent pro(ess e ployed #y the %ield o%%i(ers %o()sed on parti()lar needs o% pro#ationers& parolees and pardonees+ Assistan(e is provided to the (lientele in the %or o% "o# pla(e ent& s,ills training& spirit)alA oral )pli%t ent& (o)nseling& et(+ Lla ado v+ CA 41;6;57 In its present %or & Se(tion - o% the Pro#ation La! esta#lishes a )(h narro!er period d)ring !hi(h an appli(ation %or pro#ation ay #e %iled !ith the trial (o)rt7 8a%ter the trial ()rt shall have (onvi(ted and senten(ed a de%endant and I !ithin the period %or per%e(ting an appeal9+ *he provision e:pressly prohi#its the grant o% an appli(ation %or pro#ation i% the de%endant has per%e(ted an appeal %ro the ")dg ent o% (onvi(tion+ PetitionerFs right to apply %or pro#ation !as lost !hen he per%e(ted his appeal %ro the ")dg ent o% the trial (o)rt+ *he trial (o)rt lost ")risdi(tion already over the (ase+ 0ala v+ Martine? 41;;057 P. 1;;0 !hi(h a ends Se(+ - o% P. ;26 is not appli(a#le to the (ase at #ar+ It !ent into e%%e(t on Ban+ 1/& 1;6/ and (annot #e given retroa(tive e%%e(t #e(a)se it !o)ld #e pre")di(ial to the a(()sed+ 0ala !as pla(ed on pro#ation on A)g+ 11& 1;62+ E:piration o% pro#ation period alone does not a)to ati(ally ter inate pro#ationM a %inal order o% dis(harge %ro the (o)rt is re>)ired+ Pro#ation is revo(a#le #e%ore the %inal dis(harge #y the (o)rt+ Pro#ationer %ailed to re)nite !ith responsi#le so(iety+ =e violated the (onditions o% his pro#ation+ *h)s& the revo(ation o% his pro#ation is (o pelling+ Salgado v+ CA 41;;057 *here is no >)estion that the de(ision (onvi(ting Salgado o% the (ri e o% serio)s physi(al in")ries had #e(o e %inal and e:e()tory #e(a)se the %iling #y respondent o% an appli(ation %or pro#ation is dee ed a !aiver o% his right to appeal+ *he grant o% pro#ation does not e:ting)ish the (ivil lia#ility o% the o%%ender+ *he order o% pro#ation !ith one o% the (onditions providing %or the anner o% pay ent o% the (ivil lia#ility d)ring the period o% pro#ation& did not in(rease or de(rease the (ivil lia#ility ad")dged+ *he (onditions listed )nder Se(+ 10 o% the Pro#ation la! are not e:(l)sive+
Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES Co)rts are allo!ed to i pose pra(ti(ally any ter it (hooses& the only li itation #eing that it does not "eopardi?e the (onstit)tional rights o% the a(()sed+ <%%i(e o% the Co)rt Ad inistrator v+ Li#rado 41;;257 *he respondent is a dep)ty sheri%% !ho !as (harged o% violating the .angero)s .r)gs A(t and is no! (lai ing he is in pro#ation+ *he <CA %iled an ad inistrative (ase against hi he !as s)spended %ro o%%i(e+ and
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=eld7 While indeed the p)rpose o% the Pro#ation La! is to save val)a#le h) an aterial& it )st not #e %orgotten that )nli,e pardon pro#ation does not o#literate the (ri e o% !hi(h the person )nder pro#ation has #een (onvi(ted+ *he i age o% the ")di(iary is tarnished #y (ond)(t involving oral t)rpit)de+ *he re%or and reha#ilitation o% the pro#ationer (annot ")sti%y his retention in the govern ent servi(e+
S)spension Minority
in
(ase
o%
Insanity
or
Art+ 3;+ S)spension o% the e:e()tion and servi(e o% the penalties in (ase o% insanity+ When a (onvi(t shall #e(o e insane or an i #e(ile a%ter %inal senten(e has #een prono)n(ed& the e:e()tion o% said senten(e shall #e s)spended only !ith regard to the personal penalty& the provisions o% the se(ond paragraph o% (ir() stan(e n) #er 1 o% Arti(le 12 #eing o#served in the (orresponding (ases+ I% at any ti e the (onvi(t shall re(over his reason& his senten(e shall #e e:e()ted& )nless the penalty shall have pres(ri#ed in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% this Code+ *he respe(tive provisions o% this se(tion shall also #e o#served i% the insanity or i #e(ility o(()rs !hile the (onvi(t is serving his senten(e+ : <nly e:e()tion o% personal penalty is s)spended7 (ivil lia#ility ay #e e:e()ted even in (ase o% insanity o% (onvi(t+ An a(()sed ay #e(o e insane7 15 at the ti e o% (o ission o% the (ri e : e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility 25 at the ti e o% the trial : (o)rt shall s)spend hearings and order his (on%ine ent in a hospital )ntil he re(overs his reason @5 at the ti e o% %inal ")dg ent or !hile serving senten(e : e:e()tion s)spended !ith regard to the personal penalty only See E:e pting Cir() stan(e o% Minority %or P. No+ 20@ and R)le on B)veniles in Con%li(t !ith La!+
Chapter VII+ EE*IN1$IS=MEN* o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C 25 Moreover& #e(a)se he died d)ring the penden(y o% the appeal and #e%ore the %inality o% the ")dg ent against hi & his (ivil lia#ility arising %ro the (ri e or deli(t 4(ivil lia#ility e: deli(to5 !as also e:ting)ished+ It )st #e added& tho)gh& that his (ivil lia#ility ay also #e #ased on so)r(es o% o#ligation other than deli(t+ 'or this reason& the vi(ti s ay %ile a separate (ivil a(tion against his estate& as ay #e !arranted #y la! and pro(ed)ral r)les+
Chapter VII+ E:ting)ish ent o% Cri inal Lia#ility

*his se(tion en) erates and e:plains the !ays in !hi(h (ri inal lia#ility is e:ting)ished& one o% !hi(h is pres(ription 4o% #oth the (ri e and the penalty5 !hi(h !ill #e dis()ssed in detail+ *!o ,inds o% e:ting)ish ent o% (ri inal lia#ility7 I+ *<*AL EE*IN1$IS=MEN* A+ 0y the death o% the (onvi(t 0+ 0y Servi(e o% senten(e C+ 0y A nesty .+ 0y A#sol)te Pardon E+ 0y pres(ription o% (ri e '+ 0y pres(ription o% penalty 1+ 0y the arriage o% the o%%ended !o an and the o%%ender in the (ri es o% rape& a#d)(tion& sed)(tion and a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+ 4Art+ @--5 PAR*IAL EE*IN1$IS=MEN* A+ 0y Conditional Pardon 0+ 0y Co )tation o% senten(e C+ 'or good (ond)(t& allo!an(es !hi(h the ()lprit ay earn !hile he is serving senten(e .+ 0y Parole E+ 0y Pro#ation
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Presidential Ad =o( 'a(tD'inding Co ittee on 0ehest Loans v+ .esierto 4200157 15 *he appli(a#le la! in the (o p)tation o% the pres(riptive period %or RA @01; is Se(tion 2 o% A(t No+ @@22 25 !hi(h provides that pres(ription shall #egin to r)n %ro the day o% the (o ission o% the violation o% the la! @5 and i% the sa e #e not ,no!n at the ti e& %ro the dis(overy thereo% and the instit)tion o% ")di(ial pro(eedings %or its investigation and p)nish ent+
II+
I portant7 *he S)pre e Co)rt r)led that reD ele(tion to p)#li( o%%i(e is not one o% the gro)nds #y !hi(h (ri inal lia#ility is e:ting)ished+ *his is only tr)e in ad inistrative (ases #)t not in (ri inal (ases+
Re(e#ido v+ People 4200057 15 $nder Arti(le ;1 o% the Revised Penal Code& the period o% pres(ription shall R(o en(e to r)n %ro the day on !hi(h the (ri e is dis(overed #y the o%%ended party& the a)thorities& or their agents+R 25 In People v+ Reyes& *he Co)rt has de(lared that registration in p)#li( registry is a noti(e to the !hole !orld+ *he re(ord is (onstr)(tive noti(e o% its (ontents as !ell as all interests& legal and e>)ita#le& in(l)ded therein+ @5 All persons are (harged !ith ,no!ledge o% !hat it (ontains+
I+
: :
*otal E:ting)ish ent
A+ 0y the .eath o% the Convi(t

E:ting)ishes (ri inal lia#ility as to personal penaltiesM As to (ivil lia#ilities& lia#ility is e:ting)ished only !hen the death o% the o%%ender o(()rs #e%ore %inal ")dg ent+ EECEP*I<N7 Art+ @@ 4#ased on (ontra(ts5+ Even i% the a(()sed dies pending appeal& the right to %ile a separate (ivil a(tion is not lost+
People v+ 0ayotas 41;;157 15 Where the o%%ender dies #e%ore %inal ")dg ent& his death e:ting)ishes #oth his (ri inal and (ivil lia#ilities #ased solely on the o%%ense (o itted+ 25 So !hile a (ase is on appeal& the o%%ender dies& the (ase on appeal !ill #e dis issed+ @5 =o!ever& the (lai %or (ivil lia#ilities s)rvives i% the sa e is #ased on a so)r(e o% o#ligation other than deli(t+ People v+ A#)ngan 4200057 15 *he death o% appellant e:ting)ished his (ri inal lia#ility+
.el Castillo v+ *orre(a po 4200257 15 .)ring the e:e()tion o% ")dg ent& petitioner %ailed to appear !hi(h pro pted the presiding ")dge to iss)e an order o% arrest o% petitioner and the (on%is(ation o% his #ond+ =o!ever& petitioner !as never apprehended+ =e re ained at large+ *en years later& on <(to#er 2-& 1;;3& *orre(a po %iled a otion to >)ash the !arrant iss)ed %or his arrest on the gro)nd o% pres(ription o% the penalty i posed )pon hi + 25 Arti(le ;@ o% the Revised Penal Code provides !hen the pres(ription o% penalties shall (o en(e to r)n+ @5 $nder said provision& it shall (o en(e to r)n %ro the date the %elon evades the servi(e o% his senten(e+ -5 P)rs)ant to Arti(le 1/3 o% the sa e Code& evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e (an #e (o itted only #y those !ho have #een (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent #y es(aping d)ring the ter o% his senten(e+ /5 REs(apeR in legal parlan(e and %or p)rposes o% Arti(les ;@ and 1/3 o% the RPC eans )nla!%)l depart)re o% prisoner %ro the li its o% his ()stody+ 25 Clearly& one !ho has not #een (o itted to prison (annot #e said to have es(aped there%ro +
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER 35 In the instant (ase& *orre(a po !as never #ro)ght to prison+ 65 In %a(t& even #e%ore the e:e()tion o% the ")dg ent %or his (onvi(tion& he !as already in hiding+ ;5 No! *orre(a po #egs %or the (o passion o% the Co)rt #e(a)se he has (eased to live a li%e o% pea(e and tran>)ility a%ter he %ailed to appear in (o)rt %or the e:e()tion o% his senten(e+ 105 0)t it !as *orre(a po !ho (hose to #e(o e a %)gitive+ 115 *he Co)rt a((ords (o passion only to those !ho are deserving+ *orre(a poFs g)ilt !as proven #eyond reasona#le do)#t #)t he re%)sed to ans!er %or the !rong he (o itted+ 125 =e is there%ore not to #e re!arded there%ore+
Chapter VII+ EE*IN1$IS=MEN* o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C
Erases not only the (onvi(tion #)t also the (ri e itsel%+
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.+ 0y A#sol)te Pardon
4ASJE. @ *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 : : An a(t o% gra(e& pro(eeding %ro the po!er entr)sted !ith the e:e()tion o% the la!s E:e pts the individ)al %ro the penalty o% the (ri e he has (o itted+
People v+ Patriar(a 4200057 15 Patriar(a !ith the alias o% Ja ."ango& an NPA& !ith ten 4105 ar ed (o panions& re>)ested per ission to rest in the ho)se o% Malto+ *hey had !ith the Arevalo !ho !as hogtied+ Patriar(a as,ed that the lights in MaltoSs ho)se #e e:ting)ished+ Patriar(a then ordered Arevalo to lie do!n then shot the latter t!o ti es+ 25 *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted Patriar(a o% )rder+ @5 Patriar(a then applied %or a nesty )nder Pro(la ation No+ 32- a ending Pro(la ation No+ @-3& dated Mar(h 2/& 1;;-& entitled R1ranting A nesty to Re#els& Ins)rgents& and All <ther Persons Who =ave or May =ave Co itted Cri es Against P)#li( <rder& <ther Cri es Co itted in ')rtheran(e o% Politi(al Ends& and Violations o% the Arti(le o% War& and Creating a National A nesty Co ission+R -5 =is appli(ation !as %avora#ly granted #y the National A nesty 0oard
Monsanto V+ 'a(toran& Br+ 41;6;57 15 A#sol)te pardon does not ipso %a(to entitle the (onvi(t to reinstate ent to the p)#li( o%%i(e %or%eited #y reason o% his (onvi(tion+ 25 Altho)gh pardon restores his eligi#ility %or appoint ent to that o%%i(e& the pardoned (onvi(t )st reapply %or the ne! appoint ent+
.i%%eren(e#et!een A#sol)te Pardon
A nesty
and
=eld7 15 Paragraph @ o% Arti(le 6; o% the Revised Penal Code provides that (ri inal lia#ility is totally e:ting)ished #y a nesty& 25 !hi(h (o pletely e:ting)ishes the penalty and all its e%%e(ts+ @5 *he Co)rt ta,es ")di(ial noti(e o% the grant o% a nesty )pon Patriar(a+ -5 <n(e granted& it is #inding and e%%e(tive+ /5 =en(e& the grant o% a nesty e:ting)ishes the lia#ility o% Patriar(a in the present (ase+
A nesty A#sol)te Pardon 0lan,et pardon to In(l)des any (ri e and is (lasses o% persons& g)ilty e:er(ised individ)ally o% politi(al o%%enses May still #e e:er(ised *he person is already even #e%ore trial or (onvi(ted investigation Loo,s #a(,!ard I it is as i% he has (o ittedLoo,s no %or!ard I he is relieved %ro the o%%ense+ (onse>)en(es o% the o%%ense& #)t rights not restored )nless e:pli(itly provided #y the ter s o% the pardon 0oth do not e:ting)ish (ivil lia#ility P)#li( a(t !hi(h the (o)rt Private a(t o% the shall ta,e ")di(ial noti(ePresident and )st #e o%pleaded and proved #y the person pardoned Valid only !hen there is Valid i% given either %inal ")dg ent#e%ore or a%ter %inal ")dg ent
0+ 0y Servi(e o% Senten(e C+ 0y A nesty

4ASJE. <NCE IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 : An a(t o% the sovereign po!er granting o#livion or general pardon %or a past o%%ense+ Rarely e:er(ised in %avor o% a single individ)alM )s)ally e:tended in #ehal% o% (ertain (lasses o% persons !ho are s)#"e(t trial #)t have not yet #een (onvi(ted+
H)estion7 An o%%ender !as (onvi(ted o% re#ellion& #)t he !as given a nesty+ Cears later& he !as (onvi(ted again o% re#ellion+ Is he a re(idivistN Ans!er7 No+ 0e(a)se the a nesty granted to hi erased not only the (onvi(tion #)t also the e%%e(ts o% the (onvi(tion itsel%+ H)estion7 S)ppose !hat !as given hi !as not a nesty #)t pardonN Ans!er7 Ces+ Pardon& altho)gh a#sol)te does not erase the e%%e(ts o% (onvi(tion+ Pardon only e:()ses the (onvi(t %ro serving the senten(e+ H)estion7 A person (onvi(ted o% re#ellion has already served the senten(eM yet& despite o% this& he !as still given a#sol)te pardon+ Cears later& he !as again (onvi(ted o% re#ellion+ Is he a re(idivistN Ans!er7 No+ When the (onvi(t has already served the senten(e s)(h that there is no ore servi(e o% senten(e to #e e:e()ted then the pardon shall #e
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER )nderstood as intended to erase the e%%e(ts o% the (onvi(tion+ H)estion7 What i% the pardon !as given to hi !hile he !as serving his senten(eN Ans!er7 *he pardon !ill not !ipe o)t the e%%e(ts o% the (ri e& )nless the lang)age o% the pardon spe(i%i(ally relieves hi o% the e%%e(ts o% the (ri e+
Chapter VII+ EE*IN1$IS=MEN* o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILI*C : Note7 S)#sidiary penalty %or nonpay ent not (onsidered in deter ining the period Note7 When %ine is an alternative penalty higher than the other penalty !hi(h is #y i prison ent& pres(ription o% the (ri e is #ased on the %ine+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
E+ 0y Pres(ription o% the Cri e 4Art+ ;05

4ASJE. - *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 : .e%inition7 *he %or%eit)re or loss o% the right o% the State to prose()te the o%%ender& a%ter the lapse o% a (ertain period o% ti e+ 1eneral R)le7 Pres(ription o% the (ri e #egins on the day the (ri e !as (o itted+ : E:(eption7 *he (ri e !as (on(ealed& not p)#li(& in !hi(h (ase& the pres(riptionthereo%!o)ldonly (o en(e %ro the ti e the o%%ended party or the govern ent learns o% the (o ission o% the (ri e+ : Pres(riptive periods )nder spe(ial la!s and )ni(ipal ordinan(es 4A(t @32@& a ending A(t @@225
1 year
.i%%eren(e #et!een Pres(ription o% Cri e and Pres(ription o% the Penalty

Pres(ription o% the penalty 'or%eit)re to e:e()te the %inal senten(e a%ter the lapse o% a (ertain ti e
<%%enses p)nished only #y %ine or i prison ent %or not ore than one onth or #oth I prison ent %or ore than one onth& #)t less than t!o years I prison ent %or t!o years #)t less than si: years I prison ent %or si: years or ore <%%enses )nder Internal Reven)e La! Violations o% )ni(ipal ordinan(es Violations o% the reg)lations or (onditions o% (erti%i(ate o% (onvenien(e #y the P)#li( Servi(e Co ission
- years 6 years 12 years / years 2 onths 2 onths
Pres(ription o% (ri e 'or%eit)re o% the State to prose()te a%ter a lapse o% a (ertain ti e
YNot appli(a#le !here the spe(ial la! provides %or its o!n pres(riptive period
H)estion7 What happens !hen the last day o% the pres(riptive period %alls on a S)nday or legal holidayN Ans!er7 *he in%or ation (an no longer #e %iled on the ne:t day as the (ri e has already pres(ri#ed+
Pres(riptive Periods o% Cri es 4ASJE. - *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5

Cri es p)nisha#le #y death& re(l)sion perpet)a or re(l)sion te poral A%%li(tive penalties Corre(tional penalties : Note7 *hose p)nisha#le #y arresto ayor : Note7 When the penalty %i:ed la! is a (o po)nd one 20 years
15
Co p)tation o% Pres(ription o% <%%enses 4Art+ ;15 15 Co en(es to r)n %ro the day on !hi(h the (ri e is dis(overed #y the o%%ended party& the a)thorities or their agents+ 25 Interr)pted #y the %iling o% (o plaint or in%or ation @5 It shall (o en(e to r)n again !hen s)(h pro(eedings ter inate !itho)t the a(()sed #eing (onvi(ted or a(>)itted& or )n")sti%ia#ly stopped %or any reason not i p)ta#le to the a(()sed+
25 @5
1/ years 10 years / years *he highest penalty shall #e ade a #asis 1 year 2 onths 2 2 2 onths onths onths
Note7 *er ination )st #e 'INAL as to a o)nt to a "eopardy that !o)ld #ar a s)#se>)ent prose()tion+
-5 /5 25 35 65 ;5
Li#el <ral de%a ation and slander #y deed Si ple slander 1rave slander Light o%%enses Cri es p)nisha#le #y %ines a5 'ine is a%%li(tive #5 'ine is (orre(tional (5 'ine is light
-5 *he ter o% pres(ription shall not r)n !hen the o%%ender is a#sent %ro the Philippine ar(hipelago+ /5 'or (ontin)ing (ri es& pres(riptive period (annot #egin to r)n #e(a)se the (ri e does not end+
'+ 0y Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;25

4ASJE. - *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 : .e%inition7 *he loss or %or%eit)re o% the right o% the govern ent to e:e()te the %inal
1/ years 10 years 2 onths
senten(e a%ter the lapse o% a (ertain period o% ti e+ : Pres(riptive Periods o% Penalties

20 years 1/ years 10 years / years 1 year
: Sed)(tion : A#d)(tion : A(ts o% las(ivio)sness *he arriage )nder Art+ @-(ontra(ted in good %aith
)st #e
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
.eath and re(l)sion perpet)a <ther a%%li(tive penalties Corre(tional penalties Note7 I% arresto ayor Light penalties
Arti(le 222DC 4RA 6@/@5+ E%%e(t o% Pardon+ P *he s)#se>)ent valid arriage #et!een the o%%ender and the o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (ri inal a(tion or the penalty i posed+ In (ase it is the legal h)s#and !ho is the o%%ender& the s)#se>)ent %orgiveness #y the !i%e as the o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (ri inal a(tion or the penalty7 Provided& *hat the (ri e shall not #e e:ting)ished or the penalty shall not #e a#ated i% the arriage is void a# initio+
Co p)tation o% the Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;@5 Ele ents7 1+ Penalty is i posed #y %inal ")dg ent 2+ Convi(t evaded servi(e o% senten(e #y es(aping d)ring the ter o% his senten(e @+ *he (onvi(t !ho has es(aped %ro prison has not given hi sel% )p& or #een (apt)red& or gone to a %oreign (o)ntry !ith !hi(h !e have no e:tradition treaty& or (o itted another (ri e -+ *he penalty has pres(ri#ed #e(a)se o% the lapse o% ti e %ro the date o% the evasion o% servi(e o% the senten(e #y the (onvi(t+
II+ Partial E:ting)ish ent

4ASJE. <NCE IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5
Period (o
en(es to r)n %ro

16
the date
A+ 0y Conditional Pardon
: I% delivered and a((epted& it is a (ontra(t #et!een the e:e()tive and the (onvi(t that the %or er !ill release the latter )pon (o plian(e !ith the (ondition+ E:a ple o% a (ondition7 8Not to violate any o% the penal la!s o% the (o)ntry again9+
!hen he ()lprit evaded the servi(e o% senten(e When interr)pted7 : Convi(t gives hi sel% )p : Is (apt)red : 1oes to a %oreign (o)ntry !ith !hi(h !e have no e:tradition treaty : Co its any (ri e #e%ore the e:piration o% the period o% pres(ription
0+ 0y Co
)tation o% Senten(e
H)estion7 What happens in (ases !here o)r govern ent has e:tradition treaty !ith another (o)ntry #)t the (ri e is not in(l)ded in the treatyN Ans!er7 It !o)ld interr)pt the r)nning o% the pres(riptive period+ H)estion7 What is the e%%e(t o% the a((eptan(e o% the (onvi(t o% a (onditional pardonN Ans!er7 It !o)ld interr)pt the a((eptan(e o% the pres(riptive period+ H)estion7 What happens i% the ()lprit is (apt)red #)t he evades again the servi(e o% his senten(eN Ans!er7 *he period o% pres(ription that ran d)ring the evasion is not %or%eited+ *he period o% pres(ription that has r)n in his %avor sho)ld #e ta,en into a((o)nt+
C+ 'or 1ood Cond)(t Allo!an(es

: : *he (onvi(t ay earn these !hile he is serving his senten(e+ E:a ple7 Arti(le 1/6+A (onvi(t !ho es(apes the pla(e o% (on%ine ent on the o((asion o% disorder res)lting %ro a (on%lagration&earth>)a,eorsi ilar (atastrophe& or d)ring a )tiny in !hi(h he has not parti(ipatedM #)t !ho ret)rns !ithin -6 ho)rs a%ter the pro(la ation that the (ala ity had passed shall #e given (redit o% 1A/ ded)(tion o% the original senten(e+
1+ 0y Marriage o% the <%%ended Wo an !ith the <%%ender

: *his applies only to the %ollo!ing (ri es7 : Rape
Note7 Not an a)to ati( right %or it has to #e granted #y the .ire(tor o% Prisons 4Art+ ;;5+ Also& he )st #e serving his senten(e+ *h)s& i% released #e(a)se o% (onditional pardon& this provision is not appli(a#le+
.+ 0y Parole
: .e%inition7 *he s)spension o% the senten(e o% the (onvi(t a%ter serving the ini ) ter o% the inter ediate penalty& !itho)t #eing granted a pardon& pres(ri#ing the
16
REs(apeR in legal parlan(e and %or p)rposes o% Arti(les ;@ and 1/3 o% the RPC eans )nla!%)l depart)re o% prisoner %ro the li its o% his ()stody+ Clearly& one !ho has not #een (o itted to prison (annot #e said to have es(aped there%ro 4.el Castillo v+ *orre(a po 420025+
ter s )pon !hi(h the senten(e shall #e s)spended+

H)estion7 What happens i% the (onvi(t %ails to o#serve the (ondition o% the paroleN Ans!er7 *he 0oard o% Pardons and Parole is a)thori?ed to7 : .ire(t his arrest and ret)rn to ()stody : *o (arry o)t his senten(e !itho)t ded)(tion o% the ti e that has elapsed #et!een the date o% the parole and the s)#se>)ent arrest+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
.i%%eren(e #et!een Conditional Pardon and Parole

Parole May #e given a%ter the prisoner has served the ini ) penaltyM is granted #y the 0oard o% Pardons and Parole )nder the provisions o% the Indeter inate Senten(e La! In (ase o% violation& the (onvi(t ay not #e prose()ted )nder Art+ 1/; o% the RPC+
Conditional Pardon May #e give at any ti e a%ter %inal ")dg entM is granted #y he Chie% E:e()tive )nder the provisions o% the Ad inistrative Code
In (ase o% violation& the (onvi(t ay #e prose()ted )nder Art+ 1/; o% the RPC+
E+ 0y Pro#ation
Note7 Please see Pro#ation La! 4s)pra5+
Chapter VIII+ CIVIL LIA0ILI*IES ARISIN1 %ro
a 'EL<NC
Chapter VIII+ Civil Lia#ilities Arising %ro a 'elony

*here are '<$R P<IN*S in this se(tion7 I+ II+ III+ IV+ IN 1ENERAL CIVIL LIA0ILI*C IN CER*AIN CASES W=A* CIVIL LIA0ILI*C INCL$.ES EE*INC*I<N <' CIVIL LIA0ILI*C
/5
25
35 65
I+
In 1eneral
to ,ill the de(eased #e%ore or a%ter the latter !as invited to "oin the in %ishing+ Indeed& the petitioner testi%ied that respondent Andres )sed to go to their ho)se and play !ith her son #e%ore the latterSs death+ When the petitionerSs son died inside the drainage ()lvert& it !as respondent Andres !ho #ro)ght o)t the de(eased+ =e then in%or ed the petitioner o% her sonSs death+ Even a%ter in%or ing the petitioner o% the death o% her son& respondent Andres %ollo!ed the petitioner on her !ay to the grassy area !here the de(eased !as+
10;
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Art+ 100+ Civil lia#ility o% a person g)ilty o% %elony+ Every person (ri inally lia#le %or a %elony is also (ivilly lia#le+
: :
Civil lia#ility arises %ro the (o ission o% the %elony+ It is deter ined in the (ri inal a(tion e:(ept i%7 1+ the o%%ended party !aives his right to %ile a (ivil a(tion 2+ the o%%ended party reserves his right to instit)te it separately& or @+ the o%%ended party instit)tes the (ivil a(tion prior to the (ri inal a(tion+ E%%e(t o% ACH$I**AL7 As a r)le& i% the o%%ender is a(>)itted& the (ivil lia#ility is e:ting)ished& e:(ept7 1+ i% the a(>)ittal is #ased on reasona#le do)#t 2+ the a(>)ittal !as d)e to an e:e pting (ir() stan(e li,e insanity and @+ !hen the (o)rt %inds that there is only (ivil lia#ility+ Civil lia#ility ay e:ist& altho)gh the a(()sed is not held (ri inally lia#le in the %ollo!ing (ases7 15 A(>)ttal on reasona#le do)#tM 25 A(>)ittal %ro a (a)se o% nonD i p)ta#ilityM @5 A(>)ittal in the (ri inal a(tion %or negligen(e 4>)asiDdeli(t5M -5 In (ases o% independent (ivil a(tions+
Ch)a v+ CA 4200-57 =ao& treas)rer o% Siena Realty Corporation& %iled a (o plaintDa%%idavit !ith the City Prose()tor o% Manila (harging Spo)ses 'ran(is and Elsa Ch)a& o% - (o)nts o% %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li( do() ents p)rs)ant to Arti(le 132 in relation to Arti(le 131 o% the RPC+ =eld7 15 1enerally& the #asis o% (ivil lia#ility arising %ro (ri e is the %)nda ental post)late that every an (ri inally lia#le is also (ivilly lia#le+ 25 When a person (o its a (ri e he o%%ends t!o entities na ely7 415 the so(iety in !hi(h he lives in or the politi(al entity (alled the State !hose la! he has violatedM and 425 the individ)al e #er o% the so(iety !hose person& right& honor& (hastity or property has #een a(t)ally or dire(tly in")red or da aged #y the sa e p)nisha#le a(t or o ission+ @5 An a(t or o ission is %elonio)s #e(a)se it is p)nisha#le #y la!& it gives rise to (ivil lia#ility not so )(h #e(a)se it is a (ri e #)t #e(a)se it (a)sed da age to another+ -5 Additionally& !hat gives rise to the (ivil lia#ility is really the o#ligation and the oral d)ty o% everyone to repair or a,e !hole the da age (a)sed to another #y reason o% his o!n a(t or o ission& !hether done intentionally or negligently+ /5 *he inde nity !hi(h a person is senten(ed to pay %or s an integral part o% the penalty i posed #y la! %or the (o ission o% the (ri e+ 25 *he (ivil a(tion involves the (ivil lia#ility arising %ro the o%%ense (harged !hi(h in(l)des restit)tion& reparation o% the da age (a)sed& and inde ni%i(ation %or (onse>)ential da ages+ 35 $nder the R)les& !here the (ivil a(tion %or re(overy o% (ivil lia#ility is instit)ted in the (ri inal a(tion p)rs)ant to R)le 111& the o%%ended party ay intervene #y (o)nsel in the prose()tion o% the o%%ense+ 65 @1 R)le 1114a5 o% the R)les o% Cri inal Pro(ed)re provides that& RZ![hen a (ri inal a(tion is instit)ted& the (ivil a(tion arising %ro the o%%ense (harged shall #e dee ed instit)ted !ith the (ri inal a(tion )nless the o%%ended party : !aives the (ivil a(tion& reserves the right to instit)te it separately& or : instit)tes the (ivil a(tion prior to the (ri inal a(tion+R
H)into v+ Andres 4200/57 15 *he e:tin(tion o% the penal a(tion does not (arry !ith it the e:tin(tion o% the (ivil a(tion+ 25 =o!ever& the (ivil a(tion #ased on deli(t shall #e dee ed e:ting)ished i% there is a %inding in a %inal ")dg ent in the (ivil a(tion that the a(t or o ission %ro !here the (ivil lia#ility ay arise does not e:ist+ @5 In the present (ase& the (o)rt r)led that respondents (annot #e held (ri inally nor (ivilly lia#le %or the death o% Wilson+ -5 In this (ase& the petitioner %ailed to add)(e proo% o% any illD otive on the part o% either respondent
a 'EL<NC
II+ Civil Lia#ility in Certain Cases

A+ Civil Lia#ility %or a(ts (o itted #y an insane or i #e(ile or inor )nder ; or over ; and less than 1/ !ho a(ted !ith dis(ern ent Civil lia#ility %or a(ts (o itted #y persons a(ting)nderirresisti#le%or(eor )n(ontrolla#le %ear Civil lia#ility o% persons a(ting )nder ")sti%ying (ir() stan(es Civil lia#ility o% inn,eepers and si ilar persons S)#sidiary lia#ility o% other persons
.+ Civil Lia#ility o% Inn,eepers and Si ilar Persons

4ASJE. <NCE IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 : Ele ents o% Art+ 102 PAR+ 17 15 *hattheINNJEEPER& *AVERNJEEPER <R PR<PRIE*<R o% esta#lish entorhise ployee (o itted a violation o% )ni(ipal ordinan(e or so e general or spe(ial poli(e reg)lation+ 25 *hat a (ri e is (o itted in s)(h inn& tavern or esta#lish ent+ @5 *hat the person (ri inally lia#le is insolvent+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
0+
C+ .+ E+
Civil Lia#ility o% Cri inal Lia#ility
Persons E:e pt
%ro
15 E:e ption %ro (ri inal lia#ility does not in(l)de e:e ption %ro (ivil lia#ility+ 25 E:(eptions7 a5 *here is no (ivil lia#ility in paragraph - o% Art+ 12 !hi(h provides %or in")ry (a)sed #y ere a((ident+ #5 *here is no (ivil lia#ility in par+ 3 o% Art+ 12 !hi(h provides %or %ail)re to per%or an a(t re>)ired #y la! !hen prevented #y so e la!%)l or ins)pera#le (a)se+
Ele ents o% Art+ 102 PAR+ 27 15 *he g)ests noti%ied in advan(e the inn,eeper or the person representing hi o% the deposit o% their goods !ithin the inn or ho)se+ 25 *he g)est %ollo!ed the dire(tions o% the inn,eeper or his representative !ith respe(t to the (are o% the vigilan(e over s)(h goods+ @5 S)(h goods o% the g)ests lodging therein !ere ta,en #y ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things or the%t (o itted !ithin the inn or ho)se+
A+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Co itted #y an Insane or I #e(ile or Minor )nder ; or over ; and less than 1/ Who A(ted !ith .is(ern ent
: : : : : : A inor over 1/ years o% age !ho a(ts !ith dis(ern ent is not e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility+ Parents are s)#sidiarily lia#le a((ording to Art 2160 o% the Civil Code+ *he %inal release o% a (hild #ased on good (ond)(t does not o#literate his (ivil lia#ility %or da ages+
No lia#ility shall atta(h in (ase o% ro##ery !ith violen(e against or inti idation o% persons& : )nless (o itted #y the inn,eeperFs e ployees+ It is not ne(essary that the e%%e(ts o% the g)est #e a(t)ally delivered to the inn,eeper& : it is eno)gh that they !ere !ithin the inn+
E+ S)#sidiary Lia#ility o% <ther Persons 0+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Co itted #y Persons A(ting )nder Irresisti#le 'or(e or $n(ontrolla#e 'ear
: : *he persons )sing violen(e or (a)sing the %ear are pri arily lia#le+ I% there #e no s)(h persons& those doing the a(t shall #e lia#le se(ondarily+ 4ASJE. @ *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 : Ele ents Art+ 10@ 15 *he e ployer& tea(her& person or (orporation is engaged in any ,ind o% ind)stry+ 25 Any o% their servants& p)pils& !or, en& apprenti(es or e ployees (o its a %elony !hile in the dis(harge o% his d)ties+ @5 *he said e ployee is insolvent and has not satis%ied his (ivil lia#ility+
C+ Civil Lia#ility o% Persons A(ting )nder B)sti%ying Cir() stan(es

: *here is no (ivil lia#ility in ")sti%ying (ir() stan(es e:(ept in par+ - o% Art+ 11 :
No de%ense o% diligen(e o% a good %ather o% a %a ily+
a 'EL<NC
S)pre e Co)rt r)led that even tho)gh the g)est did not o#ey the r)les and reg)lations& the g)ests !ill only #e regarded as (ontri#)tory negligen(e& #)t it !onFt a#solve the anage ent %ro (ivil lia#ility 4Esg)erra notes5 S)#sidiary (ivil lia#ility is i posed in the %ollo!ing7 15 In (ase o% a %elony (o itted )nder the (o p)lsion o% an irresisti#le %or(e+ *he person !ho e ployed the irresisti#le %or(e is s)#sidiarily lia#leM 25 In (ase o% a %elony (o itted )nder an i p)lse o% an e>)al or greater in")ry+ *he person !ho generated s)(h an i p)lse is s)#sidiarily lia#le+
they are not parties to the (ri inal (ases instit)ted against their e ployees + Altho)gh in s)#stan(e and in e%%e(t& they have an interest therein& this %a(t sho)ld #e vie!ed in the light o% their s)#sidiary lia#ility+ While they ay assist their e ployees to the e:tent o% s)pplying the latterSs la!yers& as in the present (ase& the %or er (annot a(t independently on their o!n #ehal%& #)t (an only de%end the a(()sed+ When the a(()sedDe ployee a#s(onds or ") ps #ail& the ")dg ent eted o)t #e(o es %inal and e:e()tory+ *he e ployer (annot de%eat the %inality o% the ")dg ent #y %iling a noti(e o% appeal on its o!n #ehal% in the g)ise o% as,ing %or a revie! o% its s)#sidiary (ivil lia#ility+ 0oth the pri ary (ivil lia#ility o% the a(()sedDe ployee and the s)#sidiary (ivil lia#ility o% the e ployer are (arried in one single de(ision that has #e(o e %inal and e:e()tory+
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CRIMINAL LAW 1
0asilio v+ CA 4200057 *he stat)tory #asis %or an e ployerSs s)#sidiary lia#ility is %o)nd in Arti(le 10@ o% the RPC+ *his lia#ility is en%or(ea#le in the sa e (ri inal pro(eeding !here the a!ard is ade+ =o!ever& #e%ore e:e()tion against an e ployer ens)es& there )st #e a deter ination& in a hearing set %or the p)rpose o% 15 the e:isten(e o% an e ployerDe ployee relationshipM 25 that the e ployer is engaged in so e ,ind o% ind)stryM @5 that the e ployee is ad")dged g)ilty o% the !rong%)l a(t and %o)nd to have (o itted the o%%ense in the dis(harge o% his d)ties 4not ne(essarily any o%%ense he (o its R!hileR in the dis(harge o% s)(h d)tiesM and -5 that said e ployee is insolvent+ 0asilio ,ne! o% the (ri inal (ase that !as %iled against his driver #e(a)se it !as his tr)(, that !as involved in the in(ident+ ')rther& it !as the ins)ran(e (o pany& !ith !hi(h his tr)(, !as ins)red& that provided the (o)nsel %or Prone#o& p)rs)ant to the stip)lations in their (ontra(t+ 0asilio did not intervene in the (ri inal pro(eedings& despite ,no!ledge& thro)gh (o)nsel& that the prose()tion add)(ed eviden(e to sho! e ployerD e ployee relationship+ With the (onvi(tSs appli(ation %or pro#ation& the trial (o)rtSs ")dg ent #e(a e %inal and e:e()tory+ All told& it is o)r vie! that the lo!er (o)rt did not err !hen it %o)nd that 0asilio !as not denied d)e pro(ess+ =e had all his (han(es to intervene in the (ri inal pro(eedings& and prove that he !as not the e ployer o% the a(()sed& #)t he (hooses not to intervene at the appropriate ti e+ Philippine Ra##it v+ People 4200-57 *he (ases dealing !ith the s)#sidiary lia#ility o% e ployers )ni%or ly de(lare that& stri(tly spea,ing&
III+ What Civil Lia#ility In(l)des

Civil lia#ility o% the o%%ender %alls )nder three (ategories7 1+ Restit)tion or Restoration 2+ Reparation o% the da age (a)sed @+ Inde ni%i(ation o% (onse>)ential da ages People v+ *aan 4200257 Regarding da ages& !hen death o(()rs d)e to a (ri e& the %ollo!ing ay #e re(overed7 15 (ivil inde nity e: deli(to %or the death o% the vi(ti M 25 a(t)al or (o pensatory da agesM @5 oral da agesM -5 e:e plary da agesM /5 attorneyFs %ees and e:penses o% litigationM and 25 interest& in proper (ases+
1+ Restit)tion or Restoration
: : : Pres)pposes that the o%%ended party !as divested o% property& and s)(h property )st #e ret)rned+ I% the property is in the hands o% a third party& : the sa e shall #e restored to the o%%ended party : even i% third party ay #e a holder %or val)e and a #)yer in good %aith o% the property E:(ept !hen s)(h third party #)ys the property %ro a p)#li( sale !here the la! prote(ts the #)yer+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Ill)stration7 15 I% a third party #o)ght a property in a p)#li( a)(tion (ond)(ted #y the sheri%%& the #)yer o% the property at s)(h e:e()tion sale is prote(ted #y la!+ 25 *he o%%ended party ay only resort to reparation o% the da age done %ro the o%%ender+
a 'EL<NC
@+ Inde ni%i(ation .a ages

:
o%
Conse>)ential
112
CRIMINAL LAW 1
Regardless o% the (ri e (o itted& : i% the property is illegally ta,en %ro the o%%ended party d)ring the (o ission o% the (ri e& :the (o)rt ay dire(t the o%%ender to restore or restit)te s)(h property to the o%%ended party+
Inde ni%i(ation o% (onse>)ential da ages re%ers to the loss o% earnings& loss o% pro%its+ Where .EA*= res)lts7 a5 IN.EMNI*C7 P/0&000 #5 Lost o% Earning Capa(ity (5 S)pport to a nonDheir d5 Moral da ages %or ental ang)ishO e5 E:e plary da ages i% attended #y 1 or ore aggravating (ir() stan(es Inde ni%i(ation %or (onse>)ential da ages in(l)des7 a5 those (a)sed the in")red party #5 those s)%%ered #y the %a ily& or
rd
Ill)stration7 15 .)ring the rape& the o%%ender too, the earrings o% the vi(ti + 25 *he o%%ender !as prose()ted %or rape and the%t+ @5 *he o%%ender reasoned that he too, the earrings o% the vi(ti to have a so)venir o% the se:)al inter(o)rse+ -5 *he S)pre e Co)rt r)led that the (ri e (o itted is not the%t and rape #)t rape and )n")st ve:ation %or the ta,ing o% the earning+ /5 *he latter (ri e is not a (ri e against property #)t a (ri e against personal se()rity and li#erty )nder *itle IE o% 0oo, II o% the RPC+
(5 those s)%%ered #y @ person #y reason o% the (ri e
Ill)stration7 *he o%%ender (arnapped a #ridal (ar !hile the ne!lyD !eds !ere inside the (h)r(h+ Sin(e the (ar !as only rented& (onse>)ential da age not only to the ne!lyD !eds #)t also to the entity !hi(h rented the (ar to the + Espa\a v+ People 4200/57 *he a!ard %or (ivil inde nity e: deli(to is andatory and is granted to the heirs o% the vi(ti !itho)t need o% proo% other than the (o ission o% the (ri e+
: :
I% there is violation o% AntiD'en(ing La! the %en(e : in()rs (ri inal lia#ility : aside %ro #eing re>)ired to restit)te the personal property I' RES*I*$*I<N (annot #e ade then REPARA*I<N sho)ld #e ade I' <''EN.ER .IES provided he died a%ter ")dg ent #e(a e %inal7 : *he heirs o% o%%ender : shall ass) e the (ivil lia#ility& : #)t only to the e:tent that they inherit property %ro the de(eased I' <''EN.E. PAR*C .IES7 : the heirs o% the o%%ended party step into the shoes o% the latter to de and (ivil lia#ility %ro the o%%ender+
2+ Reparation o% the .a age Ca)sed

: : Reparation is ade #y re>)iring the o%%ender to pay the val)e o% da ages+ *he (o)rt deter ines the a o)nt o% da ages #y (onsidering7 : the pri(e o% the thing and : Its spe(ial senti ental val)e to the o%%ended party #y+ I% property is #rand ne!& then there !ill #e an allo!an(e %or depre(iation *he da ages are li ited to those (a)sed #y the (ri e+
: :
In the (ri e o% rape& the da ages a!arded to the o%%ended !o an is generally P@0&000+00 %or the da age to her honor+ *he present pro(ed)ral la! : does not allo! a #lan,et re(overy o% da ages+ : Ea(h ,ind o% da ages )st #e spe(i%ied and the a o)nt d)ly proven+ When there are several o%%enders& : the (o)rt shall deter ine !hat shall #e the share o% ea(h o%%ender : depending )pon the degree o% parti(ipation I as prin(ipal& a((o pli(e or a((essory+ I% there are ore than one prin(ipal or ore than one a((o pli(e or a((essory& : the lia#ility in ea(h (lass o% o%%ender shall #e s)#sidiary+ : Anyone o% the ay #e re>)ired to pay the (ivil lia#ility pertaining to s)(h o%%ender : !itho)t pre")di(e to re(overy %ro those !hose share have #een paid #y another+ I% all the prin(ipals are insolvent& the o#ligationshalldevolve)ponthe a((o pli(e4s5 or a((essory4s5+ 0)t !hoever pays shall have the right o% (overing the
a 'EL<NC
share o% the o#ligation %ro those !ho did not pay #)t are (ivilly lia#le+ *o relate !ith Arti(le @6& : !hen there is an order or pre%eren(e o% pe()niary 4 onetary5 lia#ility& there%ore& restit)tion is not in(l)ded here+
11@
CRIMINAL LAW 1
*here is no s)#sidiary penalty %or nonDpay ent o% (ivil lia#ility+ 4ASJE. *WICE IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5
People vs+ *)pal 4200@57 E:e plary da ages !ere a!arded !hen the o%%ense !as (o itted !ith at least 1 aggravating (ir() stan(e+
I+ :
EE*INC*I<N <' CIVIL LIA0ILI*C 4ASJE. / *IMES IN *=E 0AR EEAMS5 E:ting)ished in the sa e anner as other o#ligations in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% the Civil Code+ Loss o% the thing d)e : does not e:ting)ish (ivil lia#ility : #e(a)se i% the o%%ender (annot a,e restit)tion& he is o#liged to a,e reparation+ $nless e:ting)ished& (ivil lia#ility s)#sists : even i% the o%%ender has served senten(e (onsisting o% deprivation o% li#erty or other rights or has served the sa e& d)e to a nesty& pardon& (o )tation o% senten(e or any other reason+ 0$* i% there is no da age (a)sed #y the (o ission o% the (ri e& the o%%ender is not (ivilly lia#le
Ill)stration7 A slapped the %a(e o% the ayor !ho !as then in the per%or an(e o% his d)ty+ $nder Art+ 1-6& the (ri e (o itted is dire(t assa)lt+ As the slapping did not (a)se any in")ry to the ayor& A is not (ivilly lia#le+
D end o% Cri inal La! I D
*A0LE o% C<N*EN*S
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*a#le o% Contents
*itle I+ Cri es against National Se()rity and the La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++112 *itle II+ Cri es against ')nda ental La!s o% the State ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++121 *itle III+ Cri es against P)#li( <rder +++++++++122 Chapter I D Re#ellion& Co)p dF Gtat& Sedition and .isloyalty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++122 Chapter II D Cri es against Pop)lar Representation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0 Chapter III D Illegal Asse #lies and Asso(iations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0 Chapter IV D Assa)lt )pon and Resistan(e and .iso#edien(e to& Persons in A)thority and *heir Agents++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@1 Chapter V D P)#li( .isorders ++++++++++++++++++++++1@@ Chapter VI D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@/ Chapter VII D Co ission o% Another Cri e d)ring Servi(e o% Penalty I posed %or Another Previo)s <%%ense+++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@2 II+I oral.o(trines&<#s(ene P)#li(ations and E:hi#itions and Inde(ent Sho!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1// III+ Vagran(y and Prostit)tion +++++++++++++++++ 1// *itle VII+ Cri es Co itted #y P)#li( <%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/3 Chapter I7 Preli inary Provisions ++++++++++++++ 1/3 Chapter II7 Mal%easan(e and Mis%easan(e in <%%i(e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/6 Chapter III7 'ra)ds and Illegal E:a(tions and *ransa(tions+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 121 Chapter IV7 Malversation o% P)#li( ')nds or Property ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 12@ Chapter V7 In%idelity o% P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++ 12/ Chapter VI7 <ther <%%enses or Irreg)larities #y P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 126
11/
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*itle VIII+ Cri es against Persons ++++++++++++++ 132 Chapter I7 .estr)(tion o% Li%e +++++++++++++++++++++ 132 Chapter II7 Physi(al In")ries++++++++++++++++++++++++ 136 *itle IE+ Cri es against Personal Li#erty and Se()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 16Chapter I7 Cri es against Li#erty ++++++++++++++ 16Chapter II7 Cri es against Se()rity +++++++++++ 166 Chapter III7 .is(overy and Revelation o% Se(rets ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;@ *itle E+ Cri es against Property ++++++++++++++++ 1;/ Chapter I7 With Violen(e or Inti idation o% Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;2 Chapter II7 0y 'or(e $pon *hings++++++++++++++ 1;6 Chapter III7 S!indling and <ther .e(eits ++ 202 Chapter IV7 <ther 'or s o% S!indling and .e(eits 4@12D@165++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 212 Chapter V7 Arson and <ther Cri es Involving .estr)(tion +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 21Chapter VI7 Additional Notes ++++++++++++++++++++++ 216
*itle IV+ Cri es against P)#li( Interest++++++1@3 A+ A(ts o% Co)nter%eiting+++++++++++++++++++++++++1@3 0+ A(ts o% 'orgery ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@; C+ A(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-0 .+ 'alsi%i(ationo%Wireless&Ca#le& *elegraph and *elephone Messages and $se o%'alsi%iedMessage&o%Legislative .o() ents& o% Medi(al Certi%i(ates and Certi%i(ate o% Merit++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-E+ <ther 'alsities++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-/
*itle V+ Cri es Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; I+A(ts P)nished7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; II+Penalties %or $nla!%)l A(ts7 ++++++++++++++1-; III+ .e%inition o% I portant *er s++++++++++++1/0 IV+ <ther I portant Points +++++++++++++++++++++++++1/0 *itle VI+ Cri es against P)#li( Morals +++++++1/2 Chapter I D 1a #ling and 0etting +++++++++++++++1/2 I+1a #ling ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/2 II+I portation& Sale and Possession o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertise ents+++++++++++++1/@ III+ 0etting in Sports Contest +++++++++++++++++++1/@ IV+ Illegal 0etting on =orse Ra(e+++++++++++++1/@ V+ Illegal Co(,%ighting +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/Chapter II+ <%%enses against .e(en(y and 1ood C)sto s +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/I+1rave S(andal++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-
*itle EI+ Cri es against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 21; *itle EII+ Cri es against the Civil Stat)s o% Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22; Chapter I7 Si )lation o% 0irths and $s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22; Chapter II7 Illegal Marriages ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22; *itle EIII+ Cri es against =onor++++++++++++++++++ 2@2 I+Li#el ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2@2 II+In(ri inatory Ma(hinations +++++++++++++++ 2@2 *itle EIV+ H)asiD<%%enses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2-0
*itle I+ CRIMES against NA*I<NAL SEC$RI*C and the LAW o% NA*I<NS
CRIMINAL LAW 2 *EAM

Pro%+ Ilde%onso R+ Bi ene?
'a()lty Editor
Andre! Lena
Lead Writer
CRIMINAL LAW
Jari(hi Santos
S)#"e(t Editor
ACA.EMICS C<MMI**EE
Co ittee =eads
Jae 1)errero
.ESI1N K LAC<$*
CRI MIN AL LA W2
*itle I+ Cri es against National Se()rity and the La! o% Nations
CRIMES A1AINS* SEC$RI*C7 : : : : Art+ 11-7 *reason Art+ 11/7 Conspira(y and Proposal to Co it *reason Art+ 1127 Misprision o% *reason Art+ 1137 Espionage
112
CRIMINAL LAW 2
CRIMES A1AINS* *=E LAW <' NA*I<NS7 : : : : : : Art+ 1167 In(iting to !ar or giving otives %or reprisals Art+ 11;7 Violation o% Ne)trality Art+ 1207 Corresponden(e !ith =ostile Co)ntry Art+ 1217 'light to Ene yFs Co)ntry Art+ 1227 Pira(y in 1eneral and M)tiny on the =igh Seas or in Philippine Waters Art+ 12@7 H)ali%ied Pira(y
LEC*$RES C<MMI**EE
Co ittee =eads Jat? Man?ano Mary Rose 0eley Sa N)Le? Jri?el Mala#anan Arianne Cere?o Mar(rese 0anaag Vol)nteers
M<CJ 0AR C<MMI**EE

Lili#eth Pere?

.ahlia Sala at
L<1IS*ICS
Charisse Mendo?a
Bill =ernande?
Re e #er7 : *he (ri es )nder this title (an #e prose()ted even i% the (ri inal a(t or a(ts !ere (o itted o)tside the Philippine territorial ")risdi(tion+ : *his is one o% the instan(es !here the RPC ay #e given e:traDterritorial appli(ation )nder Arti(le 2 4/5 thereo%+ : =o!ever& prose()tion (an pro(eed only i% the o%%ender is !ithin Philippine territory <R #ro)ght to the Philippines p)rs)ant to an e:tradition treaty+ : Cri es against national se()rity (an #e tried only in the Philippines& as there is a need to #ring the o%%ender here #e%ore he (an #e ade to s)%%er the (onse>)en(es o% the la!+ : In the (ase o% (ri es against the la! o% nations& the o%%ender (an #e prose()ted !henever he ay #e %o)nd #e(a)se the (ri es are regarded as (o itted against h) anity in general+ : *he a(ts against national se()rity ay #e (o itted a#road and still #e p)nisha#le )nder o)r la!+ : Al ost all o% these are (ri es (o itted in ti es o% !arM : E:(ept the %ollo!ing& !hi(h (an #e (o itted in ti es o% pea(e7
415 Espionage 4Art 11-5 I *his is also (overed #y Co on!ealth A(t No+ 212 !hi(h p)nishes (onspira(y to (o it espionage+ 425 In(iting to War or 1iving Motives %or Reprisals 4Art 1165 I *his (an #e (o itted even i% the Philippines is not a parti(ipant+ 4@5 Violation o% Ne)trality& )nder Arti(le 11; I *he Philippines is not a party to a !ar #)t there is a !ar going on+
Intent o% disloyalty is a vital ingredient in the (ri e o% treason& !hi(h in the a#sen(e o% ad ission ay #e gathered %ro the nat)re and (ir() stan(es o% ea(h parti()lar (ase+
113
CRIMINAL LAW 2
2+ People vs+ Adriano7 *esti ony is re>)ired to (onvi(t a person %or treason
: *he ere %a(t o% having "oined a Ma,apili

organi?ation is eviden(e o% #oth adheren(e to the ene y and giving hi aid and (o %ort+ At the sa e ti e& #eing a Ma,apili is in itsel% (onstit)tive o% an overt a(t+ *he (ri e o% treason !as (o itted i% he pla(ed hi sel% at the ene ySs (all to %ight side #y side !ith hi !hen the opport)ne ti e (a e even tho)gh an opport)nity never presented itsel%+ =o!ever& e #ership as a Ma,apili& as an overt a(t& )st #e esta#lished #y the deposition o% t!o !itnesses+
Arti(le 11- D *reason

M<.E 17 Levying War Ele ents7 1+ *he o%%ender is a 'ilipino or resident alien 2+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved @+ *he o%%ender levies !ar against the govern ent M<.E 27 Adheren(e to the Ene ies Ele ents7 1+ *he o%%ender is a 'ilipino or resident alien 2+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved @+ *hat the o%%ender adheres to the ene ies& giving the aid or (o %ort+ : Re>)ire ents o% 8levying !ar9
: :
@+ People vs+ Prieto7 *esti ony re>)ired to (onvi(t a person %or treason
: *reason re>)ires adheren(e to the ene y

K giving aid K (o %ort+ o 1iving aid K (o %ort re>)ires so e ,ind o% a(tion& deed or physi(al a(tivity as opposed to a ental operation+ Separate prose()tion %or )rder or physi(al in")ries ay #e p)rs)edi% they are )nrelated to treasono)s intent o the govern ent sho)ld ele(t to prose()te the a(()sed spe(i%i(ally %or those (ri es instead o% relying on the as ele ents o% treason+ *esti onies o% the !itnesses sho)ld re%er to the sa e overt a(t+
:
1+ A(t)al asse #ling o% enM 2+ *o e:e()te a treasona#le design #y %or(eM @+ Intent is to deliver the (o)ntry in !hole or in part to the ene yM and -+ Colla#oration !ith %oreign ene y or so e %oreign sovereign : *!o !ays o% proving treason 1+ *esti ony o% at least t!o !itnesses to the sa e overt a(tM or 2+ Con%ession o% a(()sed in open (o)rt+ B)rispr)den(e7 1+ People vs+ Pere?7 What a(ts (onstit)te treasonN
:
*o #e treasono)s& the e:tent o% the aid and (o %ort given to the ene ies )st #e dire(tly in %)rtheran(e o% the ene yFs hostile designs and not to the ene ies as individ)als+
-+ People vs Vi(toria7 inherent a(ts in treason shall not #e appre(iated as aggravating+ : *he (ri e o% treason is o% s)(h a nat)re that it ay #e (o itted #y one single a(t& #y a series o% a(ts& or #y several series thereo%& not only in a single ti e& #)t in di%%erent ti es& it #eing a (ontin)o)s+ : *he presen(e o% the aggravating (ir() stan(es o% trea(hery& the aid o% ar ed persons to ins)re or a%%ord i p)nity& and deli#erately a)g enting the (ri es #y (a)sing other !rongs not ne(essary in the (o ission thereo%
: are inherent in the (ri e o% treason and th)s

shall not #e appre(iated as aggravating (ir() stan(es+ N<*E7 *here (an #e no treason thro)gh negligen(e+ 4Cra er v+ $S5
Arti(le 11/ D Conspira(y and Proposal to Co it *reason

: Ele ents o% (onspira(y to (o it treason 1+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involvedM 2+ At least t!o persons (o e to an agree ent to I a+ levy !ar against the govern entM or #+ adhere to the ene ies& giving the aid or (o %ortM (+ *hey de(ide to (o it it+ :
*he (ri inal lia#ility arises i% the a(()sed learned o% the treasono)s a(tivity !hile still at the (onspiratorial stage #e(a)se i% he learned o% the treason !hen it had already er)pted into an overt a(t& then i pli(ation is that the govern ent is already a!are o% it+ Any person in a)thority having the e>)ivalent ")risdi(tion 4o% a ayor& %is(al or governor5& li,e a provin(ial (o ander& !ill already negate (ri inal lia#ility+ 0lood relationship is al!ays s)#servient to national se()rity+
1
116
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 20 does not apply in this (ase #e(a)se persons %o)nd lia#le %or this (ri e are not (onsidered a((essories& #)t as prin(ipals+ $nder the Revised Penal Code& there is no (ri e o% isprision o% re#ellion+
Ele ents o% proposal to (o it treason 1+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involvedM 2+ At least one person de(ides to I a+levy !ar against the govern entM or #+adhere to the ene ies& giving the aid or (o %ortM (+ =e proposes its e:e()tion to so e other persons+
See the %ollo!ing Spe(ial La!s 4in%ra57 15 CA 212 4Espionage La!5 25 0P @; 4'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3;5 @5 P. 102; 4*he Philippine E:tradition la!5
Arti(le 116 D In(iting to War or 1iving Motives %or Reprisals

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender per%or s )nla!%)l or )na)thori?ed a(tsM 2+ *he a(ts provo,e or give o((asion %or7 a+ A !ar involving or lia#le to involve the PhilippinesM or #+ e:pos)re o% 'ilipino (iti?ens to reprisals on their persons or property+
Arti(le 112 D Misprision o% *reason

4as,ed on(e d)ring 1;;-D;25 Ele ents 1+ <%%endero!esallegian(etothe govern ent& and not a %oreignerM 2+ =e has ,no!ledge o% (onspira(y to (o it treason against the govern entM @+ =e (on(eals or does not dis(lose and a,e ,no!n the sa e as soon as possi#le to the governor or %is(al o% the provin(e in !hi(h he resides& or the ayor or %is(al o% the (ity in !hi(h he resides+
Arti(le 11; D Violation o% Ne)trality

Ele ents 1+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is not involvedM 2+ *here is a reg)lation iss)ed #y a (o petent a)thority to en%or(e ne)tralityM @+ <%%ender violates the reg)lation+
Re e #er7 : Misprision o% treason is a (ri e that ay #e (o itted only #y (iti?ens o% the Philippines+ : *he essen(e o% the (ri e is that there are persons !ho (onspire to (o it treason and the o%%ender ,ne! this and %ailed to a,e the ne(essary report to the govern ent !ithin the earliest possi#le ti e+ : What is re>)ired is to report it as soon as possi#le+
Art+ 20+ A((essories !ho are e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility+ P *he penalties pres(ri#ed %or a((essories shall not #e i posed )pon those !ho are s)(h !ith respe(t to their spo)ses& as(endants& des(endants& legiti ate& nat)ral& and adopted #rothers and sisters& or relatives #y a%%inity !ithin the sa e degrees& !ith the single e:(eption o% a((essories %alling !ithin the provisions o% paragraph 1 o% the ne:t pre(eding arti(le+
Arti(le 120 D Corresponden(e !ith =ostile Co)ntry

Ele ents 1+ It is in ti e o% !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involvedM 2+ <%%ender a,es (orresponden(e !ith an ene y (o)ntry or territory o(()pied #y ene y troopsM @+ *he (orresponden(e is either I a+ prohi#ited #y the govern entM #+ (arried on in (iphers or (onventional signsM or (+ (ontaining noti(e or in%or ation !hi(h ight #e )se%)l to the ene y+
(o ple ent or passengers !hile the vessel is on the high seas or in Philippine !aters+ A#etting Pira(y
: Note& ho!ever& that in Se(tion - o%

Presidential .e(ree No+ /@2& the a(t o% aiding pirates or a#etting pira(y is penali?ed as a (ri e distin(t %ro pira(y+ Said se(tion penali?es any person !ho ,no!ingly and in any anner aids or prote(ts pirates& s)(h as giving the in%or ation a#o)t the ove ent o% the poli(e or other pea(e o%%i(ers o% the govern ent& or a(>)ires or re(eives property ta,en #y s)(h pirates& or in any anner derives any #ene%it there%ro M or !ho dire(tly or indire(tly a#ets the (o ission o% pira(y+ Also& it is e:pressly provided in the sa e se(tion that the o%%ender shall #e (onsidered as an a((o pli(e o% the prin(ipal o%%enders and p)nished in a((ordan(e !ith the Revised Penal Code+ *his provision o% P. No+ /@2 !ith respe(t to pira(y in Philippine !ater has not #een in(orporated in the Revised Penal Code+ Neither ay it #e (onsidered repealed #y RA 32/; sin(e there is nothing in the a endatory la! !hi(h is in(onsistent !ith said se(tion+ Apparently& there is still the (ri e o% a#etting pira(y in Philippine !aters )nder Presidential .e(ree No+ /@2+
11;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 121 D 'light to Ene ySs Co)ntry
:
Ele ents 1+*here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involvedM 2+<%%ender )st #e o!ing allegian(e to the govern entM @+<%%ender atte pts to %lee or go to ene y (o)ntryM -+1oing to the ene y (o)ntry is prohi#ited #y (o petent a)thority+
: :
Arti(le 122 D Pira(y in 1eneral and M)tiny on the =igh Seas or in Philippine Waters
Ele ents o% pira(y 1+ *he vessel is on the high seas or Philippine !atersM 2+ <%%enders are neither e #ers o% its (o ple ent nor passengers o% the vesselM @+ <%%enders either I a+ atta(, or sei?e a vessel on the high seas or in Philippine !atersM or #+ sei?e in the vessel !hile on the high seas or in Philippine !aters the !hole or part o% its (argo& its e>)ip ent or personal #elongings o% its (o ple ent or passengersM (+ *here is intent to gain+
See the %ollo!ing Spe(ial La!s 4in%ra57 15 P. /@27 *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD=igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;325 RA 32/; 4An A(t to i pose the death penalty on (ertain heino)s (ri es& a ending %or that p)rpose the Revised Penal Code& as a ended& other spe(ial penal la!s and %or other p)rposes5
Arti(le 12@ D H)ali%ied Pira(y

4As,ed t!i(e 1;6@D;0M on(e 2000D025
Re e #er7 : A(ts P)nished in Pira(y7 1+ Atta(,ing or sei?ing a vessel on the high seas or in Philippine !atersM 2+ Sei?ing the !hole or part o% its (argo& its e>)ip ent or personal #elongings o% its
Ele ents 1+ *he vessel is on the high seas or Philippine !atersM 2+ <%%enders ay or ay not #e e #ers o% its (o ple ent& or passengers o% the vesselM @+ <%%enders either I a+ atta(, or sei?e the vesselM or #+ sei?e the !hole or part o% the (argo& its e>)ip ent+& or personal #elongings o%
the (re! or passengersM -+ *he pre(eding !ere (o itted )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir() stan(es7 a+ !henever they have sei?ed a vessel #y #oarding or %iring )pon the sa eM #+ !henever the pirates have a#andoned their vi(ti s !itho)t eans o% saving the selvesM or (+ !henever the (ri e is a((o panied #y )rder& ho i(ide& physi(al in")ries or rape+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Re e #er7 : I% any o% the (ir() stan(es in Arti(le 12@ is present& pira(y is >)ali%ied+ : M)rder& rape& ho i(ide& physi(al in")ries are ere (ir() stan(es >)ali%ying pira(y and (annot #e p)nished as separate (ri es& nor (an they #e (o ple:ed !ith pira(y+ : Altho)gh Arti(le 12@ erely re%ers to >)ali%ied pira(y& there is also the (ri e o% >)ali%ied )tiny+ : M)tiny is >)ali%ied )nder the %ollo!ing (ir() stan(es7 415 When the o%%enders a#andoned the vi(ti s !itho)t eans o% saving the selvesM or 425 When the )tiny is a((o panied #y rape& )rder& ho i(ide& or physi(al in")ries+
N<*E that the %irst (ir() stan(e !hi(h >)ali%ies pira(y does not apply to )tiny+ See also RA 22@/7 *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La!+
*itle II+ CRIMES against '$N.AMEN*AL LAWS o% the S*A*E
*itle II+ Cri es against ')nda ental La!s o% the State
1+ Art+ 12-7 Ar#itrary .etention 2+ Art+ 12/7 .elay in the delivery o% detained persons to the proper ")di(ial a)thorities @+ Art+ 1227 .elaying Release -+ Art+ 1237 E:p)lsion /+ Art+ 1267 Violation o% do i(ile 2+ Art+12;7 Sear(h !arrants ali(io)sly o#tained and a#)se in the servi(e o% those legally o#tained+ 3+ Art+ 1@07 Sear(hing do i(ile !itho)t !itnesses 6+ Art+ 1@17 Prohi#ition& interr)ption and dissol)tion o% pea(e%)l eetings ;+ Art+ 1@27 Interr)ption o% religio)s !orship 10+ Art+ 1@@7 <%%ending the religio)s %eelings
2+ =aving arrested the o%%ended party %or legal gro)nds #)t !itho)t !arrant o% arrest& and the p)#li( o%%i(er does not deliver the arrested person to the proper ")di(ial a)thority !ithin the period o% 12& 16& or @2 ho)rs& as the (ase ay #e 4Arti(le 12/5M or @+ .elaying release #y (o petent a)thority !ith the sa e period entioned in n) #er 2 4Arti(le 1225+ A p)#li( o%%i(er is dee ed s)(h !hen he is a(ting !ithin the #o)nds o% his o%%i(ial a)thority or %)n(tion+ : A poli(e o%%i(er !ho e ploys %or(e in e:(ess o% !hat is ne(essary is a(ting o)tside the #o)nds o% his d)ties and is (onsidered a(ting in his private (apa(ity 40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5+
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: :
Cri es )nder this title are those that violate (ertain provisions o% the 0ill o% Rights+ All o%%enses )nder this title (an only #e (o itted #y p)#li( o%%i(ers e:(ept o%%ending the religio)s %eelings )nder Arti(le 1@@+ *he pri ary o%%ender in AR*ICLES 12-D1@2 is a p)#li( o%%i(er a(ting )nder s)pposed e:er(ise o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions& al#eit illegally+ A private person ay #e lia#le )nder these arti(les <NLC W=EN he7 ] ]
N<*E that in the (ri e o% ar#itrary detention& altho)gh the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er& not any p)#li( o%%i(er (an (o it this (ri e+ <nly those p)#li( o%%i(ers !hose o%%i(ial d)ties (arry !ith it the a)thority to a,e an arrest and detain persons (an #e g)ilty o% this (ri e+ : In a (ase de(ided #y the S)pre e Co)rt a 0arangay Chair an !ho )nla!%)lly detains another !as held to #e g)ilty o% the (ri e o% ar#itrary detention+ : *his is #e(a)se he is a person in a)thority vested !ith ")risdi(tion to aintain pea(e and order !ithin his #arangay 4Milo v+ Salanga& 1;635+ *here )st #e an a(t)al restraint o% li#erty o% the o%%ended party+ : *he (ri e (o itted is only grave or light threats i% the o%%ended party ay still go to the pla(e !here he !ants to go& even tho)gh there have #een !arnings+ I% the o%%ender %alsely i p)tes a (ri e against a person to #e a#le to arrest hi and appear not deter ined to %ile a (harge against hi & the (ri e is ar#itrary detention thro)gh)nla!%)larrest40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5+
Conspires !ith a p)#li( o%%i(erM <R =e #e(o es an a((o pli(e a((essory to said (ri es
or
AR*ICLE 1@@ (an #e (o itted #y EI*=ER a p)#li( o%%i(er <R a private person+
Arti(le 12- D Ar#itrary .etention

4as,ed t!i(e 1;3/D62M on(e 1;;1D;@M on(e 2000D025 ELEMEN*S7 15 *hat the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 25 *hat he detains a personM @5 *hat the detention is !itho)t a legal gro)nd+ Re e #er7 : *he Cri e o% Ar#itrary .etention ass) es several %or s7 1+ .etaining a person !itho)t legal gro)nds 4Arti(le 12-5M
People v+ Astorga 4200-5 In this (ase !here a .ENR tea !as invited in Mayor AstorgaFs ho)se %ro /@0p to 2@0a %or dinner and drin,s does not %all )nder Ar#itrary .etention+ A#sent physi(al restraint an ele ent o% the said (ri e is %ear+ No re(ord on eviden(e sho!ed that the ayor instilled %ear into the inds o% the .ENR tea !hile they !ere in the MayorFs ho)se+
<%%ender
AR0I*RARC .E*EN*I<N P)#li( o%%i(er !ho has a)thority to a,e arrests and detain persons Violate the o%%ended partyFs (onstit)tional %reedo against !arrantless arrest
ILLE1AL .E*EN*I<N 15PrivatepersonM<R 25P)#li( o%%i(er !ho is a(ting in a private (apa(ity or #eyond the s(ope o% his o%%i(ial d)ty .eprive the o%%ended party o% his personal li#erty
$NLAW'$L ARRES* Any person
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Cri inal intent
A(()se the o%%ended party o% a (ri e he did not (o it& deliver hi to the proper a)thority& and %ile the ne(essary(hargesto in(ri inate hi
Arti(le 12/ D .elay in the .elivery o% .etained Persons to the Proper B)di(ial A)thorities
Ele ents7 15 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 25 =e detains a person %or so e legal gro)ndM @5 =e %ails to deliver s)(h person to the proper ")di(ial a)thorities !ithin I a+12 ho)rs %or light penaltiesM #+16 ho)rs %or (orre(tional penaltiesM and (+ @2 ho)rs %or a%%li(tive or (apital penalties
2+ People v+ *an 41;;65 : *he ele ents o% ()stodial investigation are7 : *he s)spe(t is deprived o% li#erty in any signi%i(ant annerM : *he interrogation is initiated #y la! en%or(e ent a)thoritiesM : *he interrogation is in()lpatory in (hara(ter+
Re e #er7 : : : *his is appli(a#le <NLC W=EN the arrest is !itho)t a !arrant+ At the #eginning& the detention is legal sin(e it is in the p)rs)an(e o% a la!%)l arrest+ .etention #e(o es ar#itrary !hen the7 : appli(a#le period lapses : !itho)t the arresting o%%i(er %iling a %or al (harge !ith the proper (o)rt+ *he periods stated are (o)nted only !hen the prose()torFs o%%i(e is ready to re(eive the (o plaint or in%or ation+ : Nightti e is N<* in(l)ded in the period+
@+ San(he? v+ .e etrio) 41;;@5 : Where the invitation (o es %ro a po!er%)l gro)p (o posed predo inantly o% ran,ing ilitary o%%i(ers : and the designated interrogation site is a ilitary (a p& the sa e (an #e easily ta,en& : N<* as a stri(tly vol)ntary invitation+ : It is an a)thoritative (o and that one (an only de%y at his peril+
See also RA 3-@67 Rights o% Persons arrested& detained& or )nder ()stodial investigationM d)ties o% p)#li( o%%i(ers+
Arti(le 122 D .elaying Release

Ele ents7 15 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 25 *here is a7 a+ ")di(ial or e:e()tive order %or the release o% a prisoner or detention prisoner& <R #+ A pro(eeding )pon a petition %or the li#eration o% s)(h personM @5 <%%ender !itho)t good reason delays I a+ the servi(e o% the noti(e o% s)(h order to the prisonerM #+ the per%or an(e o% s)(h ")di(ial or e:e()tive order %or the release o% the prisonerM <R (+ the pro(eedings )pon a petition %or the release o% s)(h person+
B)rispr)den(e7 1+ Sayo v+ Chie% o% Poli(e 41;-65 : 8.eliver9 eans the %iling o% (orre(t in%or ation !ith the proper (o)rt 4or (onstr)(tive delivery DDD t)rning over the person arrested to the ")risdi(tion o% the (o)rt5+ : P)rpose is to deter ine !hether the o%%ense is #aila#le or not+
Arti(le 123 D E:p)lsion

Ele ents7 : <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM : =e either I a+ e:pels any person %ro the PhilippinesM or #+ (o pels a person to (hange residen(eM : <%%ender is not a)thori?ed to do so #y la!+
other e%%e(tsM <R iii+ =e re%)ses to leave& a%ter having s)rreptitio)sly entered s)(h d!elling and #een re>)ired to leave the sa e H)ali%ying Cir() stan(es7 15 I% (o itted at nightti eM or 25 I% any papers or e%%e(ts not (onstit)ting eviden(e o% a (ri e are not ret)rned i ediately a%ter the sear(h ade #y o%%ender : R$LE 11@ <' *=E REVISE. R$LES <' C<$R*7 a p)#li( o%%i(er& !ho #rea,s into the pre ise& in()rs no lia#ility W=EN a person to #e arrested enters said pre ise and (loses it therea%ter& provided that the o%%i(er %irst gives a noti(e o% arrest+ *he p)#li( o%%i(er sho)ld have %irst given noti(e o% an arrest+ A((ording to People vs+ .oria 41;;;5 and People vs+ Ela paro 420005& the %ollo!ing are the a((epted e:(eptions to the !arrant re>)ire ent7 1+ Sear(h in(idental to an arrestM 2+ Sear(h o% oving vehi(lesM @+ Eviden(e in plain vie!M -+ Stop and %ris,M /+ C)sto s sear(hesM AN. 2+ Consented !arrantless sear(h+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
B)rispr)den(e7 1+ Villavi(en(io v+ L),#an 41;1;5 : *he (ity ayor o% Manila (o itted the (ri e o% e:p)lsionM : !hen he ordered (ertain prostit)tes to #e trans%erred to .avao M : WI*=<$* o#serving d)e pro(ess sin(e they have not #een (harged !ith any (ri e+
: :
2+ Mar(os v+ Manglap)s 41;6;5 : *he right to ret)rn to oneFs (o)ntry is not a ong the rights spe(i%i(ally g)aranteed in the 0ill o% Rights& !hi(h treats only o% the Li#erty o% A#ode and the right to travel+ : =o!ever& it is a !ellDsettled vie! that the right to ret)rn ay #e (onsidered as a generally a((epted prin(iple o% international la! and& )nder the Constit)tion& %or s part o% the la! o% the land+ : =o!ever& it is distin(t and separate %ro the right to travel+ : *he (onstit)tional g)arantees invo,ed #y the Mar(oses are neither a#sol)te nor in%le:i#le %or the e:er(ise o% s)(h %reedo s has li its and )st ad")st to the (on(erns !hi(h involve the p)#li( interest+
Arti(le 126 D Violation o% .o i(ile

A(ts p)nished 1+ Entering any d!elling against the !ill o% the o!ner thereo%M 2+ Sear(hing papers or other e%%e(ts %o)nd therein !itho)t the previo)s (onsent o% s)(h o!nerM or @+ Re%)sing to leave the pre ises& a%ter having s)rreptitio)sly entered said d!elling and a%ter having #een re>)ired to leave the sa e
Mala(at v+ CA 41;;35 : ZM[ere s)spi(ion or a h)n(h !ill not validate a Rstop and %ris,+R : A gen)ine reason )st e:ist& in light o% the poli(e o%%i(erSs e:perien(e and s)rro)nding (onditions& to !arrant the #elie% that the person detained has !eapons (on(ealed a#o)t hi + : 'inally& a RstopDandD%ris,R serves a t!oD%old interest7 415 the general interest o% e%%e(tive (ri e preventionanddete(tion&!hi(h )nderlies the re(ognition that a poli(e o%%i(er ay&)nderappropriate (ir() stan(es and in an appropriate anner& approa(h a person %or p)rposes o% investigating possi#le (ri inal #ehavior even !itho)t pro#a#le (a)seM and 425 the ore pressing interest o% sa%ety and sel%Dpreservation !hi(h per it the poli(e o%%i(er to ta,e steps to ass)re hi sel% that the person !ith !ho he deals is not ar ed !ith a deadly !eapon that (o)ld )ne:pe(tedly and %atally #e )sed against the poli(e o%%i(er+
Ele ents C<MM<N to the three a(ts7 15 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 25 =e is not a)thori?ed #y ")di(ial order I i+ *o enter the d!elling& or ii+ *o a,e a sear(h therein %or papers or
8Against the !ill9 eans that the o%%ender ignored the prohi#ition o% the o!ner !hi(h ay #e e:press or i plied as !hen the door is (losed even tho)gh not lo(,ed 40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5+
: A'*ER e:a ination )nder oath or a%%ir ation o% the (o plainant and the !itness he ay prod)(e Parti()lar des(ription o%7 : Pla(e to #e sear(hedM AN. : *hings to #e sei?ed !hi(h ay #e any!here in the Philippines
12CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 12; D Sear(h Warrants Mali(io)sly <#tained& and A#)se o% Servi(e o% *hose Legally <#tained
A(ts p)nished 1+ Pro()ring a sear(h !arrant !itho)t ")st (a)seM Ele ents7 a+<%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM #+=e pro()res a sear(h !arrantM (+ *here is no ")st (a)se+ 2+ E:(eedinghisa)thorityor)sing )nne(essary severity in e:e()ting a sear(h !arrant legally pro()red+ Ele ents7 a+<%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM #+=e has legally pro()red a sear(h !arrantM (+ =e e:(eeds his a)thority or )ses )nne(essary severity in e:e()ting the sa e+
Arti(le 1@0 D Sear(hing .o i(ile !itho)t Witnesses

Ele ents7 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM =e is ar ed !ith sear(h !arrant legally pro()redM =e sear(hes the do i(ile& papers or other #elongings o% any personM *he o!ner& or any e #ers o% his %a ily& or t!o !itnesses residing in the sa e lo(ality are not present+
An o%%i(er ay #rea, open any o)ter or inner door or !indo! o% a ho)se or any part o% a ho)se or anything therein W=EN these (ir() stan(es (on()r7 : =e is re%)sed ad ittan(e to the pla(e o% dire(ted sear(hM : =is p)rpose is to e:e()te the !arrant to li#erate hi sel% or any person la!%)lly aiding hi !hen )nla!%)lly detained thereinM and : =e has given noti(e o% his p)rpose and a)thority+ *he !arrant )st dire(t that it #e served in the day ti e+ : =<WEVER& it (an #e served at any ti e o% the day or night W=EN the a%%idavit asserts that the property is on the person or in the pla(e ordered to #e sear(hed+ A sear(h !arrant shall #e valid %or ten 4105 days %ro its date+ *herea%ter& it shall #e void+ *he o%%i(er sei?ing the property )nder the !arrant )st give a detailed re(eipt %or the sa e to the la!%)l o(()pant o% the pre ises in !hose presen(e the sear(h and sei?)re !ere ade+ : In the a#sen(e o% s)(h o(()pant& the o%%i(er )st leave a re(eipt in the pla(e in !hi(h he %o)nd the sei?ed propertyM : in the presen(e o% at least t!o !itnesses o% s)%%i(ient age and dis(retion residing in the sa e lo(ality+
Arti(le 1@1 D Prohi#ition& Interr)ption and .issol)tion o% Pea(e%)l Meetings

R$LE 1127 SEARC= AN. SEIQ$RE : A sear(h !arrant is an order in !riting D a+ Signed #y a ")dge #+ .ire(ted to a pea(e o%%i(er& (o anding hi to sear(h %or personal property des(ri#ed therein and #ring it #e%ore the (o)rt Re>)isites %or iss)ing a sear(h !arrant7 ] Pro#a#le (a)se& in (onne(tion !ith one spe(i%i( o%%ense& to #e deter ined personally #y the ")dge7 Ele ents7 15 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 25 =e per%or s any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ prohi#iting or #y interr)pting& !itho)t legal gro)nd& the holding o% a pea(e%)l eeting& or #y dissolving the sa eM #+ hindering any person %ro "oining any la!%)l asso(iation& or attending any o% its eetingsM (+ prohi#iting or hindering any person %ro addressing& either alone or together !ith
others& any petition to the a)thorities %or the (orre(tion o% a#)ses or redress o% grievan(es+ Re e #er7 : *he govern ent has a right to re>)ire a per it #e%ore any gathering (o)ld #e ade+ : =<WEVER& the govern ent only has reg)latory&N<*PR<=I0I*<RC& po!ers!ithregardtos)(h re>)ire ent+ *he per it sho)ld state the day& ti e& and pla(e o% the gathering+ I% the per it is denied ar#itrarily& <R the o%%i(er di(tates the pla(e !here the eeting is to #e held& this arti(le is VI<LA*E.+ I% in the (o)rse o% the asse #ly& !hi(h started o)t pea(e%)lly& the parti(ipants (o itted illegal a(ts li,e oral de%a ation or in(iting to sedition& a p)#li( o%%i(er or la! en%or(er (an stop or dissolve the eeting+ *!o (riteria to deter ine !hether this arti(le !o)ld #e violated7 : .angero)s tenden(y r)le I appli(a#le in ti es o% national )nrest s)(h as to prevent (o)p dFetat+ : Clear and present danger r)le I applied in ti es o% pea(e+ Stri(ter r)le+
: :
a+ ridi()les or a,es light o% anything (onstit)ting a religio)s dog a #+ !or,s or s(o%%s at anything devoted to religio)s (ere onies (+ plays !ith or da ages or destroys any o#"e(t or veneration #y the %aith%)l W<N an a(t is o%%ensive to the religio)s %eelings& is a >)estion o% %a(t !hi(h )st #e ad")dged only a((ording to the %eelings o% the Catholi(s and not those o% other %aith%)l ones+ o What happened in this (ase !as that a Catholi( priest (o plained against a gro)p that passed #y the (h)r(hyard as they !ere holding the %)neral rites o% a Ch)r(h o% Christ e #er+ La)rel .issent7 *he deter ination sho)ld N<* #e ade to depend )pon ore or less #road or narro! (on(eption o% any given religion+ 'a(ts and (ir() stan(es sho)ld#evie!ed thro)gh an )n#iased ")di(ial (riterion+ o *his later #e(a e the a"ority de(ision in People v+ *engson+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 1@2 D Interr)ption o% Religio)s Worship

Ele ents7 15 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 25 Religio)s (ere onies or ani%estations o% any religio)s are a#o)t to ta,e pla(e or are going onM @5 <%%ender prevents or dist)r#s the sa e+
2+ People v+ Nanoy : *he (ri e is only $NB$S* VEEA*I<N !hen the a(t is N<* dire(ted to the religio)s #elie% itsel% and there is no intention o% (a)sing so serio)s a dist)r#an(e as to interr)pt a religio)s (ere ony+
Arti(le 1@@ D <%%ending the Religio)s 'eelings

Ele ents7 15 A(ts (o plained o% !ere per%or ed in a pla(e devoted to religio)s !orship& <R d)ring the (ele#ration o% any religio)s (ere onyM 25 *he a(ts )st #e notorio)sly o%%ensive to the %eelings o% the %aith%)l+
B)rispr)den(e7 1+ People v+ 0aes 41;@;5 : An a(t is N<*<RI<$SLC <''ENSIVE to the religio)s %eelings !hen a person7
*itle III+ CRIMES against P$0LIC <R.ER
*itle III+ Cri es against P)#li( <rder
Chapter I D Re#ellion& Co)p dF Gtat& Sedition

and .isloyalty
C=AP*ER I 1+ Re#ellion or ins)rre(tion 4Art+ 1@-5M 2+ Conspira(y and proposal to (o it re#ellion 4Art+ 1@25M @+ .isloyalty to p)#li( o%%i(ers or e ployees 4Art+ 1@35M -+ In(iting to re#ellion 4Art+ 1@65M /+ Sedition 4Art+ 1@;5M 2+ Conspira(y to (o it sedition 4Art+ 1-15M 3+ In(iting to sedition 4Art+ 1-25M
Arti(le 1@- D Re#ellionAIns)rre(tion

4as,ed on(e 1;3;D62M thri(e 1;;3D025 4See RA ;@325 Ele ents7 1+*here is a p)#li( )prising and ta,ing ar s against the govern entM 2+*he p)rpose o% the )prising or ove ent is I a+ to re ove %ro the allegian(e to the govern ent or its la!s Philippine territory or any part thereo%& or any #ody o% land& naval& or other ar ed %or(esM or #+ to deprive the Chie% E:e()tive or Congress& !holly or partially& o% any o% their po!ers or prerogatives+
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C=AP*ER II 6+ A(ts tending to prevent the eeting o% Congress and si ilar #odies 4Art+ 1-@5M ;+ .ist)r#an(e o% pro(eedings o% Congress or si ilar #odies 4Art+ 1--5M 10+ Violation o% parlia entary i )nity 4Art+ 1-/5M
Re e #er7 C=AP*ER III 11+ Illegal asse #lies 4Art+ 1-25M 12+ Illegal asso(iations 4Art+ 1-35M 1@+ .ire(t assa)lts 4Art+ 1-65M 1-+ Indire(t assa)lts 4Art+ 1-;5M 1/+ .iso#edien(e to s) ons iss)ed #y Congress& its (o ittees& et(+& #y the (onstit)tional (o issions& its (o ittees& et(+ 4Art+ 1/05M 1+ Re#ellion vs+ Ins)rre(tion : As to the o#"e(t7 the o#"e(t o% re#ellion is to (o pletely overthro! and s)pplant the e:isting govern ent : !hile ins)rre(tion is a ove ent see,ing to e%%e(t so e (hange o% inor i portan(e& or to prevent the e:er(ise o% govern ental a)thority !ith respe(t to parti()lar atters or s)#"e(ts 4Reyes& (iting @0 A + Br+ 15 2+ R)le on Co ple:ing o% Re#ellion : Re#ellion (annot #e (o ple:ed !ith& #)t a#sor#s other (ri es (o itted in %)rtheran(e o% re#ellion+ : *here is no (o ple: (ri e o% re#ellion !ith )rder and other (o on (ri es+
C=AP*ER IV 12+ Resistan(e and diso#edien(e to a person in a)thority or the agents o% s)(h person 4Art+ 1/15M C=AP*ER V 13+ *) )lts and other dist)r#an(es o% p)#li( order 4Art+ 1/@5M 16+ $nla!%)l )se o% eans o% p)#li(ation and )nla!%)l )tteran(es 4Art+ 1/-5M 1;+ Alar s and s(andals 4Art+ 1//5M 20+ .elivering prisoners %ro "ails 4Art+ 1/25M 21+ Evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e 4Art+ 1/35M 22+ Evasion on o((asion o% disorders 4Art+ 1/65M 2@+ Violation o% (onditional pardon 4Art+ 1/;5M
B)rispr)den(e7 1+ Enrile v Sala?ar 41;;05 : *he do(trine laid do!n in People v+ =ernande? re ains good la!+ : *his prohi#its the (o ple:ing o% re#ellion !ith any other o%%ense (o itted in the o((asion thereo%& either as a eans to it (o ission or as an )nintended e%%e(t o% an a(tivity that (onstit)tes re#ellion+
C=AP*ER VI 2-+ Co ission o% another (ri e d)ring servi(e o% penalty i posed %or another previo)s o%%ense 4Art+ 1205+
2+ Pon(e Enrile v A in 41;;05 : All (ri es& !hether p)nisha#le )nder spe(ial or general la!& : !hi(h are ere (o ponents or ingredients& or (o itted in %)rtheran(e thereo%& : #e(o e a#sor#ed in the (ri e or re#ellion and (annot #e isolated and (harged as separate (ri es the selves+
@+ People v+ Lovedioro 41;;/5 : *he politi(al otive o% the a(t sho)ld #e (learly de onstrated+ : I% this (o)ld not #e done& the a(()sed sho)ld #e (onvi(ted o% the (o on (ri e not o% re#ellion+ : Re#ellion is not (overed #y Art+ 2 on e:traterritorial ")risdi(tion+
Re#ellion vs+ *reason Re#ellion*reason *he levying o% !ar *he levying o% !ar againstthe againstthe govern ent %or any govern ent!o)ld p)rpose entioned in (onstit)tetreason Art+ 1@-!hen per%or ed to aid the ene y Al!ays involves ta,ing Mere adheren(e to )p ar s against the the ene y giving hi govern ent+aid and (o %ort
a((o panied #y violen(e& inti idation& threat& strategy or stealthM @+ *he atta(, is dire(ted against the d)ly (onstit)ted a)thorities o% the Rep)#li( o% the Philippines& or any ilitary (a p or installation& (o )ni(ation net!or,s& p)#li( )tilities or other %a(ilities needed %or the e:er(ise and (ontin)ed possession o% po!erM -+ *he p)rpose o% the atta(, is to sei?e or di inish state po!er+
123
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Persons !ho ay (o it (o)p dFetat7 1+ It ay #e (o itted singly or (olle(tively 2+ Re>)ires as a prin(ipal o%%ender a e #er o% the A'P& PNP& or a p)#li( o%%i(er !ith or !itho)t (ivilian s)pport
Arti(le 1@/ D Penalty %or Re#ellion& Ins)rre(tion

N<*E7 No (ri e o% isprision o% re#ellion+ or Co)p dF Gtat : Persons lia#le %or re#ellion& ins)rre(tion or (o)p dSetat 1+ *he leaders7 a+ Any person !ho pro otes& aintains or heads a re#ellion or ins)rre(tionM or #+ Any person !ho leads& dire(ts or (o ands others to )nderta,e a (o)p dSetatM 2+ *he parti(ipants7 a+ Any person !ho parti(ipates or e:e()tes the (o ands o% others in re#ellion& ins)rre(tion or (o)p dSetatM #+ Any person not in the govern ent servi(e !ho parti(ipates& s)pports& %inan(es& a#ets or aids in )nderta,ing a (o)p dSetat+ : I% )nder the (o and o% )n,no!n leaders& any person !ho spo,e %or& signed re(eipts and other do() ents iss)ed in their na e on #ehal% o% the re#els shall #e dee ed a leader+ : Mere silen(e or o ission is not p)nisha#le+
Re#ellion vs+ S)#version Re#ellionS)#version Cri e against p)#i( Cri e against national orderse()rity *here )st #e p)#li( 0eing o%%i(ers and )prising to overthro! ran,ing e #ers o% the govern ents)#versivegro)ps (onstit)te s)#version
N<*E7 *here is no longer a (ri e o% s)#version #y virt)e o% RA 32@2& !hi(h repealed RA 1300+ Re#ellion vs+ Sedition Re#ellionSedition *here )st #e ta,ing It is s)%%i(ient that the )p or ar s against the p)#li()prising#e govern ent+t) )lt)o)s+ *he p)rpose is al!ays politi(al+ *he p)rpose ay #e politi(al or so(ial+
N<*E 7 When any o% the o#"e(tives o% re#ellion is p)rs)ed #)t there is no p)#li( )prising in the legal sense& the (ri e is dire(t assa)lt o% the %irst %or +
Arti(le 1@2 D Conspira(y and Proposal to

Co it Co)p dF Gtat& Re#ellion or Ins)rre(tion
Arti(le 1@-DA D Co)p dF Gtat

4as,ed t!i(e 1;;1D;@ M %o)r ti es 1;;3D025 Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a person or persons #elonging to the ilitary or poli(e or holding any p)#li( o%%i(e or e ploy entM 2+ It is (o itted #y eans o% a s!i%t atta(,
Mode 17 Conspira(y to (o it (o)p dF^tat& re#ellion or ins)rre(tion Ele ents7 a+ *!o or ore persons (o e to an agree ent s!i%tly atta(, or to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ar s against the 1overn ent or %or any p)rposes o% re#ellion or ins)rre(tionM #+ *hey de(ided to (o it it+
Mode 27 Proposal to (o it (o)p dF^tat& re#ellion or ins)rre(tion Ele ents7 a+ A person has de(ided to s!i%tly atta(, or to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ar s against the 1overn ent %or any p)rposes o% re#ellion or ins)rre(tion #+ S)(h person proposes its e:e()tion to so e other person or persons+
N<*E7 *here is no (ri e o% in(iting to treason+ In(iting to Re#ellion vs+ Proposal to Co Re#ellion it
Re e #er7 : Conspira(y vs+ Proposal 1+ Conspira(yP!hen t!o or ore persons (o e to an agree ent to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ar s against govern ent %or any o% the p)rposes o% re#ellion and de(ide to (o it it+ 2+ ProposalP!hen the person !ho has de(ided to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ar s against the govern ent %or any o% the p)rposes o% re#ellion proposes its e:e()tion to so e other person or persons+
Proposal to Co itIn(iting to Re#ellion Re#ellion *he o%%ender ind)(es another to (o it re#ellion sho)ld not #e a(t)ally (o itted #y the persons to !ho it is proposed or !ho are in(ited+ Z<ther!ise& they #e(o e prin(ipals #y ind)(e ent in the (ri e o% re#ellion+[ *heperson!ho *here is no need that proposes has de(ided theo%%enderhas to (o it re#ellion+de(ided to (o it re#ellion+ *heperson!ho *he a(t o% in(iting is proposesthe done p)#li(ly+ e:e()tion o% the (ri e )ses se(ret eans+
126
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 1@; D Sedition

4as,ed on(e5
Arti(le 1@3 D .isloyalty o% P)#li( <%%i(ers or

E ployees Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 2+ <%%ender (o its any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ %ailing to resist a re#ellion #y all the eans in their po!erM #+ (ontin)ing to dis(harge the d)ties o% their o%%i(es )nder the (ontrol o% the re#els (+ a((epting appoint ent to o%%i(e )nder the +
: :
*he (ri e pres)pposes re#ellion (o itted #y other persons+ <%%ender )st not #e in (onspira(y !ith the re#els+ E%%e(t o% (onspira(y7 P)#li( o%%i(er is hi sel% g)ilty o% re#ellion+
Arti(le
Ins)rre(tion
1@6
In(iting
to
Re#ellion
or
Ele ents7 1+ <%%enders rise p)#li(ly and t) )lt)o)slyM 2+ <%%enders e ploy %or(e& inti idation& or other eans o)tside o% legal ethodsM @+ P)rpose is to attain any o% the %ollo!ing o#"e(ts7 a+ *o prevent the pro )lgation or e:e()tion o% any la! or the holding o% any pop)lar ele(tionM #+ *o prevent the national govern ent or any provin(ial or )ni(ipal govern ent or any p)#li( o%%i(er %ro e:er(ising its or his %)n(tions or prevent the e:e()tion o% an ad inistrative orderM (+ *o in%li(t any a(t o% hate or revenge )pon the person or property o% any p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM d+ *o (o it& %or any politi(al or so(ial end& any a(t o% hate or revenge against private persons or any so(ial (lassesM e+ *o despoil %or any politi(al or so(ial end& any person& )ni(ipality or provin(e& or the national govern ent o% all its property or any part thereo%+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender does not ta,e ar s or is not in open hostility against the govern entM 2+ =e in(ites others to the e:e()tion o% any o% the a(ts o% re#ellionM @+ *he in(iting is done #y eans o% spee(hes&pro(la ations&!ritings& e #le s&#annersorother representations tending to the sa e end+
*) )lt)o)s7 I% (a)sed #y ore than three persons !ho are ar ed or provided !ith the eans o% violen(e+ 4Art+ 1/@5 *he p)rpose o% this (ri e is not the overthro! o% the govern ent #)t the violation o% p)#li( pea(e+
$nder R+A+ 62;-& sedition a#sor#s the )se o% )nli(ensed %irear as an ele ent thereo%M hen(e& it is not an aggravating (ir() stan(e& and the o%%ender (an no longer #e prose()ted %or illegal possession o% %irear + 40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5+
Arti(le 1-2 D In(iting to Sedition

Mode 1+ I% )nder the (o and o% )n,no!n leaders& any person !ho spo,e %or& signed re(eipts and other do() ents iss)ed in their na e on #ehal% o% the re#els shall #e dee ed a leader+ Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender does not ta,e dire(t part in the (ri e o% seditionM #+ =e in(ites others to the a((o plish ent o% any o% the a(ts !hi(h (onstit)te sedition #y eans o% spee(hes& pro(la ations& !ritings& e #le s& (artoons& #anners& or other representations tending to!ards the sa e end+
12;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Sedition vs+ Co)p dFetat SeditionCo)p dFetat *here is no distin(tion<%%ender #elongs to as to !ho ay (o itM the ilitary or poli(e a private individ)al ay or holding any p)#li( (o it the o%%enseo%%i(e or e ploy ent Pri ary p)rpose is to*o sei?e or to dist)r# p)#li( pea(edi inish state po!er
Sedition vs+ *reason Sedition*reason It is the raising o% It is the violation #y a (o otionsor s)#"e(to%his dist)r#an(es in the allegian(etohis State+sovereign+
Mode 2+ $ttering seditio)s !ords or spee(hes !hi(h tend to dist)r# the p)#li( pea(eM Mode @+ Writing& p)#lishing& or (ir()lating s()rrilo)sli#elsagainstthe govern ent or any o% the d)ly (onstit)ted a)thorities thereo%& !hi(h tend to dist)r# the p)#li( pea(e+ Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender does not ta,e part in the (ri e o% sedition+ #+ =e )ttered !ords or spee(hes and !riting p)#lishing or (ir()lating s()rrilo)s li#els and that s)(h i+ *end to dist)r# or o#str)(t any la!%)l o%%i(er in (ond)(ting the %)n(tions o% his o%%i(e <RM ii+ *end to instigate others to (a#al and eet together %or )nla!%)l p)rposes <RM iii+ *hey s)ggest or in(ite re#ellio)s (onspira(ies or riots <RM iv+ *hey lead or tend to stir )p the people against the la!%)l a)thorities or to dist)r# the pea(e o% the (o )nity& the sa%ety and order o% the govern ent
People v Ca#rera 41;2257 : A%ri(tion#et!eenthePhilippine (onsta#)lary and the Manila poli(e es(alated and res)lted in the death o% t!o poli(e en and !o)nded three (ivilians+ : *he Co)rt held that )nli,e the (ri e o% re#ellion& (o on (ri es (o itted in the o((asion o% the sedition are to #e appre(iated as separate (ri es+
Arti(le 1-0 D Persons Lia#le %or Sedition

1+ *he leader o% the seditionM 2+ <ther person parti(ipating in the sedition+
Arti(le 1-1 D Conspira(y to Co
it Sedition
Ele ents7 1+ *!o or ore person de(ided to (o e to an agree ent and a de(ision to rise p)#li(ly and t) )lt)o)sly to attain any o% the o#"e(ts o% sedition 2+ *hey de(ided to (o it it+ N<*E7 *here is no proposal to (o it sedition+
Considering that the o#"e(tive o% sedition is to e:press protest against the govern ent and in the pro(ess (reating hate against p)#li( o%%i(ersM any a(t that !ill generate hatred against the govern ent or a p)#li( o%%i(er (on(erned or a so(ial (lass ay a o)nt to In(iting to Sedition+ Arti(le 1-2 is& there%ore& >)ite #road+
: : Constit)tional *ests relative to seditio)s !ords7 Clear and Present .anger& and .angero)s *enden(y
$S v *olentino 41;025+ : *he ani%est& )n ista,a#le tenden(y o% the dra ati( playM : in vie! o% the ti e& pla(e& and anner o% its presentationM : !as to in()l(ate a spirit o% hatred and en ity against the A eri(an people and the 1overn ent o% the $S in the Philippines+
(onstit)tional(o issionsor (o ittees or divisions thereo%& or %ro e:pressing his opinion or (asting his voteM Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender )ses %or(e& inti idation& threats or %ra)dM 2+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to prevent any e #er o% Congress %ro 7 a+ attending the eetings o% the Congress or o% any o% its (o ittees or (onstit)tional (o issions& <R #+ e:pressing his opinionM <R (+ (asting his vote+
1@0
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Chapter
Representation
II
Cri es
against
Pop)lar
Arti(le 1-@ D A(ts *ending to Prevent the

Meeting o% the Congress o% the Philippines and Si ilar 0odies Ele ents7 1+ *here is a pro"e(ted or a(t)al eeting o% Congress or any o% its (o ittees or s)#(o ittees& (onstit)tional (o ittees or divisions thereo%& or o% any provin(ial #oard or (ity or )ni(ipal (o)n(il or #oardM 2+ <%%ender& !ho ay #e any person& prevents s)(h eetings #y %or(e or %ra)d+ Mode 27 Arresting or sear(hing any e #er thereo% !hile Congress is in reg)lar or spe(ial session& e:(ept in (ase s)(h e #er has (o itted a (ri e p)nisha#le )nder the Code #y a penalty higher than prision ayor+
Arti(le 1-- D .ist)r#an(e o% Pro(eedings

Ele ents7 1+*here is a eeting o% Congress or any o% its (o ittees or s)#(o ittees& (onstit)tional (o issions or (o ittees or divisions thereo%& or o% any provin(ial #oard or (ity or )ni(ipal (o)n(il or #oardM 2+<%%ender does any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ =e dist)r#s any o% s)(h eetingsM #+ =e #ehaves !hile in the presen(e o% any s)(h #odies in s)(h a anner as to interr)pt its pro(eedings or to i pair the respe(t d)e it+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er o% e ployeeM 2+ =e arrests or sear(hes any e #er o% CongressM @+ Congress& at the ti e o% arrest or sear(h& is in reg)lar or spe(ial sessionM -+ *he e #er arrested or sear(hed has not (o itted a (ri e p)nisha#le )nder the Code #y a penalty higher than prision ayor+
Parlia entary i )nity does not prote(t e #ers o% Congress %ro responsi#ility #e%ore the dis(iplinary r)les o% Congress itsel% 1;63 Constit)tion7 Me #ers o% Congress (annot #e arrested %or o%%enses p)nisha#le #y a penalty less than prision ayor 42 yrs and 1 day to 12 yrs5& !hile Congress is in session+ *hey (an #e prose()ted a%ter Congress ad"o)rns+
: Co plaint ay #e %iled #y a e #er o% the legislative #ody+ : <ne !ho dist)r#s ay also #e p)nished %or (onte pt #y Congress+
Chapter
Asso(iations
III
Illegal
Asse #lies
and
Arti(le 1-/ D Violation o% Parlia entary

I )nity $sing %or(e& inti idation& threats& or %ra)ds to prevent any e #er o% Congress %ro attending the eetings o% Congress or o% any o% its (o ittees or s)#(o ittees&
Arti(le 1-2 D Illegal Asse #lies

4as,ed on(e 1;6@D625 4See RA 62;-5 Mode1+ Any eeting attended #y ar ed persons %or the p)rpose o% (o itting any o% the (ri es p)nisha#le )nder the CodeM
Mode 17
Ele ents7 1+ *here is a eeting& a gathering or gro)p o% persons& !hether in %i:ed pla(e or ovingM 2+ *he eeting is attended #y ar ed personsM @+ *he p)rpose o% the eeting is to (o it any o% the (ri es p)nisha#le )nder the Code+ Mode 2+ Any eeting in !hi(h the a)dien(e& !hether ar ed or not& is in(ited to the (o ission o% the (ri e o% treason& re#ellion or ins)rre(tion& sedition& or assa)lt )pon person in a)thority or his agents+ Ele ents7 1+ *here is a eeting& a gathering or gro)p o% persons& !hether in a %i:ed pla(e or ovingM 2+ *he a)dien(e& !hether ar ed or not& is in(ited to the (o ission o% the (ri e o% treason& re#ellion or ins)rre(tion& sedition or dire(t assa)lt+ :
Illegal Asse #lies vs+ Illegal Asso(iations Illegal Asse #lyIllegal Asso(iation *here )st #e anA(t)al eeting not a(t)al eeting orne(essary asse #ly What is p)nished areWhat is p)nished is the eeting and thethe a(t o% %or ing or attendan(e thereinorgani?ing the asso(iation Persons lia#le7Persons lia#le7 1+ <rgani?ers or1+ 'o)nders& leaders o% thedire(tors& president eeting2+ *he e #ers 2+ Persons present at the eeting
1@1
CRIMINAL LAW 2
See also7 0P 660 D P)#li( Asse #ly A(t o% 1;6/
Chapter IV D Assa)lt )pon and Resistan(e and

.iso#edien(e to& Persons in A)thority and *heir Agents
Persons lia#le %or illegal asse #ly7 : *he organi?er or leaders o% the eetingM : Persons erely present at the eeting& !ho )st have a (o on intent to (o it the %elony o% illegal asse #ly+ Pres) ptions i% a person (arried an )nli(ensed %irear 7 : *he p)rpose o% the eeting inso%ar as he is (on(erned is to (o it a(ts p)nisha#le )nder the RPC : =e is (onsidered a leader or organi?er o% the eeting+
Arti(le 1-6 D .ire(t Assa)lt

4as,ed t!i(e 1;3/D3;M on(e 1;63D6;M on(e 2000D025 Mode 1+ Witho)t p)#li( )prising& #y e ploying %or(e or inti idation %or the attain ent o% any o% the p)rposes en) erated in de%ining the (ri es o% re#ellion and seditionM
N<*E7 Not all persons present at the eeting o% the %irst %or o% illegal asse #ly )st #e ar ed+
Arti(le 1-3 D Illegal Asso(iations

1+ Asso(iations totally or partially organi?ed %or the p)rpose o% (o itting any o% the (ri es p)nisha#le )nder the CodeM 2+ Asso(iations totally or partially organi?ed %or so e p)rpose (ontrary to p)#li( orals+ : Persons lia#le %or illegal asso(iations7 : 'o)nders& dire(tors and president o% the asso(iationM :Mere e #ers o% the asso(iation+ P)#li( Morals7 atters !hi(h a%%e(t the interest o% so(iety and p)#li( (onvenien(e and is not li ited to good ()sto s
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender e ploys %or(e or inti idationM 2+ *he ai o% the o%%ender is to attain any o% the p)rposes o% the (ri e o% re#ellion or any o% the o#"e(ts o% the (ri e o% seditionM @+ *here is no p)#li( )prising+ Mode 2+ Witho)t p)#li( )prising& #y atta(,ing& #y e ploying %or(e or #y serio)sly inti idating or #y serio)sly resisting any person in a)thority or any o% his agents& !hile engaged in the per%or an(e o% o%%i(ial d)ties& or on o((asion o% s)(h per%or an(e+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender a,es an atta(,& e ploys %or(e& a,es a serio)s inti idation& or a,es a serio)s resistan(eM 2+ *he person assa)lted is a person in a)thority or his agentM @+ At the ti e o% the assa)lt& the person in a)thority or his agent is engaged in the
a(t)al per%or an(e o% o%%i(ial d)ties& <R that he is assa)lted #y reason o% the past per%or an(e o% o%%i(ial d)tiesM -+ <%%ender ,no!s that the one he is assa)lting is a person in a)thority or his agent in the e:er(ise o% his d)ties+ /+ *here is no p)#li( )prising+ :
Persons in A)thority and Agents o% Persons in A)thority 4Art+ 1/257 P)#li( <%%i(er 4Art+ 2035 Any person !ho ta,es part in the per%or an(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions in the govern ent+ Persons in A)thority 4Art+ 1/25 Any person dire(tly vested !ith ")risdi(tion& !hether as an individ)al or as a e #er o% so e (o)rt or govern ental (orporation& #oard or (o ission+ Agents o% a Person in A)thority 4Art+ 1/25 Any person !ho& #y dire(t provision o% la! or #y ele(tion or #y appoint ent #y (o petent a)thority& is (harged !ith the aintenan(e o% p)#li( order and he prote(tion and se()rity o% li%e and property+
1@2
CRIMINAL LAW 2
: :
*he %irst %or o% dire(t assa)lt is tanta o)nt to re#ellion or sedition& e:(ept that there is no p)#i( )prising+ Classi%i(ations o% dire(t assa)lt7 si ple and >)ali%ied+ Assa)lt is >)ali%ied !hen7 1+ *here is a !eapon e ployed in the atta(, 2+ *he o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er @+ *he o%%ender lays hands on a p)#li( a)thority When the assa)lt res)lts in the ,illing o% that agent or o% a person in a)thority& the o%%ense (o itted is (o ple: (ri e o% dire(t assa)lt !ith )rder or ho i(ide+ *he only ti e !hen it is not (o ple:ed is !hen aterial (onse>)en(e is a light %elony& that is& slight physi(al in")ry+ .ire(t assa)lt a#sor#s the lighter %elony+ *he %or(e e ployed need not #e serio)s !hen the o%%ended party is a person in a)thorityM inti idation or resistan(e )st #e serio)s !hether the o%%ended party is a person in a)thority <R an agent o% a person in a)thority I% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not a person in a)thority& the assa)lt on hi is an aggravating (ir() stan(e in Art+ 1-& no+ @ 4ran,5+ 40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5+ *here )st #e ho!ever an intent to disregard the vi(ti Fs ran,+
*ea(hers& la!yers and heads o% s(hools re(ogni?ed #y govern ent are persons in a)thority only %or p)rposes o% Art+ 1/2 in relation to Arts+ 1-6 and 1/1& and in (onne(tion !ith their d)ties+ A person in a)thority in(l)des a #arangay (hair an and e #ers o% the L)pong *agapag,as)ndo as provided )nder the Lo(al1overn entCode+40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5
Arti(le 1-; D Indire(t Assa)lt

Ele ents 1+ A person in a)thority or his agent is the vi(ti o% any o% the %or s o% dire(t assa)lt de%ined in Arti(le 1-6M 2+ A person (o es to the aid o% s)(h a)thority or his agentM @+ <%%ender a,es )se o% %or(e or inti idation )pon s)(h person (o ing to the aid o% the a)thority or his agent+
People v+ .ollantes 41;6357 1a#)tero is a(ting in the per%or an(e o% his d)ties Zas he !as trying to pa(i%y .ollantes !ho !as (a)sing tro)#le[ !hen he !as sta##ed o death+ *h)s the (ri e (o itted is )rder !ith assa)lt )pon a person in a)thority+
: :
Indire(t assa)lt (an only #e (o itted !hen a dire(t assa)lt is also (o itted+ Art+ 1/2 (loths any person !ho (o es to the aid o% a person in a)thority !ith the %i(tion o% an agent o% a person in a)thority+ Any assa)lt on hi on the o((asion o% his aiding a person in a)thority or his agent in indire(t assa)lt+
Arti(le 1/0 D .iso#edien(e to S)
ons Iss)ed #y Congress& Its Co ittees or S)#(o ittees&#ytheConstit)tional Co issions& Its Co ittees& S)#(o ittees or .ivisions Mode 1+ 0y re%)sing& !itho)t legal e:()se& to o#ey s) ons o% Congress& its spe(ial or standing (o ittees and s)#(o ittees& the Constit)tional Co issions and its (o ittees& s)#(o ittees or divisions& or #y any (o ission or (o ittee (hair an or e #er a)thori?ed to s) on !itnessesM
Ele ents7 1+ An agent o% a person in a)thority is engaged in the per%or an(e o% o%%i(ial d)ty or gives a la!%)l order to the o%%enderM 2+ <%%ender diso#eys s)(h agent o% a person in a)thorityM @+ S)(h diso#edien(e is not o% a serio)s nat)re+
1@@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*he a(()sed )st have ,no!ledge that the person giving the order is a pea(e o%%i(er+ Serio)s .iso#edien(e vs+ .ire(t Assa)lt Serio)s.ire(t Assa)lt .iso#edien(e
Mode 2+ 0y re%)sing to #e s!orn or pla(ed )nder a%%ir ation !hile #eing #e%ore s)(h legislative or (onstit)tional #ody or o%%i(ialM Mode @+ 0y re%)sing to ans!er any legal in>)iry or to prod)(e any #oo,s& papers& do() ents& or re(ords in his possession& !hen re>)ired #y the to do so in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tionsM Mode -+ 0y restraining another %ro attending as a !itness in s)(h legislative or (onstit)tional #odyM Mode /+ 0y ind)(ing diso#edien(e to a s) ons or re%)sal to #e s!orn #y any s)(h #ody or o%%i(ial+ : *he testi ony o% a person s) oned )st #e )pon atters into !hi(h the legislat)re has ")risdi(tion to in>)ire+
<nly in the a(t)al per%or an(e o% d)ties
*he P)# A)thority or the Agent o% the P)# A)thority )st #e engaged in the per%or an(e o% o%%i(ial d)ties or that he is assa)lted #y reason thereo%+ *here is %or(e e ployed+
$se o% %or(e is not so serio)s+
Chapter V D P)#li( .isorders
Arti(le 1/@ D *) )lts and <ther .ist)r#an(es

o% P)#li( <rder Mode 1+ Ca)sing any serio)s dist)r#an(e in a p)#li( pla(e& o%%i(e or esta#lish entM Mode 2+ Interr)pting or dist)r#ing per%or an(es& %)n(tions or gatherings& or pea(e%)l eetings& i% the a(t is not in(l)ded in arti(les 1@1 and 1@2M Mode @+ Ma,ing any o)t(ry tending to in(ite re#ellion or sedition in any eeting& asso(iation or p)#li( pla(eM Mode -+ .isplaying pla(ards or e #le s !hi(h provo,e a dist)r#an(e o% p)#li( order in s)(h pla(eM Mode /+ 0)rying !ith po p the #ody o% a person !ho has #een legally e:e()ted+ : : Serio)s dist)r#an(e )st #e planned or intended+ *his arti(le applies i% the dist)r#an(e is not (a)sed #y a p)#li( o%%i(erM or& i% it is (o itted #y a p)#li( o%%i(er& he is a parti(ipant therein+
Arti(le 1/1 D Resistan(e and .iso#edien(e to

a Person in A)thority or the Agents o% S)(h Persons 4as,ed on(e 1;3;D62M t!i(e 2000D025 Mode 17 Resistan(e diso#edien(e and serio)s
Ele ents7 1+ A person in a)thority or his agent is engaged in the per%or an(e o% o%%i(ial d)ty or gives a la!%)l order to the o%%enderM 2+ <%%ender resists or serio)sly diso#eys s)(h person in a)thority or his agentM @+ *he a(t o% the o%%ender is not in(l)ded in the provision o% Arti(les 1-6& 1-; and 1/0+
Mode 27
Si ple diso#edien(e
.e%inition o% 8o)t(ry97 to sho)t s)#versive or provo(ative !ords tending to stir )p the people to o#tain #y eans o% %or(e or violen(e any o% the o#"e(ts o% re#ellion or sedition+ I% done )n(ons(io)sly or !itho)t intent to in(ite the listeners to rise to sedition or re#ellion& this arti(le applies+ I% done !ith intent to (o it re#ellion or sedition7 *he (ri e is in(iting to re#ellion or sedition+ .e%inition o% 8t) )lt)o)s97 I% (a)sed #y ore than @ persons !ho are ar ed or provided !ith the eans o% violen(e .e%inition o% 8#)rying !ith po p the #ody o% a person97 ostentatio)s display o% a #)rial
Mode 1+ .is(harging any %irear & ro(,et& %ire(ra(,er& or other e:plosive !ithin any to!n or p)#li( pla(e& (al()lated to (a)se 4!hi(h prod)(es5 alar o% dangerM
Mode 2+
Instigating or ta,ing an a(tive part in any (harivari or other disorderly eeting o%%ensive to another or pre")di(ial to p)#li( tran>)ility+
1@CRIMINAL LAW 2
: :
: :
Arti(le 1/- D $nla!%)l $se o% Means o%

P)#li(ation and $nla!%)l $tteran(es : Mode 1+ P)#lishing or (a)sing to #e p)#lished& #y eans o% printing& lithography or any other eans o% p)#li(ation& as ne!s any %alse ne!s !hi(h ay endanger the p)#li( order& or (a)se da age to the interest or (redit o% the State+
*he (ri e alar s and s(andal is only one (ri e+ S(andal here does not re%er to oral s(andalM that one is grave s(andal in Arti(le 200+ *he essen(e o% the (ri e is dist)r#an(e o% p)#li( tran>)ility and p)#li( pea(e+ Any ,ind o% dist)r#an(e o% p)#li( order !here the (ir() stan(e at the ti e renders the a(t o%%ensive to the tran>)ility prevailing& the (ri e is (o itted+ .e%inition o% (harivari7 in(l)des a edley o% dis(ordant voi(es& a o(, serenade o% dis(ordant noises ade on ,ettles& tin& horns& et(+ designed to annoy or ins)lt
N<*E7 8Cal()lated to (a)se9 sho)ld #e 8!hi(h prod)(es9 alar and danger a((ording to the (orre(t translation o% the RPC+ =en(e& the res)lt& and not the intent& that (o)nts+ 4Reyes5
Mode 2+
En(o)raging diso#edien(e to the la! or to the (onstit)ted a)thorities or praising& ")sti%ying or e:tolling any a(t p)nished #y la!& #y the sa e eans or #y !ords& )tteran(es or spee(hesM Mali(io)sly p)#lishing or (a)sing to #e p)#lished any o%%i(ial do() ent orresol)tion!itho)tproper a)thority& or #e%ore they have #een p)#lished o%%i(ially Printing& p)#lishing or distri#)ting 4or (a)sing the sa e5 #oo,s& pa phlets& periodi(als& or lea%lets !hi(h do not #ear the real printerFs na e& or !hi(h are (lassi%ied as anony o)s+
Arti(le 1/2 D .elivery o% Persons in Bail

4as,ed on(e 1;63D6;M on(e 2000D025 Ele ents 1+ *here is a person (on%ined in a "ail or penal esta#lish entM 2+ <%%ender re oves there%ro s)(h person& or helps the es(ape o% s)(h person+ : In relation to in%idelity in the ()stody o% prisoners& (orrelate the (ri e o% delivering person %ro "ail !ith in%idelity in the ()stody o% prisoners p)nished )nder Arti(les 22@& 22- and 22/ o% the Revised Penal Code+ In #oth a(ts& the o%%ender ay #e a p)#li( o%%i(er or a private (iti?en+ Art+ 1/2 is (o itted #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !hen he is not the ()stodian o% the prisoner at the ti e the prisoner !as ade to es(ape+ I% the p)#li( o%%i(er has the ()stody o% the prisoner !hen s)(h prisoner es(aped he is lia#le )nder Art+ 22@ %or In%idelity in the ()stody o% a prisoner+ I% the prisoner !ho es(apes is only a detention prisoner& he does not in()r lia#ility
Mode @7
Mode -7
: :
: :
*o #e lia#le& the o%%ender )st ,no! that the ne!s is %alse A(t)al p)#li( disorder or a(t)al da age to the (redit o% the State is not ne(essary+
Arti(le 1// D Alar s and S(andals
%ro es(aping i% he does not ,no! o% the plan to re ove hi %ro "ail+ 0)t i% s)(h prisoner ,no!s o% the plot to re ove hi %ro "ail and (ooperates therein #y es(aping& he hi sel% #e(o es lia#le %or delivering prisoners %ro "ail as a prin(ipal #y indispensa#le (ooperation+ I% three persons are involved I a stranger& the ()stodian and the prisoner I three (ri es are (o itted7 1+ In%idelity in the ()stody o% prisoners Zp)#li( o%%i(erD()stodian[M 2+ .elivery o% the prisoner %ro "ail Zstranger[M and @+ Evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e Zprisoner[+
Evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e has three %or s7 1+ 0y si ply leaving or es(aping %ro the penal esta#lish ent )nder Arti(le 1/3M 2+ 'ail)re to ret)rn !ithin -6 ho)rs a%ter having le%t the penal esta#lish ent #e(a)se o% a (ala ity& (on%lagration or )tiny and s)(h (ala ity& (on%lagration or )tiny has #een anno)n(ed as already passed )nder Arti(le 1/6M @+ Violating the (ondition o% (onditional pardon )nder Arti(le 1/;+ In leaving or es(aping %ro "ail or prison& that the prisoner i ediately ret)rned is i aterial+ It ay #e itigating& #)t it !ill not a#solve his (ri inal lia#ility+
1@/
CRIMINAL LAW 2
: Al#erto v+ .ela Cr)? 41;6057 : Cledera& as the governor& is the "ailer o% the Provin(e+ : Es eralda is the Assistant Provin(ial Warden+ : As p)#li( o%%i(ials !ho have the ()stody or (harge o% the prisoner& they (annot #e prose()ted )nder Art+ 1/2+ : Art 22@ !o)ld have appliedM ho!ever& there is no s)%%i(ient eviden(e to !arrant their prose()tion %or in%idelity in the ()stody o% prisoner+ : It is ne(essary that the p)#li( o%%i(er had (onsented to& or (onnived in& the es(ape o% the prisoner )nder his ()stody or (harge+
Arti(le 1/6 D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e on the <((asion o% .isorders& Con%lagrations& Earth>)a,es& or <ther Cala ities
Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is a (onvi(t #y %inal ")dg ent& !ho is (on%ined in a penal instit)tionM 2+ *here is disorder& res)lting %ro I a+ (on%lagrationM #+ earth>)a,eM (+ e:plosionM or d+ si ilar (atastropheM or e+ )tiny in !hi(h he has not parti(ipatedM @+ =e evades the servi(e o% his senten(e #y leaving the penal instit)tion !here he is (on%ined& on the o((asion o% s)(h disorder or d)ring the )tinyM -+ =e %ails to give hi sel% )p to the a)thorities !ithin -6 ho)rs %ollo!ing the iss)an(e o% a pro(la ation #y the Chie% E:e()tive anno)n(ing the passing a!ay o% s)(h (ala ity+
Chapter VI D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e
Arti(le 1/3 D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e

4as,ed on(e 1;3/D3;M on(e 1;63D;05 Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a (onvi(t #y %inal ")dg entM 2+ =e is serving senten(e !hi(h (onsists in the deprivation o% li#ertyM @+ =e evades servi(e o% his senten(e #y es(apingd)ringtheter o%his i prison ent+ H)ali%ying (ir() stan(es as to penalty i posed i% s)(h evasion or es(ape ta,es pla(e 0y eans o% )nla!%)l entry 4this sho)ld #e 8#y s(aling9 D Reyes5M 0y #rea,ing doors& !indo!s& gates& !alls& roo%s or %loorsM 0y )sing pi(,lo(,& %alse ,eys& disg)ise& de(eit& violen(e or inti idationM or *hro)gh (onnivan(e !ith other (onvi(ts or e ployees o% the penal instit)tion+
: :
Leaving the penal esta#lish ent is not the #asis o% (ri inal lia#ility+ It is the %ail)re to ret)rn !ithin -6 ho)rs a%ter the passing o% the (ala ity& (on%lagration or )tiny had #een anno)n(ed $nder Arti(le 1/6& those !ho ret)rn !ithin -6 ho)rs are given (redit or ded)(tion %ro the re aining period o% their senten(e e>)ivalent to 1A/ o% the original ter o% the senten(e+ I% the prisoner %ails to ret)rn !ithin said -6 ho)rs& there !ill #e an additional penalty o% 1A/& shall #e i posed #)t the 1A/ penalty is
: :
#ased on the re aining period o% the senten(e& not on the original senten(e+ In no (ase shall that penalty e:(eed si: onths+ M)tiny is one o% the (a)ses !hi(h ay a)thori?e a (onvi(t serving senten(e in the penitentiary to leave the "ail provided he has not ta,en part in the )tiny+
=o!ever& the (onvi(t ay#e re>)ired to serve the )nserved portion o% the senten(e& that is& (ontin)e serving original penalty+
Chapter VII D Co ission o% Another Cri e d)ring Servi(e o% Penalty I posed %or Another Previo)s <%%ense
1@2
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 1/; D <ther Cases o% Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender !as a (onvi(tM 2+ =e !as granted pardon #y the Chie% E:e()tiveM @+ =e violated any o% the (onditions o% s)(h pardon+ : : Violation o% (onditional pardon is a distin(t (ri e+ In violation o% (onditional pardon& as a r)le& the violation !ill a o)nt to this (ri e only i% the (ondition is violated d)ring the re aining period o% the senten(e+ I% the (ondition o% the pardon is violated !hen the re aining )nserved portion o% the senten(e has already lapsed& there !ill #e no ore (ri inal lia#ility %or the violation+
Arti(le 120 D H)asi Re(idivis

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender !as already (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent o% one o%%enseM 2+ =e (o itted a ne! %elony #e%ore #eginning to serve s)(h senten(e or !hile serving the sa e+
=a#it)al .elin>)en(y Art+ 22 4/5 Cri es

Spe(i%i( (ri es7 1+ lessserio)sor serio)sphysi(al in")ries 2+ ro##ery @+ the%t -+ esta%a /+ %alsi%i(ation Within 10 years %ro his last release or (onvi(tion 1)ilty the third ti e or o%tener
Re(idivis Art+ 1- 4;5

S)%%i(ient that the o%%ender have #een7 1+ previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dg ent 2+ %or another (ri e @+ e #ra(ed in the sa e title o% the Code -+ on the date o% his trial No period o% ti e
=a#it)alityA Reitera(ionA Repetition Art+ 1- 4105

Ne(essary that the o%%ender shall have served o)t his senten(e %or the %irst o%%ense
Period o% ti e N) #er o% (ri es
*he se(ond (onvi(tion %or an o%%ense e #ra(ed in the sa e title o% this Code I% not o%%set #y any itigating (ir() stan(e&in(reasethe penalty only to the a:i )
*he previo)s and s)#se>)ent o%%enses )st N<* #e e #ra(ed in the sa e title o% the Code Notal!ays (ir() stan(e an aggravating
*heir e%%e(ts
An additional penalty shall #e i posed
*itle IV+ CRIMES against P$0LIC IN*ERES*
*itle IV+ Cri es against P)#li( Interest
1+ Co)nter%eiting the great seal o% the 1overn ent o% the Philippines 4Art+ 1215M 2+ $sing %orged signat)re or (o)nter%eiting seal or sta p 4Art+ 1225M @+ Ma,ing and i porting and )ttering %alse (oins 4Art+ 12@5 -+ M)tilation o% (oins& i portation and )ttering o% )tilated (oins 4Art+ 12-5M /+ Selling o% %alse or )tilated (oins& !itho)t (onnivan(e 4Art+ 12/5M 2+ 'orging treas)ry or #an, notes or other do() ents paya#le to #earer& i porting and )ttering o% s)(h %alse or %orged notes and do() ents 4Art+ 1225M 3+ Co)nter%eiting& i porting and )ttering instr) ents not paya#le to #earer 4Art+ 1235M 6+ Illegal possession and )se o% %orged treas)ry or #an, notes and other instr) ents o% (redit 4art+ 1265M ;+ 'alsi%i(ation o% legislative do() ents 4Art+ 1305M 10+ 'alsi%i(ation #y p)#li( o%%i(er& e ployee or notary 4Art+ 1315M 11+ 'alsi%i(ation #y private individ)als and )se o% %alsi%ied do() ents 4Art+ 1325M 12+ 'alsi%i(ation o% !ireless& (a#le& telegraph and telephone essages and )se o% said %alsi%ied essages 4Art+ 13@5M 1@+ 'alse edi(al (erti%i(ates& %alse (erti%i(ates o% erit or servi(e 4Art+ 13-5M 1-+ $sing %alse (erti%i(ates 4Art+ 13/5M 1/+ Man)%a(t)ringandpossessiono% instr) ents or i ple ents %or %alsi%i(ation 4Art+ 1325M 12+ $s)rpation o% a)thority or o%%i(ial %)n(tions 4Art+ 1335M 13+ $sing %i(titio)s na e and (on(ealing tr)e na e 4Art+ 1365 16+ Illegal )se o% )ni%or s or insignia 4Art+ 13;5M 1;+ 'alse testi ony against a de%endant 4Art+ 1605M 20+ 'alse testi ony %avora#le to the de%endant 4Art+ 1615M 21+ 'alse testi ony in (ivil (ases 4Art+ 1625M 22+ 'alse testi ony in other (ases and per")ry 4Art+ 16@5M 2@+ <%%ering %alse testi ony in eviden(e 4Art+ 16-5M 2-+ Ma(hinations in p)#li( a)(tion 4Art+ 16/5M 2/+ Monopolies and (o #inations in restraint o% trade 4Art+ 1625M 22+ I portation and disposition o% %alsely ar,ed arti(les or er(handise ade o% gold& silver&
or other pre(io)s etals or their alloys 4Art+ 1635M 23+ S)#stit)ting and altering trade ar,s and trade na es or servi(e ar,s 4Art+ 1665M 26+ $n%air(o petitionand%ra)d)lent registration o% trade ar, or trade na e& or servi(e ar,M %ra)d)lent designation o% origin& and %alse des(ription 4Art+ 16;5+
1@3
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Re e #er7 : *he (ri es in this title are in the nat)re o% %ra)d or %alsity to the p)#li(+ : .e(eit perpetrated )pon the p)#li( is the a(t #eing p)nished+
A+ A(ts o% Co)nter%eiting
4Arts+ 121D1235
Arti(le 121 D Co)nter%eiting the 1reat Seal o%

the 1overn ent o% the Philippine Islands& 'orging the Signat)re or Sta p o% the Chie% E:e()tive A(ts p)nished7 %orging the 1+ 1reat Seal o% the 1overn ent o% the PhilippinesM 2+ Signat)re o% the PresidentM @+ Sta p o% the President+ : When the signat)re o% the president is %orged& the (ri e (o itted is (overed #y this provision and not %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li( do() ent+ Intent to )se is ne(essary+ A(t)al )se& ho!ever& is not re>)ired& as long as the %orger intended to )se it+
Arti(le 122 D $sing 'orged Signat)re or

Co)nter%eit Seal or Sta p Ele ents 1+ *he great Seal o% the Rep)#li( !as (o)nter%eited <R the Signat)re or sta p o% the Chie% E:e()tive !as %orged #y another personM 2+ <%%ender Jne! o% the (o)nter%eiting or %orgeryM @+ =e $sed the (o)nter%eit seal or %orged signat)re or sta p+
Re e #er7 : <%%ender )nder this arti(le sho)ld not #e the %orger+ : *he parti(ipation o% the o%%ender is in e%%e(t that o% an a((essory+ : Altho)gh the general r)le is that he sho)ld #e p)nished #y a penalty o% t!o degrees lo!er& )nder Art+ 122 he is p)nished #y a penalty only one degree lo!er+
Arti(le 12- D M)tilation o% Coins

A(ts p)nished 1+ M)tilating (oins o% the legal ()rren(y& !ith the %)rther re>)ire ents that there #e intent to da age or to de%ra)d anotherM 2+ I porting or )ttering s)(h )tilated (oins& !ith the %)rther re>)ire ent that there )st #e (onnivan(es !ith the )tilator or i porter in (ase o% )ttering+
1@6
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 12@ D Ma,ing and I porting and

$ttering 'alse Coins Ele ents7 1+ *here #e 'alse or (o)nter%eited (oinsM 2+ <%%ender either Made& i ported or )ttered s)(h (oinsM @+ In (ase o% )ttering s)(h %alse or (o)nter%eited (oins& he Connived !ith the (o)nter%eiters or i porters+
*he %irst a(ts o% %alsi%i(ation or %alsity in(l)de7 1+ Co)nter%eiting 2+ 'orgery @+ 'alsi%i(ation In so %ar as (oins in (ir()lation are (on(erned& there are t!o (ri es that (o itted7 : Co)nter%eiting (oins : M)tilation o% (oins Re>)isites o% M)tilation )nder the Revised Penal Code7 1+ Coin )tilated is o% legal tenderM 2+ <%%ender gains %ro the pre(io)s d)st a#stra(ted %ro the (oinM @+ It has to #e a (oin+
ay #e
Re e #er7 : *o )tter is to pass (o)nter%eited (oins+ : It in(l)des delivery or the a(t o% giving the a!ay+ : *o i port %a,e (oins eans to #ring the into port+ : *he i portation is (o plete #e%ore entry at the C)sto s =o)se 4$S vs+ Ly an5
etal
Jinds o% (oins the (o)nter%eiting o% !hi(h is p)nished 1+ Silver (oins o% the Philippines or (oins o% the Central 0an, o% the PhilippinesM 2+ Coins o% the inor (oinage o% the Philippines or o% the Central 0an, o% the PhilippinesM @+ Coin o% the ()rren(y o% a %oreign (o)ntry+
: : : : :
People vs+ Jong Leon : *he (o)nter%eiting o% %oreign ()rren(y is p)nisha#le& regardless o% !hether or not it is still in o%%i(ial (ir()lation+ : *he reason #ehind this is not only the har that it ay (a)se to the p)#li( in (ase it goes into (ir()lation again& : #)t also the possi#ility that the (o)nter%eiter ay later apply his trade to the a,ing o% (oins in a(t)al (ir()lation+
8M)tilation9 eans to ta,e o%% part o% the etal either #y %illing it or s)#stit)ting it %or another etal o% in%erior >)ality+ Sin(e the (oins #e%ore !ere ade o% silver andAor other pre(io)s etal& shaving the etal %ro the (oins #e(a e a pra(ti(e+ =en(e& the (oinFs intrinsi( val)e is di inished+ *his is the only arti(le that re>)ires that the )tilated (oin #e legal tender 'oreign (oins are (overed in this arti(le+ *here is no re>)ire ent o% e:pertise involved here+ .eli#erate intent arises only !hen the o%%ender (olle(ts the pre(io)s etal d)st %ro the )tilated (oin+ I% the o%%ender does not (olle(t s)(h d)st& intent to )tilate is a#sent& #)t Presidential .e(ree No+ 2-3 !ill apply+
See Spe(ial La!7 P. 2-3 4.e%a(e ent& M)tilation& *earing& 0)rning or .estroying Central 0an, Notes and Coins5
Arti(le 12/ D Selling o% 'alse or M)tilated Coin&

Witho)t Connivan(e A(ts p)nished 1+ Possession o% (oin& (o)nter%eited or )tilated #y another person& !ith intent to )tter the sa e& ,no!ing that it is %alse or )tilatedM Ele ents7 a+ PossessionM #+ With Intent to )tterM and (+ Jno!ledge+
2+ When paya#le to a person na ed therein or #earer @+ When paya#le to order o% a %i(titio)s or nonD e:isting person and s)(h %a(t !as ,no!n to the person a,ing it so paya#le -+ When na e o% the payee does not p)rport to #e the na e o% any person /+ When only or last indorse ent is an indorse ent in #lan,+
1@;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
2+ A(t)ally )ttering s)(h %alse or )tilated (oin& ,no!ing the sa e to #e %alse or )tilated+ Ele ents7 a+ A(t)ally )tteringM and #+ Jno!ledge+ :
Reason %or this is that the %orging tends to #ring s)(h do() ents into dis(redit and the o%%ense prod)(es a la(, o% (on%iden(e on the part o% the holders o% said do() ents to the pre")di(e o% so(iety and o% the State+
Arti(le 123 D Co)nter%eiting& I porting& and

$ttering Instr) ents Not Paya#le to 0earer
Possession prohi#ited in this arti(le is not only a(t)al and physi(al possession& #)t also that o% a (onstr)(tive one& or the s)#"e(tion o% the thing to oneFs (ontrol+ *he possessor sho)ld not #e the (o)nter%eiter& )tilator& or i porter o% the (oins+ As long as the o%%ender has ,no!ledge that the (oin is %alse or )tilated& there is no need %or hi to (onnive !ith the (o)nter%eiter or )tilator+
Ele ents7 1+ *here is an Instr) ent paya#le to order or other do() ents o% (redit not paya#le to #earerM 2+ <%%ender either 'orged& i ported or )ttered s)(h instr) entM @+ In (ase o% )ttering& he Connived !ith the %orger or i porter+
Arti(le 122 D 'orging *reas)ry or 0an, Notes

or <ther .o() ents Paya#le to 0earerM I porting and $ttering S)(h 'alse or 'orged Notes and .o() ents A(ts p)nished 1+ 'orging or %alsi%i(ation o% treas)ry or #an, notes or other do() ents paya#le to #earerM 2+ I portation o% s)(h %alse or %orged o#ligations or notesM @+ $ttering o% s)(h %alse or %orged o#ligations or notes in (onnivan(e !ith the %orgers or i porters+
*his (overs instr) ents or other do() ents o% (redit iss)ed #y a %oreign govern ent or #an,+ 'orgery o% ()rren(y is p)nished so as to aintain integrity o% the ()rren(y and th)s ins)re the (redit standing o% the govern ent+
0+ A(ts o% 'orgery
4Arts+ 126D12;5
Arti(le 126 D Illegal Possession and $se o%

'alse *reas)ry or 0an, Notes and <ther Instr) ents o% Credit Ele ents 1+ Any treas)ry or #an, note or (erti%i(ate or other o#ligation and se()rity7 a+ paya#le to #earer& or any instr) ent paya#le to order or other do() ent o% (redit not paya#le to #earer is #+ 'orged or %alsi%ied #y another personM 2+ <%%ender Jno!s that any o% those instr) ents is %orged or %alsi%iedM @+ =e either I a+ $ses any o% s)(h %orged or %alsi%ied instr) entsM or #+ Possesses !ith intent to )se any o% s)(h %orged or %alsi%ied instr) ents
8'orging97 0y giving any treas)ry or #an, note& or any instr) ent paya#le to #earer& or to order the appearan(e o% a tr)e and gen)ine do() ent+ 8'alsi%i(ation97 0y erasing& s)#stit)ting& (o)nter%eiting or altering #y any eans& the %ig)res& letters& !ords& or signs (ontained therein+
*he instr) ent is paya#le to #earer7 1+ When e:pressed to #e so paya#le
People vs+ Sendaydiego& 41;365 : *he r)le is that i% a person had in his possession a %alsi%ied do() ent and he ade )se o% it& ta,ing advantage o% it and pro%iting there#y& : the pres) ption is that he is the aterial a)thor o% the %alsi%i(ation+ :
Intent to )se is s)%%i(ient to (ons) ate the (ri e !hen the o%%ender is in possession o% %alse or %alsi%ied notes or o#ligations+
Arti(le 12; D =o! 'orgery is Co
itted
1+ 0y 1iving to a treas)ry or #an, note or any instr) ent paya#le to #earer or to order entioned therein& the appearan(e o% a tr)e and gen)ine do() entM 2+ 0y Erasing& s)#stit)ting& (o)nter%eiting& or altering #y any eans the %ig)res& letters& !ords& or sign (ontained therein+ : :
#+ Ca)sing it to appear that persons have parti(ipated in any a(t or pro(eeding !hen they did not in %a(t so parti(ipateM (+ Attri#)ting to persons !ho have parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding state ents other than those in %a(t ade #y the M d+ Ma,ing )ntr)th%)l state ents in a narration o% %a(tsM e+ Altering tr)e datesM %+ Ma,ing any alteration or inter(alation in a gen)ine do() ent !hi(h (hanges its eaningM g+ Iss)ing in an a)thenti(ated %or 7 i+ a do() ent p)rporting to #e a (opy o% an original do() ent ii+ !hen no s)(h original e:ists& or iii+ in(l)ding in s)(h a (opy a state ent (ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro & that o% the gen)ine originalM h+ Inter(alating any instr) ent or note relative to the iss)an(e thereo% in a proto(ol& registry& or o%%i(ial #oo,+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
: :
'orgeryin(l)des%alsi%i(ationand (o)nter%eiting+ 'or possession o% %alse treas)ry or #an, note to (onstit)te a (ri inal o%%ense& it )st #e !ith intent to )se+ *he essen(e o% %orgery is giving a do() ent the appearan(e o% a tr)e and gen)ine do() ent+ Not any alteration o% a letter& n) #er& %ig)re or design !o)ld a o)nt to %orgery+ At ost& it !o)ld only #e %r)strated %orgery+
1 Ele ent7 Persons Lia#le )nder this Arti(le : $nder this arti(le& only p)#li( o%%i(er& e ployee or notary p)#li(& or e((lesiasti(al inister (an #e the o%%ender+ : *he e((lesiasti(al inister is lia#le !ith respe(t to any re(ord or do() ent that its %alsi%i(ation ay a%%e(t the (ivil stat)s o% persons+
nd
st
People vs+ 1alano : It !as held that %orgery (an #e (o itted : thro)gh the )se o% gen)ine paper #ills : that have #een !ithdra!n %ro (ir()lation& : #y giving the the appearan(e o% so e other tr)e and gen)ine do() ent+
2 Ele ent7 <%%ender *a,e Advantage o% his <%%i(ial Position : <%%ender ta,es advantage o% his o%%i(ial position in %alsi%ying a do() ent !hen7 1+ =e has the d)ty to a,e or prepare& or intervene in the preparation o% the do() entM or 2+ =e has the o%%i(ial ()stody o% the do() ent he %alsi%ies+
C+ A(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation
@ Ele ent7 <%%ender 'alsi%ies a .o() ent : A do() ent is any !ritten state ent #y !hi(h a right or stat)s is esta#lished or an o#ligation is e:ting)ished+ PAR1 May #e a gen)ine 4later %alsi%ied5 oran entirely %a#ri(ated do() ent
PAR2 May #e a gen)ine 4later %alsi%ied5 oran entirely %a#ri(ated do() ent PAR@ May #e a gen)ine 4later %alsi%ied5 oran entirely %a#ri(ated do() ent PARMay #e a gen)ine 4later %alsi%ied5 oran entirely %a#ri(ated do() ent
rd
Arti(le 130 D 'alsi%i(ation #y P)#li( <%%i(er&

E ployee or Notary or E((lesiasti(al Minister 4as,ed 6 ti es5 Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a P)#li( o%%i(er& e ployee& or notary p)#li(M 2+ =e *a,es advantage o% his o%%i(ial positionM @+ =e %alsi%ies a do() ent #y (o itting any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ Co)nter%eitingori itatingany hand!riting& signat)re or r)#ri(M

PAR/ PAR2 PAR3 PAR6
: : :
May #e a gen)ine 4later %alsi%ied5 oran entirely %a#ri(ated do() ent
*here )st #e a gen)ine do() ent
*here )st #e a gen)ine do() ent
*here )st #ea gen)ine do() ent
PAR 17 Co)nter%eiting or i itating any hand!riting& signat)re or r)#ri(+ : 2 !ays o% (o itting %alsi%i(ation )nder this paragraph7 1+ Co)nter%eiting& !hi(h is i itating any hand!riting& signat)re or r)#ri( a+ *here sho)ld #e an intent to i itate& or an atte pt to i itate #+ *!o signat)res& the gen)ine and the %orged&sho)ld#earso e rese #lan(e+ 2+ 'eigning& !hi(h is si )lating a signat)re& hand!riting or r)#ri( o)t o% one !hi(h does not a(t)ally e:ist+
*here )st #e narration o% %a(ts& not (on(l)sion o% la!+ *here sho)ld #e a legal o#ligation to dis(lose the tr)th 40eradio vs+ CA5+ *he person a,ing the narration o% %a(ts )st #e a!are o% the %alsity o% %a(ts narrated #y hi + *he narration o% %a(ts )st #e a#sol)tely %alse+ I% there is so e (olora#le tr)th in s)(h state ents& (ri e o% %alsi%i(ation is not dee ed to have #een (o itted+ *he e:isten(e o% a !rong%)l intent to in")re a third person is i aterial in %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( do() ent 4Si>)ian vs+ People5+ *here (an #e %alsi%i(ation #y o ission
1-1
CRIMINAL LAW 2
: People vs+ .i?on : An assistant #oo,,eeper is g)ilty o% %alsi%i(ation : #y intentionally not p)tting a re(ord in his personal a((o)nt o% (hits and destroyed the so he (o)ld avoid paying the sa e+ PAR /7 Altering tr)e dates : *he date )st #e essential : *he alteration o% the date )st a%%e(t the vera(ity o% the do() ents or the e%%e(ts thereo% 4s)(h as dates o% #irth& arriage& or death5+ PAR 27 Ma,ing any alteration or inter(alation in a gen)ine do() ent !hi(h (hanges its eaning : 'o)r Re>)isites7 1+ *here #e an alteration 4(hange5 or inter(alation 4insertion5 on a do() ent+ 2+ It !as ade on a gen)ine do() ent+ @+ Alteration or inter(alation has (hanged the eaning o% the do() ent+ -+ Change ade the do() ent spea, so ething %alse+ : Change or insertion )st a%%e(t the integrity or e%%e(ts o% the do() ent+ : ')rther ore& the alteration sho)ld a,e the do() ent spea, so ething %alse+ : <ther!ise& it !o)ld erely #e a (orre(tion+
PAR 27 Ca)sing it to appear that persons have parti(ipated in any a(t or pro(eeding !hen they did not in %a(t so parti(ipate+ : *!o Re>)isites7 1+ <%%ender (a)sed it to appear in a do() ent that a personAs parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding+ 2+ S)(h personAs did not in %a(t parti(ipate+
PAR @7 Attri#)ting to persons !ho have parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding state ents other than those in %a(t ade #y the : *hree Re>)isites7 1+ PersonAs parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding 2+ S)(h personAs ade state ents in that a(t or pro(eeding @+ <%%ender& in a,ing a do() ent& attri#)ted to s)(h personAs state ents other than those they in %a(t ade+
PAR -7 Ma,ing )ntr)th%)l state ents in a narration o% %a(ts : 'o)r Re>)isites7 1+ <%%ender a,es in a do() ent state ents in a narration o% %a(ts 2+ =e has a legal o#ligation to dis(lose tr)th o% %a(ts @+ 'a(ts narrated are a#sol)tely %alse -+ Perversion o% tr)th in the narration !as ade !ith the !rong%)l intent o% in")ring a third person+
PAR 37 Iss)ing in an a)thenti(ated %or a do() ent p)rporting to #e a (opy o% an original do() ent !hen no s)(h original e:ists& or in(l)ding in s)(h a (opy a state ent (ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro & that o% the gen)ine original : 'alsi%i(ation in this paragraph (annot #e (o itted #y a private individ)al& : or #y a notary p)#li(& or #y a p)#li( o%%i(er& !ho does not ta,e advantage o% his o%%i(ial position+
*his is #e(a)se a)thenti(ation o% a do() ent (an only #e ade #y the ()stodian or the one !ho prepared and retained a (opy o% the original+ 1+ P)rporting to #e a (opy o% the original !hen no s)(h original e:ists+ 2+ In(l)ding a (opy a state ent (ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro & that o% the gen)ine original+ A private person !ho (ooperates !ith a p)#li( o%%i(er in the %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( do() ent is g)ilty o% the (ri e and in()rs the sa e lia#ility and penalty+
2+ .o() ents a(,no!ledged #e%ore a notary p)#li( e:(ept last !ill and testa ents @+ P)#li( re(ords ,ept in the Philippines& o% private do() ents re>)ired #y la! to #e entered therein+ All other !ritings are private+
1-2
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*here are %o)r ,inds o% do() ents7 1+ P)#li( do() ent in the e:e()tion o% !hi(h& a person in a)thority or notary p)#li( has ta,en partM a+ A do() ent (reated& e:e()ted or iss)ed #+ #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial (+ in response to the e:igen(ies o% the p)#li( servi(e& d+ or in e:e()tion o% !A( p)#li( o%%i(ial intervened+ 2+ <%%i(ial do() ent in the e:e()tion o% !hi(h a p)#li( o%%i(ial ta,es partM a+ A do() ent !hi(h is iss)ed #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial in the e:er(ise o% the %)n(tions o% his o%%i(e+ It %alls !ithin the larger (lass (alled p)#li( do() ents+ #+ A do() ent re>)ired #y a #)rea) to #e %illed #y its o%%i(ers %or p)rposes o% re(ord and in%or ation is a p)#li( do() ent+ @+ Co er(ial do() ent or any do() ent re(ogni?ed #y the Code o% Co er(e or any (o er(ial la!M and a+ A deed or instr) ent e:e()ted #y a privateperson!itho)tthe intervention o% a notary p)#li( or other persons legally a)thori?ed+ -+ Private do() ent in the e:e()tion o% !hi(h only private individ)als ta,e part+
People v+ 0at)lanon 420035 : A%ter an investigation& a gro)p o% p)#li( o%%i(ers !ere (a)ght and (onvi(ted o% %alsi%ying (ash vo)(hers+ : <n appeal the SC held that (ash vo)(hers are N<* (o er(ial do() ents #e(a)se they are not do() ents )sed #y er(hants or #)siness en to pro ote or %a(ilitate (redit transa(tions nor they are de%ined and reg)lated #y the Code o% Co er(e or other (o er(ial la!+ : Rather& they are private do() ents !hi(h have #een de%ined as7 : deeds or instr) ents e:e()ted #y a private person : !itho)t the intervention o% a p)#i( notary or o% other person legally a)thori?e& : #y !hi(h so e disposition or agree ent is proved& eviden(ed or set %orth+
Arti(le 132 D 'alsi%i(ation #y Private Individ)al

and $se o% 'alsi%ied .o() ents 4as,ed 2 ti es5 A(ts p)nished 1+ 'alsi%i(ation o% p)#li(& o%%i(ial or (o er(ial do() ent #y a private individ)alM Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender is a Private individ)al <R P)#li( o%%i(er or e ployee !ho did not ta,e advantage o% his o%%i(ial positionM #+ =e (o itted any a(t o% 'alsi%i(ationM (+ *he %alsi%i(ation !as (o itted in a p)#li(& o%%i(ial& or (o er(ial .o() ent or letter o% e:(hange+
*he ele ent o% da age is not ne(essary #e(a)se it is the interest o% the (o )nity !hi(h is intended to #e g)aranteed+ *he (hara(ter o% the o%%ender and his %aith%)lness to his d)ty is the ainly ta,en into (onsideration+
P)#li( and Private !ritings )nder the R)les o% Co)rt7 : *he %ollo!ing are p)#li( do() ents7 1+ Written o%%i(ial a(ts& or re(ords& o% the o%%i(ial a(ts o% the sovereign a)thority& o%%i(ial #odies and tri#)nals& and p)#li( o%%i(ers
2+ 'alsi%i(ation o% private do() ent #y any personM a+ <%%ender (o itted any o% the a(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation e:(ept Arti(le 131435& that is& : iss)ing in an a)thenti(ated %or a do() ent p)rporting to #e a (opy o% an original do() ent !hen no s)(h original e:ists& or : in(l)ding in s)(h a (opy a state ent
(ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro & that o% the gen)ine originalM #+ 'alsi%i(ation !as (o itted in any Private do() entM (+ 'alsi%i(ation (a)ses .a age to a third party or at least the %alsi%i(ation !as (o itted !ith intent to (a)se s)(h da age+
: :
I% the do() ent is intended #y la! to #e part o% the p)#li( or o%%i(ial re(ord& the %alsi%i(ation& altho)gh it !as private at the ti e o% %alsi%i(ation& is regarded as %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( or o%%i(ial do() ent+ In %alsi%i(ation thro)gh i pr)den(e i plies la(, o% s)(h intent& th)s there is no (ri e o% %alsi%i(ation o% a private do() ent thro)gh negligen(e or i pr)den(e+
1-@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
@+ $se o% %alsi%ied do() ent+ : In introd)(ing in a ")di(ial pro(eeding a+ <%%ender Jne! that the do() ent !as %alsi%ied #y another personM #+ *he 'alse do() ent is in Arti(les 131 or 132 41 or 25M (+ =e Introd)(ed said do() ent in eviden(e in any ")di(ial pro(eeding+ : In )se in any other transa(tion I a+ <%%ender Jne! that a do() ent !as %alsi%ied #y another personM #+ *he 'alse do() ent is e #ra(ed in Arti(les 131 or 132 41 or 25M (+ =e $sed s)(h do() entM d+ *he )se (a)sed .a age to another or at least )sed !ith intent to (a)se da age+ e+ <%%ender ,ne! that a do() ent !as %alsi%ied #y another personM %+ *he %alse do() ent is e #ra(ed in Arti(les 131 or 132 41 or 25M g+ =e )sed s)(h do() entM h+ *he )se (a)sed da age to another or at least )sed !ith intent to (a)se da age+
People vs+ Manansala *he possessor o% a %alsi%ied do() ent is pres) ed to #e the a)thor o% the %alsi%i(ation+ People vs+ Sendaydiego *he pres) ption also holds i% the )se !as so (losely (onne(ted in ti e !ith the %alsi%i(ation and the )ser had the (apa(ity o% %alsi%ying the do() ent+ : *here is no (ri e o% esta%a thro)gh %alsi%i(ation o% a private do() ent+ : 0oth (ri es& separately& re>)ire the ele ent o% da age& !hi(h ea(h o% the t!o sho)ld have its o!n+ : *he %ra)d)lent gain o#tained thro)gh de(eit sho)ld not #e the very sa e da age (a)sed #y the %alsi%i(ation o% the private do() ent+
In the %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li( or o%%i(ial do() ents& it is not ne(essary that there #e present the idea o% gain or the intent to (a)se da age+ *his is #e(a)se the prin(ipal thing p)nished is the violation o% p)#li( %aith and destr)(tion o% the tr)th as therein sole nly pro(lai ed+ *he e:isten(e o% a !rong%)l intent to in")re a third person is not ne(essary !hen the %alsi%ied do() ent is a p)#li( do() ent 4Si>)ian vs People5+
N<*E7 *his state ent applies as !ell to (o er(ial do() ents& #e(a)se as to this ,ind o% do() ent& a (redit is so)ght to #e prote(ted 4Reyes5+ : Sin(e da age is not an ele ent o% %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( do() ent& it (o)ld #e (o ple:ed !ith esta%a as a ne(essary eans to (o it the latter+ *here is no (ri e o% %alsi%i(ation o% private do() ent thro)gh negligen(e or i pr)den(e+
Regidor v+ People o% the Phils K Sandigan#ayan 4200;5 Na(h)ra7 : In this (ase& the petitioners are (harged )nder Arti(le 131& paragraphs 2 and 3 o% the RPC+ : Petitioners Regidor and Qapatos& as Mayor& and Me #er and *e porary Presiding <%%i(er o% the Sangg)niang Pangl)ngsod& respe(tively& ade it appear that private (o plainants& a ong others& parti(ipated in the Sangg)niang Pangl)ngsod sessions : !hen they did not in %a(t so parti(ipate& and iss)ed& in a)thenti(ated %or s& the assailed resol)tions p)rporting to #e (opies o% original do() ents !hen no s)(h originals e:ist+ : SC held that all the ele ents o% the o%%ense p)nisha#le )nder Arti(le 131& paragraphs 2 and 3 o% the RPC are present in this (ase+ : ')rther ore& it is a %)nda ental prin(iple in the la! on p)#li( o%%i(ers that ad inistrative lia#ility is separate %ro and independent o% (ri inal lia#ility+ : A si ple a(t or o ission (an give rise to (ri inal& (ivil or ad inistrative lia#ility& ea(h independently o% the others+ : *his is ,no!n as the 8three%old lia#ility r)le+9
*h)s& a#sol)tion %ro a (ri inal (harge is not a #ar to an ad inistrative prose()tion& and vi(eDversa+ In this (ri inal prose()tion& the dis issal o% the ad inistrative (ases against the petitioners !ill not ne(essarily res)lt in the dis issal o% the (ri inal (o plaints %iled against the + @+
Arti(le 13/ D $sing 'alse Certi%i(ates

Ele ents 1+ *he %ollo!ing Iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate7 a+ Physi(ian or s)rgeon& in (onne(tion !ith the pra(ti(e o% his pro%ession& iss)es a %alse Medi(al (erti%i(ateM #+ P)#li( o%%i(er iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate o% Merit o% servi(e& good (ond)(t or si ilar (ir() stan(esM (+ Private Person %alsi%ies a (erti%i(ate %alling!ithinthe2pre(eding s)#divisions+ 2+ <%%ender Jno!s that the (erti%i(ate !as %alseM @+ =e $ses the sa e+
1+
2+ @+
Ele ents a+ <%%ender is an o%%i(er or e ployee o% the govern ent or an o%%i(er or e ployee o% a private (orporation& engaged in the servi(e o% sending or re(eiving !ireless& (a#le or telephone essageM #+ =e %alsi%ies !ireless& (a#le& telegraph or telephone essage+ $sing s)(h %alsi%ied essage+ Ele ents <%%ender ,ne! that !ireless& (a#le& telegraph& or telephone essage a+ !as %alsi%ied #y an o%%i(er or e ployee o% the govern ent or an o%%i(er or e ployee o% a private (orporation& #+ engaged in the servi(e o% sending or re(eiving !ireless& (a#le or telephone essageM =e )sed s)(h %alsi%ied dispat(hM (+ *he )se res)lted in the pre")di(e o% a third party or at least there !as intent to (a)se s)(h pre")di(e+
1-CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 130 D 'alsi%i(ation o% Legislative

.o() ents Ele ents 1+ *here is a 0ill& resol)tion or ordinan(e ena(ted or approved or pending approval #y either =o)se o% the Legislat)re or any provin(ial #oard or )ni(ipal (o)n(ilM 2+ <%%ender Alters the sa eM @+ =e has No proper a)thority there%orM -+ *he alteration has Changed the eaning o% the do() ents+
A+ 'alsi%i(ation o% Wireless& Ca#le& *elegraph and *elephone Messages and $se o% 'alsi%ied Message& o% Legislative .o() ents& o% Medi(al Certi%i(ates and Certi%i(ate o% Merit Arti(le 13@ D 'alsi%i(ation o% Wireless& Ca#le&
*elegraph and *elephone Messages& and $se o% Said 'alsi%ied Messages A(ts p)nished 1+ $ttering %i(titio)s !ireless& telegraph or telephone essageM 2+ 'alsi%ying !ireless& telegraph or telephone essageM @+ $sing s)(h %alsi%ied essage+ A(ts p)nished 1+$ttering %i(titio)s !ireless& telegraph or telephone essageM Ele ents a+ <%%ender is an o%%i(er or e ployee o% the govern ent or an o%%i(er or e ployee o% a private (orporation& engaged in the servi(e o% sending or re(eiving !ireless& (a#le or telephone essageM #+ =e )tters %i(titio)s !ireless& (a#le& telegraph or telephone essage+ 2+ 'alsi%ying!ireless&telegraphor telephone essageM
*he !riting )st #e7 1+ (o plete in itsel%M and 2+ (apa#le o% e:ting)ishing an o#ligation or (reating rightsM or @+ (apa#le o% #e(o ing eviden(e o% the %a(ts stated therein+
'ive (lasses o% %alsi%i(ation7 1+ 'alsi%i(ation o% legislative do() entsM 2+ 'alsi%i(ation o% a do() ent #y a p)#li( o%%i(er& e ployee or notary p)#li(M @+ 'alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( or o%%i(ial& or (o er(ial do() ents #y a private individ)alM -+ 'alsi%i(ation o% a private do() ent #y any personM /+ 'alsi%i(ation o% !ireless& telegraph and telephone essages+
.istin(tion #et!een %alsi%i(ation and %orgery7 'ALSI'ICA*I<N'<R1ERC Co ission o% any o% Re%erstothe the 6 a(ts entioned in %alsi%i(ationand Art 131 on legislative (o)nter%eitingo% 4only alteration5& p)#li( treas)ryor#an, or o%%i(ial (o er(ial& notes&orany or private do() ents& instr) ents paya#le& or!ireless&or or to order telegraph essages+ Cri es )nder 'orgeries+
0+ <ther 'alsities Arti(le 133 D $s)rpation o% A)thority or <%%i(ial

')n(tions
1-/
*!o <%%enses 1+ $s)rpation o% a)thority+ 4no (onne(tion !ith the o%%i(e represented5 2+ $s)rpation o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions+ 4e:(ess o% a)thority5 A(ts p)nished 1+ $s)rpation o% a)thority+ 4no (onne(tion !ith the o%%i(e represented5 : *he ere a(t o% ,no!ingly and %alsely representing onesel% to #e an o%%i(er is s)%%i(ient+ : It is not ne(essary that he per%or an a(t pertaining to a p)#li( o%%i(er+
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 13- D 'alse Medi(al Certi%i(ates& 'alse

Certi%i(ates o% Merits or Servi(e& et(+ Persons lia#le 1+Physi(ian or s)rgeon !ho& in (onne(tion !ith the pra(ti(e o% his pro%ession& iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate 4it )st re%er to the illness or in")ry o% a person5M Note7 *he (ri e here is %alse #y a physi(ian+ edi(al (erti%i(ate
2+P)#li( o%%i(er !ho iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate o% erit o% servi(e& good (ond)(t or si ilar (ir() stan(esM Note7 *he (ri e here is %alse (erti%i(ate o% or servi(e #y a p)#li( o%%i(er+ erit
Ele ents a+ <%%ender,no!inglyand%alsely Represents hi sel%M #+ As an <%%i(er& agent or representative o% any depart ent or agen(y o% the Philippine govern ent or o% any %oreign govern ent+
@+Private person !ho %alsi%ies a (erti%i(ate %alling !ithin the (lasses entioned in the t!o pre(eding s)#divisions+ See Spe(ial La!7 RA -2007 AntiD!iretapping La!
2+ $s)rpation o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions+ 4e:(ess o% a)thority5 : In )s)rpation o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions& : it is essential that the o%%ender sho)ld have per%or ed an a(t pertaining to a person in a)thority or p)#li( o%%i(er& in addition to other re>)ire ents+
Arti(le 132 D Man)%a(t)ring and Possession o%

Instr) ents or I ple ents %or 'alsi%i(ation A(ts p)nished 1+ Ma,ing or introd)(ing into the Philippines any sta ps& dies& ar,s& or other instr) ents or i ple ents %or (o)nter%eiting or %alsi%i(ationM 2+ Possession !ith intent to )se the instr) ents or i ple ents %or (o)nter%eiting or %alsi%i(ation ade in or introd)(ed into the Philippines #y another person+
Ele ents a+ <%%ender Per%or s any a(tM #+ Pertaining to any person in a)thority or p)#li(o%%i(ero%thePhilippine govern ent or any %oreign govern ent& or any agen(y thereo%M (+ $nder Pretense o% o%%i(ial positionM d+ Witho)t #eing la!%)lly entitled to do so+
: *he o%%ender sho)ld have7 1+ Represented hi sel% to #e an o%%i(er& agent or representative o% any agen(y o% the govern ent+ 2+ Per%or ed an a(t pertaining to a person in a)thority or p)#li( o%%i(er+
As in Art+ 12/& the possession (onte plated here is (onstr)(tive possession+ *he i ple ents (on%is(ated need not %or a (o plete set+
Arti(le 136 D $sing 'i(titio)s and Con(ealing

*r)e Na e A(ts p)nished 1+ $sing %i(titio)s na e Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender )ses a na e other than his real na eM #+ =e )ses the %i(titio)s na e p)#li(lyM (+P)rpose o% )se is to (on(eal a (ri e& to evade the e:e()tion o% a ")dg ent or to (a)se da age Zto p)#li( interest I Reyes[+ :
RA 3/ also p)nishes )sing the )se o% )ni%or & de(oration or regalia o% a %oreign state #y people not entitled to do so+ RA -;@ p)nishes !earing an insignia& #adge& or e #le o% ran, o% the e #ers o% the A'P or (onsta#)lary+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
'alse *esti ony Arti(le 160 D 'alse *esti ony Against a

.e%endant Ele ents 1+ *here is a Cri inal pro(eedingM 2+ <%%ender *esti%ies %alsely )nder oath against the de%endant thereinM @+ <%%ender !ho gives %alse testi ony Jno!s that it is %alse+ -+ .e%endant against !ho the %alse testi ony is given is either a(>)itted or (onvi(ted in a 'inal ")dg ent+
2+ Con(ealing tr)e na e Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender (on(eals his tr)e na e and other personal (ir() stan(esM #+ P)rpose is only to (on(eal his identity+ 'i(titio)s Na e Con(ealing *r)e Na e P)#li(ity not ne(essary Merely to (on(eal identity+
Ele ent o% P)#li(ity P)rpose is to (on(eal a(ri e&evade e:e()tion o% ")dg ent& (a)se da age5 : I% the p)rpose is %or (a)sing da age& it )st #e da age to p)#li( interest+ : I% it is da age to private interest& the (ri e !ill #e esta%a )nder Art @1/ 24a5+
*he !itness !ho gave the %alse testi ony is lia#le even i% his testi ony !as not (onsidered #y the (o)rt+ 8'alse *esti ony97 Co itted #y a person !ho& #eing )nder oath and re>)ired to testi%y as to the tr)th o% a (ertain atter at a hearing #e%ore a (o petent a)thority& shall deny the tr)th or say so ething (ontrary to it+ 'alse testi ony is p)nished #e(a)se o% its tenden(y to pre")di(e de%endant+
See Spe(ial La!7 Co on!ealth A(t No+ 1-2 4Reg)lating the $se o% Aliases5
*hree %or s o% %alse testi ony7 1+ 'alse testi ony in (ri inal (ases )nder Arti(le 160 and 161M 2+ 'alse testi ony in (ivil (ase )nder Arti(le 162M @+ 'alse testi ony in other (ases )nder Arti(le 16@+ :
Arti(le 13; D Illegal $se o% $ni%or s and

Insignia Ele ents 1+ <%%ender a,es $se o% insignia& )ni%or s or dressM 2+ *he insignia& )ni%or s or dress pertains to an <%%i(e not held #y s)(h person or a (lass o% persons o% !hi(h he is not a e #erM @+ Said insignia& )ni%or or dress is $sed p)#li(ly and i properly+ Arti(les 160 I 16- p)nish the a(ts o% a,ing %alse testi onies sin(e #e(a)se s)(h a(ts serio)sly e:pose so(iety to is(arriage o% ")sti(e+
Arti(le 161 D 'alse *esti ony 'avora#le to the

.e%endant Ele ents 1+ A person 1ives %alse testi onyM 2+ In 'avor o% the de%endantM @+ In a Cri inal (ase+ : *he testi ony need not in %a(t #e #ene%i(ial to the de%endant+
Re e #er7 : E:a(t i itation o% a )ni%or or dress is )nne(essaryM a (olora#le rese #lan(e (al()lated to de(eive the (o on r)n o% people is s)%%i(ient+
: : :
It is not ne(essary that the testi ony sho)ld dire(tly in%l)en(e the de(ision o% a(>)ittal& it #eing s)%%i(ient that it !as given !ith the intent to %avor the a(()sed+ Convi(tion or a(>)ittal o% de%endant in the prin(ipal (ase is not ne(essary+ Re(ti%i(ation ade spontaneo)sly a%ter reali?ing the ista,e is not %alse testi ony+ Penalty %or %alse testi ony against the a(()sed is #ased on the senten(e i posed or i% a(()sed is a(>)ittedM that %or testi ony %avo)ra#le to the a(()sed is #ased on the i posa#le penalty+ *he rationale %or the di%%eren(e is the eas)re o% the !rong o((asioned #y the in")sti(e in ea(h (ase& i+e+ the )ndeserved senten(e and the i posa#le penalty avoided& respe(tively+
@+ <%%ender a,es a Will%)l and deli#erate assertion o% a %alsehood in the state ent or a%%idavitM -+ *he s!orn state ent or a%%idavit (ontaining the %alsity is Re>)ired #y la!& that is& it is ade %or a legal p)rpose+ : : *he state ent sho)ld #e o)tside the (overage o% art 160D161+ 8<ath97 Any %or o% attestation #y !hi(h a person signi%ies that he is #o)nd #y (ons(ien(e to per%or an a(t %aith%)lly and tr)th%)lly+ 8A%%idavit97 S!orn state ent in !riting& ade )pon oath #e%ore an a)thori?ed agistrate or o%%i(er+ *here (o)ld #e no per")ry thro)gh negligen(e or i pr)den(e+ *his is #e(a)se o% the re>)ire ent that the assertion o% a %alsehood #e ade !ill%)lly and deli#erately+ =en(e& good %aith or la(, o% ali(e is a de%ense in per")ry+ It is not ne(essary that there #e a la! re>)iring the state ent to #e ade )nder oath& as long as it is ade %or a legal p)rpose+ Per")ry is a (ri e other than %alse testi ony in (ri inal (ases or %alse testi ony in (ivil (ases& !hi(h are perversions o% tr)th in ")di(ial pro(eedings+ Per")ry is an o%%ense !hi(h (overs %alse oaths other than those ta,en in the (o)rse o% ")di(ial pro(eedings 4$S vs+ Estrada5+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
: :
Arti(le 162 D 'alse *esti ony in Civil Cases

Ele ents 1+ *esti ony 1iven in a (ivil (aseM 2+ *esti ony Relates to the iss)es presented in said (aseM @+ *esti ony is 'alseM -+ <%%ender Jno!s that testi ony is %alseM /+ *esti ony is Mali(io)s 2+ and given !ith an intent to a%%e(t the iss)es presented in said (ase+ : :
: : :
162 does not apply in spe(ial pro(eedings+ *hese are (overed #y 16@ )nder 8other (ases9+ Pending the deter ination o% the %alsity o% the s)#"e(t testi onies in the (ivil (ased& the (ri inal a(tion %or %alse testi ony )st per%or(e #e s)spended+
8Material9 .ire(ted to prove a %a(t in iss)e
Arti(le 16@ D 'alse *esti ony in <ther Cases

and Per")ry in Sole n A%%ir ation A(ts P)nished 1+ 0y %alsely *esti%ying )nder oathM 2+ 0y Ma,ing a %alse a%%idavit+ Note7 *he %alse testi ony sho)ld not #e in a ")di(ial pro(eeding+ 4.ia? vs+ People5 Ele ents o% per")ry 1+ <%%ender Ma,es a state ent )nder oath or e:e()tes an a%%idavit )pon a aterial atterM 2+ *he state ent or a%%idavit is ade 0e%ore a (o petent o%%i(er& a)thori?ed to re(eive and ad inister oathsM
8Relevant9 *ends in any reasona#le degreeto esta#lish pro#a#ility or i pro#a#ility o% a %a(t in iss)e
8Pertinent9 Con(erns (ollateral atters !hi(h a,e ore or less pro#a#le the proposition at iss)e
Arti(le 16- D <%%ering 'alse *esti ony in

Eviden(e Ele ents 1+ <%%ender <%%ers in eviden(e a %alse !itness or testi onyM 2+ =e Jno!s that the !itness or the testi ony !as %alseM @+ *he o%%er is ade in any B)di(ial <R <%%i(ial pro(eeding+
<%%er o% eviden(e #egins at the o ent a !itness is (alled to the stand and interrogated #y (o)nsel+ *he !itness )st testi%y+
'ra)ds Arti(le 16/ D Ma(hinations in P)#li( A)(tions

A(ts p)nished 1+ Soli(iting any gi%t or pro ise as a (onsideration %or re%raining %ro ta,ing part in any p)#li( a)(tionM Ele ents a+ *here is a P)#li( a)(tionM #+ <%%ender Soli(its any gi%t or a pro ise %ro any o% the #iddersM (+ S)(hgi%torpro iseisthe Consideration %or his re%raining %ro ta,ing part in that p)#li( a)(tionM d+ <%%ender has the Intent to (a)se the red)(tion o% the pri(e o% the thing a)(tioned+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
2+ Atte pting to (a)se #idders to stay a!ay %ro an a)(tion #y threats& gi%ts& pro ises or anyother arti%i(e+ Ele ents a+ *here is a P)#li( a)(tionM #+ <%%ender Atte pts to (a)se the #idders to stay a!ay %ro that p)#li( a)(tionM (+ It is .one #y threats& gi%ts& pro ises or any other arti%i(eM d+ <%%ender has the Intent to (a)se the red)(tion o% the pri(e o% the thing a)(tioned+
*he (ri e is (ons) ated #y7 1+ ere soli(itation o% gi%t or pro ise as (onsideration %or not #idding& or 2+ #y ere atte pt to (a)se prospe(tive #idders to stay a!ay %ro an a)(tion
*itle V+ CRIMES RELA*IVE to <PI$M and <*=ER PR<=I0I*E. .R$1S
*itle V+ Cri es Relative to <pi) <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs

4As,ed 10 ti es5
and
<+ $nne(essary Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 165 P+ $nla!%)l Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 1;5
N<*E7 Art 1;0D1;- !ere repealed #y RA 2-2/& ,no!n as the 8.angero)s .r)g A(t o% 1;329 : RANo+;12/&,no!nasthe 8Co prehensive .angero)s .r)g A(t o% 20029 in t)rn repealed RA No+ 2-2/+
1-;
II+ Penalties %or $nla!%)l A(ts7
A+ *he penalty o% li%e i prison ent to death and a %ine ranging %ro 'ive h)ndred tho)sand pesos 4P/00&000+005 to *en illion pesos 4P10&000&000+005 : *hose a(ts !hi(h in(l)de or involve any dangero)s dr)gs 4Se(tions -& /& 2& 6& 11& 12 and 1;5 0+ *he penalty o% t!elve 4125 years and one 415 day to t!enty 4205 years o% i prison ent and a %ine ranging %ro <ne h)ndred tho)sand pesos 4P100&000+005 to 'ive h)ndred tho)sand pesos 4P/00&000+005 1+ *hose a(ts !hi(h involve any (ontrolled pre()rsor and essential (he i(al 4Se(tions -& /& 2& 6& ; and 105 2+ Anyone!hoa(tsasa Rprote(torA(oddlerR o% any violator o% the provisions )nder se(tions -& /& 2& 6 and 12 @+ Se(tions 3& 10& 12& 13+ C+ *he a:i ) penalty provided %or )nder se(tions -& /& 2& 6 and 12 shall #e i posed )pon any person& !ho organi?es& anages or a(ts as a R%inan(ierR o% any o% the illegal a(tivities pres(ri#ed in those se(tions+ .+ Any person (harged )nder any provision o% this A(t regardless o% the i posa#le penalty shall not #e allo!ed to avail o% the provision on pleaD#argaining+ Se(tion 2@& Arti(le II& RA ;12/
CRIMINAL LAW 2
I+
A(ts P)nished7
A+ I portation o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Che i(al 4Se(tion -5 0+ Sale&*rading&Ad inistration& .ispensation& .elivery& .istri#)tion and *ransportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Che i(als 4Se(tion /5 C+ Maintenan(e o% a .en& .ive or Resort+ 4Se(tion 25 .+ E ployees and Visitors o% a .en& .ive or Resort 4Se(tion 35 E+ Man)%a(t)re o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als 4Se(tion 65 '+ Illegal Che i(al .iversion o% Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als+ 4Se(tion ;5 1+ Man)%a(t)re or .elivery o% E>)ip ent& Instr) ent&Apparat)s&and<ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs andAor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Che i(als+ 4Se(tion 105 =+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 115 I+ Possession o% E>)ip ent& Instr) ent& Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 125 B+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial 1atherings or Meetings 4Se(tion 1@5 J+ Possession o% E>)ip ent& Instr) ent& Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial 1atherings or Meetings 4Se(tion 1-5 L+ $se o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 1/5 M+ C)ltivation or C)lt)re o% Plants Classi%ied as .angero)s .r)gs or are So)r(es *hereo%+ 4Se(tion 125 N+ Maintenan(e and Jeeping o% <riginal Re(ords o% *ransa(tions on .angero)s .r)gs andAor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als 4Se(tion 135
Se(tion 2-& Arti(le II& RA ;12/7 : Any person (onvi(ted %or dr)g tra%%i(,ing or p)shing )nder this A(t& : regardless o% the penalty i posed #y the Co)rt& : (annot avail o% the privilege granted #y the Pro#ation La! or Presidential .e(ree No+ ;26& as a ended+
Se(tion 2/& Arti(le II& RA ;12/7 : Not!ithstanding the provisions o% any la! to the (ontrary& : a positive %inding %or the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs : shall#ea>)ali%yingaggravating (ir() stan(e in the (o ission o% a (ri e #y an o%%ender&
and the appli(ation o% the penalty provided %or in the Revised Penal Code shall #e appli(a#le+
Se(tion 26& Arti(le II& RA ;12/ : *he a:i ) penalties o% the )nla!%)l a(ts provided %or in this A(t : shall #e i posed& in addition to a#sol)te perpet)al dis>)ali%i(ation %ro any p)#li( o%%i(e& : i% those %o)nd g)ilty o% s)(h )nla!%)l a(ts are govern ent o%%i(ials and e ployees+
e:(ept !here the seller is %)rther apprehended in possession o% another >)antity o% the prohi#ited dr)gs not (overed #y or in(l)ded in the sale and !hi(h are pro#a#ly intended %or so e %)t)re dealings or )se #y the seller+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
III+ .e%inition o% I portant *er s

A+ .angero)s dr)gs7 : in(l)de those listed in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;21 Single Convention on Nar(oti( .r)gs& as a ended #y the 1;32 Proto(ol& : and in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;31 Single Convention on Psy(hotropi( S)#stan(es as en) erated in the atta(hed anne: !hi(h is an integral part o% this A(t+ ZSe(tion @ 4"5& RA ;12/[
Se(tion 2;& Arti(le II& RA ;12/ : Any person !ho is %o)nd g)ilty o% RplantingR any dangero)s dr)g andAor (ontrolled pre()rsorandessential(he i(al& regardless o% >)antity and p)rity& : shall s)%%er the penalty o% death+ Se(tion @0& Arti(le II& RA ;12/ : In (ase any violation o% this A(t is (o itted #y a partnership& (orporation& asso(iation or any ")ridi(al entity& : the partner& president& dire(tor& anager& tr)stee& estate ad inistrator& or o%%i(er !ho (onsents to or ,no!ingly tolerates s)(h violation : shall #e held (ri inally lia#le as a (oD prin(ipal+
Se(tion @1& Arti(le II& RA ;12/ : In addition to the penalties pres(ri#ed in the )nla!%)l a(t (o itted& : any alien !ho violates s)(h provisions o% this A(t shall& a%ter servi(e o% senten(e& : #e deported i ediately !itho)t %)rther pro(eedings& )nless the penalty is death+
0+ Che i(al .iversion7 : *he sale& distri#)tion& s)pply or transport : o% legiti ately i ported& inDtransit& an)%a(t)red or pro()red (ontrolled pre()rsors and essential (he i(als& in dil)ted& i:t)res& or in (on(entrated %or & : to any person or entity engaged in the an)%a(t)red o% any dangero)s dr)gs& : and shall in(l)de pa(,aging& la#elling& or (on(eal ent o% s)(h transa(tion+
Se(tion @/& Arti(le II& RA ;12/7 A((essory Penalties7 : A person (onvi(ted )nder this A(t shall #e dis>)ali%ied to e:er(ise hisAher (ivil rights s)(h as #)t not li ited to7 1+ the rights o% parental a)thority or g)ardianship& either as to the person or property o% any !ard 2+ the rights to dispose o% s)(h property #y any a(t or any (onveyan(e inter vivos& @+ and politi(al rights s)(h as #)t not li ited to& -+ the right to vote and #e voted %or+ /+ S)(h rights shall also #e s)spended d)ring the penden(y o% an appeal %ro s)(h (onvi(tion+
C+ Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als7 : In(l)de those listed in *a#les I and II o% the 166 $N Convention Against Illi(it tra%%i(inNar(oti(s.r)gsand Psy(hotropi( S)#stan(es+
IV+ <ther I portant Points

A+ May a dr)g dependent !ho is %o)nd g)ilty o% the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs vol)ntarily s)# ithi sel%%ortreat entand reha#ilitationN : Ces+ *he dr)g dependent ay& #y hi sel%Ahersel% or thro)gh hisAher parent& spo)se& g)ardian or relative !ithin the %o)rth degree o% (onsang)inity or a%%inity& : apply to the 0oard or its d)ly re(ogni?ed representative& %or treat ent and reha#ilitation o% the dr)g dependen(y+ : $pon s)(h appli(ation& the 0oard shall #ring %orth the atter to the Co)rt !hi(h
People v+ La(erna : @2 possession o% the sale thereo%&
ari")ana is a#sor#ed in
shall order that the appli(ant #e e:a ined %or dr)g dependen(y 4Se(tion /-& Arti(le VIII& RA ;12/5+ 0+ Is there also (o p)lsory (on%ine entN : Ces+ Not!ithstanding any la!& r)le and reg)lation to the (ontrary& : any person deter ined and %o)nd to #e dependent on dangero)s dr)gs shall& )pon petition #y the 0oard or any o% its a)thori?ed representative& : #e(on%ined%ortreat entand reha#ilitation in any Center d)ly designated or a((redited %or the p)rpose+ : A petition %or the (on%ine ent o% a person alleged to #e dependent on dangero)s dr)gs to a Center : ay #e %iled #y any person a)thori?ed #y the 0oard !ith the Regional *rial Co)rt o% the provin(e or (ity !here s)(h person is %o)nd+ 4Se(tion 21& Arti(le VIII& RA ;12/5+
-+ =eAshe poses no serio)s danger to hi sel%Ahersel%& hisAher %a ily or the (o )nity #y hisAher e:e ption %ro (ri inal lia#ility 4Se(tion //& Arti(le VIII& RA ;125
1/1
E+ What are the %)n(tions o% the .angero)s .r)gs 0oardN 1+ 0e the poli(yD a,ing and strategyD %or )lating #ody in the planning and %or )lation o% poli(ies and progra s on dr)g prevention and (ontrol+ 2+ .evelop and adopt a (o prehensive& integrated& )ni%ied and #alan(ed national dr)g a#)se prevention and (ontrol strategy+ @+ 0e )nder the <%%i(e o% the President+ 4Se(tion 33& Arti(le IE& RA ;12/5
CRIMINAL LAW 2
C+ =o! long !ill the dr)g dependent #e (on%ined %or treat ent and reha#ilitationN : Con%ine ent in a Center %or treat ent and reha#ilitation shall not e:(eed one 415 year& : a%ter !hi(h ti e the Co)rt& as !ell as the 0oard& shall #e apprised #y the head o% the treat ent and reha#ilitation (enter o% the stat)s o% said dr)g dependent : anddeter ine!hether%)rther (on%ine ent !ill #e %or the !el%are o% the dr)g dependent and hisAher %a ily or the (o )nity 4Se(tion /-& Arti(le VIII& RA ;12/5+
'+ P.EA : *he P.EA is the Philippine .r)g En%or(e ent Agen(y+ : It serves as the i ple enting ar o% the .angero)s .r)gs 0oard+ : It shall #e responsi#le %or the e%%i(ient and e%%e(tive la! en%or(e ent o% all the provisions on any dangero)s dr)g andAor(ontrolledpre()rsorand essential (he i(al as provided in this A(t+ 4Se(tion 62& Arti(le IE& RA ;125
.+ =o! !ill a dr)g dependent !ho is )nder the vol)ntary s)# ission progra and is %inally dis(harged %ro (on%ine ent in the Center #e e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ilityN 1+ =eAshe has (o plied !ith the r)les and reg)lations o% the (enter& the appli(a#le r)les and reg)lations o% the 0oard& in(l)ding the a%terD(are and %ollo!D)p progra %or at least eighteen 4165 onths %ollo!ing te porary dis(harge %ro (on%ine ent in the Center 2+ =eAshe has never #een (harged or (onvi(ted o% any o%%ense p)nisha#le )nder this A(t& the .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 1;32 or Rep)#li( A(t No+ 2-2/& as a endedM the Revised Penal Code& as a endedM or any spe(ial penal la!s @+ =eAshe has no re(ord o% es(ape %ro a Center
*itle VI+ CRIMES against P$0LIC M<RALS
*itle VI+ Cri es against P)#li( Morals

C=AP*ER I7 1a #ling and 0etting I+ 1a #ling 4Art 1;/5 II+ I portation& sale and possession o% lottery ti(,ets or advertise ents 4Art 1;25 III+ 0etting in sports (ontests 4Art 1;35 IV+ Illegal #etting on horse ra(es 4Art 1;65 V+ Illegal (o(,%ighting 4Art 1;;5
1a #ling7 any ga e o% (han(e or s(he e& !hether )pon (han(e or s,ill& !herein !agers (onsisting o% oney& arti(les or val)e or representative or val)e are at sta,e or ade+ Spe(tators are not lia#le in ga #ling& #e(a)se they do not ta,e part dire(tly or indire(tly+ 0e%ore& the Revised Penal Code (onsidered the s,ill o% the player in (lassi%ying !hether a ga e is ga #ling or not+ 0)t )nder the ne! ga #ling la!& the s,ill o% the players is i aterial+ Even sports (ontents li,e #o:ing& !o)ld #e ga #ling inso%ar as those !ho are #etting therein are (on(erned+ Lottery a+ .e%inition7 It is a s(he e %or the distri#)tion o% pri?es #y (han(e a ong persons !ho have paid or agreed to pay& a val)a#le (onsideration %or the (han(e to o#tain a pri?e+ #+ Ele ents7 a+ Consideration #+ Chan(e (+ Pri?e or so e advantage or ine>)ality in a o)nt or val)e !hi(h is in the nat)re o% a pri?e (+ *here is no lottery !hen the person gets the %)ll val)e %or his oney+ Ill)stration7 A pa(,age o% (igarette sold at P0+@0 ea(h in(l)des a (o)pon !hi(h ay allo! the #)yer to !in a gold !at(h+ *his is not lottery+ Winning the !at(h is only a #on)s+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
C=AP*ER II7 <%%enses against de(en(y and good ()sto s I+ 1rave S(andal 4Art 2005 II+ I oral do(trines& o#s(ene p)#li(ations and e:hi#itions 4Art 2015 III+ Vagran(y and prostit)tion 4Art 2025
Chapter I D 1a #ling and 0etting I+ 1a #ling

:
Arti(le 1;/ D What A(ts Are P)nisha#le in

1a #ling A(ts p)nished7 1+ *a,ing part dire(tly or indire(tly in I a+ any ga e o% onte& ")eteng& or any other %or o% lottery& poli(y& #an,ing& or per(entage ga e& dog ra(es& or any other ga e or s(he e the res)lts o% !hi(h depend !holly or (hie%ly )pon (han(e or ha?ardM or !herein !agers (onsisting o% oney& arti(les o% val)e& or representative o% val)e are adeM or #+ the e:ploitation or )se o% any other e(hani(al invention or (ontrivan(e to deter ine #y (han(e the loser or !inner o% oney or any o#"e(t or representative o% val)eM 2+ Jno!ingly per itting any %or o% ga #ling to #e (arried on in any pla(e o!ned or (ontrolled #y the o%%enderM @+ 0eing aintainer& (ond)(tor& or #an,er in a ga e o% ")eteng or si ilar ga eM -+ Jno!ingly and !itho)t la!%)l p)rpose possessing lottery list& paper& or other atter (ontaining letters& %ig)res& signs or sy #ol !hi(h pertain to or are in any anner )sed in the ga e o% ")eteng or any si ilar ga e+
*he provisions o% Art 1;/D1;;& P. -6@ and --; are repealed inso%ar as they are in(onsistent !ith P. 1202& !hi(h provides %or sti%%er penalties %or violation o% 1a #ling La!s+
d+ Criteria to deter ine i% lottery is already ga #ling7 : I% the p)#li( is ade to pay not only %or the er(handise that he is #)ying& #)t also %or the (han(e to !in a pri?e o)t o% the lottery+ : P)#li( is ade to pay a higher pri(e+ : I% the er(handise is not salea#le #e(a)se o% its in%erior >)ality& so that the p)#li( a(t)ally does not #)y the & #)t !ith the lottery the p)#li( starts patroni?ing s)(h er(handise+ : In e%%e(t& the p)#li( is paying %or the lottery and not %or the er(handise&
and there%ore the lottery is a ga #ling ga e+ : P)#li( is not ade to pay a higher pri(e+ : *he aintainer or (ond)(tor in a ga #ling ga e is li,e!ise p)nished+ a+ Maintainer7 A person !ho sets )p and %)rnishes the eans !ith !hi(h to (arry on the ga #ling ga e or s(he e+ #+ Cond)(tor7 A person !ho anages or (arries on the ga #ling ga e or s(he e+
#e a)thori?ed #y la!& is here#y de(lared )nla!%)l+ : 0etting7 #etting oney or any o#"e(t or arti(le o% val)e or representative o% val)e )pon the res)lt o% any ga e& ra(es and other sport (ontests+ 1a eD%i:ing7anyarrange ent& (o #inations& s(he e or agree ent #y !hi(h the res)lt o% any ga e& ra(es or sport (ontests shall #e predi(ated andAor ,no!n other than on the #asis o% the honest playing s,ill or a#ility o% the players or parti(ipants+
1/@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*o #e prose()ted %or possessing a ")eteng list& proo% that the ga e too, pla(e or is a#o)t to ta,e pla(e is not ne(essary+
II+ I portation& Sale and Possession o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertise ents Arti(le 1;2 D I portation& Sale and Possession
o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertise ents A(ts p)nished7 1+ I porting into the Philippines %ro any %oreign pla(e or port any lottery ti(,et or advertise entM or 2+ Selling or distri#)ting the sa e in (onnivan(e !ith the i porterM @+ Possessing& ,no!ingly and !ith intent to )se the & lottery ti(,ets or advertise entsM or -+ Selling or distri#)ting the sa e !itho)t (onnivan(e !ith the i porter o% the sa e+ 4Reyes5 :
PointDshaving7 any s)(h arrange ent& (o #ination& s(he e or agree ent #y !hi(h the s,ill o% a#ility o% any player or parti(ipant in a ga e& ra(es or sports (ontests to a,e points or s(ores shall #e li ited deli#erately in order to in%l)en(e the res)lt thereo% in %avor one or the other tea & player or parti(ipant therein+
1a e a(hinations7 any other %ra)d)lent& de(eit%)l& )n%air or dishonest eans& ethods& anner or pra(ti(e e ployed %or the p)rpose o% in%l)en(ing the res)lt o% any ga e& ra(es or sports (ontest+
IV+ Illegal 0etting on =orse Ra(e
Arti(le 1;6 D Illegal 0etting on =orse Ra(e

: *he possession o% any lottery ti(,et or advertise ent is pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% intent to sell& distri#)te or )se the sa e in the Philippines+ A(ts p)nished7 1+ 0etting on horse ra(es d)ring periods not allo!ed #y la!M 2+ Maintaining or e ploying a totali?er or other devi(e or s(he e %or #etting on ra(es or reali?ing pro%it there%ro d)ring the periods not allo!ed #y la!+ 4Reyes5 :
III+ 0etting in Sports Contest

: *his arti(le 4Art+ 1;35 has #een repealed #y Presidential .e(ree No+ -6@ 40etting& 1a eD%i:ing orPointDshaving and Ma(hinations in Sport Contests5
*otali?er7 a a(hine %or registering and indi(ating the n) #er and nat)re o% #ets ade on horse ra(es+ Maintaining or e ploying a totali?er aggravates the lia#ility o% o%%enders+ When horse ra(es are not allo!ed7 1+ B)ly - 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ 1@35M 2+ .e(e #er @0 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ 22;5M @+ Any registration or voting days 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ 160& Revised Ele(tion Code5M and -+ =oly *h)rsday and 1ood 'riday 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ ;-25+
Se( 2+ 0etting& ga eD%i:ing& pointDshaving or ga e a(hination )nla!%)l+ I 1a eD %i:ing& pointDshaving& ga e a(hination& as de%ined in the pre(eding se(tion& in (onne(tion !ith the ga es o% #as,et#all& volley#all& so%t#all& #ase#allM (hess& #o:ing #o)ts& "aiDalia& sipa& pelota and all other sports (ontests& ga es or ra(esM as !ell as #etting therein e:(ept as ay
Any ra(e held on the sa e day and at the sa e pla(e shall #e held p)nisha#le as a separate o%%ense+
Chapter II+ <%%enses against .e(en(y and 1ood C)sto s I+ 1rave S(andal
V+ Illegal Co(,%ighting Arti(le 1;; 4as a ended #y P. --;5

A(ts P)nished7 1+ Any person !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly& parti(ipates in (o(,%ights #y #etting oney or other val)a#le things in a day other than those per itted #y la!+ 2+ Any person& !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly& organi?es (o(,%ights at !hi(h #ets are ade in a day other than those per itted #y la!+ @+ Anyperson&dire(tlyorindire(tly& parti(ipates in (o(,%ights& #y #etting oney or other val)a#le things at a pla(e other than a li(ensed (o(,pit+ -+ Any person& !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly& organi?es (o(,%ights at !hi(h #ets are ade at a pla(e other than a li(ensed (o(,pit+ /+ <!ner& anager& or lessee o% the (o(,pit !ho shall per it ga #ling o% any ,ind on the pre ises o% the (o(,pit or pla(e o% (o(,%ighting d)ring (o(,%ights+
1/CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 200 D 1rave S(andal

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender per%or s an a(t or a(tsM 2+ S)(h a(t or a(ts #e highly s(andalo)s as o%%ending against de(en(y or good ()sto sM @+ *he highly s(andalo)s (ond)(t is not e:pressly %alling !ithin any other arti(le o% this CodeM and :
*he a(t or a(ts (o plained o% #e (o in a p)#li( pla(e or !ithin the p)#li( ,no!ledge or vie!+ 4Reyes5
itted
.e(en(y7 eans proprietary o% (ond)(tM proper o#servan(e o% the re>)ire ents o% odesty& good taste& et(+ C)sto s7esta#lished)sage&so(ial (onventions (arried on #y tradition and en%or(ed #y so(ial disapproval o% any violation thereo%+ 1rave S(andal7 (onsists o% a(ts !hi(h are o%%ensive to de(en(y and good ()sto s !hi(h& having (o itted p)#li(ly& have given rise to p)#li( s(andal to persons !ho have a((identally !itnessed the sa e+ *he a(ts )st #e per%or ed in a p)#li( pla(e or !ithin the p)#li( ,no!ledge or vie!+ I% it is (o itted in a private pla(e& the (ri e o% grave s(andal is not (o itted+ In (ond)(ts involving las(ivio)sness& it is grave s(andal only !here there is )t)al (onsent+ 40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5 Any a(t !hi(h is notorio)sly o%%ensive to de(en(y ay #ring a#o)t (ri inal lia#ility %or the (ri e o% grave s(andal Provided s)(h a(t does not (onstit)te so e other (ri e )nder the Revised Penal Code+ 1rave s(andal is a (ri e o% last resort+
: : Co(,%ighting allo!ed on the %ollo!ing dates7 1+ S)ndays 2+ Legal holidays @+ .)ring lo(al %iestas %or not ore than three days -+ .)ring provin(ial& )ni(ipal& (ity& ind)strial& agri()lt)ral %airs& (arnivals& or e:position not ore than three days
: Co(,%ighting not allo!ed on 7 1+ Ri?al .ay 4.e(e #er @05 2+ Independen(e .ay 4B)ne 125 @+ National =eroes .ay 4Nove #er @05 -+ =oly *h)rsday /+ 1ood 'riday 2+ Ele(tion or Re%erend) .ay 3+ Registration days %or re%erend) s and ele(tions
: <nly )ni(ipal and (ity to iss)e li(enses %or s)(h+ :
ayors are allo!ed
*his de(ree does not p)nish a person attending as a spe(tator in a (o(,%ight+ *o #e lia#le& he )st parti(ipate as a #ettor+
II+ I oral.o(trines&<#s(ene P)#li(ations and E:hi#itions and Inde(ent Sho!s
Arti(le 201 D I
P)#li(ations Sho!s
oral .o(trines& <#s(ene and E:hi#itions and
Inde(ent
@+ I% the aterial has the tenden(y to deprave and (orr)pt the ind o% the vie!er then the sa e is o#s(ene and !here s)(h o#s(enity is ade p)#li(ly& (ri inal lia#ility arises+ -+ As long as the pornographi( atter or e:hi#ition is ade privately& there is no (ri e (o itted )nder the Revised Penal Code #e(a)se !hat is prote(ted is the orality o% the p)#li( in general+
1//
CRIMINAL LAW 2
A(ts p)nished 1+ *hose !ho shall p)#li(ly e:po)nd or pro(lai do(trines openly (ontrary to p)#li( oralsM 2+ *he a)thors o% o#s(ene literat)re& p)#lished !ith their ,no!ledge in any %or & @+ *he editors p)#lishing s)(h literat)reM -+ *he o!nersAoperators o% the esta#lish ent selling the sa eM /+ *hose!ho&intheaters&%airs& (ine atographs& or any other pla(e& e:hi#it inde(ent or i oral plays& s(enes& a(ts& or sho!s& : it #eing )nderstood that the o#s(ene literat)re or inde(ent or i oral plays& s(enes& a(ts or sho!s& : !hether live or in %il & !hi(h are pros(ri#ed #y virt)e hereo%& : shall in(l)de those !hi(h7 a+ glori%y (ri inals or (ondone (ri esM #+ serve no other p)rpose #)t to satis%y the ar,et %or violen(e& l)st or pornographyM (+ o%%end any ra(e& or religionM d+ tend to a#et tra%%i( in and )se o% prohi#ited dr)gsM and e+ are (ontrary to la!& p)#li( order& orals& good ()sto s& esta#lished poli(ies& la!%)l orders& de(rees and edi(ts 2+ *hose !ho shall sell& give a!ay or e:hi#it %il s& prints& engravings& s()lpt)re or literat)re !hi(h are o%%ensive to orals+
: B)rispr)den(e7 : People v Jottinger 41;2@57 Post(ards !ere not o#s(ene #e(a)se the aggregate ")dg ent o% the (o )nity& and the oral sense o% the people !ere not sho(,ed #y those pi(t)res+ *hey !ere not o%%ensive to (hastity #)t erely depi(ted persons as they a(t)ally lived+
: People v Apari(i 41;//57 *he rea(tion o% the p)#li( d)ring the per%or an(e o% a dan(e #y one !ho had nothing to (over hersel% !ith& e:(ept nylon pat(hes over her #reasts and too a##reviated pair o% nylon panties to interr)pt her star, na,edness sho)ld #e ade the ga)ge in the deter ination o% !hether the dan(e or e:hi#ition !as inde(ent or i oral+
: People v Padan 41;/357 An a(t)al e:hi#ition o% the se:)al a(t (an have no redee ing %eat)rePno roo %or art+ *here%ore& it is a (lear and )n itigated o#s(enity+
III+ Vagran(y and Prostit)tion
Arti(le 202 D Vagran(y and Prostit)tion

: M<RALS7 i ply (on%or ity !ith the generally a((epted standards o% goodness or rightness in (ond)(t or (hara(ter& so eti es& spe(i%i(ally& to se:)al (ond)(t+ <%%ense in any o% the %or s entioned in the arti(le is (o itted only !hen there is p)#li(ity *he test o% o#s(enity7 1+ *he test is o#"e(tive+ 2+ It is ore on the e%%e(t )pon the vie!er and not alone on the (ond)(t o% the per%or er+ Persons Lia#le7 1+ Any person having no apparent eans o% s)#sisten(e& !ho has the physi(al a#ility to !or, and !ho negle(ts to apply hi sel% or hersel% to so e la!%)l (allingM 2+ Any person %o)nd loitering a#o)t p)#li( or se iDp)#li( #)ildings or pla(es or tra pling or !andering a#o)t the (o)ntry or the streets !itho)t visi#le eans o% s)pportM @+ Any idle or dissol)te person !ho ledges in ho)ses o% ill %a eM r)%%ians or pi ps and those !ho ha#it)ally asso(iate !ith prostit)tesM -+ Any person !ho& not #eing in(l)ded in the provisions o% other arti(les o% this Code& shall #e %o)nd loitering in any inha#ited or )ninha#ited pla(e #elonging to another
!itho)t any la!%)l or ")sti%ia#le p)rposeM and /+ Prostit)tes : Prostit)tes7 !o en !ho& %or oney or pro%it ha#it)ally ind)lge in se:)al inter(o)rse or las(ivio)s (ond)(t .issol)te7 la:& )nrestrained& i oral
See Spe(ial La!7 P. 1/2@ 4Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;365 : $nder the Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36 4P. 1/2@5& 1+ one !ho has no visi#le and legal eans o% s)pport& or la!%)l e ploy ent 2+ and !ho is physi(ally a#le to !or, #)t negle(ts to apply hi sel% to so e la!%)l (alling @+ and instead )ses #egging as a eans o% living& -+ is a endi(ant+ Any person !ho a#ets endi(an(y #y giving al s dire(tly to endi(ants& e:ploited in%ants and inors on p)#li( roads& side!al,s& par,s and #ridges shall #e p)nished #y a %ine+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
: : :
R)%%ian7 #r)tal& violent& la!less persons Pi p7 <ne !ho provides grati%i(ation %or the l)st o% others Even illionaires or one !ho has ore than eno)gh %or his livelihood (an (o it vagran(y #y ha#it)ally asso(iating !ith prostit)tes& pi ps& r)%%ians& or #y ha#it)ally lodging in ho)ses o% illDrep)te+ *he p)rpose o% the la! is not si ply to p)nish a person #e(a)se he has no eans o% livelihoodM it is to prevent %)rther (ri inality+ Any person %o)nd !andering in an estate #elonging to another !hether p)#li( or private !itho)t any la!%)l p)rpose also (o its vagran(y& )nless his a(ts (onstit)tes so e other (ri e in the Revised Penal Code+ *he ter prostit)tion is appli(a#le to a !o an !ho %or pro%it or oney ha#it)ally engages in se:)al or las(ivio)s (ond)(t+ A an i% he engages in the sa e (ond)(t I se: %or oney I is not a prostit)te& #)t a vagrant+ In la! the ere ind)lging in las(ivio)s (ond)(t ha#it)ally #e(a)se o% oney or gain !o)ld a o)nt to prostit)tion& even i% there is no se:)al inter(o)rse+ Virginity is not a de%ense+ =a#it)ality is the (ontrolling %a(torM is has to #e ore than one ti e+ *here (annot #e prostit)tion #y (onspira(y+ <ne !ho (onspires !ith a !o an in the prostit)tion #)siness li,e pi ps& ta:i drivers or soli(itors o% (lients are g)ilty o% the (ri e )nder Arti(le @-1 %or !hite slavery+
: : : :
*itle VII+ CRIMES C<MMI**E. #y P$0LIC <''ICERS
*itle VII+ Cri es Co <%%i(ers
itted #y P)#li(
1+ Who are p)#li( o%%i(ers 4Art+ 20@5M 2+ Jno!ingly rendering )n")st ")dg ent 4Art+ 20-5M @+ B)dg ent rendered thro)gh negligen(e 4Art+ 20/5M -+ $n")st interlo()tory order 4Art+ 2025M /+ Mali(io)s delay in the ad inistration o% ")sti(e 4Art+ 2035M 2+ Prose()tion o% o%%ensesM negligen(e and toleran(e 4Art+ 2065M 3+ 0etrayal o% tr)st #y an attorney or soli(itor+ P Revelation o% se(rets 4Art+ 20;5M 6+ .ire(t #ri#ery 4Art+ 2105M ;+ Indire(t #ri#ery 4Art+ 2115M 10+ H)ali%ied #ri#ery 4Art+ 211DA5M 11+ Corr)ption o% p)#li( o%%i(ials 4Art+ 2125M 12+ 'ra)ds against the p)#li( treas)ry and si ilar o%%enses 4Art+ 21@5M 1@+ <ther %ra)ds 4Art+ 21-5M 1-+ Prohi#ited transa(tions 4Art+ 21/5M 1/+ Possession o% prohi#ited interest #y a p)#li( o%%i(er 4Art+ 2125M 12+ Malversation o% p)#li( %)nds or propertyM Pres) ption o% alversation 4Art+ 2135M 13+ 'ail)re o% a((o)nta#le o%%i(er to render a((o)nts 4Art+ 2165M 16+ 'ail)re o% a responsi#le p)#li( o%%i(er to render a((o)nts #e%ore leaving the (o)ntry 4Art+ 21;5M 1;+ Illegal )se o% p)#li( %)nds or property 4Art+ 2205M 20+ 'ail)re to a,e delivery o% p)#li( %)nds or property 4Art+ 2215M 21+ <%%i(ers in(l)ded in the pre(eding provisions 4Art+ 2225M 22+ Conniving !ith or (onsenting to evasion 4Art+ 22@5M 2@+ Evasion thro)gh negligen(e 4Art+ 22-5M 2-+ Es(ape o% prisoner )nder the ()stody o% a person not a p)#li( o%%i(er 4Art+ 22/5M 2/+ Re oval& (on(eal ent or destr)(tion o% do() ents 4Art+ 2225M 22+ <%%i(er #rea,ing seal 4Art+ 2235M 23+ <pening o% (losed do() ents 4Art+ 2265M 26+ Revelation o% se(rets #y an o%%i(er 4Art+ 22;5M 2;+ P)#li( o%%i(er revealing se(rets o% private individ)al 4Art+ 2@05M @0+ <pen diso#edien(e 4Art+ 2@15M @1+ .iso#edien(e to order o% s)perior o%%i(ers& !hen said order !as s)spended #y in%erior o%%i(er 4Art+ 2@25M @2+ Re%)sal o% assistan(e 4Art+ 2@@5M @@+ Re%)sal to dis(harge ele(tive o%%i(e 4Art+ 2@-5M
@-+ Maltreat ent o% prisoners 4Art+ 2@/5M @/+ Anti(ipation o% d)ties o% a p)#li( o%%i(e 4Art+ 2@25M @2+ Prolonging per%or an(e o% d)ties and po!ers 4Art+ 2@35M @3+ A#andon ent o% o%%i(e or position 4Art+ 2@65M @6+ $s)rpation o% legislative po!ers 4Art+ 2@;5M @;+ $s)rpation o% e:e()tive %)n(tions 4Art+ 2-05M -0+ $s)rpation o% ")di(ial %)n(tions 4Art+ 2-15M -1+ .iso#eying re>)est %or dis>)ali%i(ation 4Art+ 2-25M -2+ <rders or re>)ests #y e:e()tive o%%i(ers to any ")di(ial a)thority 4Art+ 2-@5M -@+ $nla!%)l appoint ents 4Art+ 2--5M --+ A#)ses against (hastityM Penalties 4Art+ 2-/5M
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Re e #er7 : *his is one o% the instan(es !here the Revised Penal Code ay #e given e:traD territorial appli(ation )nder Arti(le 2 4/5 thereo%+ : Cri es )nder this title (an #e (o itted #y p)#li( o%%i(ers or a nonDp)#li( o%%i(er& !hen the latter #e(o e a (onspirator !ith a p)#li( o%%i(er& or an a((o pli(e& or a((essory to the (ri e+ : *he p)#li( o%%i(er has to #e the prin(ipal+
Chapter I7 Preli inary Provisions
Arti(le 20@ D Who Are P)#li( <%%i(ers

Re>)isites7 15 *a,ing part in the per%or an(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions in the govern entM 25 Per%or ing in said govern ent or in any o% its #ran(hes p)#li( d)ties as an e ployee& agent or s)#ordinate o%%i(ial& or any ran, or (lassM @5 =is a)thority to ta,e part in the per%or an(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions or to per%or p)#li( d)ties )st #e I a+ 0y dire(t provision o% the la!M #+ 0y pop)lar ele(tionM or (+ 0y appoint ent #y (o petent a)thority+
*he ter 8p)#li( o%%i(ers9 e #ra(es every p)#li( servant %ro the highest to lo!est+ <%%i(ers and e ployees o% govern ent o!ned and (ontrolled (orporations in(l)ded #)t not those o% a se>)estered (orporation+
: : *he #etter r)le is that 1<CCs (reated #y la! are (overed !hile 1<CCs registered !ith the SEC 4in(l)ding se>)estered (o panies5 are not 4Ma(alino v+ Sandigan#ayan5+ *he ore re(ent (ase o% People v+ Sandigan#ayan held that& #ased on RA 62-;& presidents& dire(tors& tr)stees& and anagers o% all 1<CCs& regardless o% type& are s)#"e(t to the ")risdi(tion o% the Sandigan#ayan !hen they are involved in gra%t and (orr)ption+
!hi(h ay res)lt %ro either an a(tion o% (ertiorari or prohi#ition in a higher (o)rt+
Arti(le 20/ D B)dg ent Rendered *hro)gh

Negligen(e Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a ")dgeM 2+ =e renders a ")dg ent in a (ase s)# itted to hi %or de(isionM @+ *he ")dg ent is ani%estly )n")stM -+ It is d)e to his ine:()sa#le negligen(e or ignoran(e+ :
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Chapter II7 Mal%easan(e and Mis%easan(e in <%%i(e

Mal%easan(e 4see Arts 210 and 2115 Mis%easan(e 4see Arts 20- to 2035 Non%easan(e 4see Art 2065 .oing o% an a(t !hi(h a p)#li( o%%i(er sho)ld not have done I proper doing o% an a(t !hi(h a person ight la!%)lly do 'ail)re o% an agent to per%or his )nderta,ing %or the prin(ipal
A ani%estly )n")st ")dg ent is one !hi(h is so ani%estly (ontrary to la! that even a person having #asi( ,no!ledge o% the la! (annot do)#t the in")sti(e+
Lo)is V)itton SA v+ B)dge Villan)eva : *he S)pre e Co)rt held that a ")dg ent is said to #e )n")st : !hen it is (ontrary to the standards o% (ond)(t pres(ri#ed #y la!+ : *he test to deter ine !hether an order or ")dg ent is )n")st : May #e in%erred %ro the (ir() stan(es that it is (ontrary to la! or is not s)pported #y eviden(e+
Arti(le 20- D Jno!ingly Rendering $n")st

B)dg ent Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a ")dgeM 2+ =e renders a ")dg ent in a (ase s)# itted to hi %or de(isionM @+ B)dg ent is )n")stM -+ *he ")dge ,no!s that his ")dg ent is )n")st+ : : .e%ense7 Mere error in good %aith+ *here )st #e positive eviden(e i p)ting an )n")st ")dg entM pres) ption !ill not s)%%i(e+ *he o%%ense re%ers only to a ")dg ent o% an individ)al ")dge in his (o)rt& and not to the ")dg ent rendered in a (ollegial (o)rt #y the e #ers thereo% 4In Re7 Wen(eslao La)reta& 1;635
Arti(le 202 D $n")st Interlo()tory <rder

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a ")dgeM 2+ =e per%or s any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ Jno!inglyrenderingan)n")st interlo()tory order or de(reeM or #+ Renderinga ani%estly)n")st interlo()tory order or de(ree thro)gh ine:()sa#le negligen(e or ignoran(e+
I% the order leaves so ething to #e done in the trial (o)rt !ith respe(t to the erits o% the (ase& it is interlo()tory+ I% it does not& it is %inal+ *he )n")st interlo()tory order )st have #een iss)ed #y the ")dge !ith deli#erate intent to (a)se da age to the party (on(erned+
.e Vera v+ Pelayo& 2000 : 0e%ore a (ri inal a(tion against a ")dge %or violation o% Arti(les 20- and 20/ (an #e entertained& : there )st #e a trial or a)thoritative ")di(ial de(laration that his de(ision or order is really )n")st
Arti(le
Mali(io)s 203 D Ad inistration o% B)sti(e
.elay
in
the
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a ")dgeM 2+ *here is a pro(eeding in his (o)rtM @+ =e delays in the ad inistration o% ")sti(eM -+ *he delay is ali(io)s& that is& !ith deli#erate intent to in%li(t da age on either party in the (ase+ : Mali(e )st #e proven+ Mali(e is present !here the delay is so)ght to %avor one party to the pre")di(e o% the other+
@+ $nderta,ing the de%ense o% the opposing party in the sa e (ase& : !itho)t the (onsent o% his %irst (lient& : a%ter having )nderta,en the de%ense o% said %irst (lient : or a%ter having re(eived (on%idential in%or ation %ro said (lient+ :
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
When the attorney a(ts !ith ali(io)s a#)se o%hise ploy entorine:()sa#le negligen(e or ignoran(e& there )st #e da age to his (lient+ Co )ni(ations ade !ith prospe(tive (lients to a la!yer !ith a vie! to engaging his pro%essional servi(es are already privileged even tho)gh the (lientDla!yer relationship did not event)ally ateriali?e+ *he (on%idential atters or in%or ation #e (on%ided to the la!yer in the latterFs pro%essional (apa(ity+ )st
Arti(le
Prose()tion 206 D Negligen(e and *oleran(e Mode 1+
o%
<%%ensesM :
Mode 2+
Mali(io)sly re%raining %ro instit)ting prose()tion against violators o% the la!M Mali(io)sly tolerating the (o ission o% o%%enses+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or o%%i(er o% the la! !ho has a d)ty to (a)se the prose()tion o%& or to prose()te& o%%ensesM 2+ *here is a dereli(tion o% the d)ties o% his o%%i(e& that is& ,no!ing the (o ission o% the (ri e& he does not (a)se the prose()tion o% the (ri inal& or ,no!ing that a (ri e is a#o)t to #e (o itted& he tolerates its (o issionM @+ <%%ender a(ts !ith ali(e and deli#erate intent to %avor the violator o% the la!+
Mere ali(io)s #rea(h !itho)t da age is not a violation o% Arti(le 20;M at ost he !ill #e lia#le ad inistratively as a la!yer& e+g+& s)spension or dis#ar ent )nder the Code o% Pro%essional Responsi#ility+
: *his (ri e (an only #e (o itted #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !hose o%%i(ial d)ty is to prose()te o%%enders+ E:+ Chie% o% poli(e& #arrio (aptain and %is(al+ : *he (ri e (o itted #y the la! violator )st #e proved %irst 4$S v+ Mendo?a5
: Modes o% Co ission7 1+ Mali(io)sly (a)sing da age to his (lient thro)gh a #rea(h o% his pro%essional d)ty+ : *he #rea(h o% pro%essional d)ty )st #e ali(io)s+ : I% it is ")st in(idental& it !o)ld not give rise to (ri inal lia#ility& altho)gh it ay #e the s)#"e(t o% ad inistrative dis(iplineM 2+ *hro)gh gross ignoran(e& (a)sing da age to the (lientM @+ Ine:()sa#le negligen(eM -+ Revelation o% se(rets learned in his pro%essional (apa(ityM /+ $nderta,ing the de%ense o% the opposite party in a (ase !itho)t the (onsent o% the %irst (lient !hose de%ense has already #een )nderta,en+
Arti(le 20; D 0etrayal o% *r)st #y an Attorney

or a Soli(itor D Revelation o% Se(rets Ele ents7 1+ Ca)sing da age to his (lient& eitherP a+ 0y any ali(io)s #rea(h o% pro%essional d)tyM #+ 0y ine:()sa#le negligen(e or ignoran(e+ 2+ Revealing any o% the se(rets o% his (lient learned #y hi in his pro%essional (apa(ity 4da age is not ne(essary5M
People v+ Sandigan#ayan : *he S)pre e Co)rt held that not all in%or ation re(eived #y (o)nsel %ro (lient is (lassi%ied as privileged+ : A distin(tion )st #e ade #et!een (on%idential (o )ni(ations relating to past (ri es already (o itted& and %)t)re (ri es intended to #e (o itted #y the (lient+
Arti(le 210 D .ire(t 0ri#ery

4as,ed 2 ti es5 Mode 1+ Agreeing to per%or & or per%or ing& in (onsideration o% any o%%er& pro ise& gi%t or presentM an a(t (onstit)ting a (ri e& in (onne(tion !ith the per%or an(e o% his o%%i(ial d)tiesM A((epting a gi%t in (onsideration o% the e:e()tion o% an a(t !hi(h does not (onstit)te a (ri e& in (onne(tion !ith the per%or an(e o% his o%%i(ial d)tyM Agreeing to re%rain& or #y re%raining& %ro doing so ething !hi(h is his o%%i(ial d)ty to do& in (onsideration o% gi%t or pro ise+
: In the 'IRS* M<.E o% #ri#ery& a(t)al re(eipt o% the gi%t is not ne(essary+ : An a((epted o%%er or pro ise o% a gi%t is s)%%i(ient+ =o!ever& i% the o%%er is not a((epted& only the person o%%ering the gi%t is lia#le %or atte pted (orr)ption o% a p)#li( o%%i(er+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Mode 2+
Mode @+
: In the SEC<N. M<.E o% #ri#ery& the gi%t )st #e a((epted #y the p)#li( o%%i(er+ : *he 1I'* )st have a val)e or (apa#le o% pe()niary esti ation+ It (o)ld #e in the %or o% oney& property or servi(es+ It (annot (onsist o% a ere o%%er or pro ise o% a gi%t+ : I% the a(t re>)ired o% the p)#li( o%%i(er a o)nts to a (ri e and he (o its it& he shall #e lia#le %or the penalty (orresponding to the (ri e+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er !ithin the s(ope o% Arti(le 20@M 2+ <%%ender a((epts an o%%er or a pro ise or re(eives a gi%t or present #y hi sel% or thro)gh anotherM @+ S)(h o%%er or pro ise #e a((epted& or gi%t or present re(eived #y the p)#li( o%%i(er I a+ With a vie! to (o itting so e (ri eM or #+ In (onsideration o% the e:e()tion o% an a(t !hi(h does not (onstit)te a (ri e& #)t the a(t )st #e )n")stM or (+ *o re%rain %ro doing so ething !hi(h it is his o%%i(ial d)ty to do+ -+ *he a(t !hi(h o%%ender agrees to per%or or !hi(h he e:e()tes #e (onne(ted !ith the per%or an(e o% his o%%i(ial d)ties+
: *he *=IR. M<.E o% #ri#ery and prevari(a(ion 4art 2065 are si ilar o%%enses& #oth (onsisting o% o ission o% an a(t re>)ired to #e per%or ed+ : In dire(t #ri#ery ho!ever& a gi%t or pro ise is given in (onsideration o% the o ission+ : *his is not ne(essary in prevari(a(ion+
: .ire(t #ri#ery does not a#sor# Art+ 206 4dereli(tion o% d)ty5+ People v+ Mal%ros>)e 4200-5 : Poli(e Sergeant Mal%ros>)e as,ed and a((epted oney in e:(hange %or the re(overy o% the reported stolen gas tan,s to the o!ners+ : *his ade hi lia#le )nder the 2nd ode o% Art 210 sin(e in the a(t o% ret)rning the gas tan,s to the o!ners does not (onstit)te a (ri eM he de anded oney and said a(t !as in (onne(tion !ith the per%or an(e o% his d)ty as a poli(e an+
: *he (ri e o% #ri#ery has no %r)strated stage+ : I% one party does not (on()r& then there is no agree ent and not all the a(ts ne(essary to (o it the (ri e !ere present+ : *e porary per%or an(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions is s)%%i(ient to (onstit)te a person a p)#li( o%%i(er+
Arti(le 211 D Indire(t 0ri#ery

4as,ed t!i(e5
: 0ri#ery e:ists !hen the gi%t is7 a+ vol)ntarily o%%ered #y a private personM #+ soli(ited #y the p)#li( o%%i(er and vol)ntarily delivered #y the private personM (+ soli(ited #y the p)#li( o%%i(er #)t the private person delivers it o)t o% %ear o% the (onse>)en(es sho)ld the p)#li( o%%i(er per%or his %)n(tions 4here the (ri e #y the giver does not %all )nder (orr)ption o% p)#li( o%%i(ials d)e to the invol)ntariness o% the a(t5+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e a((epts gi%tsM @+ *he gi%ts are o%%ered to hi #y reason o% his o%%i(e+ : *he prin(ipal distin(tion #et!een dire(t and indire(t #ri#ery is that in the %or er& the o%%i(er agrees to per%or or re%rain %ro doing an a(t in (onsideration o% the gi%t or pro ise+
: In the latter (ase& it is not ne(essary that the o%%i(er do any a(t+ : It is s)%%i(ient that he a((epts the gi%t o%%ered #y reason o% his o%%i(e+ : I% a%ter re(eiving the gi%t& the o%%i(er does any a(t in %avor o% the giver !hi(h is )n%air to the others& the (ri e (ontin)es to #e indire(t #ri#ery+ : Pre(isely the evil o% indire(t #ri#ery is in its tenden(y to prod)(e %)t)re& )nspe(i%ied& and )n!arranted %avors %ro the o%%i(ial+ : *his is al!ays in the (ons) ated stage+ *here is no atte pted )(h less %r)strated stage in indire(t #ri#ery+ : *here )st #e (lear intention on the part o% the p)#li( o%%i(er7 1+ to ta,e the gi%t o%%ered and 2+ (onsider the property as his o!n %or that o ent+ : Mere physi(al re(eipt )na((o panied #y any other sign& (ir() stan(e or a(t to sho! s)(h a((eptan(e is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t the o%%i(er+ : P)#li( o%%i(ers re(eiving gi%ts and private persons giving gi%ts on any o((asion& in(l)ding Christ as are lia#le )nder P. -2+
o%%ender #een arrested or the (ri e prose()ted& the (ri e is dire(t #ri#ery+ : *he dereli(tion o% the d)ty p)nished )nder Arti(le 206 o% the Revised Penal Code is a#sor#ed in H)ali%ied 0ri#ery+ .a() as v+ Sandigan#ayan7 E:panded the eaning o% 8o%%i(ial d)ties9+ It in(l)ded those !hi(h ay #e in oneFs (apa(ity to per%or #y reason o% his o%%i(e+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 212 D Corr)ption o% P)#li( <%%i(ials

4as,ed - ti es5 Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender a,es o%%ers or pro ises or gives gi%ts or presents to a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ *he o%%ers or pro ises are ade or the gi%ts or presents given to a p)#li( o%%i(er& )nder (ir() stan(es that !ill a,e the p)#li( o%%i(er lia#le %or dire(t #ri#ery or indire(t #ri#ery+
: : :
*he o%%ender is the giver o% the gi%t or the o%%eror o% the pro ise+ *he a(t ay or ay not #e a((o plished+ *he %ollo!ing are the SPECIAL LAWS relatedtotheprose()tionand p)nish ento%1RA'*and C<RR$P*I<N7 1+ P. No+ 3-; 2+ RA @01; 4AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t5 @+ RA 3060 4AntiDPl)nder A(t5 -+ RA 1@3; 4'<R'EI*$RE <' ILLD1<**EN WEAL*=5 /+ P. N<+ -2 2+ RA 231@7 Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and E ployees
Arti(le 211DA D H)ali%ied 0ri#ery

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er entr)sted !ith la! en%or(e entM 2+ =e re%rains %ro arresting or prose()ting an o%%ender !ho has (o itted a (ri e p)nisha#le #y re(l)sion perpet)a andAor deathM @+ <%%ender re%rains %ro arresting or prose()ting in (onsideration o% any o%%er& pro ise& gi%t& or present+
: *he (ri e o% >)ali%ied #ri#ery ay #e (o itted only #y p)#li( o%%i(ers 8entr)sted !ith en%or(e ent9+ : *hose !hose o%%i(ial d)ties a)thori?e the to arrest or prose()te o%%enders+ : *he penalty is >)ali%ied i% the p)#li( o%%i(er is the one !ho as,s or de ands s)(h present+ : I% the penalty i posed is lo!er than re(l)sion perpet)a andAor death had the
Chapter III7 'ra)ds and Illegal E:a(tions and *ransa(tions Arti(le 21@ D 'ra)d against the P)#li( *reas)ry and Si ilar <%%enses
4as,ed t!i(e5 Mode 1 Entering into an agree ent !ith any interested party or spe()lator or a,ing )se o% any other s(he e& to de%ra)d the govern ent& in dealing !ith any person !ith regard to
%)rnishing s)pplies& the a,ing o% (ontra(ts& or the ad")st ent or settle ent o% a((o)nts relating to p)#li( property or %)ndsM Mode 2 .e anding& dire(tly or indire(tly& the pay ent o% s) s di%%erent %ro or larger than those a)thori?ed #y la!& in (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %ees& and other i postsM 'ailing vol)ntarily to iss)e a re(eipt& as provided #y la!& %or any s) o% oney (olle(ted #y hi o%%i(ially& in the (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %ees and other i postsM
#+ 'ailing vol)ntarily to iss)e a re(eipt as provided #y la!& %or ay s) o% oney (olle(ted #y hi o%%i(iallyM or (+ Colle(ting or re(eiving& dire(tly or indire(tly& #y !ay o% pay ent or other!ise& things or o#"e(t o% a nat)re di%%erent %ro that provided #y la! : *his (an only #e (o itted prin(ipally #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !hose o%%i(ial d)ty is to (olle(t ta:es& li(ense %ees& i port d)ties and other d)es paya#le to the govern ent+ : Mere de and o% a larger or di%%erent a o)nt is s)%%i(ient to (ons) ate the (ri e+ : *he essen(e is the i proper (olle(tion 4da age to govern ent is not re>)ired5 : *he a(t o% re(eiving pay ent d)e the govern ent !itho)t iss)ing a re(eipt !ill give rise to illegal e:a(tion even tho)gh a provisional re(eipt has #een iss)ed+ : What the la! re>)ires is a re(eipt in the %or pres(ri#ed #y la!& !hi(h eans o%%i(ial re(eipt+ : I% s) s are re(eived !itho)t de anding the sa e& a %elony )nder this arti(le is not (o itted+ =o!ever& i% the s) is given as a sort o% gi%t or grati%i(ation& the (ri e is indire(t #ri#ery+ : When there is de(eit in de anding a greater %ee than those pres(ri#ed #y la!& the (ri e (o itted is esta%a and not illegal e:a(tion+ : Illegal e:a(tion ay #e (o ple:ed !ith alversation i% illegal e:a(tion !as (o itted as a ne(essary eans to (o it alversation+ : <%%i(ers and e ployees o% the 0IR or C)sto s are not (overed #y the arti(le+ *he NIRC or the Revised Ad inistrative Code is the appli(a#le la!+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Mode @
Mode - Colle(ting or re(eiving& dire(tly or indire(tly& #y !ay o% pay ent or other!ise& things or o#"e(ts o% a nat)re di%%erent %ro that provided #y la!& in the (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %ees and other i posts+ Ele ents o% 'ra)d against P)#li( *reas)ry 4par+157 1+ *hat the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er 2+ *hat he sho)ld have ta,en advantage o% his p)#li( o%%i(e& that is& he intervened in the transa(tion in his o%%i(ial (apa(ity @+ *hat he entered into an agree ent !ith any interested party or spe()lator or ade )se o% any other s(he e !ith regard to7 a+ ')rnishing s)pplies #+ *he a,ing o% (ontra(ts (+ *he ad")st ent or settle ent o% a((o)nts relating to p)#li( property or %)nds
Cons) ated #y erely entering into agree ent !ith any interested party or spe()lator or #y erely a,ing )se o% other s(he e to de%ra)d the govern ent+ It is not ne(essary that the 1overn ent is a(t)ally de%ra)ded #y the reason o% the transa(tion
Arti(le 21- D <ther 'ra)ds

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e ta,es advantage o% his o%%i(ial positionM @+ =e (o its any o% the %ra)ds or de(eits en) erated in Arti(le @1/ to @16 4esta%a& other %or s o% s!indling& s!indling a inor& other de(eits5+
Ele ents o% Illegal E:a(tions 4par+2+57 1+ *hat the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er entr)sted !ith the (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %ees and other i portsM 2+ =e is g)ilty o% the %ollo!ing a(ts or o issions7 a+ .e anding dire(tly or indire(tly& the pay ent o% s) s o% di%%erent %ro or larger than those a)thori?ed #y la!M
Arti(le 21/ D Illegal *ransa(tions

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is an appointive p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e #e(o es interested& dire(tly or indire(tly& in any transa(tion o% e:(hange or
spe()lationM @+ *he transa(tion ta,es pla(e !ithin the territory s)#"e(t to his ")risdi(tionM -+ =e #e(o es interested in the transa(tion d)ring his in() #en(y+ : E:a ples o% transa(tions o% e:(hange or spe()lation are7 #)ying and selling sto(,s& (o odities& land et( !herein one hopes to ta,e advantage o% an e:pe(ted rise or %all in pri(e : P)r(hasing o% sto(,s or shares in a (o pany is si ple invest ent and not a violation o% the arti(le+ =o!ever& reg)larly #)ying se()rities %or resale is spe()lation : *he o%%ender ay also #e held lia#le )nder RA @01; Se( @4i5+ 4in%ra5
Mode @+ Consenting& or thro)gh a#andon ent or negligen(e& per itting any other person to ta,e s)(h p)#li( %)nds or propertyM and Mode -+ 0eing other!ise g)ilty o% the isappropriation or alversation o% s)(h %)nds or property+
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Ele ents (o on to all odes7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e had the ()stody or (ontrol o% %)nds or property #y reason o% the d)ties o% his o%%i(eM @+ *hose %)nds or property !ere p)#li( %)nds or property %or !hi(h he !as a((o)nta#leM -+ =e appropriated& too,& isappropriated or (onsented or& thro)gh a#andon ent or negligen(e& per itted another person to ta,e the +
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Arti(le 212 D Possession o% Prohi#ited Interest #y a P)#li( <%%i(er

Persons lia#le7 1+ P)#li( o%%i(er !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly& #e(a e interested in any (ontra(ts or #)siness in !hi(h it !as his o%%i(ial d)ty to interveneM 2+ E:perts& ar#itrators& and private a((o)ntants !ho& in li,e anner& too, part in any (ontra(t or transa(tion (onne(ted !ith the estate or property in the appraisal& distri#)tion or ad")di(ation o% !hi(h they had a(tedM @+ 1)ardians and e:e()tors !ith respe(t to the property #elonging to their !ards or the estate+ :
: :
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Malversation is also (alled e #e??le ent+ *he p)#li( o%%i(er )st have o%%i(ial ()stody or the d)ty to (olle(t or re(eive %)nds d)e the govern ent& or the o#ligation to a((o)nt %or the + It is not ne(essary that the o%%ender pro%ited %or as long as the a((o)nta#le o%%i(er !as re iss in his d)ty o% sa%e,eeping p)#li( %)nds or property+ =e is lia#le %or alversation i% s)(h %)nds !ere lost or other!ise isappropriated #y another+ It (an #e (o itted either !ith ali(e or thro)gh negligen(e or i pr)den(e+ *his is one (ri e in the Revised Penal Code !here the penalty is the sa e !hether (o itted !ith dolo or thro)gh ()lpa+ *he nat)re o% the d)ties o% the p)#li( o%%i(er& not the na e o% the o%%i(e& is (ontrolling+ *he %)nds or property )st #e re(eived in an o%%i(ial (apa(ity+ <ther!ise& the (ri e (o itted is esta%a+
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'ra)d is not ne(essary+ Intervention )st #e #y virt)e o% the p)#li( o%%i(e held+ *he #asis here is the possi#ility that %ra)d ay #e (o itted or that the o%%i(er ay pla(e his o!n interest a#ove that o% the govern ent or party he represents+
: : I% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not a((o)nta#le %or the %)nds or property #)t so eone else is& the (ri e (o itted is the%t or >)ali%ied the%t i% there is an a#)se o% (on%iden(e+ Ret)rning the alversed %)nds is not e:e pting& it is only itigating+ A person !hose negligen(e ade possi#le the (o ission o% alversation #y another (an #e held lia#le as a prin(ipal #y indispensa#le (ooperation .e and as !ell as da age to the govern ent are not ne(essary ele ents
Chapter IV7 Malversation o% P)#li( ')nds or Property
Arti(le 213 D Malversation o% P)#li( ')nds or Property D Pres) ption o% Malversation

4as,ed 1- ti es5 Mode 1+ Appropriating p)#li( %)nds or propertyM Mode 2+ *a,ing or isappropriating the sa eM
A private person ay also (o it alversation )nder the %ollo!ing sit)ations7 1+ Conspira(y !ith a p)#li( o%%i(er in (o itting alversationM
2+ When he has #e(o e an a((o pli(e or a((essory to a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho (o its alversationM @+ When the private person is ade the ()stodian in !hatever (apa(ity o% p)#li( %)nds or property& !hether #elonging to national or lo(al govern ent& and he isappropriates the sa eM -+ When he is (onstit)ted as the depositary or ad inistrator o% %)nds or property sei?ed or atta(hed #y p)#li( a)thority even tho)gh said %)nds or property #elong to a private individ)al+
Cri e is (o itted #y appropriating& ta,ing& or isappropriatingA(ons entingorthro)gh a#andon entor negligen(e& per itting any other person to ta,ethep)#li( %)ndsAproperty Noele ento% da age+
Cri e is (o itted #y isappropriating& (onverting& or denying havingre(eived oney& goods or other personal property
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*here is da age+
*e(hni(al alversation 4Art+ 2205 4in%ra5 is not in(l)ded in the (ri e o% alversation+
.e and ne(essary+
not
*here is a need %or prior de and+
Pres) ption o% isappropriation7 : When a de and is ade )pon an a((o)nta#le o%%i(er and he (annot prod)(e the %)nd or property involved& there is a pri a %a(ie pres) ption that he had (onverted the sa e to his o!n )se+ : *here )st #e ind)#ita#le proo% that thing )na((o)nted %or e:ists+ : A)dit sho)ld #e ade to deter ine i% there !as shortage+ : A)dit )st #e (o plete and tr)st!orthy+ : I% there is do)#t& pres) ption does not arise+
H)i?o v+ Sandigan#ayan+ : *he a(()sed in()rred shortage 4P1+3-5 ainly #e(a)se the a)ditor disallo!ed (ertain (ash advan(es the a(()sed granted to e ployees+ : 0)t on the sa e date that the a)dit !as ade& he partly rei #)rsed the a o)nt and paid it in %)ll three days later+ : *he S)pre e Co)rt (onsidered the (ir() stan(es as negative o% (ri inal intent+ : *he (ash advan(es !ere ade in good %aith and o)t o% good !ill to (oDe ployees !hi(h !as a pra(ti(e tolerated in the o%%i(e+ : *here !as no negligen(e& ali(e& nor intent to de%ra)d+
People v+ WaDA(on 420025 : A ro)tine govern ent a)dit !as (ond)(ted in WaDA(onFs o%%i(e and it !as dis(overed that the sa(,s o% ri(e entr)sted to hi %or sa%e,eeping !ere issing+ : Art 213 no longer re>)ires proo% #y the State that the a(()sed a(t)ally appropriated& too,& or isappropriated p)#li( %)nds or propertyM : instead& a pres) ption& tho)gh disp)ta#le and re#)tta#le& !as installed )pon de and #y any d)ly a)thori?ed o%%i(er& : the %ail)re o% a p)#li( o%%i(er to have d)ly %orth(o ing any p)#li( %)nds or property !hi(h said o%%i(er is a((o)nta#le %or : sho)ld #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e that he had p)t s)(h issing %)nds or properties to personal )se+
Arti(le 216 D 'ail)re o% A((o)nta#le <%%i(er to Render A((o)nts

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is p)#li( o%%i(er& !hether in the servi(eor separatedthere%ro #y resignation or any other (a)seM 2+ =e is an a((o)nta#le o%%i(er %or p)#li( %)nds or propertyM @+ =e is re>)ired #y la! or reg)lation to render a((o)nt to the Co ission on A)dit& or to a provin(ial a)ditorM -+ =e %ails to do so %or a period o% t!o onths a%ter s)(h a((o)nts sho)ld #e rendered+
Malversation4Art+ 2135 ')nds or property )s)ally p)#li( <%%ender is )s)ally a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho is a((o)nta#le %or the p)#li( %)ndsAproperty
Esta%a !ith A#)se o% Con%iden(e 4Art+ @1/5 ')ndsApropertyare al!ays private <%%ender is a private individ)al or even a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho is not a((o)nta#le %or p)#li( %)ndsAproperty
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.e and %or a((o)nting is not ne(essary+ It is also not essential that there #e isappropriation #e(a)se i% present& the (ri e !o)ld #e alversation+
Arti(le 21; D 'ail)re o% a Responsi#le P)#li( <%%i(er to Render A((o)nts 0e%ore Leaving the Co)ntry
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e is an a((o)nta#le o%%i(er %or p)#li( %)nds or propertyM @+ =e )nla!%)lly leaves or atte pts to leave the Philippine Islands !itho)t se()ring a (erti%i(ate %ro the Co ission on A)dit sho!ing that his a((o)nts have #een %inally settled+
Arti(le 221 D 'ail)re to Ma,e .elivery o% P)#li( ')nds or Property

Mode 1+ 'ailing to a,e pay ent #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho is )nder o#ligation to a,e s)(h pay ent %ro govern ent %)nds in his possessionM Mode 2+ Re%)sing to a,e delivery #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho has #een ordered #y (o petent a)thority to deliver any property in his ()stody or )nder his ad inistration+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
*he p)rpose o% the la! is to dis(o)rage responsi#le or a((o)nta#le o%%i(ers %ro leaving !itho)t %irst li>)idating their a((o)nta#ility+ It is not ne(essary that they really isappropriated p)#li( %)nds+
Arti(le 220 D Illegal $se o% P)#li( ')nds or Property

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ *here are p)#li( %)nds or property )nder his ad inistrationM @+ S)(h %)nd or property !ere appropriated #y la! or ordinan(eM -+ =e applies s)(h p)#li( %)nd or property to any p)#li( )se other than %or !hi(h it !as appropriated %or+
Ele ents7 1+ P)#li( o%%i(er has govern ent %)nds in his possessionM 2+ =e is )nder o#ligation to either7 a+ a,e pay ent %ro s)(h %)ndsM #+ to deliver any property in his ()stody or )nder his ad inistration @+ =e %ails to a,e the pay ent or re%)ses to a,e delivery ali(io)sly+ -+ =e %ails to a,e the pay ent ali(io)sly+
Arti(le 222 D <%%i(ers In(l)ded in the Pre(eding Provisions

1+ Private individ)al !ho& in any (apa(ity& have (harge o% any national& provin(ial or )ni(ipal %)nds& reven)e& or property 2+ Ad inistrator or depositary o% %)nds or property that has #een atta(hed& sei?ed or deposited #y p)#li( a)thority& even i% o!ned #y a private individ)al+ : :
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Illegal )se o% p)#li( %)nds or property is also ,no!n as te(hni(al alversation+ *he ter te(hni(al alversation is )sed #e(a)se in this (ri e& the %)nd or property involved is already appropriated or ear ar,ed %or a (ertain p)#li( p)rpose+ Malversation vs+ *e(hni(al Malversation
Sheri%%s and re(eivers %all )nder the ter 8ad inistrator9 A ")di(ial ad inistrator in (harge o% settling the estate o% the de(eased is not (overed #y the arti(le
Malversation 4Art+ 2135 *heo%%ender isappropriates p)#li(%)ndsor property %or his o!n personal)se&or allo!sanyother person to ta,e s)(h %)nds or property %or thelatterFso!n personal )se+
*e(hni(al alversation 4Art+ 2205 *hep)#li(o%%i(er applies the p)#li( %)nds or property )nder his ad inistrationto anotherp)#li()se di%%erent %ro that %or !hi(h the p)#li( %)nd !as appropriated #y la! or ordinan(e+
Chapter V7 In%idelity o% P)#li( <%%i(ers
Arti(le 22@ D Conniving With or Consenting to Evasion

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e had in his ()stody or (harge a prisoner& either detention prisoner or prisoner #y %inal ")dg entM @+ S)(h prisoner es(aped %ro his ()stodyM -+ =e !as in (onnivan(e !ith the prisoner in the latterFs es(ape+
Classes o% prisoners involved 1+ *hose !ho have #een senten(ed #y %inal ")dg ent to any penaltyM 2+ .etention prisoners !ho are te porarily held in ()stody %or any (ri e or violation o% la! or )ni(ipal ordinan(e+ *his in(l)des allo!ing prisoners to sleep and eat in the o%%i(erFs ho)se or )tili?es the prisonerFs servi(es %or do esti( (hores+ *he release o% a detention prisoner !ho (o)ld not #e delivered to ")di(ial a)thorities !ithin the ti e %i:ed #y la! is not in%idelity in the ()stody o% a prisoner+
detention prisoner& is not the ()stodian& the (ri e is delivering prisoners %ro "ail )nder Arti(le 1/2+ : *he party !ho is not the ()stodian #)t !ho (onspired !ith the ()stodian in allo!ing the prisoner to es(ape does not (o it in%idelity in the ()stody o% the prisoner+ =e (o its the (ri e o% delivering prisoners %ro "ail+ Art+ 22/ not appli(a#le i% a private person !as the one !ho ade the arrest and he (onsented to the es(ape o% the person he arrested+
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Arti(le 22- D Evasion thro)gh Negligen(e

4as,ed / ti es5 Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e is (harged !ith the (onveyan(e or ()stody o% a prisoner or prisoner #y %inal ")dg entM @+ S)(h prisoner es(apes thro)gh negligen(e+ : *his (overs only positive (arelessness and de%inite la:ity !hi(h a o)nts to deli#erate nonDper%or an(e o% d)ties+ *he %a(t that the p)#li( o%%i(er re(apt)red the prisoner !ho had es(aped %ro his ()stodydoesnota%%ord(o plete e:()lpation+
People v+ Rodillas : Poli(e an Rodillas es(orted detained prisoner Sa(ris to the (o)rt+ : A%ter the (o)rt ad"o)rned he let her eat l)n(h !ith her %a ily& per itted her to go to the ladies !ashroo )nes(orted and a%ter her es(ape& did not report it i ediately to his s)periors& instead he !ent aro)nd loo,ing %or her+ : SC held that he is g)ilty o% the (ri e in Art 22- %or #eing negligent in the per%or an(e o% his d)ties !hi(h ade the es(ape o% Sa(ris possi#le+
Arti(le 222 D Re oval& Con(eal ent& or .estr)(tion o% .o() ents

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e a#stra(ts& destroys or (on(eals a do() ent or papersM @+ Said do() ent or papers sho)ld have #een entr)sted to s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er #y reason o% his o%%i(eM -+ .a age& !hether serio)s or not& to a third party or to the p)#li( interest has #een (a)sed+
*he lia#ility o% an es(aping prisoner7 a+ I% he is a prisoner #y %inal ")dg ent& he is lia#le %or evasion o% servi(e 4Art+ 1/35 #+ I% he is a detention prisoner& he does not in()r(ri inallia#ility4)nless (ooperating !ith the o%%ender5+
Arti(le 22/ D Es(ape o% Prisoner )nder the C)stody o% a Person Not a P)#li( <%%i(er
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a private personM 2+ *he (onveyan(e or ()stody o% a prisoner or person )nder arrest is (on%ided to hi M @+ *he prisoner or person )nder arrest es(apesM -+ <%%ender (onsents to the es(ape& or that the es(ape ta,es pla(e thro)gh his negligen(e+
I% the o%%ender !ho aided or (onsented to the prisonerFs es(aping %ro (on%ine ent& !hether the prisoner is a (onvi(t or a
: :
Can only #e (o itted #y the p)#li( o%%i(er !ho is ade the ()stodian o% the do() ent in his o%%i(ial (apa(ity+ I% the o%%i(er !as pla(ed in possession o% the do() ent #)t it is not his d)ty to #e the ()stodian thereo%& this (ri e is not (o itted+ *he do() ent )st #e (o plete and one #y !hi(h a right (o)ld #e esta#lished or an o#ligation (o)ld #e e:ting)ished+ I% the !ritings are ere %or s& there is no (ri e+ .a age to p)#li( interest is ne(essary+
: :
=o!ever& aterial da age is not ne(essary+ Re oval is (ons) ated )pon ta,ing or se(reting a!ay o% the do() ent %ro its )s)al pla(e+ It is i aterial !hether or not the illi(it p)rpose o% the o%%ender has #een a((o plished *his (o)ld (over %ail)re on the part o% the post o%%i(e to %or!ard the letters to their destination+ .a age in this arti(le ay (onsist in ere alar to the p)#li( or in the alienation o% its (on%iden(e in any #ran(h o% the govern ent servi(e+
Arti(le 22; D Revelation o% Se(rets #y an <%%i(er

Mode 1+ Revealing any se(rets ,no!n to the o%%ending p)#li( o%%i(er #y reason o% his o%%i(ial (apa(ityM
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM #+ =e ,no!s o% a se(ret #y reason o% his o%%i(ial (apa(ityM (+ =e reveals s)(h se(ret !itho)t a)thority or ")sti%ia#le reasonsM d+ .a age& great or s all& is (a)sed to the p)#li( interest+
Arti(le 223 D <%%i(er 0rea,ing Seal

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e is (harged !ith the ()stody o% papers or propertyM @+ *hese papers or property are sealed #y proper a)thorityM -+ =e #rea,s the seal or per its the to #e #ro,en+
Mode 2+
.elivering !rong%)lly papers or (opies o% papers o% !hi(h he ay have (harge and !hi(h sho)ld not #e p)#lished+
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In R#rea,ing o% sealR& the !ord R#rea,ingR sho)ld not #e given a literal eaning+ Even i% a(t)ally& the seal !as not #ro,en& #e(a)se the ()stodian anaged to open the par(el !itho)t #rea,ing the seal+ *he ele ent o% da age is not re>)ired+
Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM #+ =e has (harge o% papersM (+ *hose papers sho)ld not #e p)#lishedM d+ =e delivers those papers or (opies thereo% to a third personM e+ *he delivery is !rong%)lM %+ .a age is (a)sed to p)#li( interest+
Arti(le 226 D <pening o% Closed .o() ents

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ Any (losed papers& do() ents& or o#"e(ts are entr)sted to his ()stodyM @+ =e opens or per its to #e opened said (losed papers& do() ents or o#"e(tsM -+ =e does not have proper a)thority+ : :
: : :
Espionage is not (onte plated in this arti(le sin(e revelation o% se(rets o% the State to a #elligerent nation is already de%ined in Art 113 and CA 212+ Se(rets )st a%%e(t p)#li( interest+ Se(rets o% private persons are not in(l)ded+ 8Charge97 eans ()stody or (ontrol+ I% he is erely entr)sted !ith the papers and not !ith the ()stody thereo%& he is not lia#le )nder this arti(le+
*he a(t sho)ld not %all )nder 223+ .a age also not ne(essary
I% the papers (ontain se(rets !hi(h sho)ld not #e p)#lished& and the p)#li( o%%i(er having (harge thereo% re oves and delivers the !rong%)lly to a third person& the (ri e is revelation o% se(rets+ <n the other hand& i% the papers do not (ontain se(rets& their re oval %or an illi(it p)rpose is in%idelity in the ()stody o% do() ents+ .a age is essential to the a(t (o itted+
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Revelation <% Se(rets 0y An <%%i(er 4Art+ 22;5 Re oval& Con(eal ent or .estr)(tion o% .o() ents 4Art+ 2225 *he papers do not (ontain se(rets #)t their re oval is %or an illi(it p)rpose+
Arti(le 2@2 D .iso#edien(e to the <rder o% S)perior <%%i(er When Said <rder Was S)spended #y In%erior <%%i(er
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ An order is iss)ed #y his s)perior %or e:e()tionM @+ =e has %or any reason s)spended the e:e()tion o% s)(h orderM -+ =is s)perior disapproves the s)spension o% the e:e()tion o% the orderM /+ <%%ender diso#eys his s)perior despite the disapproval o% the s)spension+
*hepapers(ontain se(rets and there%ore sho)ld not #e p)#lished& and the p)#li( o%%i(er having (harge thereo% re oves and delivers the !rong%)lly to a third person+
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Arti(le 2@0 D P)#li( <%%i(ers Revealing Se(rets o% Private Individ)als

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e ,no!s o% the se(rets o% a private individ)al #y reason o% his o%%i(eM @+ =e reveals s)(h se(rets !itho)t a)thority or ")sti%ia#le reason+ : : Revelation to one person is s)%%i(ient When the o%%ender is a p)#li( attorney or a soli(itor& the a(t o% revealing the se(ret sho)ld not #e (overed #y Art 20;+ .a age to private individ)al is not ne(essary+ *he reason %or this provision is to )phold %aith and tr)st in p)#li( servi(e+
*his does not apply i% the order o% the s)perior is illegal+
Arti(le 2@@ D Re%)sal o% Assistan(e

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ A (o petent a)thority de ands %ro the o%%ender that he lend his (ooperation to!ards the ad inistration o% ")sti(e or other p)#li( servi(eM @+ <%%ender %ails to do so ali(io)sly+ : :
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ChapterVI7<ther<%%enses Irreg)larities #y P)#li( <%%i(ers Arti(le 2@1 D <pen .iso#edien(e

Ele ents7 1+ <%%i(er is a ")di(ial or e:e()tive o%%i(erM 2+ *here is a ")dg ent& de(ision or order o% a s)perior a)thorityM @+ S)(h ")dg ent& de(ision or order !as ade !ithin the s(ope o% the ")risdi(tion o% the s)perior a)thority and iss)ed !ith all the legal %or alitiesM -+ =e& !itho)t any legal ")sti%i(ation& openly re%)ses to e:e()te the said ")dg ent& de(ision or order& !hi(h he is d)ty #o)nd to o#ey+
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*he re>)est )st (o e %ro one p)#li( o%%i(er to another+ I% he re(eives (onsideration there%ore& #ri#ery is (o itted+ 0)t ere de and !ill %all )nder the prohi#ition )nder the provision o% Rep)#li( A(t No+ @01; 4AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t5+
Arti(le 2@- D Re%)sal to .is(harge Ele(tive <%%i(e

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is ele(ted #y pop)lar ele(tion to a p)#li( o%%i(eM 2+ =e re%)ses to #e s!orn in or to dis(harge the d)ties o% said o%%i(eM @+ *here is no legal otive %or s)(h re%)sal to #e s!orn in or to dis(harge the d)ties o% said o%%i(e+
<n(e an individ)al is ele(ted to an o%%i(e #y the !ill o% the people& dis(harge o% d)ties #e(o es a atter o% d)ty& not only a right+ *his only applies %or ele(tive& not appointive o%%i(ers+
Arti(le 2@/ D Maltreat ent o% Prisoners

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM 2+ =e has )nder his (harge a prisoner or detention prisonerM @+ =e altreats s)(h prisoner in either o% the %ollo!ing anners7 a+ 0y overdoing hi sel% in the (orre(tion or handling o% a prisoner or detention prisoner )nder his (harge either i+ 0y the i position o% p)nish ent not a)thori?ed #y the reg)lationsM ii+ 0y in%li(ting s)(h p)nish ents 4those a)thori?ed5 in a (r)el and h) iliating annerM #+ 0y altreating s)(h prisoners to e:tort a (on%essionortoo#tainso e in%or ation %ro the prisoner+
Arti(le 2@3 D Prolonging Per%or an(e o% .)ties and Po!ers

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is holding a p)#li( o%%i(eM 2+ *he period provided #y la!& reg)lations or spe(ial provision %or holding s)(h o%%i(e& has already e:piredM @+ =e (ontin)es to e:er(ise the d)ties and po!ers o% s)(h o%%i(e+ :
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
*he o%%enders here (an #e those s)spended& separated& de(lared overDaged& or dis issed+
Arti(le 2@6 D A#andon ent o% <%%i(e or Position

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e %or ally resigns %ro his positionM @+ =is resignation has not yet #een a((eptedM -+ =e a#andons his o%%i(e to the detri ent o% the p)#li( servi(e+ : 'or the resignation to #e %or al& it has to #e in !ritten %or + *he o%%ense is >)ali%ied !hen the p)rpose o% the a#andon ent is to evade the dis(harge o% d)ties o% preventing& prose()ting& p)nishing any o% the (ri es %alling !ithin *itle <ne and Chapter <ne o% *itle *hree o% #oo, t!o o% the RPC+
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*his is (o itted only #y s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er (harged !ith dire(t ()stody o% the prisoner+ <%%ender ay also #e held lia#le %or physi(al in")ries or da age (a)sed+ I% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not the ()stodian o% the prisoner& and he anhandles the latter& the (ri e is physi(al in")ries+
*he o%%ended party (an either #e a (onvi(t #y %inal ")dg ent or a detention prisoner+ *o #e (onsidered a detention prisoner& the person arrested )st #e pla(ed in "ail even %or ")st a short !hile+ *he altreat ent does not really re>)ire physi(al in")ries+ Any ,ind o% p)nish ent not a)thori?ed or altho)gh a)thori?ed i% e:e()ted in e:(ess o% the pres(ri#ed degree+ I% the altreat ent !as done in order to e:tort (on%ession& the penalty is >)ali%ied to the ne:t higher degree+
A#andon ent o% <%%i(e or Position 4Art+ 2@65 Co itted #y any p)#li( o%%i(er
.ereli(tion o% .)ty 4Art+ 2065 Co itted only #y p)#li( o%%i(ers !ho have the d)tytoinstit)te prose()tion%orthe p)nish ent o% violations o% the la! P)#li( o%%i(er does not a#andon his o%%i(e #)t erely %ails to prose()te a violation o% the la!+
Arti(le 2@2 D Anti(ipation o% .)ties o% a P)#li( <%%i(er

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is entitled to hold a p)#li( o%%i(e or e ploy ent&either#yele(tionor appoint entM 2+ *he la! re>)ires that he sho)ld %irst #e s!orn in andAor sho)ld %irst give a #ondM @+ =e ass) es the per%or an(e o% the d)ties and po!ers o% s)(h o%%i(eM -+ =e has not ta,en his oath o% o%%i(e andAor given the #ond re>)ired #y la!+
*hereisa(t)al a#andon ent thro)gh resignation toevadethe dis(harge o% d)ties+
Arti(le 2@; D $s)rpation o% Legislative Po!ers

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is an e:e()tive or ")di(ial o%%i(erM 2+ *hat he7 a+ a,es general r)les or reg)lations #eyond the s(ope o% his a)thorityM or #+ atte pts to repeal a la!M or (+ s)spends the e:e()tion thereo%+ :
(ontin)ing the pro(eedingM /+ =e (ontin)es the pro(eeding+ : *he diso#edient o%%i(er is lia#le even i% the ")risdi(tional >)estion is resolved in his %avor+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 2-@ D <rders or Re>)est #y E:e()tive <%%i(er to Any B)di(ial A)thority

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is an e:e()tive o%%i(erM 2+ =e addresses any order or s)ggestion to any ")di(ial a)thorityM @+ *he order or s)ggestion relates to any (ase or #)siness (o ing !ithin the e:(l)sive ")risdi(tion o% the (o)rts o% ")sti(e+ :
Arts 2@;D2-1 p)nish inter%eren(e #y p)#li( o%%i(ers o% the e:e()tive or ")di(iary !ith the %)n(tions o% another depart ent o% govern ent to ,eep the !ithin legiti ate (on%ines o% their respe(tive ")risdi(tions+ Legislative o%%i(ers are not lia#le %or )s)rpation o% po!ers+
Arti(le 2-0 D $s)rpation o% E:e()tive ')n(tions

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a ")dgeM 2+ *hat he7 a+ ass) es a po!er pertaining to the e:e()tive a)thorities& or #+ o#str)(ts the e:e()tive a)thorities in the la!%)l e:er(ise o% their po!ers+
*hep)rposeisto aintainthe independen(e o% the ")di(iary %ro di(tations+
e:e()tive
Arti(le 2-- D $nla!%)l Appoint ents

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e no inates or appoints a person to a p)#li( o%%i(eM @+ S)(h person la(,s the legal >)ali%i(ations there%oreM -+ <%%ender ,no!s that his no inee or appointee la(,s the >)ali%i(ation at the ti e he ade the no ination or appoint ent+
Arti(le 2-1 ')n(tions
$s)rpation
o%
B)di(ial
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is an o%%i(er o% the e:e()tive #ran(h o% the govern entM 2+ *hat he7 a+ ass) es ")di(ial po!ers& or #+ o#str)(ts the e:e()tion o% any order or de(ision rendered #y any ")dge !ithin his ")risdi(tion+
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*his (an also #e (overed #y RA @01;+ Re(o ending& ,no!ing that the person re(o ended is not >)ali%ied is not a (ri e+ *here )st #e a la! providing %or the >)ali%i(ations o% a person to #e no inated or appointed to a p)#li( o%%i(e+
Arti(le 2-/ D A#)ses against Chastity Arti(le 2-2 D .iso#eying Re>)est %or .is>)ali%i(ation
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ A pro(eeding is pending #e%ore s)(h p)#li( o%%i(erM @+ *here is a >)estion #ro)ght #e%ore the proper a)thority regarding his ")risdi(tion& !hi(h is not yet de(idedM -+ =e has #een la!%)lly re>)ired to re%rain %ro Mode 1+ Soli(iting or a,ing i oral or inde(ent advan(es to a !o an interested in atters pending #e%ore the o%%ending o%%i(er %or de(ision& or !ith respe(t to !hi(h he is re>)ired to s)# it a report to or (ons)lt !ith a s)perior o%%i(erM
Mode 2+ Soli(iting or a,ing i oral or inde(ent advan(es to a !o an )nder the o%%enderFs ()stodyM
Mode @+ Soli(iting or a,ing i oral or inde(ent advan(es to the !i%e& da)ghter& sister or relative !ithin the sa e degree #y a%%inity o% any person in the ()stody o% the o%%ending !arden or o%%i(er+ Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(erM 2+ =e soli(its or a,es i oral or inde(ent advan(es to a !o anM @+ S)(h !o an is I a+ interested in atters pending #e%ore the o%%ender %or de(ision& or !ith respe(t to !hi(h he is re>)ired to s)# it a report to or (ons)lt !ith a s)perior o%%i(erM or #+ )nder the ()stody o% the o%%ender !ho is a !arden or other p)#li( o%%i(er dire(tly (harged !ith the (are and ()stody o% prisoners or persons )nder arrestM or (+ the !i%e& da)ghter& sister or relative !ithin the sa e degree #y a%%inity o% the person in the ()stody o% the o%%ender+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
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*he (ri e is (ons) ated #y ere proposal+ *he other o% the person in the ()stody o% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not in(l)ded #)t the o%%ender ay #e prose()ted )nder the Se(tion 26 o% RA @01; 4AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t5+ I% the o%%ender !ere not the ()stodian& then (ri e !o)ld %all )nder Rep)#li( A(t No+ @01; 4*he AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t5+ Soli(it7 eans to propose earnestly and persistently so ething )n(haste and i oral to a !o an+ *he advan(es )st #e i oral or inde(ent+ Proo% o% soli(itation is not ne(essary !hen there is se:)al inter(o)rse+ A#)se against (hastity is not a#sor#ed in rape #e(a)se the #asis o% penali?ing the a(ts is di%%erent %ro ea(h other+
*itle VIII+ CRIMES against PERS<NS
*itle VIII+ Cri es against Persons
1+ Parri(ide 4Art+ 2-25M 2+ .eath or physi(al in")ries in%li(ted )nder e:(eptional (ir() stan(es 4Art+ 2-35M @+ M)rder 4Art+ 2-65M -+ =o i(ide 4Art+ 2-;5M /+ .eath (a)sed in a t) )lt)o)s a%%ray 4Art+ 2/15M 2+ Physi(al in")ries in%li(ted in a t) )lt)o)s a%%ray 4Art+ 2/25M 3+ 1iving assistan(e to s)i(ide 4Art+ 2/@5M 6+ .is(harge o% %irear s 4Art+ 2/-5M ;+ In%anti(ide 4Art+ 2//5M 10+ Intentional a#ortion 4Art+ 2/25M 11+ $nintentional a#ortion 4Art+ 2/35M 12+ A#ortion pra(ti(ed #y the !o an hersel% or #y her parents 4Art+ 2/65M 1@+ A#ortion pra(ti(ed #y a physi(ian or id!i%e and dispensing o% a#ortives 4Art+ 2/;5M 1-+ .)el 4Art+ 2205M 1/+ Challenging to a d)el 4Art+ 2215M 12+ M)tilation 4Art+ 2225M 13+ Serio)s physi(al in")ries 4Art+ 22@5M 16+ Ad inistering in")rio)s s)#stan(es or #everages 4Art+ 22-5M 1;+ Less serio)s physi(al in")ries 4Art+ 22/5M 20+ Slight physi(al in")ries and altreat ent 4Art+ 2225M and 21+ Rape 4Art+ 222DA5
Essential ele ent7 relationship o% o%%ender !ith the vi(ti M e:(ept %or spo)ses& only relatives #y #lood and in dire(t line+ =en(e& adopted are not in(l)ded+ 4Reyes5
132
: S)pre e Co)rt r)led that M)sli h)s#ands !ith several !ives (an #e (onvi(ted o% parri(ide only in (ase the %irst !i%e is ,illed+ Parri(ide !hen the penalty shall not #e re(l)sion perpet)a to death7 1+ Re(,less or si ple i pr)den(e 4Art+ @2/5 2+ Parri(ide #y ista,e 4Art+ -;5 @+ Parri(ide )nder e:(eptional (ir() stan(es 4Art+ 2-35
CRIMINAL LAW 2
People vs+ .alag7 : A stranger !ho (ooperates and ta,es part in the (o ission o% the (ri e o% parri(ide& is not g)ilty o% parri(ide #)t only ho i(ide or )rder& as the (ase ay #e+ : *he ,ey ele ent in parri(ide is the relationship o% the o%%ender !ith the vi(ti + : Ergo& the %a(t o% the relationship sho)ld #e alleged in the in%or ation+
Arti(le 2-3 D .eath or Physi(al In")ries $nder E:(eptional Cir() stan(es

4as,ed 6 ti es5 A#o)t this *itle7 : *he essen(e o% (ri es involves the ta,ing o% h) an li%e& destr)(tion o% the %et)s& or in%li(ting in")ries+ Ele ents7 1+ A legally arried person& or a parent& s)rprises his spo)se or his da)ghter& the latter )nder 16 years o% age and living !ith hi in the a(t o% se:)al inter(o)rse !ith another personM 2+ =e or she ,ills any or #oth o% the & or in%li(ts )pon any or #oth o% the any serio)s physi(al in")ry in the a(t or i ediately therea%terM @+ =e has not pro oted or %a(ilitated the prostit)tion o% his !i%e or da)ghter& or that she has not (onsented to the in%idelity o% the other spo)se+
Chapter I7 .estr)(tion o% Li%e Arti(le 2-2 D Parri(ide

4as,ed 10 ti es5 Ele ents7 1+ Person is ,illedM 2+ .e(eased is ,illed #y the a(()sedM @+ .e(eased is the a+ legiti ateAillegiti ate %ather #+ legiti ateAillegiti ate other (+ legiti ateAillegiti ate (hild : sho)ld not #e less than @ days old& other!ise (ri e is in%anti(ide d+ other legiti ate as(endant e+ other legiti ate des(endant %+ legiti ate spo)se
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8living !ith parent4s59 is )nderstood to #e in their o!n d!elling+ *he rationale %or p)nishing this #ehavio)r is e #arrass ent and h) iliation done to the parent and parental a#ode+ I% done in a otel& arti(le does not apply+ _s)rpriseF eans 8to (o e )pon s)ddenly and )ne:pe(tedly9
Arti(le does not apply7 I% the s)rprising too, pla(e #e%ore any a(t)al se:)al inter(o)rse (o)ld #e done+ Penalty o% destierro %or ,iller spo)se is eant to prote(t hi %ro a(ts o% reprisal #y relatives o% dead spo)se+ No (ri inal lia#ility !hen less serio)s or slight physi(al in")ries are in%li(ted+
People v+ P)edan : Eviden(e o% the vi(ti Fs pro is()ity is in(onse>)ential to the ,illing+ : *he o%%ender )st prove that he a(t)ally s)rprised his !i%e and Zher para o)r[ in %lagrante deli(to& and that he ,illed the an d)ring or i ediately therea%ter+
e:plosion& ship!re(,& stranding o% a vessel& derail ent or assa)lt )pon a railroad& %all o% an airship& #y eans o% otor vehi(les& or !ith the )se o% any other eans involving great !aste and r)inM d+ on o((asion o% any o% the (ala ities en) erated in the pre(eding paragraph& or o% an earth>)a,e& er)ption o% a vol(ano& destr)(tive (y(lone& epide i(& or any other p)#li( (ala ityM e+ !ith evident pre editationM %+ !ith (r)elty& #y deli#erately and inh) anly a)g enting the s)%%ering o% the vi(ti & or o)traging or s(o%%ing at his person or (orpse+ -+ *he ,illing is not parri(ide or in%anti(ide+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
People v+ A#ar(a : *he ,illing )st #e the dire(t res)lt o% the o)trage s)%%ered #y the ()(,olded h)s#and+ : Altho)gh a#o)t one ho)r had passed #et!een the ti e the a(()sed dis(overed his !i%e having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith the vi(ti and the ti e the latter !as a(t)ally ,illed& : it !as held that Arti(le 2-3 !as appli(a#le& as the shooting !as a (ontin)ation o% the p)rs)it o% the vi(ti #y the a(()sed+ : In%li(tingdeath)ndere:(eptional (ir() stan(es is not )rder+ : *!o other persons s)%%ered physi(al in")ries as they !ere (a)ght in the (ross%ire !hen the a(()sed shot the vi(ti + : A (o ple: (ri e o% do)#le %r)strated )rder !as not (o itted as the a(()sed did not have the intent to ,ill the t!o vi(ti s+ : =ere& the a(()sed did not (o it )rder !hen he %ired at the para o)r o% his !i%e+ : No a#erratio i(t)s #e(a)se he !as a(ting la!%)lly+
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<ne attendant >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e is eno)gh+ I% there are ore than one alleged in the in%or ation %or )rder& only one !ill >)ali%y the ,illing to )rder and the other (ir() stan(es !ill #e ta,en as generi(+ Any o% the >)ali%ying (ir() stan(es en) erated in Art+ 2-6 )st #e alleged in the in%or ation+ When the other (ir() stan(es are a#sor#ed or in(l)ded in one >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e& they (annot #e (onsidered as generi( aggravating+ When the vi(ti is already dead& intent to ,ill #e(o es irrelevant+ It is i portant only i% the vi(ti did not die to deter ine i% the %elony is physi(al in")ry or atte pted or %r)strated ho i(ide+
Arti(le 2-6 D M)rder

4as,ed 20 ti es5 Ele ents7 1+ Person !as ,illedM 2+ A(()sed ,illed hi M @+ Jilling attended #y any o% the %ollo!ing >)ali%ying (ir() stan(es I a+ !ith trea(hery& ta,ing advantage o% s)perior strength& !ith the aid or ar ed en& or e ploying eans to !ea,en the de%ense& or o% eans or persons to ins)re or a%%ord i p)nityM #+ in (onsideration o% a pri(e& re!ard or pro iseM (+ #y eans o% in)ndation& %ire& poison&
*REAC=ERC : *he essen(e o% trea(hery is that the o%%ended party !as denied the (han(e to de%end hi sel% #e(a)se o% the eans& ethods& deli#erately adopted #y the o%%ender and !ere not erely in(idental to the ,illing+ : Jilling o% a (hild o% tender age is )rder >)ali%ied #y trea(hery+ : A#)se o% s)perior strength is inherent in and (o prehended #y the (ir() stan(e o% trea(hery or %or s part o% trea(hery+
'IRE : When a person is ,illed #y %ire& the pri ordial (ri inal intent o% the o%%ender is (onsidered+ : I% the pri ordial (ri inal intent o% the o%%ender is to ,ill and %ire !as only )sed as a eans to do so& the (ri e is only )rder+ : I% the pri ordial (ri inal intent o% the o%%ender is to destroy property !ith the )se
o% pyrote(hni(s and in(identally& so e#ody !ithin the pre ises is ,illed& the (ri e is arson !ith ho i(ide& a single indivisi#le (ri e penali?ed )nder Arti(le @22& !hi(h is death as a (onse>)en(e o% arson+ People v+ P)gay and Sa son : Intent to ,ill )st #e present %or the )se o% %ire to #e appre(iated as a >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e+ : Intending to a,e %)n o% a entallyDdisa#led person& P)gay po)red gasoline on the latter !hile Sa son set hi on %ire+ *he vi(ti died+ : *here !as no ani osity #et!een the t!o a(()sed and the vi(ti s)(h that it (annot #e said that they resort to %ire to ,ill hi + : It !as erely a part o% their %)n a,ing #)t #e(a)se their a(ts !ere %elonio)s& they are (ri inally lia#le+
Arti(le 2-; D =o i(ide

4as,ed 12 ti es5 Ele ents7 1+ Person !as ,illedM 2+ <%%ender ,illed hi !itho)t any ")sti%ying (ir() stan(esM @+ <%%ender had the intention to ,ill& !hi(h is pres) edM -+ Jilling !as not attended #y any o% the >)ali%ying (ir() stan(es o% )rder& or #y that o% parri(ide or in%anti(ide
13CRIMINAL LAW 2
$se o% )nli(ensed %irear is an aggravating (ir() stan(e in ho i(ide+ In atte pted or %r)strated ho i(ide& there is intent to ,ill+ In physi(al in")ries& there is none+ =o!ever& i% as a res)lt o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(ted& the vi(ti died& the (ri e !ill #e ho i(ide #e(a)se the la! pres) es intent to ,ill and p)nishes the res)lt& and not the intent o% the a(t+ *he a(()sed !ill& ho!ever& #e entitled to the itigating (ir() stan(e o% la(, o% intent to (o it so grave a !rong+
P<IS<N : *rea(hery and evident pre editation are inherent in )rder #y poison only i% the o%%ender has the intent to ,ill the vi(ti #y )se o% poison+ EVI.EN* PREME.I*A*I<N : a(t o% the o%%ender ani%estly indi(ating that he (l)ng to his deter ination to ,ill his vi(ti : Evident pre editation is a#sor#ed in pri(e& re!ard or pro ise& i% !itho)t the pre editation the ind)(tor !o)ld not have ind)(ed the other to (o it the a(t #)t not as regards the one ind)(ed+
Physi(al in")ries s)%%i(ient to (a)se death are one o% the essential ele ents o% %r)strated ho i(ide+ In a((idental ho i(ide !herein death o% a person is #ro)ght a#o)t #y a la!%)l a(t per%or ed !ith proper (are and s,ill and !itho)t ho i(idal intent& there is no lia#ility+
People v+ 0)ens)(eso 41;6-5 : Pariseo *ayag !as shot dead #y several poli(e en in the (o)rse o% their p)rs)it to get his %an ,ni%e+ : Altho)gh it has not #een sho!n !hi(h o% the poli(e en %ired the %atal shot ea(h sho)ld #e held g)ilty o% )rder sin(e they are in (onspira(y to e%%e(t the death o% the vi(ti +
CR$EL*C : $nder Arti(le 1-& the generi( aggravating (ir() stan(e o% (r)elty re>)ires that the vi(ti #e alive& !hen the (r)el !o)nds !ere in%li(ted and& there%ore& there )st #e eviden(e to that e%%e(t+ : Cet& in )rder& aside %ro (r)elty& any a(t that !o)ld a o)nt to s(o%%ing or de(rying the (orpse o% the vi(ti !ill >)ali%y the ,illing to )rder+
People v+ Castillo : *here is no o%%ense o% %r)strated ho i(ide thro)gh i pr)den(e+ : A(()sed phar a(ist prepared the edi(ine on pres(ription #)t erroneo)sly )sed a highly poisono)s s)#stan(e+ : When ta,en #y the patient& the latter nearly died+ A(()sed is g)ilty only o% re(,less i pr)den(e res)lting in serio)s physi(al in")ries+ : *he ele ent o% intent to ,ill in %r)strated ho i(ide is in(o pati#le !ith negligen(e or i pr)den(e+
Arti(le 2/0 D Penalty %or Parri(ide& M)rder or =o i(ide

Co)rts ay i pose a penalty7 1+ 2 degrees lo!er %or %r)strated parri(ide& )rder& or ho i(ide 2+ @ degrees lo!er %or atte pted parri(ide& )rder& or ho i(ide+
'r)strated
Arti(le 2/1 D .eath Ca)sed in *) )lt)o)s A%%ray

Ele ents7 1+ *here are several personsM 2+ *hey do not (o pose gro)ps organi?ed %or the (o on p)rpose o% assa)lting and atta(,ing ea(h other re(ipro(allyM @+ *hese several persons >)arreled and assa)lted one another in a (on%)sed and t) )lt)o)s annerM -+ So eone !as ,illed in the (o)rse o% the a%%rayM /+ It (annot #e as(ertained !ho a(t)ally ,illed the de(easedM 2+ *he person or persons !ho in%li(ted serio)s physi(al in")ries or !ho )sed violen(e (an #e identi%ied+
Slight physi(al in")ry is (onsidered as inherent in a t) )lt)o)s a%%ray+
Arti(le 2/@ D 1iving Assistan(e to S)i(ide

Mode 17 Assisting another to (o it s)i(ide& !hether the s)i(ide is (ons) ated or notM Lending his assistan(e to another to (o it s)i(ide to the e:tent o% doing the ,illing hi sel%+
13/
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Mode 27
: : *) )lt)o)s a%%ray is a (o otion in a (on%)sed anner to an e:tent that it !o)ld not #e possi#le to identi%y !ho the ,iller is i% death res)lts& or !ho in%li(ted the serio)s physi(al in")ry& #)t the person or persons !ho )sed violen(e are ,no!n+ I% there is (onspira(y& this (ri e is not (o itted+ I% no#ody (o)ld still #e tra(ed to have e ployed violen(e )pon the vi(ti & no#ody !ill ans!er+ *he (ri es (o itted ight #e dist)r#an(e o% p)#li( order& or i% parti(ipants are ar ed& it (o)ld #e t) )lt)o)s dist)r#an(e& or i% property !as destroyed& it (o)ld #e ali(io)s is(hie%+
: :
: :
: :
1iving assistan(e to s)i(ide eans giving eans 4ar s& poison& et(+5 or !hatever anner o% positive and dire(t (ooperation 4intelle(t)al aid& s)ggestions regarding the ode o% (o itting s)i(ide& et(+5+ I% the person does the ,illing hi sel%& the penalty is si ilar to that o% ho i(ide& !hi(h is re(l)sion te poral+ *here (an #e no >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e #e(a)se the deter ination to die )st (o e %ro the vi(ti + *his does not (onte plate e)thanasia or er(y ,illing !here the (ri e is ho i(ide 4i% !itho)t (onsentM !ith (onsent& (overed #y Arti(le 2/@5+ *he person atte pting s)i(ide is not lia#le+ E)thanasia is not lending assistan(e to s)i(ide+ In e)thanasia& the vi(ti is not in a position to (o it s)i(ide+ A do(tor !ho resorts to e)thanasia o% his patient ay #e lia#le %or )rder+ 0)t i% the patient hi sel% as,s to #e ,illed #y his do(tor& this Arti(le applies+
Arti(le 2/2 D Physi(al In")ries Ca)sed in *) )lt)o)s A%%ray

Ele ents 1+ *here is a t) )lt)o)s a%%rayM 2+ A parti(ipant or so e parti(ipants thereo% s)%%ered serio)s physi(al in")ries or physi(al in")ries o% a less serio)s nat)re onlyM @+ *he person responsi#le thereo% (annot #e identi%iedM -+ All those !ho appear to have )sed violen(e )pon the person o% the o%%ended party are ,no!n+
Arti(le 2/- D .is(harge o% 'irear s

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender dis(harges a %irear against or at another person+ 2+ <%%ender has no intention to ,ill that person+ : : No (ri e i% %irear is not dis(harged+ It is essential %or prose()tion to prove that the dis(harge o% %irear !as dire(ted pre(isely against the o%%ended party+ I% there is intention to ,ill& it ay #e (lassi%ied as atte pted parri(ide& )rder& or ho i(ide+ No intent to ,ill i% the distan(e is 200 eters+ *here is a spe(ial (o ple: (ri e o% illegal dis(harge o% %irear !ith serio)s or less serio)s physi(al in")ries+
: : Physi(al in")ry sho)ld #e serio)s or less serio)s No (ri e o% physi(al in")ries res)lting %ro a t) )lt)o)s a%%ray i% the physi(al in")ry is only slight+ : :
Arti(le 2// D In%anti(ide

Ele ents7 1+ A (hild !as ,illed #y the a(()sedM 2+ *he de(eased (hild !as less than @ days old+ : I% the o%%ender is the parent and the vi(ti is less than three days old& the (ri e is in%anti(ide and not parri(ide+ *he %a(t that the ,illing !as done to (on(eal her dishonor !ill not itigate the (ri inal lia#ility any ore #e(a)se (on(eal ent o% dishonor in ,illing the (hild is not itigating in parri(ide+ <nly the other and aternal grandparents o% the (hild are entitled to the itigating (ir() stan(e o% (on(ealing the dishonor+ A stranger !ho (ooperates in the perpetration o% in%anti(ide (o itted #y the other or grandparent on the otherFs side& is lia#le %or in%anti(ide& #)t he )st s)%%er the penalty pres(ri#ed %or )rder+ Con(eal ent o% dishonor is not an ele ent o% in%anti(ide+ It erely lo!ers the penalty+ I% the (hild is a#andoned !itho)t any intent to ,ill and death res)lts as a (onse>)en(e& the (ri e (o itted is not in%anti(ide #)t a#andon ent )nder Arti(le 232+
A0<R*I<N vs+ IN'AN*ICI.E A0<R*I<NIN'AN*ICI.E 'et)s (o)ld not'et)s (o)ld s)stain an s)stain independentindependent li%e a%ter li%e+ No legal via#ility+separation %ro the otherFs !o #+ :
132
CRIMINAL LAW 2
: : :
: :
I% the other as a (onse>)en(e o% a#ortion s)%%ers death or physi(al in")ries& yo) have a (o ple: (ri e o% )rder or physi(al in")ries and a#ortion+ In intentional a#ortion& the o%%ender )st ,no! o% the pregnan(y #e(a)se the parti()lar (ri inal intent is to (a)se an a#ortion+ I% the !o an t)rns o)t not to #e pregnant and so eone per%or s an a#ortion )pon her& he is lia#le %or an i possi#le (ri e i% the !o an s)%%ers no physi(al in")ry+ I% she dies or s)%%ers in")ries& the (ri e !ill #e ho i(ide& serio)s physi(al in")ries& et(+ 'r)strated a#ortion is (o itted i% the %et)s that is e:pelled is via#le and& there%ore& not dead as a#ortion did not res)lt despite the e ploy ent o% ade>)ate and s)%%i(ient eans to a,e the pregnant !o an a#ort+
Arti(le 2/3 D $nintentional A#ortion

4as,ed @ ti es5
Arti(le 2/2 D Intentional A#ortion

Ele ents7 1+ *here is a pregnant !o anM 2+ Violen(e is e:erted& or dr)gs or #everages ad inistered& or that the a(()sed other!ise a(ts )pon s)(h pregnant !o anM @+ As a res)lt o% the )se o% violen(e or dr)gs or #everages )pon her& or any other a(t o% the a(()sed& the %et)s dies& either in the !o # or a%ter having #een e:pelled there%ro M -+ *he a#ortion is intended+ Ele ents7 1+ *here is a pregnant !o anM 2+ Violen(e is )sed )pon s)(h pregnant !o an !itho)t intending an a#ortionM @+ *he violen(e is intentionally e:ertedM -+ Res)lt o% violen(e I %et)s dies& either in the !o # or e:pelled there%ro :
Ways o% (o itting intentional a#ortion 1+ $sing any violen(e )pon the person o% the pregnant !o anM 2+ A(ting& #)t !itho)t )sing violen(e& !itho)t the (onsent o% the !o an+40y ad inistering dr)gs or #everages )pon s)(h pregnant !o an !itho)t her (onsent+5 @+ A(ting4#yad inisteringdr)gsor #everages5& !ith the (onsent o% the pregnant !o an+
$nintentional a#ortion re>)ires physi(al violen(e in%li(ted deli#erately and vol)ntarily #y a third person )pon the pregnant !o an& !itho)t intention to (a)se the a#ortion+ I% the pregnant !o an a#orted #e(a)se o% inti idation& the (ri e (o itted is not )nintentional a#ortion #e(a)se there is no violen(eM the (ri e (o itted is light threats+ I% the pregnant !o an !as ,illed #y violen(e #y her h)s#and& the (ri e (o itted is the (o ple: (ri e o% parri(ide !ith )nla!%)l a#ortion+ $nintentional a#ortion ay #e (o itted thro)gh negligen(e as it is eno)gh that the )se o% violen(e #e vol)ntary+ I% the a(t o% violen(e is not %elonio)s& that is& a(t o% sel%Dde%ense& and there is no
,no!ledge o% the !o anFs pregnan(y& there is no lia#ility+ People v+ Bose : Bose is de(lared g)ilty o% the (ri e o% )nintentional a#ortion thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e %or having #) ped a (alesa !hi(h res)lted in a pregnant !o an #) ping her a#do en against the !all o% the (alesa and event)ally led to an a#ortion+
Arti(le 2/; D A#ortion #y a Physi(ian or Mid!i%e and .ispensing o% A#ortives

Ele ents 1+ *here is a pregnant !o an !ho has s)%%ered an a#ortionM 2+ *he a#ortion is intendedM @+ <%%ender& !ho )st #e a physi(ian or id!i%e& (a)sed or assisted in (a)sing the a#ortionM -+ Said physi(ian or id!i%e too, advantage o% his or her s(ienti%i( ,no!ledge or s,ill+
133
CRIMINAL LAW 2
People v+ Sal)%rania 41;665 : Mere #o:ing o% the sto a(h ta,en together !ith the i ediate strangling o% the vi(ti in a %ight& is not s)%%i(ient proo% to sho! an intent to (a)se a#ortion+ : *he a(()sed )st have erely intended to ,ill the vi(ti #)t not ne(essarily to (a)se a#ortion+ : *he a(()sed is lia#le %or (o ple: (ri e o% parri(ide !ith )nintentional a#ortion %or it !as erely in(idental to the ,illing+
: I% the a#ortion is prod)(ed #y a physi(ian to save the li%e o% the other& there is no lia#ility+ : Arti(le p)nishes a phar a(ist !ho erely dispenses !ith an a#ortive !itho)t the proper pres(ription o% a physi(ian+ : I% phar a(ist ,ne! that the a#ortive !o)ld #e )se %or a#ortion& her !o)ld #e lia#le as an a((o pli(e in the (ri e o% a#ortion+
People v+ Carnaso : 'orthe(ri eo%a#ortion&even )nintentional& to #e held (o itted& the a(()sed )st have ,no!n o% the pregnan(y+
Arti(le 220 D Responsi#ility o% Parti(ipants in a .)el

Mode 1+ Mode 2+ Jilling oneFs adversary in a d)elM In%li(ting )pon s)(h adversary physi(al in")riesM Ma,ing a (o #at altho)gh no physi(al in")ries have #een in%li(ted+
Arti(le 2/6 D A#ortion Pra(ti(ed #y the Wo an =ersel% or #y Parents

Ele ents7 1+ *here is a pregnant !o an !ho has s)%%ered an a#ortionM 2+ A#ortion is intendedM @+ A#ortion is (a)sed #y I a+ *he pregnant !o an hersel%M #+ Any other person& !ith her (onsentM or (+ Any o% her parents& !ith her (onsent %or the p)rpose o%(on(ealing her dishono)r+
Mode @+
Persons lia#le 1+ *he person !ho ,illed or in%li(ted physi(al in")ries )pon his adversary& or #oth (o #atants in any other (ase& as prin(ipals+ 2+ *he se(onds& as a((o pli(es+ : .)el is a %or al or reg)lar (o #at previo)sly (onsented to #y t!o parties in the presen(e o% t!o or ore se(onds o% la!%)l age on ea(h side& !ho a,e the sele(tion o% ar s and %i: all the other (onditions o% the %ight to settle so e ante(edent >)arrel+ *here is no s)(h (ri e no!adays #e(a)se people hit ea(h other even !itho)t entering into any preD(on(eived agree ent+ *his is an o#solete provision+ I% these are not the (onditions o% the %ight& it is not a d)el in the sense (onte plated in the Revised Penal Code+ It !ill #e a >)arrel and anyone !ho ,illed the other !ill #e lia#le %or ho i(ide or )rder& as the (ase ay #e+
I% the p)rpose o% a#ortion is to (on(eal dishonor& itigation applies only to pregnant !o an and not to parents o% pregnant !o an& )nli,e in in%anti(ide+ I% the p)rpose o% parents is not to (on(eal dishonor& the (ri e is intentional a#ortion+
Arti(le 221 D Challenging to a .)el

Mode 1+ Challenging another to a d)elM Mode 2+ In(iting another to give or a((ept a (hallenge to a d)elM Mode @+ S(o%%ing at or de(rying another p)#li(ly %or having re%)sed to a((ept a (hallenge to %ight a d)el+ Persons Responsi#le )nder Art+ 2217 1+Challenger 2+Instigators People v+ *a(o oy : I% one (hallenges another to a d)el #y sho)ting 8Co e do!n& <ly pia& let )s eas)re yo)r pro!ess+ We !ill see !hose intestines !ill (o e o)t+ Co) are a (o!ard i% yo) do not (o e do!n9& the (ri e o% (hallenging to a d)el is not (o itted+ : What is (o itted is the (ri e o% light threats )nder Arti(le 26/& paragraph 1 o% the Revised Penal Code+
%or reprod)(tion and to deprive hi part o% the #ody
o% that
Arti(le 22@ D Serio)s Physi(al In")ries

4as,ed 2 ti es5 Modes o% Co ission7 1+ 0y !o)ndingM 2+ 0y #eatingM @+ 0y assa)ltingM or -+ 0y ad inistering in")rio)s s)#stan(e+ 4Art+ 22-5 Levels o% Penalty7 When the in")red person& in (onse>)en(e o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(tedP 15 #e(o es insane& i #e(ili(& i potent or #lind 25 loses the )se o% spee(h or the po!er to hear or to s ell& or loses an eye& a hand& a%oot& an ar & or a legM @5 loses the )se o% any s)(h e #erM -5 #e(o es in(apa(itated %or the !or, in !hi(h he !as thereto%ore ha#it)ally engaged& in (onse>)en(e o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(tedM
136
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Chapter II7 Physi(al In")ries Arti(le 222 D M)tilation

Mode 1+ Intentionally )tilating another #y depriving hi & either totally or partially& o% so e essential organ %or reprod)(tionM
/5 #e(o es de%or edM or 25 loses any other e #er o% his #odyM 35 loses the )se thereo%M or 65 #e(o es ill or in(apa(itated %or the per%or an(e o% the !or, in !hi(h he !as ha#it)ally engaged %or ore than ;0 days in (onse>)en(e o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(tedM ;5 #e(o es ill or in(apa(itated %or la#or %or ore than @0 days 4#)t )st not #e ore than ;0 days5& as a res)lt o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(ted+
Ele ents7 a+ *here #e a (astration& that is& )tilation o% organs ne(essary %or generation& s)(h as the penis or ovari) M #+ *he )tilation is (a)sed p)rposely and deli#erately Mode 2+ Intentionally a,ing other )tilation& that is& #y lopping or (lipping o%% any part o% the #ody o% the o%%ended party& other than the essential organ %or reprod)(tion& to deprive hi o% that part o% his #ody+
Arti(le 22- D Ad inistering S)#stan(es or 0everages

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender in%li(ted )pon another any serio)s physi(al in")ryM 2+ It !as done #y ,no!ingly ad inistering to hi any in")rio)s s)#stan(e or #everages or #y ta,ing advantage o% his !ea,ness o% ind or (red)lityM @+ =e had no intent to ,ill+
In")rio)s
Intent to )tilate )st #e esta#lished+ I% there is no intent& the (ri e is only serio)s physi(al in")ry+ CAS*RA*I<N D intentionally )tilating another #y depriving hi & either totally or partially& o% so e essential organ %or reprod)(tion MAC=EM D intentionally a,ing other )tilation other than so e essential organ
Physi(al In")ries vs+ Atte pted or 'r)strated ho i(ide
Physi(al In")ries
Atte pted or 'r)strated ho i(ide Atte ptedho i(ide ay #e (o itted& even i% no physi(al in")ries are in%li(ted+ *he o%%ender has an intent to ,ill the o%%ended party+
See Spe(ial La!7 RA 60-; 4*he AntiD=a?ing La!5
*he o%%ender in%li(ts physi(al in")ries+
Arti(le 22/ D Less Serio)s Physi(al In")ries

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ended party is in(apa(itated %or la#or %or 10 days or ore 4#)t not ore than @0 days5& or needs edi(al attendan(e %or the sa e period o% ti eM 2+ *he physi(al in")ries )st not #e those des(ri#ed in the pre(eding arti(les+
13;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
<%%ender has no intent to ,ill the o%%ended party :
: :
*he reason !hy there is no atte pted or %r)strated (ri e o% physi(al in")ries is #e(a)se this %elony is de%ined #y the gravity o% the in")ry+ It is a (ri e o% res)lt+ As long as there is no in")ry& there (an #e no atte pted or %r)strated stage thereo%+
Classi%i(ation o% physi(al in")ries7 1+ 0et!een less serio)s physi(al in")ries and serio)s physi(al in")ries& yo) do not (onsider the period o% edi(al treat ent+ Co) only (onsider the period !hen the o%%ended party is rendered in(apa(itated %or la#or+ 2+ When the in")ry (reated a de%or ity )pon the o%%ended party& yo) disregard the healing d)ration or the period o% edi(al treat ent involved+ At on(e& it is (onsidered serio)s physi(al in")ries+ @+ .e%or ity re>)ires the (on()rren(e o% the %ollo!ing (onditions7 a+ *he in")ry )st prod)(e )glinessM #+ It )st #e visi#leM (+ *he )gliness !ill not disappear thro)gh nat)ral healing pro(ess+ Ill)stration7 : Loss o% olar tooth I *his is not de%or ity as it is not visi#le+ : Loss o% per anent %ront tooth I *his is de%or ity as it is visi#le and per anent+ : Loss o% il, %ront tooth I *his is not de%or ity as it is visi#le #)t !ill #e nat)rally repla(ed+
H)ali%ied as to penalty 1+ A %ine not e:(eeding P /00+00& in addition to arresto ayor& !hen a+ *here is a ani%est intent to ins)lt or o%%end the in")red personM or #+ *hereare(ir() stan(esadding igno iny to the o%%ense+ 2+ A higher penalty is i posed !hen the vi(ti is either I a+ *he o%%enderFs parents& as(endants& g)ardians& ()rators or tea(hersM or #+ Persons o% ran, or person in a)thority& provided the (ri e is not dire(t assa)lt+
Arti(le 222 D Slight Physi(al In")ries and Maltreat ent

Mode 1+ Physi(al in")ries in(apa(itated the o%%ended party %or la#or %ro 1D; days&<Rre>)ired edi(al attendan(e d)ring the sa e periodM Physi(al in")ries !hi(h did not prevent the o%%ended party %ro engaging in his ha#it)al !or, or !hi(h did not re>)ire edi(al attendan(eM IllDtreat ent o% another #y deed !itho)t (a)sing any in")ry+
Mode 2+
Mode @+
: : Serio)s physi(al in")ries is p)nished !ith higher penalties in the %ollo!ing (ases7 1+ I% it is (o itted against any o% the persons re%erred to in the (ri e o% parri(ide )nder Arti(le 2-2M 2+ I% any o% the (ir() stan(es >)ali%ying )rder attended its (o ission+
*his involves even illDtreat ent !here there is no sign o% in")ry re>)iring edi(al treat ent+ Slapping the o%%ended party is a %or o% illD treat ent !hi(h is a %or o% slight physi(al in")ries+ 0)t i% the slapping is done to (ast dishonor )pon the person slapped& or to h) iliate or e #arrass the o%%ended party o)t o% a >)arrel or anger& the (ri e is slander #y deed+ 0et!een slight physi(al in")ries and less serio)s physi(al in")ries& not only the healing d)ration o% the in")ry !ill #e (onsidered #)t
: :
also the edi(al attendan(e re>)ired to treat the in")ry+ So the healing d)ration ay #e one to nine days& #)t i% the edi(al treat ent (ontin)es #eyond nine days& the physi(al in")ries !o)ld already >)ali%y as less serio)s physi(al in")ries+ *he edi(al treat ent ay have lasted %or nine days& #)t i% the o%%ended party is still in(apa(itated %or la#or #eyond nine days& the physi(al in")ries are already (onsidered less serio)s physi(al in")ries+ Where there is no eviden(e o% a(t)al in")ry& it is only slight physi(al in")ries+ In the a#sen(e o% proo% as to the period o% the o%%ended partyFs in(apa(ity %or la#or or o% the re>)ired edi(al attendan(e& the (ri e (o itted is slight physi(al in")ries+
into the genital or anal ori%i(e o% another personM @5 *he a(t o% se:)al assa)lt is a((o plished )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir() stan(es7 a+ 0y )sing %or(e or inti idationM or #+ When the !o an is deprived o% reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)sM or (+ 0y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hination or grave a#)se o% a)thorityM or d+ When the !o an is )nder 12 years o% age or de ented+
160
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Classi%i(ation o% rape 15 *raditional Rape : <%%ended party is al!ays a !o an : <%%ender is al!ays a an+ 25 Se:)al assa)lt : Rape (an no! #e (o itted #y a an or a !o an& that is& i% a !o an or a an )ses an instr) ent on anal ori%i(e o% ale& she or he (an #e lia#le %or rape+ : Inserting a %inger inside the genital o% a !o an is rape thro)gh se:)al assa)lt !ithin the (onte:t o% _o#"e(tF+
See Spe(ial La!7 RA 3210 4Spe(ial Prote(tion o% Children Against Child A#)se& E:ploitation and .is(ri ination A(t5
Arti(le 222DA D Rape 4a ended #y RA 6@/@5

4as,ed7 10:5 Mode 17 Rape thro)gh se:)al inter(o)rse !itho)t (onsent o% the !o an7 4*raditional Rape5
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a anM 2+ <%%ender had (arnal ,no!ledge o% a !o anM @+ S)(h a(t is a((o plished )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir() stan(es7 a+ 0y)sing%or(e&threator inti idationM #+ When the !o an is deprived o% reason or is other!ise )n(ons(io)sM (+ 0y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hination or grave a#)se o% a)thorityM d+ When the !o an is )nder 12 years o% age 4Stat)tory Rape5 or is de ented+
Penalties *raditional RapeSe:)al Assa)lt In general7 Re(l)sion In general7 Prision perpet)a ayor A+ Co itted7 15 !ith the )se o% a deadly !eaponM or 25 #y 2 or ore persons Re(l)sion perpet)a toPrision ayor to deathre(l)sion te poral 0+ Vi(ti #e(o es insane #y reason or on the o((asion o% rape Re(l)sion perpet)a toRe(l)sion te poral death C+ Rape is atte pted K ho i(ide is (o itted #y reason or on the o((asion thereo% Re(l)sion perpet)a toRe(l)sion te poral to deathre(l)sion perpet)a .+ Rape is (ons) ated K ho i(ide is (o itted #y reason or on the o((asion thereo% 4a spe(ial (o ple: (ri e5 .eathRe(l)sion perpet)a
Mode 27
Rape *hro)gh Se:)al Assa)lt
Ele ents7 15 <%%ender (o its an a(t o% se:)al assa)ltM 25 *he a(t o% se:)al assa)lt is (o itted #y any o% the %ollo!ing eans7 a+ 0y inserting his penis into another personSs o)th or anal ori%i(eM or #+ 0y inserting any instr) ent or o#"e(t
E+ Co itted !ith any o% the %%+ aggravating (ir() stan(es7 15 <n the VIC*IM7 a+ vi(ti is )nder 16 yrs+ old& K the o%%ender is a parent& as(endant& stepDparent& g)ardian& relative #y (onsang)inity or
rd
in(apa(itated Marriage o% the vi(ti !A one o% the o%%enders #ene%its not only the prin(ipal #)t also the a((o pli(esand a((essories
a%%inity !Ain the @ (ivil degree& or the (o on la! spo)se o% the parent o% the vi(ti #+ vi(ti is )nder the ()stody o% the poli(e A ilitary a)thorities A la! en%or(e ent agen(y (+ vi(ti is a religio)s and s)(h legiti ate vo(ation is ,no!n #y the o%%ender #e%ore or at the ti e o% rape d+ vi(ti is a (hild #elo! 3 yrs+ old e+ vi(ti s)%%ered per anent or physi(al )tilation or disa#ility #y reason or on the o((asion o% rape
Maritalrape re(ogni?ed : :
N<*
Marriage e:ting)ishes the penal a(tion only as to the prin(ipal 4the person !ho arried the vi(ti 5& and (annot #e e:tended to (oD prin(ipals in (ase o% M$L*IPLE RAPE Maritalrape re(ogni?ed
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Co plete penetration is N<* ne(essary+ *he slightest penetrationP(onta(t !ith the la#iaP!ill (ons) ate the rape+
25 <n the <''EN.ER7 a+ <%%ender is a%%li(ted !ith a se:)ally trans issi#le disease K the vir)s A disease is trans itted to the vi(ti #+ <%%ender is a e #er o% the A'P A PNP A any la! en%or(e ent agen(y A penal instit)tion& K too, advantage o% his position (+ <%%ender ,ne! o% the pregnan(y o% the o%%ended party at the ti e o% the (o ission o% rape d+ <%%ender ,ne! o% the ental disa#ility& e otional disorder& K A or physi(al handi(ap o% the o%%ended party at the ti e o% the (o ission o% rape
People v+ <rita : A soldier raped a 1;Dyear old st)dent #y po,ing a ,ni%e on her ne(,+ <nly a portion o% his penis entered her vagina #e(a)se the vi(ti ,ept on str)ggling )ntil she !as a#le to es(ape+ : *he a(()sed !as (onvi(ted o% %r)strated rape+ : *here is N< (ri e o% 'R$S*RA*E. RAPE #e(a)se in rape& %ro the o ent the o%%ender has (arnal ,no!ledge o% the vi(ti & he a(t)ally attains his p)rpose& all the essential ele ents o% the o%%ense have #een a((o plished+
@5 <n @ PERS<NS7 : Rape is (o itted in %)ll vie! o% the o% the spo)se& parent& any o% the (hildren&
rd
R.
or other relatives !Ain the @ (ivil degree o% (onsang)inity .eathRe(l)sion *e poral <ld AntiDRape La! vs+ RA 6@/@ <ld AntiDRape La!RA 6@/@ Cri e against (hastityCri e against persons
nd
People v+ Ca p)han : *he a(()sed had his pants do!n and !as on top o% the -Dyear old (hild !hen the (hildFs other arrived+ : Medi(al %indings sho!ed no signs o% genital in")ry and the vi(ti Fs hy en !as inta(t+ : 'or rape to #e (ons) ated& a slight #r)sh or s(rape o% the penis on the e:ternal layer o% the vagina !ill not s)%%i(e+ : Mere to)(hing o% the e:ternal layer o% the vagina !itho)t the intent to enter the sa e (annot #e (onstr)ed as slight penetration+ : A(()sed is only lia#le %or A**EMP*E. RAPE+
May #e (o itted #y $nder the 2type& a an against a se:)al assa)lt ay #e !o an only(o itted #y ANC PERS<N against ANC PERS<N PRIVA*E CRIME I May #e prose()ted Co plaint )st #e even i% the !o an %iled #y the !o an or doesnot%ilea herparents& (o plaint grandparentsor g)ardian i% the !o an !asa inoror
Convi(tion does not re>)ire a edi(oDlegal %inding o% any penetration on the part o% the !o an+ 'or(e e ployed against the vi(ti o% the rape need not #e o% s)(h (hara(ter as (o)ld #e resisted+ When the o%%ender has an as(endan(y or in%l)en(e over the girl& it is not ne(essary that she p)t )p a deter ined resistan(e+ A rape vi(ti does not have the #)rden o% proving resistan(e+
: :
Rape #y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hinations and grave a#)se o% a)thority a#sor#s the (ri e o% >)ali%ied and si ple sed)(tion+ Stat)tory rape is (ons) ated !hen the vi(ti is #elo! 12 yrs+ old+ Vi(ti Fs (onsent is i aterial+ <%%enderFs ,no!ledge o% the vi(ti Fs age is i aterial in stat)tory rape+ Carnal ,no!ledge o% a (hild #elo! 12 yrs+ old even i% she is engaged in prostit)tion is still (onsidered stat)tory rape+
15 Any physi(al overt a(t ani%esting resistan(e against the a(t o% rape in any degree %ro the o%%ended partyM or 25 Where the o%%ended party is so sit)ated as to render hi Aher in(apa#le o% giving his (onsent : : : Rape shield r)le7 Chara(ter o% the o%%ended !o an is i aterial in rape+ An a(()sed ay #e (onvi(ted o% rape on the sole testi ony o% the o%%ended !o an+ When several persons (onspired to rape a single vi(ti & ea(h shall #e lia#le %or the rape (o itted personally #y hi & as !ell as those (o itted #y the others+ An a(()sed ay #e (onsidered a prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation& #y ind)(e ent& or #y indispensa#le (ooperation+ *his is tr)e in a (harge o% rape against a !o an& provided& a an is (harged together !ith her+
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People v+ Atento : A 12Dyear old ental retardate& !ho has the intelle(t)al (apa(ity o% a ;& !as repeatedly raped #y the a(()sed+ : *he a(()sed !as %o)nd g)ilty o% raping a !o an deprived o% reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)s& and !as also held lia#le %or rape )nder the provision that pertains to a vi(ti )nder 12 not!ithstanding the vi(ti Fs a(t)al age+ : Agere>)ire ent!ass)#se>)ently a ended to re%er also to ental age+
In(est)o)s rape re%ers to rape (o itted #y an as(endant o% the o%%ended !o an+
People v+ 1allo : 1allo !as %o)nd g)ilty o% the (ri e o% >)ali%ied rape !ith the penalty o% death+ : *he in%or ation %iled against hi does not allege his relationship !ith the vi(ti & his da)ghter& th)s& it CANN<* #e (onsidered as a >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e+ : Spe(ial >)ali%ying (ir() stan(es have to #e alleged in the in%or ation %or it to #e appre(iated+ : *he (ase !as reopened and the ")dg ent is odi%ied %ro death to re(l)sion perpet)a+
E%%e(t o% Pardon : S)#se>)ent valid arriage #et!een the o%%ender and the o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (ri inal a(tion or the penalty i posed+ : When the legal h)s#and is the o%%ender& the s)#se>)ent %orgiveness #y the !i%e as the o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (ri inal a(tion or the penalty& provided that their arriage is N<* V<I. a# initio+
B)rispr)den(e on *I*LE EI1=*7 15 'r)strated =o i(ide I .e Leon v+ People 42003& Na(h)ra5 : 0y invo,ing sel%Dde%ense& a(()sed& in %a(t& ad itted that he in%li(ted in")ries on the vi(ti + *he #)rden o% proving !ith (lear and (onvin(ingeviden(ethe")sti%ying (ir() stan(es to e:()lpate hi %ro (ri inal lia#ility !as there#y shi%ted to hi +
People v+ 0erana : A 1-Dyear old !as raped #y her #rotherDinD la!+ *o e%%e(tively prose()te the a(()sed %or the (ri e o% rape (o itted #y a relative #y
rd
a%%inity !Ain the @ (ivil degree& it )st #e esta#lished that7 1+ the a(()sed is legally arried to the vi(ti Fs sisterM and 2+ the vi(ti and the a(()sedFs !i%e are %)ll or hal%D#lood si#lings+ : Sin(e relationship >)ali%ies the (ri e o% rape& there )st #e (learer proo% o% relationship and in this (ase& it !as not ade>)ately s)#stantiated+
25 =o i(ide I Salvador v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5 : .ire(t eviden(e o% the (ri e is not the only atri: !here%ro a trial (o)rt ay dra! its (on(l)sion and %inding o% g)ilt+ *he r)les o% eviden(e allo! a trial (o)rt to rely on (ir() stantial eviden(e to s)pport its (on(l)sion o% g)ilt+ Cir() stantial eviden(e is that eviden(e !hi(h proves a %a(t or series o% %a(ts %ro !hi(h the %a(ts in iss)e ay #e esta#lished #y in%eren(e+
: Eviden(e !hi(h ay #e a((epted in the prose()tion o% rape7
At ti es& resort to (ir() stantial eviden(e is i perative sin(e to insist on dire(t testi ony !o)ld& in any (ases& res)lt in setting %elons %ree and deny proper prote(tion to the (o )nity+ All the (ir() stan(es )st #e (onsistent !ith one another& (onsistent !ith the hypothesis that the a(()sed is g)ilty& and at the sa e ti e in(onsistent !ith the hypothesis that he is inno(ent+ *h)s& (onvi(tion #ased on (ir() stantial eviden(e (an #e )pheld& provided that the (ir() stan(esproven(onstit)tean )n#ro,en (hain !hi(h leads to one %air and reasona#le (on(l)sion that points to the a(()sed& to the e:(l)sion o% all others& as the g)ilty person+
25 Rape I People v+ *)a?on 42003& Na(h)ra5 : Physi(al resistan(e need not #e esta#lished in rape !hen inti idation is e:er(ised )pon the vi(ti !ho s)# its against her !ill to the rapistFs l)st #e(a)se o% %ear %or her li%e or personal sa%ety+ *he %or(e& violen(e or inti idation in rape is a relative ter & depending not only on the age& si?e& and strength o% the parties #)t also on their relationship !ith ea(h other+ 0e(a)se o% the vi(ti Fs yo)th%)lness& (o)pled !ith the %a(t that the assailant is her step%ather& it !as easy %or her to #elieve that appellant !o)ld a,e good his threat to ,ill her sho)ld she resist+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
@5 M)rder I People v+ 0ohol 42006& Na(h)ra5 : M)rder is (o itted #y any person !ho& not %alling !ithin the provisions o% Arti(le 2-2 o% the Revised Penal Code 4RPC5& ,ills another& i% the ,illing is (o itted !ith trea(hery+ : *he essen(e o% trea(hery is the s)dden and )ne:pe(ted atta(, #y an aggressor on an )ns)spe(ting vi(ti & depriving the latter o% any real (han(e to de%end hi sel% and there#y ens)ring its (o ission !itho)t ris, to hi sel%+ : *he ,illing o(()rred at aro)nd t!o oF(lo(, in the orning& an ho)r !hen generally people are asleep and the vi(ti !as shot at the #a(,+
-5 H)ali%ied Rape I People v+ A#ellano 42003& Na(h)ra5 : *here is >)ali%ied rape !hen the %a(ts alleged in the In%or ation and the %a(ts proven in (o)rt esta#lish the >)ali%ying (ir() stan(es o% inority and relationship+ /5 H)ali%ied Rape I People v+ 1livano 42006& Na(h)ra5 : A step%ather& !ho e:er(ises oral and physi(al as(endan(y over his stepda)ghter& need not a,e any threat against her #e(a)se the latter is (o!ed into s)# ission !hen gripped !ith the %ear o% re%)sing the advan(es o% a person she ()sto arily o#eys+ Rape ay& li,e!ise& #e (o itted in a roo ad"a(ent to !here the vi(ti Ss %a ily is sleeping& or even in a roo shared !ith other people+ *here is no r)le that rape (an only #e (o itted in se(l)sion+
35 RapeI People v+ .o ingo 42003& Na(h)ra5 : An in%or ation is valid as long as it distin(tly states the ele ents o% the o%%ense and the a(ts or o issions (onstit)tive thereo%+ : *he pre(ise ti e or date o% the (o ission o% an o%%ense need not #e alleged in the (o plaint or in%or ation& )nless it is an essential ele ent o% the (ri e (harged+ In rape& it is not+ : *he grava en o% rape is (arnal ,no!ledge o% a !o an thro)gh %or(e and inti idation+ : In %a(t& the pre(ise ti e !hen the rape ta,es pla(e has no s)#stantial #earing on its (o ission+ : As s)(h& the date or ti e need not #e stated !ith a#sol)te a(()ra(y+ : It is s)%%i(ient that the (o plaint or in%or ation states that the (ri e has #een (o itted at any ti e as near as possi#le to the date o% its a(t)al (o ission+
65 Rape 0C a Minor I <rtega v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5 : *he a(()sed at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense !as only 1@ years old and it o(()rred prior to RA ;@-- or the B)venile B)sti(e and Wel%are A(t o% 2002+ *he s)#se>)ently ena(ted la! sho)ld #e (onstr)ed to retroa(t in %avor o% the a(()sed+ While the latter is no! 2/ years old as o% this de(ision& he is still e:()lpated %ro (ri inal lia#ility+ =o!ever& RA ;@-- does not relieve the inor o% (ivil lia#ility arising %ro the o%%ense+
: :
*itle IE+ CRIMES against PERS<NAL LI0ER*C and SEC$RI*C
*itle IE+ Cri es against Personal Li#erty and Se()rity
CRIMES A1AINS* LI0ER*C 1+ Jidnapping and serio)s illegal detention 4Art+ 2235M 2+ Slight illegal detention 4Art+ 2265M @+ $nla!%)l arrest 4Art+ 22;5M -+ Jidnapping and %ail)re to ret)rn a inor 4Art+ 2305M /+ Ind)(ing a inor to a#andon his ho e 4Art+ 2315M 2+ Slavery 4Art+ 2325M 3+ E:ploitation o% (hild la#or 4Art+ 23@5M 6+ Servi(es rendered )nder (o p)lsion in pay ent o% de#ts 4Art+ 23-5+
@+ *he a(t o% detention or ,idnapping )st #e illegalM -+ In the (o ission o% the o%%ense& any o% the %ollo!ing (ir() stan(es is present7 a+ *he ,idnapping lasts %or ore than @ daysM 0+ I* IS C<MMI**E. SIM$LA*IN1 P$0LIC A$*=<RI*CM C+ ANC SERI<$S P=CSICAL INB$RIES ARE
IN'LIC*E. $P<N *=E PERS<N JI.NAPPE. <R .E*AINE. <R *=REA*S *< JILL =IM ARE MA.EM <R
16CRIMINAL LAW 2
d+ *he person ,idnapped or detained is a inor& %e ale& or a p)#li( o%%i(er+ H)ali%ying Cir() stan(es7 1+ P)rpose is to e:tort ranso + 2+ When the vi(ti is ,illed or dies as a (onse>)en(e o% the detention+ @+ When the vi(ti is raped+ -+ When vi(ti is s)#"e(ted to tort)re or deh) ani?ing a(ts+ :
CRIMES A1AINS* SEC$RI*C 1+ A#andon ent o% persons in danger and a#andon ent o% oneSs o!n vi(ti 4Art+ 23/5M 2+ A#andoning a inor 4Art+ 2325M @+ A#andon ent o% inor #y person entr)sted !ith his ()stodyM indi%%eren(e o% parents 4Art+ 2335M -+ E:ploitation o% inors 4Art+ 2365M /+ *respass to d!elling 4Art+ 2605M 2+ <ther %or s o% trespass 4Art+ 2615M 3+ 1rave threats 4Art+ 2625M 6+ Light threats 4Art+ 26@5M ;+ <ther light threats 4Art+ 26/5M 10+ 1rave (oer(ions 4Art+ 2625M 11+ Light (oer(ions 4Art+ 2635M 12+ <ther si ilar (oer(ions 4Art+ 2665M 1@+ 'or ation& aintenan(e and prohi#ition o% (o #ination o% (apital or la#or thro)gh violen(e or threats 4Art+ 26;5M 1-+ .is(overing se(rets thro)gh sei?)re o% (orresponden(e 4Art+ 2;05M 1/+ Revealing se(rets !ith a#)se o% o%%i(e 4Art+ 2;15M 12+ Revealing o% ind)strial se(rets 4Art+ 2;25+
*he o%%enders here are private individ)als or p)#li( o%%i(ers a(ting in their private (apa(ity+ I% they are p)#li( o%%i(ers& they are (overed #y the (ri es )nder *itle 2+ When a p)#li( o%%i(er (onspires !ith a private person in the (o ission o% any o% the (ri es )nder *itle IE& the (ri e is also one (o itted )nder this title and not )nder *itle II+ *he p)rpose is i aterial !hen any o% the (ir() stan(es in the %irst paragraph o% Art+ 223 is present+
Essential ele ent7 deprivation o% li#erty+ : .e%inition o% ranso 7 It is the oney& pri(e or (onsideration paid or de anded %or rede ption o% a (apt)red person or persons& a pay ent that releases a person %ro (aptivity+
Chapter I7 Cri es against Li#erty
When the ,idnapping !as done to e:tort ranso & it is not ne(essary that one or any o% (ir() stan(es en) erated #e present+ A(t)al de and %or ranso not ne(essary& as long as it (an #e proven that the ,idnapping !as done %or the p)rpose o% e:torting oney+ Essential7 *here #e a(t)al (on%ine ent or restri(tion o% the person o% the o%%ended party+ It is not ne(essary that the vi(ti #e
Arti(le 223 D Jidnapping and Serio)s Illegal .etention

4as,ed 3 ti es5 Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is a private individ)alM 2+ =e ,idnaps or detains another& or in any other anner deprives the latter o% his li#ertyM
pla(ed in an en(los)re& as long as he is deprived& in any anner& o% his li#erty+ : When detention is illegal7 It is not ordered #y (o petent a)thority nor per itted #y la!+ Spe(ial (o ple: (ri e o% Jidnapping !ith M)rder7 When the vi(ti dies or is ,illed as a (onse>)en(e o% the detention& !hi(h is (overed #y the last paragraph o% Art+ 223 as a ended+ 'or(i#le a#d)(tion7 I% a !o an is transported %ro one pla(e to another #y virt)e o% restraining her o% her li#erty& and that a(t is (o)pled !ith le!d designs+ Serio)s illegal detention7 I% a !o an is transported ")st to restrain her o% her li#erty+ *here is no le!d design or le!d intent+ 1rave (oer(ion7 I% a !o an is (arried a!ay ")st to #rea, her !ill& to (o pel her to agree to the de and or re>)est #y the o%%ender+
It is eno)gh that the vi(ti is )nder the (o plete (ontrol o% the perpetrators as in this (ase !hen the Bapanese vi(ti had to rely on his a#d)(tors %or s)rvival a%ter he !as tri(,ed into #elieving that the poli(e !as a%ter hi + It !as also held in this (ase that ,eeping a person as (ollateral %or pay ent o% an o#ligation is ,idnapping+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Jidnapping %or Ranso I People v+ Cenahonon 42003& Na(h)ra5 : *he ele ents o% ,idnapping %or ranso )nder Arti(le 223 o% the Revised Penal Code 4RPC5& as a ended #y Rep)#li( A(t 4R+A+5 32/; !arranting the i position o% the death penalty& are as %ollo!s7 1+ intent on the part o% the a(()sed to deprive the vi(ti o% his li#ertyM 2+ a(t)al deprivation o% the vi(ti o% his li#ertyM and @+ otive o% the a(()sed& !hi(h is e:torting ranso %or the release o% the vi(ti + Neither a(t)al de and %or nor pay ent o% ranso is ne(essary %or the (ons) ation o% the %elony+ It is s)%%i(ient that the deprivation o% li#erty !as %or e:torting ranso even i% none o% the %o)r (ir() stan(es entioned in Arti(le 223 !ere present in its perpetration+
: Illegal .etention Co itted#ya private individ)al !ho )nla!%)lly deprives a person o% his li#erty Cri eagainst personal li#erty Ar#itrary .etention Co itted #y p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployee !ho detains a person !itho)t legal gro)nd Cri eagainstthe %)nda ental la!s o% the State
People v Padi(a 41;;@5 : Where the evident p)rpose o% ta,ing the vi(ti !as to ,ill hi & : and %ro the a(ts o% the a(()sed it (annot #e in%erred that the latterFs p)rpose !as to a(t)ally detain or deprive the vi(ti o% his li#erty& : the s)#se>)ent ,illing o% the vi(ti did not (onstit)te the (ri e o% ,idnapping+ : *he de and %or ranso did not (onvert the (ri e into ,idnapping& sin(e no deprivation o% li#erty !as involved+
Arti(le 223 has #een odi%ied #y Rep)#li( A(t No+ 32/; 4AN AC* *< IMP<SE *=E .EA*= PENAL*C <N CER*AIN =EIN<$S CRIMES& AMEN.IN1 '<R *=A* P$RP<SE *=E REVISE. PENAL LAWS& AS AMEN.E.& <*=ER SPECIAL PENAL LAWS& AN. '<R <*=ER P$RP<SES5 in the %ollo!ing respe(ts7
People v L)artes 41;;;57 *he essen(e o% ,idnapping is the a(t)al deprivation o% the vi(ti Fs li#erty (o)pled !ith the intent o% the a(()sed to e%%e(t it+ People v Pavillare 4200057 *he d)ration o% the detention even i% only %or a %e! ho)rs does not alter the nat)re o% the (ri e (o itted+ People v+ *o io : Physi(al detention is not ne(essary+
1+ Illegal detention #e(o es serio)s !hen it shall have lasted %or ore than three days& instead o% %ive days as originally providedM 2+ In paragraph -& i% the person ,idnapped or detained !as a inor and the o%%ender !as anyone o% the parents& the latter has #een e:pressly e:(l)ded %ro the provision+ *he lia#ility o% the parent is provided %or in the last paragraph o% Arti(le 231M @+ A paragraph !as added to Arti(le 223& !hi(h states7 When the vi(ti is ,illed or dies as a (onse>)en(e o% the detention or is raped& or is s)#"e(ted to tort)re& ordeh) ani?inga(ts&the a:i ) penaltyshall#e i posed+ -+ *he a end ent introd)(ed in o)r (ri inal stat)tes the (on(ept o% Rspe(ial (o ple:
(ri eR o% ,idnapping !ith )rder or ho i(ide+ /+ It eli inated the distin(tion dra!n #y the (o)rts #et!een those (ases !here the ,illing o% the ,idnapped vi(ti !as p)rposely so)ght #y the a(()sed& and those !here the ,illing o% the vi(ti !as not deli#erately resorted to #)t !as erely an a%tertho)ght+
%or the p)rpose o% delivering the o%%ended party to the proper a)thorities+ : 1enerally& this (ri e is (o itted #y in(ri inating inno(ent persons #y the o%%enderFs planting eviden(e to ")sti%y the arrest I a (o ple: (ri e res)lts& that is& )nla!%)larrestthro)ghin(ri inatory a(hinations )nder Arti(le @2@+ I% the arrest is ade !itho)t a !arrant and )nder (ir() stan(es not allo!ing a !arrantless arrest& the (ri e !o)ld #e )nla!%)l arrest+ I% the person arrested is not delivered to the a)thorities& the private individ)al a,ing the arrest in()rs (ri inal lia#ility %or illegal detention )nder Arti(le 223 or 226+ I% the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er& the (ri e is ar#itrary detention )nder Arti(le 12-+ I% the detention or arrest is %or a legal gro)nd& #)t the p)#li( o%%i(er delays delivery o% the person arrested to the proper ")di(ial a)thorities& then Arti(le 12/ !ill apply+ Note7 *his %elony p)#li( o%%i(ers+ ay also #e (o itted #y
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Arti(le 226 D Slight Illegal .etention

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is a private individ)alM 2+ =e ,idnaps or detains another& or in any other anner deprives hi o% his li#erty+ @+ *he a(t o% ,idnapping or detention is illegalM -+ *he (ri e is (o itted !itho)t the attendan(e o% any o% the (ir() stan(es en) erated in Arti(le 223+
: : *his %elony is (o itted i% any o% the %ive (ir() stan(es in the (o ission o% ,idnapping or detention en) erated in Arti(le 223 is not present+ *he penalty is lo!ered i%7 1+ *he o%%ended party is vol)ntarily released !ithin three days %ro the start o% illegal detentionM 2+ Witho)t attaining the p)rposeM @+ 0e%ore the instit)tion o% the (ri inal a(tion+
$nla!%)l Arrest vs+ .elay in the .elivery o% .etained Persons

.ELAC IN *=E .ELIVERC <' .E*AINE. PERS<NS 4Art+ 12/5 .etention is %or so e legal gro)nd+ Cri e is (o itted #y %ailing to deliver s)(h person to the proper ")di(ial a)thority !ithin a (ertain period+ $NLAW'$L ARRES* 4Art+ 22;5
*he prevailing r)le no! is Asistio v+ B)dge& !hi(h provides that vol)ntary release !ill only itigate (ri inal lia#ility i% (ri e !as slight illegal detention+ I% serio)s& it has no e%%e(t+ *he lia#ility o% one !ho %)rnishes the pla(e !here the o%%ended party is #eing held (aptive is that o% a prin(ipal and not o% an a((o pli(e+
.etentionisnot a)thori?ed #y la!+ Co itted #y a,ing an arrest not a)thori?ed #y la!
Arti(le 22; D $nla!%)l Arrest

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender arrests or detains another personM 2+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to deliver hi to the proper a)thoritiesM @+ *he arrest or detention is not a)thori?ed #y la! or there is no reasona#le gro)nd there%or+ :
Arti(le 230 D Jidnapping and 'ail)re to Ret)rn a Minor

4as,ed t!i(e5 Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is entr)sted !ith the ()stody o% a inor person 4!hether over or )nder seven years #)t less than 16 years o% age5M 2+ =e deli#erately %ails to restore the said inor to his parents or g)ardians+
*his %elony (onsists in a,ing an arrest or detention !itho)t legal or reasona#le gro)nd
I% any o% the %oregoing ele ents is a#sent& the ,idnapping o% the inor !ill then %all )nder Arti(le 223+ *he essential ele ent !hi(h >)ali%ies the (ri e o% ,idnapping a inor )nder Art+ 230 is that the o%%ender is entr)sted !ith the ()stody o% the inor+ I% the a(()sed is any o% the parents& Arti(le 223 does not applyM Arti(les 230 and 231 apply+ I% the ta,ing is !ith the (onsent o% the parents& the (ri e in Arti(le 230 is (o itted+
'ather or other ay (o it the (ri es in Art+ 130 and 131 !here they are living separately and the ()stody o% the inor (hildren is given to one o% the +
163
Arti(le 232 D Slavery
4as,ed on(e5 Ele ents 1+ <%%ender p)r(hases& sells& ,idnaps or detains a h) an #eingM 2+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to enslave s)(h h) an #eing+ : *his is (o itted i% anyone shall p)r(hase& ,idnap& or detain a h) an #eing %or the p)rpose o% enslaving hi + *he penalty is in(reased i% the p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to assign the o%%ended party to so e i oral tra%%i(+ I% the p)rpose o% the ,idnapping or detention is to enslave the o%%ended party& slavery is (o itted+ *he (ri e is slavery i% the o%%ender is not engaged in the #)siness o% prostit)tion+ I% he is& the (ri e is !hite slave trade )nder Arti(le @-1+ *he e ploy ent or ()stody o% a inor !ith the (onsent o% the parent or g)ardian& altho)gh against the (hildFs o!n !ill& (annot #e (onsidered invol)ntary servit)de+ 0)t !here is proven that the de%endant !as o#liged to render servi(e in plainti%%Fs ho)se as a servant !itho)t re )neration !hatever and to re ain there so long as she has not paid her de#t& there is slavery+
CRIMINAL LAW 2
People v+ 1enerosa : *he deli#erate %ail)re to ret)rn a inor )nder oneFs ()stody (onstit)tes deprivation o% li#erty+ : Jidnapping and %ail)re to ret)rn a inor is ne(essarily in(l)ded in ,idnapping and serio)s illegal detention o% a inor )nder Arti(le 2234-5+
: People v+ Mendo?a : Where a inor (hild !as ta,en #y the a(()sed !itho)t the ,no!ledge and (onsent o% his parents& : the (ri e is ,idnapping and serio)s illegal detention )nder Arti(le 223& not ,idnapping and %ail)re to ret)rn a inor )nder Arti(le 230+
Arti(le 231 D Ind)(ing a Minor to A#andon =is =o e

4as,ed t!i(e5 Ele ents7 1+ A inor 4!hether over or )nder seven years o% age5 is living in the ho e o% his parents or g)ardians or the person entr)sted !ith his ()stodyM 2+ <%%ender ind)(es said inor to a#andon s)(h ho e+ : :
See Spe(ial La!7 RA ;206 4AntiD*ra%%i(,ing o% Person A(t o% 200@5
Ind)(e ent )st #e 4a5 a(t)al& and 4#5 (o itted !ith (ri inal intent *he inor sho)ld not leave his ho e o% his o!n %ree !ill+ What (onstit)tes the (ri e is the a(t o% ind)(ing a inor to a#andon his ho e o% his g)ardian& and it is not ne(essary that the inor a(t)ally a#andons the ho e+
Arti(le 23@ D E:ploitation o% Child La#or

4as,ed on(e5 Ele ents 1+ <%%ender retains a inor in his servi(esM 2+ It is against the !ill o% the inorM @+ It is )nder the prete:t o% rei #)rsing hi sel% o% a de#t in()rred #y an as(endant& g)ardian or person entr)sted !ith the ()stody o% s)(h inor+
: : *he e:isten(e o% inde#tedness (onstit)tes no legal ")sti%i(ation %or holding a person and depriving hi o% his %reedo to live !here he !ills+
.oes not apply7 When a person intentionally !o)nds another and leaves hi in an )ninha#ited pla(e+ I aterial7 *hat the o%%ender did not ,no! that the (hild is )nder seven years+
166
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 23- D Servi(es Rendered $nder Co p)lsion in Pay ent o% .e#t

4as,ed on(e5 Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender (o pels a de#tor to !or, %or hi & either as a ho)sehold servant or %ar la#orerM 2+ It is against the de#torFs !illM @+ *he p)rpose is to re>)ire or en%or(e the pay ent o% a de#t+
Arti(le 232 D A#andoning a Minor

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender has the ()stody o% a (hildM 2+ *he (hild is )nder seven years o% ageM @+ =e a#andons s)(h (hildM -+ =e has no intent to ,ill the (hild !hen the latter is a#andoned+ Cir() stan(es >)ali%ying the o%%ense7 1+ When the death o% the inor res)lted %ro s)(h a#andon entM or 2+ I% the li%e o% the inor !as in danger #e(a)se o% the a#andon ent+ : *he p)rpose in a#andoning the inor )nder his ()stody is to avoid the o#ligation o% ta,ing (are o% said inor+ Intent to ,ill (annot #e pres) ed %ro death o% the (hild+ the
See Spe(ial La!7 RA ;2@1 4AntiDChild La#or A(t o% 200@5
Chapter II7 Cri es against Se()rity
Arti(le 23/ D A#andon ent o% Persons in .anger and A#andon ent o% <!n Vi(ti
4as,ed on(e5 M<.E 17 'ailing to render assistan(e to any person !ho the o%%ender %inds in an )ninha#ited pla(e& !o)nded or in danger o% dying !hen he (an render s)(h assistan(e !itho)t detri ent to hi sel%& )nless s)(h o ission shall (onstit)te a ore serio)s o%%ense+
*he r)ling that the intent to ,ill is pres) ed %ro the death o% the vi(ti o% the (ri e is appli(a#le only to (ri es against persons& and not to (ri es against se()rity& parti()larly the (ri e o% a#andoning a inor )nder Art+ 232+
Ele ents a+ *he pla(e is not inha#itedM #+ A(()sed %o)nd there a person !o)nded or in danger o% dyingM (+ A(()sed (an render assistan(e !itho)t detri ent to hi sel%M d+ A(()sed %ails to render assistan(e+
Arti(le 233 D A#andon ent o% Minor #y PersonEntr)stedWithC)stodyM Indi%%eren(e o% Parents

M<.E 17 .elivering a inor to a p)#li( instit)tion or other persons !itho)t the (onsent o% the one !ho entr)sted s)(h inor to the (are o% the o%%ender or& in the a#sen(e o% that one& !itho)t the (onsent o% the proper a)thoritiesM
M<.E 27
'ailing to help or render assistan(e to another !ho the o%%ender has a((identally !o)nded or in")redM 0y %ailing to deliver a (hild& )nder seven years o% age& !ho the o%%ender has %o)nd a#andoned& to the a)thorities or to his %a ily& or #y %ailing to ta,e hi to a sa%e pla(e+
M<.E @7
Ele ents a+ <%%ender has (harge o% the rearing or ed)(ation o% a inorM #+=e delivers said inor to a p)#li( instit)tion or other personsM (+ *he one !ho entr)sted s)(h (hild to the o%%ender has not (onsented to s)(h a(tM or i% the one !ho entr)sted s)(h (hild to
the o%%ender is a#sent& the proper a)thorities have not (onsented to it+ M<.E 2+ Negle(tinghis4o%%enderFs5 (hildren #y not giving the the ed)(ation !hi(h their station in li%e re>)ires and %inan(ial (ondition per its+
Mode -+
.elivering a (hild )nder 12 years o% age grat)ito)sly to any person %ollo!ing any o% the (allings en) erated in paragraph 2& or to any ha#it)al vagrant or #eggar& the o%%ender #eing an as(endant& g)ardian&tea(herorperson entr)sted in any (apa(ity !ith the (are o% s)(h (hildM and
16;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Ele ents a+ <%%ender is a parentM #+ =e negle(ts his (hildren #y not giving the ed)(ationM (+ =is station in li%e re>)ires s)(h ed)(ation and his %inan(ial (ondition per its it+
Mode /+
A0AN.<NMEN* <' MIN<R 0C PERS<NS EN*R$S*E. WI*= C$S*<.C 4AR*+ 2335 *he ()stody o% the o%%ender is spe(i%i(& that is& the ()stody %or the rearing or ed)(ation o% the inor Minor is )nder 16 yrs+ o% age Minor is delivered to a p)#li( instit)tion or other person
A0AN.<NMEN* <' MIN<R 4AR*+ 2325
Ind)(ing any (hild )nder 12 years o% age to a#andon the ho e o% its as(endants& g)ardians& ()rators or tea(hers to %ollo! any person engaged in any o% the (allings entioned in paragraph 2 or to a((o pany any ha#it)al vagrant or #eggar& the o%%ender #eing any person+
*he ()stody o% the o%%ender is stated in general
Minor is )nder 3 years o% age Minor is a#andoned in s)(h a !ay as to deprive hi o% the (are and prote(tion that his tender years need
Cir() stan(e >)ali%ying the o%%ense7 : I% the delivery o% the (hild to any person %ollo!ing any o% the (alling o% a(ro#at& gy nast& ropeD!al,er& diver& !ildDani al ta er or (ir()s anager or to any ha#it)al vagrant or #eggar is ade in (onsideration o% any pri(e& (o pensation or pro ise& the penalty is higher+
*he o%%ender is engaged in a ,ind o% #)siness that !o)ld pla(e the li%e or li # o% the inor in danger& even tho)gh !or,ing %or hi is not against the !ill o% the inor+ Nat)re o% the 0)siness7 this involves (ir()ses !hi(h generally attra(t (hildren so they the selves ay en"oy !or,ing there )na!are o% the danger to their o!n lives and li #s+ Age7 M)st #e #elo! 12 years+ Arti(le 236 has no appli(ation i% years old and a#ove+ inor is 12
Arti(le 236 D E:ploitation o% Minors

Mode 1+ Ca)sing any #oy or girl )nder 12 years o% age to per%or any dangero)s %eat o% #alan(ing& physi(al strength or (ontortion& the o%%ender #eing any personM E ploying (hildren )nder 12 years o% age !ho are not the (hildren or des(endants o% the o%%ender in e:hi#itions o% a(ro#at& gy nast& ropeD!al,er& diver& or !ildDani al ta er& the o%%ender #eing an a(ro#at& et(+& or (ir()s anager or engaged in a si ilar (allingM
: :
Mode 2+
0)t the e:ploitation !ill #e dealt !ith #y Rep)#li( A(t No+ 3210+ I% the e ployer is an as(endant& the (ri e is not (o itted& )nless the inor is less than 12 years old+ I% the inor so e ployed !o)ld s)%%er so e in")ries as a res)lt o% a violation o% Arti(le 236& Arti(le 23; provides that there !o)ld #e additional (ri inal lia#ility %or the res)lting %elony+
Mode @+
E ploying any des(endant )nder 12 years o% age in dangero)s e:hi#itions en) erated in the ne:t pre(eding paragraph& the o%%ender #eing engaged in any o% the said (allingsM
Arti(le 260 D H)ali%ied *respass to .!elling

4as,ed / ti es5 Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is a private personM 2+ =e enters the d!elling o% anotherM @+ S)(h entran(e is against the latterFs !ill+ .WELLIN17 : *his is the pla(e that a person inha#its+ : It in(l)des the dependen(ies !hi(h have interior (o )ni(ation !ith the ho)se+ : It is not ne(essary that it #e the per anent d!elling o% the personM hen(e& a personFs roo in a hotel ay #e (onsidered a d!elling+ : It also in(l)des a roo !here one resides as a #oarder+ :
strained relations #et!een the a(()sed and the o(()pant+ <%%ender is p)#li( o%%i(er7 violation o% do i(ile+ No overt a(t o% the (ri e intended to #e (o itted7 Cri e is trespass to d!elling+ eans o% violen(e7 (ri e is
1;0
CRIMINAL LAW 2
E:a ples o% trespass #y
1+ P)shing the door violently and altreating the o(()pants a%ter entering+ 2+ C)tting o% a ri##on or string !ith !hi(h the door lat(h o% a (losed roo !as %astened+ *he ()tting o% the %astenings o% the door !as an a(t o% violen(e+ @+ Wo)nding #y eans o% a #olo& the o!ner o% the ho)se i ediately a%ter entran(e
I% the p)rpose in entering the d!elling is not sho!n& trespass is (o itted+ I% the p)rpose is sho!n& it ay #e a#sor#ed in the (ri e as in ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things& the trespass yielding to the ore serio)s (ri e+ I% the p)rpose is not sho!n and !hile inside the d!elling he !as %o)nd #y the o(()pants& one !ho he s)#se>)ently in")red i% there !as a str)ggle& the (ri e (o itted !ill #e trespass to d!elling and %r)strated ho i(ide or physi(al in")ries& or i% there !as no in")ry& )n")st ve:ation+
E:a ples o% inti idation7
trespass
#y
eans
o%
1+ 'iring a revolver in the air #y persons atte pting to %or(e their !ay into a ho)se+ 2+ *he %lo)rishing o% a #olo against in ates o% the ho)se )pon gaining an entran(e
Arti(le 261 D <ther 'or s o% *respass

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender enters the (losed pre ises or the %en(ed estate o% anotherM 2+ *he entran(e is ade !hile either o% the is )ninha#itedM @+ *he prohi#ition to enter is ani%estM -+ *he trespasser has not se()red the per ission o% the o!ner or the (areta,er thereo%+
I% the entry is ade #y a !ay not intended %or entry that is pres) ed to #e against the !ill o% the o(()pant 4e:a ple& entry thro)gh a !indo!5+ It is not ne(essary that there #e a #rea,ing+
: :
: 8Against the !ill97 *his eans that the entran(e is& either e:pressly or i pliedly& prohi#ited or the prohi#ition is pres) ed+ 'ra)d)lententran(e ay(onstit)te trespass+ *he prohi#ition to enter ay #e ade at any ti e and not ne(essarily at the ti e o% the entran(e+ *o prove that an entry is against the !ill o% the o(()pant& it is not ne(essary that the entry sho)ld #e pre(eded #y an e:press prohi#ition& provided that the opposition o% the o(()pant is (learly esta#lished #y the (ir() stan(es )nder !hi(h the entry is ade& s)(h as the e:isten(e o% en ity or
Pre ises7 signi%ies distin(t and de%inite lo(ality+ It ay ean a roo & shop& #)ilding or de%inite area& #)t in either (ase& lo(ality is %i:ed+ H)ali%ied *respass vs+ <ther 'or s o% *respass
H$ALI'IE. *RESPASS *< .WELLIN1 4AR*+ 2605 <%%ender person <%%ender d!elling is a enters private a
<*=ER '<RMS <' *RESPASS 4AR*+ 2615 *he o%%ender is any person <%%ender enters (losed pre isesor%en(ed estate
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER H$ALI'IE. *RESPASS *< .WELLIN1 4AR*+ 2605 Pla(eentered inha#ited A(t (onstit)ting the (ri e is entering the d!elling against the !ill o% the o!ner is <*=ER '<RMS <' *RESPASS 4AR*+ 2615 Pla(eentered )ninha#ited It is the entering the (losed pre ises or the %en(ed estate !itho)t se()ring the per ission o% the o!ner or (areta,er thereo% Prohi#ition to enter #e ani%est )st is
: :
: :
H)ali%ying Cir() stan(e7 I% threat !as ade o in !riting <R o thro)gh a iddle an+ It is essential that there #e inti idation+ It is not ne(essary that the o%%ended party !as present at the ti e the threats !ere ade+ It is s)%%i(ient that the threats (a e to his ,no!ledge+ When (ons) ated7 As soon as the threats (a e to the ,no!ledge o% the o%%ended party+
1;1
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Prohi#ition to enter is e:press or i plied
Arti(le 26@ D Light *hreats Arti(le 262 D 1rave *hreats

Mode 1+ *hreatening another !ith the in%li(tion )pon his person& honor or property or that o% this %a ily o% any !rong a o)nting to a (ri e and de anding oney or i posing any other (ondition& even tho)gh not )nla!%)l& and the o%%ender attained his p)rposeM Ele ents 1+ <%%ender a,es a threat to (o it a !rongM 2+ *he !rong does not (onstit)te a (ri eM @+ *here is a de and %or oney or that other (ondition is i posed& even tho)gh not )nla!%)lM -+ <%%ender has attained his p)rpose or& that he has not attained his p)rpose+
: Ele ents 1+ *hat the o%%ender threatens another person !ith the in%li(tion )pon the latterFs person& honor or property& or )pon that o% the latterFs %a ily& o% any !rong+ 2+ *hat s)(h !rong a o)nts to a (ri e+ @+ *hat there is a de and %or oney or that any other (ondition is i posed& even tho)gh not )nla!%)l+ -+ *hat the o%%ender attains his p)rpose+
*he har threatened )st not #e in the nat)re o% (ri e and there is a de and %or oney or any other (ondition is i posed& even tho)gh la!%)l+ 0la(, ailing ay #e p)nished )nder this arti(le+
Arti(le 26- D 0ond %or 1ood 0ehavior

4as,ed @ ti es5 When a person is re>)ired to give #ail #ond7 1+ When he threatens another )nder the (ir() stan(es entioned in Art+ 262+ 2+ When he threatens another )nder the (ir() stan(es entioned in Art+ 26@+
Mode 2+
Ma,ing s)(h threat !itho)t the o%%ender attaining his p)rposeM *hreatening another !ith the in%li(tion )pon his person& honor or property or that o% his %a ily o% any !rong a o)nting to a (ri e& the threat not #eing s)#"e(t to a (ondition+
Mode @+
Arti(le 26/ D <ther Light *hreats

Mode 1+ *hreatening another !ith a !eapon& or #y dra!ing s)(h !eapon in a >)arrel& )nless it #e in la!%)l sel%D de%enseM <rally threatening another& in the heat o% anger& !ith so e har (onstit)tinga(ri e&!itho)t persisting in the idea involved in his threatM <rally threatening to do another any har not (onstit)ting a %elony+
Ele ents a5 *hat the o%%ender threatens another person !ith the in%li(tion )pon the latterFs person& honor or property& or )pon that o% the latterFs %a ily& o% any !rong+ #5 *hat s)(h !rong a o)nts to a (ri e+ (5 *hat the threat is not s)#"e(t to a (ondition+
Mode 2+
Mode @+
$nder the %irst type& the s)#se>)ent a(ts o% the o%%ender )st sho! that he did not persist in the idea involved in the threat+ : *hreats !hi(h are ordinarily grave threats& i% ade in the heat o% anger& ay #e other light threats+ : I% the threats are dire(ted to a person !ho is a#sent and )ttered in a te porary %it o% anger& the o%%ense is only other light threats+
Arti(le 262 D 1rave Coer(ions

4as,ed 6 ti es5 Mode 1+ Preventing another& #y eans o% violen(e& threats or inti idation& %ro doingso ethingnot prohi#ited #y la!M Co pelling another& #y eans o% violen(e& threats or inti idation& to do so ething against his !ill& !hether it #e right or !rong+ :
Mode 2+
!rong or not& the (ri e o% grave (oer(ion is (o itted i% violen(e or inti idation is e ployed in order to (o pel hi to do the a(t+ A p)#li( o%%i(er !ho shall prevent #y eans o% violen(e or threats the (ere onies or ani%estations o% any religion is g)ilty o% interr)ption o% religio)s !orship 4Art+ 1@25+ Any person !ho& #y %or(e& prevents the eeting o% a legislative #ody is lia#le )nder Art+ 1-@+ Any person !ho shall )se %or(e or inti idation to prevent any e #er o% Congress %ro attending the eetings thereo%& e:pressing his opinions& or (asting his vote is lia#le )nder Art+ 1-/+ *he (ri e is not grave (oer(ion !hen the violen(e is e ployed to sei?e anything #elonging to the de#tor o% the o%%ender+ It is light (oer(ion )nder Art+ 263+ *he o!ner o% a thing has no right to prohi#it the inter%eren(e o% another !ith the sa e& i% the inter%eren(e is ne(essary to avert an i inent danger and the threatened da age& (o pared to the da age arising to the o!ner %ro the inter%eren(e& is )(h greater+ 4Art+ -@2& Civil Code5
1;2
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Ele ents 1+ A person prevented another %ro doing so ething not prohi#ited #y la!& or that he (o pelled hi to do so ething against his !illM #e it right or !rongM 2+ *he prevention or (o p)lsion #e e%%e(ted #y violen(e& threats or inti idationM and @+ *he person that restrained the !ill and li#erty o% another had not the a)thority o% la! or the right to do so& or in other !ords& that the restraint shall not #e ade )nder a)thority o% la! or in the e:er(ise o% any la!%)l right+
Lee v+ CA7 : Neither the (ri e o% threats nor (oer(ion is (o itted altho)gh the a(()sed& a #ran(h anager o% a #an, ade the (o plainant sign a !ithdra!al slip %or the a o)nt needed to pay the sp)rio)s dollar (he(, she had en(ashed& and also ade her e:e()te an a%%idavit regarding the ret)rn o% the a o)nt against her #etter sense and ")dg ent+ : *he (o plainant ay have a(ted rel)(tantly and !ith hesitation& #)t still& it !as vol)ntary+
P)rpose o% the La!7*o en%or(e the prin(iple that no person ay ta,e the la! into his hands& and that o)r govern ent is one o% la!& not o% en+ Arises only i% the a(t !hi(h the o%%ender prevented another to do is not prohi#ited #y la! or ordinan(e+ I% a person prohi#its another to do an a(t #e(a)se the a(t is a (ri e& even tho)gh so e sort o% violen(e or inti idation is e ployed& it !o)ld not give rise to grave (oer(ion+ : It ay only give rise to threat or physi(al in")ries& i% so e in")ries are in%li(ted+ In (ase o% grave (oer(ion !here the o%%ended party is #eing (o pelled to do so ething against his !ill& !hether it #e
Arti(le 263 D Light Coer(ions

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender )st #e a (reditorM 2+ =e sei?es anything #elonging to his de#tor7 @+ *he sei?)re o% the thing #e a((o plished #y eans o% violen(e or a display o% aterial %or(e prod)(ing inti idationM -+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to apply the sa e to the pay ent o% the de#t+
: : : :
.eals !ith light (oer(ions !herein violen(e is e ployed #y the o%%ender !ho is a (reditor in sei?ing anything #elonging to his de#tor %or the p)rpose o% applying the sa e to the pay ent o% the de#t+
$n")st Ve:ation7 : any a(t (o itted !itho)t violen(e& #)t !hi(h )n")sti%ia#ly annoys or ve:es an inno(ent person a o)nts to light (oer(ion+ : sho)ld in(l)de any h) an (ond)(t !hi(h& altho)gh not prod)(tive o% so e physi(al or aterial har !o)ld& ho!ever& )n")sti%ia#ly annoy or ve: an inno(ent person+
alleged to represent legal tender is a#sol)tely prohi#ited even !hen e:pressly re>)ested #y the e ployee+ 4Se(tion 1& R)le VIII& 0oo, III& < ni#)s R)les I ple enting the La#or Code5 No e ployer shall li it or other!ise inter%ere !ith the %reedo o% any e ployee to dispose o% his !ages+ =e shall not in any anner %or(e& (o pel& o#lige his e ployees to p)r(hase er(handise& (o odities or other property %ro the e ployer or %ro any other person+ 4Art+ 112& La#or Code+5
1;@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
$n")st Ve:ation is disting)ished %ro grave (oer(ion #y the a#sen(e o% violen(e+
Arti(le 266 D <ther Si ilar Coer(ions

Mode 1+ 'or(ing or (o pelling& dire(tly or indire(tly& or ,no!ingly per itting the %or(ing or (o pelling o% the la#orer or e ployee o% the o%%ender top)r(hase er(handiseo% (o odities o% any ,ind %ro hi M
Arti(le 26; D 'or ation& Maintenan(e& and Prohi#ition o% Co #ination o% Capital or La#or thro)gh Violen(e or *hreats
Ele ents 1+ <%%ender e ploys violen(e or threats& in s)(h a degree as to (o pel or %or(e the la#orers or e ployers in the %ree and legal e:er(ise o% their ind)stry or !or,M 2+ *he p)rpose is to organi?e& aintain or prevent (oalitions o% (apital or la#or& stri,e o% la#orers or lo(,o)t o% e ployers+
Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender is any person& agent or o%%i(er o% any asso(iation or (orporationM #+ =e or s)(h %ir or (orporation has e ployed la#orers or e ployeesM (+ =e %or(es or (o pels& dire(tly or indire(tly& or ,no!ingly per its to #e %or(ed or (o pelled& any o% his or its la#orers or e ployees to p)r(hase er(handise or (o odities o% any ,ind %ro hi or %ro said %ir or (orporation+
Repealed #y the La#or Code+
Chapter III7 .is(overy and Revelation o% Se(rets
Arti(le 2;0 D .is(overing Se(rets thro)gh Sei?)re o% Corresponden(e

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is a private individ)al or even a p)#li( o%%i(er not in the e:er(ise o% his o%%i(ial %)n(tionM 2+ =e sei?es the papers or letters o% anotherM @+ *he p)rpose is to dis(over the se(rets o% s)(h another personM -+ <%%ender is in%or ed o% the (ontents o% the papers or letters sei?ed+
Mode 2+ Paying the !ages d)e his la#orer or e ployee #y eans o% to,ens or o#"e(t other than the legal tender ()rren(y o% the Philippines& )nless e:pressly re>)ested #y s)(h la#orer or e ployee+ Ele ents7 a+ <%%ender pays the !ages d)e a la#orer or e ployee e ployed #y hi #y eans o% to,ens or o#"e(tM #+ *hose to,ens or o#"e(ts are other than the legal tender ()rren(y o% the PhilippinesM (+ S)(h e ployee or la#orer does not e:pressly re>)est that he #e paid #y eans o% to,ens or o#"e(ts+
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*his is a (ri e against the se()rity o% oneFs papers and e%%e(ts+ *he p)rpose )st #e to dis(over its e%%e(ts+ *hea(tviolatesthepriva(yo% (o )ni(ation+
1eneral r)le7 !ages shall #e paid in legal tender and the )se o% to,ens& pro issory notes& vo)(hers& (o)pons or any other %or s
A((ording to .ean <rtega& it is not ne(essary that the o%%ender sho)ld a(t)ally dis(over the (ontents o% the letter+ Reyes& (iting People v+ Singh& CA& -0 <1& S)ppl+ /& @/& #elieves other!ise+
*he last paragraph o% Arti(le 2;0 e:pressly a,es the provision o% the %irst and se(ond paragraph thereo% inappli(a#le to parents& g)ardians& or persons entr)sted !ith the ()stody o% inors pla(ed )nder their (are or ()stody& and to the spo)ses !ith respe(t to the papers or letters o% either o% the + *he tea(hers or other persons entr)sted !ith the (are and ed)(ation o% inors are in(l)ded in the e:(eptions+
and the agent& e ployee or servant shall al!ays #e lia#le+ : Reason7 no one has a right to the personal priva(y o% another+
1;CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le 2;2 D Revelation o% Ind)strial Se(rets

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is a person in (harge& e ployee or !or, an o% a an)%a(t)ring or ind)strial esta#lish entM 2+ *he an)%a(t)ringorind)strial esta#lish ent has a se(ret o% the ind)stry !hi(h the o%%ender has learnedM @+ <%%ender reveals s)(h se(retsM -+ Pre")di(e is (a)sed to the o!ner+
.istin(tion %ro esta%a& da age to property& and )n")st ve:ation7 1+ I% the a(t had #een e:e()ted !ith intent o% gain& it !o)ld #e esta%aM 2+ I%& on the other hand& the p)rpose !as not to de%ra)d& #)t only to (a)se da age to anotherFs& it !o)ld erit the >)ali%i(ation o% da age to propertyM @+ I% the intention !as erely to (a)se ve:ation preventing another to do so ething !hi(h the la! does not prohi#it or (o pel hi to e:e()te !hat he does not !ant& the a(t sho)ld #e (onsidered as )n")st ve:ation+
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: Relevant Spe(ial Penal La!7 RA -200 4AN*I WIRE *APPIN1 AC*5
Se(rets )st relate to an)%a(t)ring pro(esses+ *he a(t (onstit)ting the (ri e is revealing the se(ret o% the ind)stry !hi(h the o%%ender has learned+ *he revelation o% the se(ret ight #e ade a%ter the e ployee or !or, an had (eased to #e (onne(ted !ith the esta#lish ent+ Pre")di(e is an ele ent o% the o%%ense+
Arti(le 2;1 D Revealing Se(rets !ith A#)se o% <%%i(e

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender is a anager& e ployee or servantM 2+ =e learns the se(rets o% his prin(ipal or aster in s)(h (apa(ityM @+ =e reveals s)(h se(rets+ : An e ployee& anager& or servant !ho (a e to ,no! o% the se(ret o% his aster or prin(ipal in s)(h (apa(ity and reveals the sa e shall also #e lia#le regardless o% !hether or not the prin(ipal or aster s)%%ered da ages+ Essen(e o% this (ri e is that the o%%ender learned o% the se(ret in the (o)rse o% his e ploy ent+ =e is en"oying a (on%idential relation !ith the e ployer or aster so he sho)ld respe(t the priva(y o% atters personal to the latter+ I% the atter pertains to the #)siness o% the e ployer or aster& da age is ne(essary
*itle E+ CRIMES against PR<PER*C
*itle E+ Cri es against Property
@2+ .estroying or da aging stat)es& p)#li( on) ents or paintings 4Art @@15 @@+ Persons e:e pt %ro (ri inal lia#ility 4Art @@25
1+ Who are g)ilty o% ro##ery 4Art 2;@5 2+ Ro##ery !ith violen(e against or inti idation o% persons 4Art 2;-5 Ro##ery !ith physi(al in")ries& (o itted in an inha#ited pla(e and #y #and& or !ith the )se o% %irear on a street& road or alley 4Art 2;/5 @+ .e%inition o% a #and and penalty in()rred #y the e #ers thereo% 4Art 2;25 -+ Atte pted and %r)strated ro##ery (o itted )nder (ertain (ir() stan(es 4Art 2;35 /+ E:e()tion o% deeds #y eans o% violen(e or inti idation 4Art 2;65 2+ Ro##ery in an inha#ited ho)se or p)#li( #)ilding or edi%i(e devoted to !orship 4Art 2;;5 3+ Ro##ery in an )ninha#ited pla(e and #y a #and 4Art @005 6+ What is a inha#ited ho)se& p)#li( #)ilding or #)ilding dedi(ated to religio)s !orship and theirdependen(ies 4Art @015 ;+ Ro##ery in an )ninha#ited pla(e or in a private #)ilding 4Art @025 10+ Ro##ery o% (ereal& %r)its& or %ire!ood in an )ninha#ited pla(e or private #)ilding 4Art @0@5 11+ Possession o% pi(,lo(,s or si ilar tools 4Art @0-5 12+ Who are lia#le o% the%t 4Art @065 1@+ Penalties 4Art @0;5 1-+ H)ali%ied the%t 4Art @105 1/+ *he%t the property o% the National Li#rary and National M)se) 4Art @115 12+ <(()pation o% real property or )s)rpation o% real rights in property 4Art @125 13+ Altering #o)ndaries or land ar,s 4Art @1@5 16+ 'alse ,eys 4Art @0/5 1;+ Who are #rigands 4Art @025 20+ Aiding and a#etting a #and o% #rigands 4Art @035 21+ 'ra)d)lent insolven(y 4Art @1-5 22+ S!indling 4ES*A'A5 4Art @1/5 2@+ <ther %or s o% s!indling 4Art @125 2-+ S!indling a inor 4Art @135 2/+ <ther de(eits 4Art @165 22+ Re oval& sale pledge o% ortgaged property 4Art @1;5 23+ Arson K <ther Cri es Involving .estr)(tion 4Repealed #y P.121@ K RA32/;5 26+ Who are lia#le %or ali(io)s is(hie% 4Art @235 2;+ Spe(ial (ases o% ali(io)s is(hie% 4Art @265 @0+ <ther is(hie%s 4Art @2;5 @1+ .a age and o#str)(tion to eans o% (o )ni(ation 4Art @@05
1;/
Arti(le 2;@ D Who Are 1)ilty o% Ro##ery
4as,ed @ ti es5 Ele ents o% Ro##ery in 1eneral7 that there #e7 1+ Personal property 2+ 0elonging to another @+ *here #e $nla!%)l ta,ing -+ With Intent to gain Violen(e against or inti idation o% any person <R %or(e )pon anything+ : *he property ta,en )st #e personal& i% real propertyAright is )s)rped the (ri e is )s)rpation 4Art+ @125+ Prohi#itive arti(les ay #e the s)#"e(t o% ro##ery& e+g+& opi) 'ro the o ent the o%%ender gains possession o% the o#"e(t& even !itho)t the (han(e to dispose o% the sa e& the )nla!%)l ta,ing is (o plete+
CRIMINAL LAW 2
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8*a,ing97 depriving the o%%ended party o% possession o% the thing ta,en !ith the (hara(ter o% per anen(y+ Intent to gain is pres) ed %ro the )nla!%)l ta,ing+ It (annot #e esta#lished #y dire(t eviden(e& e:(ept in (ase o% (on%ession+ It is not ne(essary that violen(e or inti idation is present %ro the #eginning+ *he violen(e or inti idation at any ti e #e%ore asportation is (o plete& the ta,ing o% property is >)ali%ied to ro##ery+
VI<LENCE A1AINS* <R IN*IMI.A*I<N <' PERS<N

*he ta,ing is al!ays ro##ery VAL$E <' *=E PR<PER*C *AJEN IS IMMA*ERIAL+ *he penalty depends on7 a5 the res)lt o% the violen(e )sed 4ho i(ide& rape& intentional )tilation& serio)s physi(al in")ries& less serio)s or slight physi(alin")ries res)lted5 and 4#5 thee:isten(e inti idation only o%
$SE <' '<RCE $P<N *=IN1S

*he ta,ing is ro##ery only i% %or(e is )sed to7 15 25 enter the #)ilding or #rea,doors& !ardro#es& (hests& or any other ,ind o% lo(,edorsealed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le inside the #)ildingM or& %or(ethe open o)tside a%ter ta,ing the sa e %ro the #)ilding 4Art+ 2;; K @025
@5
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER VI<LENCE A1AINS* <R IN*IMI.A*I<N <' PERS<N $SE <' '<RCE $P<N *=IN1S
I% (o itted in an inha#ited ho)se& p)#li( #)ilding& or edi%i(e devoted to religio)s !orship& the penalty is #ased on7 4a5 the val)e o% the thing ta,en and 4#5 !hether or not the o%%enders (arry ar sM
*he (ri e de%ined in this arti(le is a spe(ial (o ple: (ri e+ 8<n the o((asion9 and 8#y reason9 ean that ho i(ide or serio)s physi(al in")ries )st #e (o itted in the (o)rse or #e(a)se o% the ro##ery+ *he violen(e )st #e against the person& not )pon the thing ta,en+ It )st #e present #e%ore the ta,ing o% personal property is (o plete+ 8=o i(ide9 is )sed in its generi( sense& as to in(l)de parri(ide and )rder+ =en(e& there is no ro##ery !ith )rder+ *he (ri e is still ro##ery !ith ho i(ide even i%& in the (o)rse o% the ro##ery& the person ,illed !as another ro##er or a #ystander+ Even i% the rape !as (o itted in another pla(e& it is still ro##ery !ith rape+ When the ta,ing o% personal property o% a !o an is an independent a(t %ollo!ing de%endantFs %ail)re to (ons) ate the rape& there are t!o distin(t (ri es (o itted7 atte pted rape and the%t+ Additional rape (o itted on the sa e o((asion o% ro##ery !ill not in(rease the penalty+ A#sen(e o% intent to gain !ill a,e the ta,ing o% personal property grave (oer(ion i% there is violen(e )sed 4Art+ 2625+
1;2
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Chapter I7 With Violen(e or Inti idation o% Persons Arti(le 2;- D With Violen(e or Inti idation o% Persons
4as,ed 3 ti es5 A(ts p)nished )nder7 1+ When #y reason or on o((asion o% the ro##ery& =o i(ide is (o itted+ 4Ro##ery !ith =o i(ide5 2+ When the ro##ery is a((o panied #y Rape or Intentional M)tilation or Arson+ 4Ro##ery !ith Rape& Ro##ery !ith Intentional M)tilation& Ro##ery !ith Arson5 @+ When #y reason or on o((asion o% s)(h ro##ery& any o% the Physi(al In")ries res)lting in insanity& i #e(ility& i poten(y& or #lindness is in%li(ted+ -+ When #y reason or on o((asion o% ro##ery& any o% the Physi(al In")ries res)lting in the loss o% the )se o% spee(h or the po!er to hear or to s ell& or the loss o% an eye& a hand& a %oot& an ar or a leg or the loss o% the )se o% any s)(h e #er& or in(apa(ity %or the !or, in !hi(h the in")red person is thereto%ore ha#it)ally engaged is in%li(ted+ /+ I% the Violen(e or Inti idation e ployed in the (o ission o% the ro##ery is (arried to a degree (learly $nne(essary %or the (o ission o% the (ri e+ 2+ When in the (o)rse o% its e:e()tion& the o%%ender shall have in%li(ted )pon any person not responsi#le %or the (o ission o% the ro##ery any o% the Physi(al In")ries in (onse>)en(e o% !hi(h the person in")red #e(o es de%or ed or loses any other e #er o% his #ody or loses the )se thereo% or #e(o es ill or in(apa(itated %or the per%or an(e o% the !or, in !hi(h he is ha#it)ally engaged %or la#or %or ore than @0 days 3+ I% the violen(e e ployed #y the o%%ender does not (a)se any o% the serio)s physi(al in")ries de%ined in Art+ 22@& or i% the o%%ender e ploys inti idation only+
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Napolis v+ CA 41;325 1+ I% #oth violen(eAinti idation o% persons 42;-5 and %or(e )pon things 42;;A@025 (oDe:ist& it !ill #e (onsidered as violation o% Art 2;#e(a)se it is ore serio)s than in Art 2;;A@02+ 2+ 0$* !hen ro##ery is )nder Art 2;- par - K / the penalty is lo!er than in Art 2;; so the (o ple: (ri e sho)ld #e i p)ted %or the higher penalty to #e i posed !itho)t sa(ri%i(ing the prin(iple that ro##ery !A violen(e against persons is ore severe than that !A %or(e )pon things+
People v+ Millian 420005 : When the ta,ing o% the vi(ti Fs g)n !as to prevent the vi(ti %ro retaliating& then the (ri es (o itted are the%t and ho i(ide not ro##ery !ith ho i(ide+
Arti(le 2;/ D Ro##ery !ith Physi(al In")ries& in an $ninha#ited Pla(e and #y a 0and
Ro##ery!ithviolen(eagainstor inti idation or persons is >)ali%ied !hen it is (o itted7 1+ In an $ninha#ited pla(e& or 2+ 0y a 0and& or @+ 0y Atta(,ing a oving train& street (ar& otor vehi(le& or airship& or -+ 0y Entering the passengersF (o part ents in a train& or in any anner ta,ing the passengers thereo% #y s)rprise in the respe(tive (onveyan(es& or /+ <n a Street& road& high!ay& or alley& AN. the inti idation is ade !ith the )se o% %irear s& the o%%ender shall #e p)nished #y the a:i ) periods o% the proper penalties in Art+ 2;-+
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Conspira(y is pres) ed !hen ro##ery is #y #and+ *here is no (ri e as 8ro##ery !ith ho i(ide in #and9+ 0andisonly ordinary aggravating (ir() stan(e in ro##ery !A ho i(ide
1;3
CRIMINAL LAW 2
1+ It (annot #e o%%set #y a generi( (ir() stan(e+
itigating
People v+ Apd)han 1+ Inorderthatspe(ialaggravating (ir() stan(e o% )nli(ensed %irear #e appre(iated& it is (ondition sine >)a non that o%%ense (harged #e ro##ery #y a #and )nder Art 2;/+ 2+ P)rs)ant to Art 2;/& (ir() stan(e o% a #and is >)ali%ying only in ro##ery )nder par @& - K / o% Art 2;-+ @+ =en(e& Art+ 2;/ does not apply to ro##ery !ith ho i(ide& or ro##ery !ith rape& or ro##ery !ith serio)s physi(al in")ries )nder par+ 1 o% Art+ 22@+ -+ Spe(ialaggravating(ir() stan(eo% )nli(ensed %irear is inappli(a#le to ro##ery !A ho i(ide& or ro##ery !ith rape& or ro##ery !ith physi(al in")ries& (o itted #y a #and+
2+ *he inti idation !ith the )se o% %irear >)ali%ies only ro##ery on a street& road& high!ay& or alley+
Arti(le 2;2 D .e%inition o% a 0and and Penalty In()rred #y the Me #ers *hereo%
4as,ed on(e5 <)tline o% Art+ 2;27 1+ When at least - ar ed ale%a(tors ta,e part in the (o ission o% a ro##ery& it is dee ed (o itted #y a #and+ 2+ When any o% the ar s )sed in the (o ission o% ro##ery is not li(ensed& penalty )pon all the ale%a(tors shall #e the a:i ) o% the (orresponding penalty provided #y la!& !itho)t pre")di(e to the (ri inal lia#ility %or illegal possession o% s)(h %irear s+ @+ Any e #er o% a #and !ho !as present at the (o ission o% a ro##ery #y the #and& shall #e p)nished as prin(ipal o% any o% the assa)lts (o itted #y the #and& )nless it #e sho!n that he atte pted to prevent the (ri e+
Arti(le 2;3 D Atte pted and 'r)strated Ro##ery !ith =o i(ide

4as,ed - ti es5 : : 8=o i(ide9 in(l)des )ltiple ho i(ides& )rder& parri(ide& or even in%anti(ide+ *he penalty is the sa e& !hether ro##ery is atte pted or %r)strated+
: Ro##ery !ith ho i(ide and atte pted or %r)strated ro##ery !ith ho i(ide are spe(ial (o ple: (ri es& not governed #y Art+ -6& #)t #y the spe(ial provisions o% Arts+ 2;- K 2;3& respe(tively+ : *here is only one (ri e o% atte pted ro##ery !ith ho i(ide even i% slight physi(al in")ries !ere in%li(ted on other persons on the o((asion or #y reason o% the ro##ery+
Arti(le 2;6 D E:e()tion o% .eeds thro)gh Violen(e or Inti idation

4as,ed t!i(e5
Re>)isites %or Lia#ility %or the a(ts o% the other e #ers 1+ 2+ @+ -+ Me #er o% the #and+ Present at the (o ission o% the ro##ery+ <ther e #ers (o itted an assa)lt+ =e did not atte pt to prevent assa)lt+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender has Intent to de%ra)d another 2+ <%%ender Co pels hi to sign& e:e()te& or deliver any p)#li( instr) ent or do() ent @+ Co p)lsion is #y eans o% Violen(e or Inti idation+
I% the violen(e res)lted in the death o% the person to #e de%ra)ded& (ri e is ro##ery !ith ho i(ide and shall #e penali?ed )nder Art 2;- par+ 1+ Art+ 2;6 applies to private or (o er(ial do() ent& #)t it does not apply i% do() ent is void+ When the o%%ended party is )nder o#ligation to sign& e:e()te or deliver the do() ent )nder the la!& it is not ro##ery #)t (oer(ion+
#+ 0y 0rea,ing any !all& roo%& or %loor& or door or !indo!M (+ 0y )sing 'alse ,eys& pi(,lo(,s or si ilar toolsM or d+ 0y )sing any 'i(titio)s na e or pretending the e:er(ise o% p)#li( a)thority+
1;6
CRIMINAL LAW 2
@+ *hat on(e inside the #)ilding& the o%%ender *oo, personal property #elonging to another !ith intent to gain+ : *here )st #e eviden(e that a(()sed entered the d!elling ho)se or #)ilding #y any o% the eans en) erated in s)#division 4a5+ In entering the #)ilding& there )st #e the intent to ta,e personal property+ 8Inha#ited ho)se97 any shelter& ship& or vessel (onstit)ting the d!elling o% one or ore persons even tho)gh the inha#itants thereo% are te porarily a#sent !hen the ro##ery is (o itted+ 8P)#li( #)ilding97 every #)ilding o!ned #y the 1overn ent or #elonging to a private person #)t )sed or rented #y the 1overn ent&altho)ghte porarily )no(()pied #y the sa e+ Any o% the %o)r eans des(ri#ed in s)#division 4a5 )st #e resorted to enter a ho)se or #)ilding& not to get o)t other!ise it is only the%t+ Ill)stration7 I% the ()lprit had entered the ho)se thro)gh an open door& and the o!ner& not ,no!ing that the ()lprit !as inside& (losed and lo(,ed the door %ro the o)tside and le%t& and the ()lprit& a%ter ta,ing personal property in the ho)se& !ent o)t thro)gh the !indo!& it is only the%t& not ro##ery+ *he !hole #ody o% the ()lprit )st #e inside the #)ilding to (onstit)te entering+
Chapter II7 0y 'or(e $pon *hings

: Ro##ery #y the )se o% %or(e )pon things is (o itted only !hen either7 :
1+ <%%ender entered a =o)se or 0)ilding #y any o% the eans spe(i%ied in Art+ 2;; or Art+ @02& or 2+ Even i% there !as no entran(e #y any o% those eans& he #ro,e a !ardro#e& (hest& or any other ,ind o% lo(,ed or (losed or sealed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le in the ho)se or #)ilding& or he too, it a!ay to #e #ro,en or %or(ed open o)tside+
A+ In an inha#ited pla(e or edi%i(e %or !orship 42;;& @015 0+ In an )ninha#ited pla(e and #y a #and 4@00& 2;2& @025 C+ 0rigandage 4Arti(les @02D@035
A+ In an inha#ited pla(e or edi%i(e %or !orship 42;;& @015 Arti(le 2;; D Ro##ery in an Inha#ited =o)se or P)#li( 0)ilding or Edi%i(e .evoted to Worship
4as,ed thri(e5 : Ele ents o% ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things )nder S$0.IVISI<N 4A57 1+ <%%ender entered a+ Inha#ited =o)se #+ P)#li( 0)ilding (+ Edi%i(e devoted to Religio)s Worship 2+ Entran(e !as e%%e(ted #y any o% the %ollo!ing eans7 a+ *hro)gh an opening Not intended %or entran(e or egressM
80rea,ing97 eans entering the #)ilding+ *he %or(e )sed in this eans )st #e a(t)al& as disting)ished %ro that in the other eans !hi(h is only (onstr)(tive %or(e+ 8'alse ,eys97 gen)ine ,eys stolen %ro the o!ner or any ,eys other than those intended %or )se in the lo(, %or(i#ly opened #y the o%%ender+ : *he gen)ine ,ey )st #e stolen& not ta,en #y %or(e or !ith inti idation& %ro the o!ner+
I% %alse ,ey is )sed to open !ardro#e or lo(,ed re(epta(le or dra!er or inside door it is only the%t
Even i% the o(()pant !as a#sent d)ring the ro##ery& the pla(e is still inha#ited i% the pla(e !as ordinarily inha#ited and intended as a d!elling+ 8.ependen(ies97 all interior (o)rts& (orrals& !areho)ses& granaries or in(losed pla(es (ontig)o)s to the #)ilding or edi%i(e& having an interior entran(e (onne(ted there!ith& and !hi(h %or part o% the !hole 4Art+ @01& par+ 25+
Ele ents o% ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things )nder S$0.IVISI<N 405 o% Art+ 2;;7 1+ <%%ender is inside a d!elling ho)se& p)#li( #)ilding& or edi%i(e devoted to religio)s !orship& regardless o% the (ir() stan(es )nder !hi(h he entered it+ 2+ <%%ender ta,es personal property #elonging to another& !ith intent to gain& )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir() stan(es+ a5 0rea,ing o% doors& !ardro#es& (hests& or any other ,ind o% lo(,ed or sealed %)rnit)re or re(epta(leM or #5 *a,ing s)(h %)rnit)re or o#"e(ts a!ay to #e #ro,en or %or(ed open o)tside the pla(e o% the ro##ery+
1;;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Re>)isites7 1+Contig)o)s to the #)ildingM 2+ Interior entran(e (onne(ted there!ithM @+ 'or part o% the !hole+ : <r(hards and lands )sed %or ()ltivation or prod)(tion are not in(l)ded in the ter 8dependen(ies9 4Art+ @01& par+ @5+
Entran(e into the #)ilding #y any o% the eans entioned in s)#division 4a5 is not re>)ired in ro##ery )nder s)#division 4#5 *he ter 8door9 in par+ 1& s)#division 4#5 o% Art+ 2;;& re%ers only to 8doors& lids or opening sheets9 o% %)rnit)re or other porta#le re(epta(lesPnot to inside doors o% ho)se or #)ilding+ 0rea,ing the ,eyhole o% the door o% a !ardro#e& !hi(h is lo(,ed& is #rea,ing a lo(,ed %)rnit)re+ It is the%t& i% the lo(,ed or sealed re(epta(le is not %or(ed open in the #)ilding !here it is ,ept or ta,en %ro to #e #ro,en o)tside+
0+ In an )ninha#ited pla(e and #y a #and 4@00& 2;25 Arti(le @00 D Ro##ery in an $ninha#ited Pla(e and #y a 0and
: Ro##ery in an inha#ited ho)se& p)#li( #)ilding or edi%i(e to religio)s !orship is >)ali%ied !hen (o itted #y a #and and lo(ated in an )ninha#ited pla(e+
*o >)ali%y Ro##ery !A violen(e against or inti idation It )st #e (o itted in an )ninha#ited pla(e <R #y a #and 4Art+ 2;/5
*o >)ali%y Ro##ery !A %or(e )pon things 4Art 2;;5 It )st #e (o itted in )ninha#ited pla(e AN. #y a #and 4Art @005
: :
*he penalty depends on the val)e o% property ta,en and on !hether or not o%%ender (arries ar + Ar s (arried )st not #e )sed to inti idate+ Lia#ility %or (arrying ar s is e:tended to all those !ho parti(ipated in the ro##ery& in(l)ding those !itho)t ar s+
Arti(le 2;2 D .e%inition o% a 0and and Penalty In()rred #y the Me #ers *hereo%
1+ When at least - ar ed ale%a(tors ta,e part in the (o ission o% a ro##ery& it is dee ed (o itted #y a #and+ 2+ When any o% the ar s )sed in the (o ission o% ro##ery is not li(ensed& penalty )pon all the ale%a(tors shall #e the a:i ) o% the (orresponding penalty provided #y la!& !itho)t pre")di(e to the (ri inal lia#ility %or illegal possession o% s)(h %irear s+
*he provision p)nishes ore severely the ro##ery in a ho)se )sed as a d!elling than that (o itted in an )ninha#ited pla(e& #e(a)se o% the possi#ility that the inha#itants in the %or er ight s)%%er #odily har d)ring the ro##ery+
Arti(le @01 D What is an $ninha#ited =o)se& P)#li( 0)ilding .edi(ated to Religio)s Worship and *heir .ependen(ies
@+ Any e #er o% a #and !ho !as present at the (o ission o% a ro##ery #y the #and& shall #e p)nished as prin(ipal o% any o% the
assa)lts (o itted #y the #and& )nless it #e sho!n that he atte pted to prevent the (ri e+ Re>)isites %or Lia#ility %or the a(ts o% the other e #ers 1+ 2+ @+ -+ Me #er o% the #and+ Present at the (o ission o% the ro##ery+ <ther e #ers (o itted an assa)lt+ =e did not atte pt to prevent assa)lt+
$se o% %i(titio)s na e or pretending the e:er(ise o% p)#li( a)thorities is not (overed )nder this arti(le+ A re(epta(le is a (ontainer& !hi(h 8(losed9 or 8sealed9+ )st #e
200
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Penalty is #ased only on val)e o% property ta,en+
Arti(le @02 D In an $ninha#ited Pla(e or Private 0)ilding

Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender entered an $ninha#ited pla(e or a #)ilding !hi(h !as not a d!elling ho)se& not a p)#li( #)ilding& or not an edi%i(e devoted to religio)s !orship+ 2+ *hat any o% the %ollo!ing (ir() stan(es !as present7 a5 Entran(e !as e%%e(ted thro)gh an opening Not intended %or entran(e or egressM #5 A Wall& roo%& %loor& or o)tside door or !indo! !as #ro,en (5 Entran(e !as e%%e(ted thro)gh the )se o% 'alse ,eys& pi(,lo(,s or other si ilar toolsM d5 A .oor& !ardro#e& (hest& or any sealed or (losed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le !as #ro,enM or e5 A Closed or sealed re(epta(le !as re oved& even i% the sa e #e #ro,en open else!here+
R<00ERC IN A S*<RE P)nisha#le )nderP)nisha#le )nder Art+ 2;;Art+ @02 1+ I% the store is )sed 1+ I% the store !as as a d!elling& thenot a(t)ally o(()pied ro##ery (o ittedat the ti e o% the therein !o)ld #ero##ery and !as not (onsideredas)sed as a d!elling& (o itted in ansin(e the o!ner lived inha#itedho)sein a separate ho)se& 4People v S)are?5thero##ery (o ittedtherein 2+ I% the store is4People v Silvestre5 lo(atedonthe gro)nd %loor o% the ho)se #elonging to the o!ner& having an interiorentran(e (onne(ted there!ith& it is a dependen(y o% an inha#ited ho)se and the ro##ery (o ittedtherein 4$S v *apan5+
Arti(le @0@ D Ro##ery o% Cereals& 'r)its or 'ire!ood in an Inha#ited Pla(e or Private 0)ilding
: *he penalty is one degree lo!er only !hen ro##ery is (o itted #y )se o% %or(e )pon things& !itho)t inti idation or violen(e against a person+ Cereals are seedlings !hi(h are the i ediate prod)(t o% the soil+ *he palay )st #e ,ept #y the o!ner as 8seedling9 or ta,en %or that p)rpose #y the ro##ers+
@+ With intent to gain& the o%%ender too, there%ro personal property #elonging to another+ : 80)ilding97 in(l)des any ,ind o% str)(t)re )sed %or storage or sa%e,eeping o% personal property& s)(h as 4a5 %reight (ar ad 4#5 !areho)se+ Entran(e thro)gh an opening not intended %or entran(e or egress is not ne(essary& i% there is #rea,ing o% !ardro#e& (hest& or sealed or (losed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le& or re oval thereo% to #e #ro,en open else!here+ 0rea,ing padlo(, is )se o% %or(e )pon things+
*itle E+ CRIMES against PR<PER*C 0RI1AN.A1E P)rpose 1+ Co it ro##ery in a high!ay 2+ Jidnap to e:tort or get ranso @+ Any other p)rpose to #e a(hieved #y eans o% %or(e or violen(e Mere %or ation o% a #and %or any o% the a#ove p)rposes is s)%%i(ient+ R<00ERC IN 0AN. 1+ Co it ro##ery& and not ne(essarily in a high!ay
Arti(le @0- D Possession o% Pi(,lo(, or Si ilar *ools

Ele ents 1+ <%%ender has in his possession Pi(,lo(,s or si ilar toolsM 2+ S)(h pi(,lo(, or si ilar tools are espe(ially Adopted to the (o ission o% ro##eryM @+ <%%ender does Not have la!%)l (a)se %or s)(h possession+
201
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Proo%
Arti(le @0/ D .e%ines 'alse Jeys

*< INCL$.E *=E '<LL<WIN17 1+ *ools entioned in Arti(le @0-M 2+ 1en)ine ,eys Stolen %ro the o!nerM @+ Any ,ey other than those intended #y the o!ner %or $se in the lo(, %or(i#ly opened #y the o%%ender+
*here is no re>)ire ent that the #rigands (ons) ate the (ri e+
It is ne(essary to prove that the #and a(t)ally (o itted the ro##ery+ Conspira(y to (o it ro##ery is not p)nisha#le+
Arti(le @03 D Aiding and A#etting a 0and o% 0rigands C+ 0rigandage 4Arti(les @02D@035 Arti(le @02 D Who Are 0rigands
Ele ents o% 0rigandage 1+ *here #e at least - ar ed persons 2+ *hey 'or ed a #and o% ro##ers @+ *he P)rpose is any o% the %ollo!ing7 a5 *o (o it Ro##ery in the high!ayM or #5 *o Jidnap %or the p)rpose o% e:tortion or to o#tain ranso M or (5 *o Attain #y eans o% %or(e and violen(e any other p)rpose+ Ele ents7 1+ *here is a 0and o% #rigands 2+ <%%ender Jno!s the #and to #e o% #rigands @+ <%%ender .oes any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a5 =e in any anner Aids& a#ets or prote(ts s)(h #and o% #rigandsM or #5 =e gives the In%or ation o% the ove ents o% the poli(e or other pea(e o%%i(ersM or -+ =e A(>)ires or re(eives the property ta,en #y s)(h #rigands+
: : Pres) ption o% la! as to #rigandage7 all are pres) ed high!ay ro##ers or #rigands& i% any o% the (arries )nli(ensed %irear + *he ar s (arried ay #e any deadly !eapon+ *he ain o#"e(t o% the la! is to prevent the %or ation o% #and o% ro##ers+ *he ter 8high!ay9 in(l)des (ity streets+
It is pres) ed that the person per%or ing any o% the a(ts provided in this arti(le has per%or ed the ,no!ingly& )nless the (ontrary is proven+ Any person !ho aids or prote(ts high!ay ro##ers or a#ets the (o ission o% high!ay ro##ery or #rigandage shall #e (onsidered as an a((o pli(e+
: : :
*he %ollo!ing )st #e proved7 1+ <rgani?ation o% ore than @ ar ed persons %or ing a #and o% ro##ers 2+ P)rpose o% the #and is any o% those en) erated in Art+ @02+ @+ *hat they !ent )pon the high!ay or roa ed )pon the (o)ntry %or that p)rpose+ -+ *hat the a(()sed is a e #er o% s)(h #and+
See Spe(ial La!7 P. /@2 AntiDPira(y And AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery People v+ P)l)san& 1;;6+ : It is ne(essary to prove that the intention and p)rpose o% the a(()sed !as to (o it ro##ery indis(ri inately and s)(h ro##ery is (o itted on any Philippine =igh!ay+
Arti(le @06 D *he%t

4as,ed 1@ ti es5 Ele ents o% *he%t7 15 *a,ing o% personal property 25 *hat 0elongs to another @5 With Intent to gain+ -5 Witho)t the Consent o% the o!ner+ /5 A((o plished Witho)t the )se o% violen(e against or inti idation o% persons or %or(e )pon things+
Valen?)ela v+ People& 420035 : In a((ordan(e !ith the de%inition in Art @06& there is no %r)strated the%t+ : *he o%%ender has either (o plete (ontrol o% the property 4(ons) ated5 or !itho)t 4atte pted5+ : Intent to gain is pres) ed %ro the )nla!%)l ta,ing o% personal property #elonging to another+
202
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*he%t7 (o itted #y any person !ho& !ith intent to gain #)t !itho)t violen(e against or inti idation o% persons nor %or(e )pon things& shall ta,e personal property o% another !itho)t the latterFs (onsent+
I% a person ta,es property o% another& #elieving it to #e his o!n& pres) ption o% intent to gain is re#)tted+ =en(e& he is not g)ilty o% the%t+ I% one ta,es personal property openly and avo!edly )nder (lai o% title ade in good %aith& he is not g)ilty o% the%t even tho)gh (lai o% o!nership is later %o)nd to #e )ntena#le+
Arti(le @06 D Who Are Lia#le %or *he%t

Persons lia#le %or the%t7 1+ *hose !ho& a+ !ith intent to gain& #+ !itho)t violen(e against or inti idation o% persons nor %or(e )pon things& (+ ta,e& d+ personal property& e+ o% another& %+ !itho)t the latterFs (onsent+
: : :
I% possession !as only aterial or physi(al& the (ri e is *=E'*+ I% possession !as ")ridi(al& (ri e is ES*A'A+ Selling share o% a partner or (oDo!ner is not the%t+ A(t)al or real gain is not ne(essary in the%t+ *he (onsent (onte plated in this arti(le re%ers to (onsent %reely given& and not ere la(, o% opposition #y o!ner o% the property ta,en+ It is not ro##ery !hen violen(e is %or a reason entirely %oreign to the %a(t o% ta,ing+
2+ *hose !ho& a+ having %o)nd lost property& #+ %ail to deliver the sa e to the lo(al a)thorities or to its o!ner+ @+ *hose !ho& a+ a%ter having ali(io)sly da aged the property o% another& #+ re ove or a,e )se o% the %r)its or o#"e(t o% the da age (a)sed #y the + -+ *hose !ho& a+ enter an in(losed estate or %ield !here #+ trespass is %or#idden or !hi(h #elongs to another and& !itho)t the (onsent o% its o!ner& (+ h)nt or %ish )pon the sa e or gather %r)its& (ereals& or other %orest or %ar prod)(ts+
People v+ 1)linao& 41;6;5 : 1)linao shot .r+ Ch)a and le%t+ : *hen he !ent #a(, K too, .r+ Ch)aFs dia ond ring+ : *he (ri e !as *he%t and not ro##ery+ : Cir() stan(es sho! that the ta,ing !as erely an a%tertho)ght+ : Violen(e )sed in ,illing .r+ Ch)a had no #earing on the ta,ing o% the ring+
People vs 0asao& 41;;;5 : Properties !ere ta,en a%ter a(()sed has already (arried o)t his pri ary (ri inal intent o% ,illing the vi(ti + : Considering that the vi(ti !as already heavily !o)nded !hen his properties !ere ta,en& there !as no need to e ploy violen(e against or inti idation against his person+ : =en(e& a(()sed (an only #e held g)ilty o% the separate o%%ense o% the%t+
*he the%t is (ons) ated K ta,ing (o pleted on(e the ()lprit is a#le to pla(e the thing ta,en )nder his (ontrol& and in s)(h a sit)ation that he (o)ld dispose o% it at on(e+
<ne in possession o% part o% re(ently stolen property is pres) ed to #e thie% o% all+ 8Lost property97 e #ra(es loss #y stealing or #y a(t o% he o!ner or #y a person other
than the o!ner& or thro)gh so e (as)al o(()rren(e+ It is ne(essary to prove the %ollo!ing in order to esta#lish the%t #y %ail)re to deliver or ret)rn lost property7 1+ *i e o% the sei?)re o% the thing 2+ It !as a lost property #elonging to anotherM and @+ *hat the a(()sed having had the opport)nity to ret)rn or deliver the lost property to its o!ner or to the lo(al a)thorities& re%rained %ro doing so+ :
Arti(le @10 D H)ali%ied *he%t

4as,ed 10 ti es5 *he%t is >)ali%ied i%7 1+ Co itted #y a .o esti( servant 2+ Co itted !ith 1rave a#)se o% (on%iden(e @+ *he property stolen is a+ otor vehi(le& #+ ail atter& or (+ large (attle *he property stolen (onsists o% (o(on)ts ta,en %ro the pre ises o% a7 15 plantation 25 *he property stolen is %ish ta,en %ro a %ishpond or %ishery @5 *he property is ta,en on the o((asion o% %ire& earth>)a,e& typhoon& vol(ani( er)ption& or any other (ala ity& vehi()lar a((ident or (ivil dist)r#an(e+ : *he penalty %or >)ali%ied the%t is 2 degrees higher+
20@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*he la! does not re>)ire ,no!ledge o% the o!ner o% the property+
Ele ents o% h)nting& %ishing or gathering %r)its& et(+& in en(losed estate7 1+ *hat there is an en(losed estate or a %ield& !here trespass is %or#idden or !hi(h #elongs to another 2+ <%%ender enters the sa e @+ <%%ender h)nts or %ishes )pon the sa e or gathers %r)its& (ereals or other %orest or %ar prod)(ts in the estate or %ieldM and -+ *hat the h)nting or %ishing or gathering o% prod)(ts is !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!ner+
: :
Arti(le @0; D Penalties

: *he #asis o% the penalty in the%t is 1+ the val)e o% the thing stolen& or 2+ the val)e and nat)re o% the property ta,en& or @+ the (ir() stan(es that i pelled the ()lprit to (o it the (ri e+ I% there is no eviden(e o% the val)e o% the property stolen& the (o)rt sho)ld i pose the ini ) penalty (orresponding to the%t involving the val)e o% P/+00+ *he (o)rt ay also ta,e ")di(ial noti(e o% its val)e in the proper (ases+
*he%t #y do esti( servant is al!ays >)ali%ied+ *hereFs no need to prove grave a#)se o% dis(retion+ *he a#)se o% (on%iden(e )st #e grave+ *here )st #e allegation in the in%or ation and proo% o% a relation& #y reason o% dependen(e& g)ardianship or vigilan(e& #et!een the a(()sed and the o%%ended party that has (reated a high degree o% (on%iden(e #et!een the & !hi(h the a(()sed a#)sed+ *he%t o% any aterial& spare part& prod)(t or arti(le #y e ployees and la#orers is heavily p)nished )nder P. 1@@+
: :
8Motor vehi(le97 all vehi(les propelled #y po!er& other than )s()lar po!er+ *he%t o% otor vehi(le ay no! %all )nder the antiD (arnapping la!+ When the p)rpose o% ta,ing the (ar is to destroy #y #)rning it& the (ri e is arson+ I% a private individ)al too, a letter (ontaining postal oney order it is >)ali%ied the%t+ I% it !as the post aster& to !ho the letter !as delivered& the (ri e !o)ld #e in%idelity in the ()stody o% do() ents+ Regarding the the%t o% (o(on)ts and %ish& !hat atters is not the e:e()tion& #)t the lo(ation !here it is ta,en+ It sho)ld #e in the plantation or in the %ishpond+
: :
RA 2/@;7 AN*IDCARNAPPIN1 la! : Carnapping7 ta,ing& !ith intent to gain& o% otor vehi(le #elonging to another !itho)t the latterFs (onsent or #y eans o% violen(e
against or inti idation o% persons& or #y %or(e )pon things 4I?on v+ People& 1;615 : Motor Vehi(le7 any vehi(le !hi(h is otori?ed )sing the streets !hi(h are p)#li(& P. 12127 AN*ID'ENCIN1not e:(l)sively %or private )se 40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5 P. /@@ AN*IDCA**LE R$S*LIN1 LAW : Cattle r)stling7 ta,ing a!ay #y eans& ethods or s(he es& !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!nerAraiser& o% any large (attle !hether or not %or pro%it& or !hether (o itted !ith or !itho)t violen(e against or inti idation o% person or %or(e )pon things+ It in(l)des ,illing o% large (attle& ta,ing its eat or hide !itho)t the (onsent o% o!nerAraiser+
2+ When %ish (a)ght !ith the )se o% e:plosives& o#no:io)s or poisono)s s)#stan(es or #y ele(tri(ity are %o)nd in a %ishing #oat P. 12127 AN*ID'ENCIN1 LAW 'en(ing7 1+ the a(t o% any person !ho& 2+ !ith intent to gain %or hi sel% or %or another& @+ shall #)y& re(eive& ,eep& a(>)ire& (on(eal& sell& or dispose o%& or shall #)y and sell or in any other anner deal in -+ any arti(le& ite & o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e /+ !hi(h he ,no!s& or sho)ld #e ,no!n to hi & 2+ to have #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t+
20CRIMINAL LAW 2
Large (attle7 in(l)de (o!& (ara#ao& horse& )le& ass& other do esti(ated e #er o% #ovine %a ily+ A goat is not in(l)ded #e(a)seitisnotlarge40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5 Pres) ption7 Every person in possession o% large (attle shall )pon de and #y (o petent a)thorities e:hi#it re>)ired do() ents+ 'ail)re to do so is pri a %a(ie eviden(e that large (attle in possession are %r)its o% (ri e o% (attle r)stling Jilling o% o!ner is a#sor#ed in (attle r)stling 40oado& Co prehensive Revie!er in Cri inal La!5
Ele ents7 1+ Ro##ery or the%t has #een (o itted+ 2+ *he a(()sed& !ho is not a prin(ipal or a((o pli(e in the (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t& #)ys& re(eives& possesses& ,eeps& a(>)ires& (on(eals& sells or disposes& or #)ys and sells& or in any anner deals in any arti(le& ite & o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e& !hi(h has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the said (ri e+ @+ *he a(()sed ,no!s or sho)ld have ,no!n that the said arti(le& ite & o#"e(t or anything o% val)e has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t+ -+ *here is& on the part o% the a(()sed& intent to gain %or hi sel% or another+
Ernesto PilDey vs+ People 42003& Na(h)ra57 : Considering that the grava en o% the (ri e is the ta,ing or ,illing o% large (attle or ta,ing its eat or hide !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!ner or raiser& (onvi(tion %or the sa e need only #e s)pported #y the %a(t o% ta,ing !itho)t the (attle o!nerFs (onsent+ : *here is a disp)ta#le pres) ption that a person %o)nd in possession o% a thing ta,en in the doing o% a re(ent !rong%)l a(t is the ta,er and the doer o% the !hole a(t+
Mere possession o% any good& arti(le& ite & o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e !hi(h has #een the s)#"e(t o% ro##ery or thievery shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% %en(ing 4People v+ .i?onDPa int)an5+ Ro##eryAthe%t and %en(ing are separate and distin(t o%%enses+
Arti(le @11 D *he%t o% the Property o% the National Li#rary and National M)se)
: *he%t o% property o% the National M)se) and National Li#rary has a %i:ed penalty regardless o% its val)e+ : 0)t i% it !as !ith grave a#)se o% (on%iden(e& the penalty %or >)ali%ied the%t shall #e i posed+
P. 30-7 ILLE1AL 'IS=IN1 Pri a %a(ie pres) ption o% illegal %ishing !hen7 1+ E:plosive&o#no:io)sorpoisono)s s)#stan(e or e>)ip ent or devi(e %or ele(tri( %ishing are %o)nd in the %ishing #oat or in the possession o% %isher anM or
Arti(le @12 D <(()pation o% Real Property or $s)rpation o% Real Rights in Property

4as,ed t!i(e5 A(ts p)nisha#le )nder Art+ @127 1+ *a,ing possession o% any real #elonging to another #y eans o% against or inti idation o% persons 2+ $s)rping any real rights in #elonging to another #y eans o% against or inti idation o% persons+
Arti(le @1@ Land ar,s
Altering
0o)ndaries
or
property violen(e property violen(e
Ele ents7 1+ *hat there #e #o)ndary ar,s or on) ents o% to!ns& provin(es& or estates& or any other ar,s intended to designate the #o)ndaries o% the sa e+ 2+ *hat the o%%ender alters said #o)ndary ar,s+ : Provision does not re>)ire intent to gain+
20/
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender ta,es possession o% any real property <R )s)rps any real rights in property 2+ Real property or real rights #elong to another @+ Violen(e against or inti idation o% persons is )sed #y the o%%ender in o(()pying real property or )s)rping real rights in property+ -+ *here is intent to gain+
: *he !ord 8alter9 ay in(l)de7 a+ destr)(tion o% stone on) ent #+ ta,ing it to another pla(e (+ re oving a %en(e
Arti(le @1- D 'ra)d)lent Insolven(y

Ele ents7 1+ *hat the o%%ender is a de#torM that is& he has o#ligations d)e and paya#le 2+ *hat he a#s(onds !ith his property @+ *hat there #e pre")di(e to his (reditors : A(t)al pre")di(e& not intention alone& is re>)ired+ Even i% the de#tor disposes o% his property& )nless it is sho!n that it has a(t)ally pre")di(ed his (reditor& (onvi(tion !ill not lie+ 'ra)d)lent (on(eal ent o% property is not s)%%i(ient i% the de#tor has so e property !ith !hi(h to satis%y his o#ligation+ 8A#s(ond97 does not re>)ire that the de#tor sho)ld depart and physi(ally (on(eal his property+ Real property (o)ld #e the s)#"e(t atter o% Art+ @1-+ *he person pre")di(ed the o%%ender+ )st #e (reditor o%
I% no violen(e or inti idation only (ivil lia#ility e:ists+ Violen(e or inti idation )st #e the eans )sed in o(()pying real property or in )s)rping real rights+ Art+ @12 does not apply !hen the violen(e or inti idation too, pla(e s)#se>)ent to the entry into the property+ Art+ @12 does not apply to a (ase o% open de%ian(e o% the !rit o% e:e()tion iss)ed in the %or(i#le entry (ase+ Cri inal a(tion %or )s)rpation o% real property is not a #ar to (ivil a(tion %or %or(i#le entry+
$s)rpation <(()pationor $s)rpation Real property or Real Right *o 1ain *he%t or Ro##ery *a,ingor asportation Personal property *o 1ain
A(t What is *a,en Intent
RA ;-3 p)nishes entering or o(()pying p)#li( agri()lt)ral land in(l)ding lands granted to private individ)als+
Art @1No need %or insolven(y pro(eedings+ Noneedto#e ad")dged #an,r)pt or insolvent+
Insolven(y la! Cri esho)ld#e (o itted a%ter the instit)tiono% insolven(y pro(eedings
Chapter III7 S!indling and <ther .e(eits Arti(le @1/ D Esta%a

4as,ed 26 ti es5 Ele ents o% Esta%a in 1eneral7 1+ *hat the a(()sed de%ra)ded another 4a5 #y a#)se o% (on%iden(eM or 4#5 #y eans o% de(eitM and 2+ *hat da age or pre")di(e (apa#le o% pe()niary esti ation is (a)sed to the o%%ended party or third person+ @+ *hro)ghP A+ WI*= $N'AI*='$LNESS <R A0$SE <' C<N'I.ENCE 4@1/ Par+ 14A5 405 4C55 0+ ES*A'A0CMEANS<' 'RA$.$LEN* AC*S 4@1/ Par+ 24A5 405 4C54.5 4E5 M 0P2257 C+ *=R<$1= <*=ER 'RA$.$LEN* MEANS 4@1/ Par @4A5 405 4C5 5
Esta%a ay arise even i% thing delivered is not s)#"e(t o% la!%)l (o er(e& s)(h as opi) +
Par+14#57 Misappropriation and Conversion Ele ents7 1+ *hat Money& goods& or other personal property #e re(eived #y the o%%ender in tr)st& or in (o ission& or %or ad inistration& or )nder any other o#ligation involving the d)ty to a,e delivery o%& or to ret)rn& the sa eM 2+ *here #e Misappropriation or (onversion o% s)(h oney or property #y the o%%ender& or denial on his part o% s)(h re(eiptM @+ *hat s)(h isappropriation or (onversion or denial is to the Pre")di(e o% anotherM and -+ *hat there is a de and ade #y the o%%ended party to the o%%ender
202
CRIMINAL LAW 2
: : o% :
A+ With $n%aith%)lness or A#)se Con%iden(e 4@1/ par+ 14a5 4#5 4(55 Par 14a57 Altering s)#stan(e& >)antity or >)ality o% o#"e(t s)#"e(t o% o#ligation to deliver
*he -th ele ent is not ne(essary !hen there is eviden(e o% isappropriation o% goods #y the de%endant+ Che(, is in(l)ded in the !ord 8 oney9+ Money& goods or other personal property )st #e re(eived #y the o%%ender )nder (ertain ,inds o% transa(tion trans%erring ")ridi(al possession to hi + *he o%%ender a(>)ires #oth physi(al possession and ")ridi(al possession !hen the thing re(eived #y the o%%ender %ro the o%%ended party 1+ in tr)st& or 2+ on (o ission& or @+ %or ad inistration&
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender has an <nero)s o#ligation to deliver so ething o% val)e+ 2+ *hat he Alters its s)#stan(e& >)antity& or >)ality @+ *hat .a age or pre")di(e is (a)sed to another : :
: .e(eit is N<* an essential ele ent o% esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e+ .a age or pre")di(e )st #e (apa#le o% esti ation& #e(a)se it is the #asis o% the penalty .elivery o% anything o% val)e )st #e 8#y virt)e o% an onero)s o#ligation to do so9+
8B)ridi(alpossession97 eansa possession !hi(h gives the trans%eree a right over the thing !hi(h he ay invo,e even as against the o!ner+ When the delivery o% a (hattel does not trans%er ")ridi(al possessionAtitle& it is pres) ed that the possessionAtitle o% the thing re ain !A o!ner+ 'ail)re to t)rn over to the #an, the pro(eeds o% sale o% goods (overed #y tr)st re(eipts is esta%a+
: : When the %ra)d (o itted (onsists in the ad)lteration or i:ing o% so e e:traneo)s s)#stan(e in an arti(le o% %ood so as to lo!er its >)antity& it ay #e a violation o% the P)re 'ood La!+ ItFs not esta%a i% the thing delivered is not a((epta#le to the (o plainant !hen there is no agree ent as to its >)ality+
*he phrase 8or )nder any o#ligation involving the d)ty to a,e delivery o%& or to ret)rn the sa e9& in(l)des >)asiD(ontra(ts and (ertain (ontra(ts o% #ail ent+ *he o#ligation to ret)rn the thing )st #e (ontra(t)al #)t !itho)t trans%erring to a(()sed o!nership o% the thing+ When o!nership is trans%erred to re(ipient& his %ail)re to ret)rn it res)lts in (ivil lia#ility only+
: Appli(a#le Civil Code provisions7 : Art+ 1-33+ *he o!nership o% the thing sold shall #e trans%erred to the vendee )pon a(t)al or (onstr)(tive delivery thereo%+ Art+ 1-62+ Whenever earnest oney is given in a (ontra(t o% sale& it shall #e (onsidered as part o% the pri(e and as proo% o% the per%e(tion o% the (ontra(t+
8Conversion97 pres)pposes that the thing has #een devoted to a p)rpose or )se di%%erent %ro that agreed )pon+
In esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e )nder par+ 4#5& s)#division 1 o% Art+ @1/& the thing re(eived )st #e ret)rned i% there is an o#ligation to ret)rn it+ I% no o#ligation to ret)rn there is only (ivil lia#ility+
: *he %a(t that an agent sold the thing re(eived on (o ission %or a lo!er pri(e than the one %i:ed& does not (onstit)te esta%a 4$S v *orres5+ : *he la! does not disting)ish #et!een te poraryandper anent isappropriations+ : No esta%a )nder Art+ @1/ par 4#5 !hen there is neither isappropriation nor (onversion+
203
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Right o% agent to ded)(t (o a o)nts :
ission %ro
No esta%a !hen7 1+ *ransa(tion sale %ails+ *here is no esta%a i% the a(()sed re%)sed to ret)rn the advan(e pay ent+ 2+ *he oney or personal property re(eived #y a(()sed is not to #e )sed %or a parti()lar p)rpose or to #e ret)rned+ @+ *hing re(eived )nder a (ontra(t o% sale on (redit
I% agent is a)thori?ed to retain his (o ission o)t o% the a o)nts he (olle(ted& there is no esta%a+ <ther!ise he is g)ilty o% esta%a& #e(a)se his right to (o ission does not a,e the agent a (oDo!ner o% oney @rd ele ent o% esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e is that the (onversion& or denial #y o%%ender res)lted in the pre")di(e o% the o%%ended party+
Pay ent #y st)dents to the s(hool %or the val)e o% aterials #ro,en is not ere deposit+ Novation o% (ontra(t o% agen(y to one o% sale& or to one o% loan& relieves de%endant %ro in(ipient (ri inal lia#ility )nder the %irst (ontra(t+
: :
Manahan vs CA& 1;;2 : =e e:erted all e%%orts to retrieve d) p tr)(,& al#eit #elatedly and to no avail+ : =is ineptit)de sho)ld not #e (on%)sed !ith (ri inal intent+ : Cri inal intent is re>)ired %or the (onvi(tion o% Esta%a+ : Earnest e%%ort to (o ply !ith o#ligation is a de%ense against esta%a+
8*o the pre")di(e o% another97 not ne(essarily o% the o!ner o% the property+ Partners are not lia#le %or esta%a o% oney or property re(eived %or the partnership !hen the #)siness (o en(ed and pro%its a((r)ed+ 'ail)re o% partner to a((o)nt %or partnership %)nds ay give rise to (ivil o#ligation only& not esta%a+ : E:(eption7 !hen a partner isappropriates the share o% another partner in the pro%its& the a(t (onstit)tes esta%a+ A (oDo!ner is not lia#le %or esta%a& #)t he is lia#le i%& a%ter the ter ination o% the (oD o!nership& he isappropriates the thing !hi(h has #e(o e the e:(l)sive property o% the other+
@ Ways <% Co itting Esta%a With A#)se <% Con%iden(e $nder Art+ @1/ Par+ 4057 1+ Misappropriating the thing re(eived+ 2+ Converting the thing re(eived+ @+ .enying that the thing !as re(eived+ : : 8Misappropriating97 eans to o!n& to ta,e so ething %or oneSs o!n #ene%it+ 8Converting97 $sing or disposing o% anotherFs property as i% it !ere oneFs o!n+
Esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e With ")ridi(al possession o% thing isappropriated <%%ender re(eives thing %ro the vi(ti the
*he%t <nly !ith physi(al A aterial possession o% thing isappropriated <%%ender ta,es the thing
0)t !hen the oney or property had #een re(eived #y a partner %or spe(i%i( p)rpose and he isappropriated it& there is esta%a+
*itle E+ CRIMES against PR<PER*C Co itted #y isappropriating& (onverting or denying having re(eived oney& other personal property *here is no esta%a thro)gh negligen(e+ Co itted #y isappropriating& or thr) a#andon ent or negligen(e& letting other person to ta,e the p)#li( %)nds or property *here (an #e alversation thro)gh a#andon ent or negligen(e+
$nder the -th ele ent o% esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e de and ay #e re>)ired+ : In esta%a #y eans o% de(eit& de and is not needed& #e(a)se the o%%ender o#tains the thing !rong%)lly %ro the start+ : In esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e& the o%%ender re(eives the thing )nder a la!%)l transa(tion+ : .e and is not re>)ired #y la!& #)t it ay #e ne(essary& #e(a)se %ail)re to a((o)nt )pon de and is (ir() stantial eviden(e o% isappropriation+ : Pres) ption arises only !hen the e:planation o% the a(()sed is a#sol)tely devoid o% erit+ : *he ere %ail)re to ret)rn the thing re(eived %or sa%e,eeping or )nder any other o#ligation !A the d)ty to ret)rn the sa e or deliver the val)e thereo% to the o!ner (o)ld only give rise to a (ivil a(tion and does not (onstit)te the (ri e o% esta%a+
206
CRIMINAL LAW 2
When in prose()tion %or alversation the p)#li( o%%i(er is a(>)itted& the private individ)al in (onspira(y !A hi ay #e held lia#le %or esta%a& depending on the nat)re o% the %)nds+ Misappropriation o% %irear s re(eived #y a poli(e : ES*A'A7 i% it is not involved in the (o ission o% a (ri e : MALVERSA*I<N7 i% it is involved in the (o ission o% a (ri e+
Par+14(57 : : *here is no esta%a thro)gh negligen(e+ *he gravity o% the (ri e o% esta%a is #ased on the a o)nt not ret)rned #e%ore the instit)tion o% the (ri inal a(tion+
*a,ing advantage o% signat)re in #lan,
: *est to disting)ish the%t %ro esta%a7 In the%t& )pon the delivery o% the thing to the o%%ender& the o!ner e:pe(ts a ret)rn o% the thing to hi + : When the o!ner does not e:pe(t the i ediate ret)rn o% the thing he delivered to the a(()sed& the isappropriation o% the sa e is esta%a+ : E:(eption7 When the o%%ender re(eived the thing %ro the o%%ended party& !ith the o#ligation to deliver it to a third person and& instead o% doing so& isappropriated it to the pre")di(e o% the o!ner& the (ri e (o itted is >)ali%ied the%t+ : Sale o% thing re(eived to #e pledged %or o!ner is the%t& !hen the intent to appropriate e:isted at the ti e it !as re(eived+
Ele ents7 1+ Paper !ith the signat)re o% the o%%ended party #e in 0lan,+ 2+ <%%ended party sho)ld have .elivered it to the o%%ender+ @+ *hat a#ove the signat)re o% the o%%ended party a .o() ent is !ritten #y the o%%ender !itho)t a)thority to do so+ -+ *hat the do() ent so !ritten Creates a lia#ility o%& or (a)ses da age to& the o%%ended party or any third person+
0+ Esta%a #y Means o% 'alse Pretenses or 'ra)d)lent A(ts 4@1/ par+ 24a5 4#5 4(5 4d5 4e5M 0P2257 Ele ents o% esta%a #y eans o% de(eit7 1+ *here )st #e a 'alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t or %ra)d)lent eans+ 2+ *hat s)(h %alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t or %ra)d)lent eans )st #e ade or e:e()ted Prior to or Si )ltaneo)sly !ith the (o ission o% the %ra)d+ @+ <%%ended party )st have Relied on the %alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t& or %ra)d)lent eans& that is& he !as ind)(ed to part !ith his oney or property #e(a)se o% the %alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t& or %ra)d)lent eans+ -+ As a res)lt thereo%& the o%%ended party S)%%ered da age+
Esta%a !ith a#)se o%Malversation (on%iden(e Entr)sted !ith %)nds or property 0oth are (ontin)ing o%%enses ')nds or property are')nds or property )s)ally al!ays privatep)#li( 1+ <%%ender is a private<%%ender is a p)#li( individ)al oro%%i(er a((o)nta#le %or p)#li( %)nds or property 2+ P)#li( o%%i(er not a((o)nta#le %or p)#li( %)nds or property
*he a(ts )st #e %ra)d)lent+ A(ts )st #e %o)nded on& de(eit& tri(,& or (heat& and s)(h )st #e ade prior to or si )ltaneo)sly !ith the (o ission o% the %ra)d+ In %alse pretenses the de(eit (onsists in the )se o% de(eit%)l !ords& in %ra)d)lent a(ts the de(eit (onsists prin(ipally in de(eit%)l a(ts+ *he %ra)d)lent a(ts )st #e per%or ed prior to or si )ltaneo)sly !ith the (o ission o% the %ra)d+ *he o%%ender )st #e a#le to o#tain so ething %ro the o%%ended party #e(a)se o% the %ra)d)lent a(ts+
A#e")ela vs People& 41;;15 : Jno!ledge o% (ri inal intent o% the prin(ipal is essential to #e (onvi(ted as an a((o pli(e in Esta%a thro)gh %alsi%i(ation o% (o er(ial do() ent+ : *here )st #e ,no!ing assistan(e in the e:e()tion o% the o%%ense+
lia#le )nder Arti(le @1/& paragraph -& No+ 14#5 o% the Revised Penal Code+ Esta%a and Illegal Re(r)it ent7 Lapasaran v+ People 4200;5 Na(h)ra : It is !ell esta#lished in ")rispr)den(e that a person ay #e (onvi(ted o% #oth illegal re(r)it ent and esta%a+ : *he reason& there%ore& is not hard to dis(ern7 illegal re(r)it ent is al) prohi#it) & !hile esta%a is al) in se+ : In the %irst& the (ri inal intent o% the a(()sed is not ne(essary %or (onvi(tion+ In the se(ond& s)(h intent is i perative+ : PetitionerFs (lai that she did not represent hersel% as a li(ensed re(r)iter& #)t that she erely tried to help the (o plainants se()re a to)rist visa (o)ld not a,e her less g)ilty o% illegal re(r)it ent& : it #eing eno)gh that she gave the i pression o% having had the a)thority to re(r)it !or,ers %or deploy ent a#roadM (onse>)ently she is also held lia#le %or the violation o% Esta%a )nder Arti(le @1/4254a5+
20;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
ES*A'A7 People v+ Van?)ela 420065 Na(h)ra : In the (ase !here a tenantDlando!ner relationship e:ists #et!een the parties& : the ")risdi(tion %or the prose()tion o% the (ri e Esta%a is not divested %ro the R*CM tho)gh the atter #e%ore )s apparently presents an agrarian disp)te& : the R*C (annot shir, %ro its d)ty to ad")di(ate on the erits a (ri inal (ase initially %iled #e%ore it& #ased on the la! and eviden(e presented& in order to deter ine !hether an a(()sed is g)ilty #eyond reasona#le do)#t o% the (ri e (harged+ : In a tenantDlando!ner relationship& it !as in() #ent )pon the tenant to hold in tr)st and& event)ally& a((o)nt %or the share in the harvest appertaining to the lando!ner& %ailing !hi(h the tenant (o)ld #e held lia#le %or isappropriation+ : As (orre(tly pointed o)t #y the respondents& share tenan(y has #een o)tla!ed %or #eing (ontrary to p)#li( poli(y as early as 1;2@& !ith the passage o% R+A+ @6--+ : What prevails today& )nder R+A+ 22/3& is agri()lt)ral leasehold tenan(y relationship& and all instan(es o% share tenan(y have #een a)to ati(ally (onverted into leasehold tenan(y+ : In s)(h a relationship& the tenantFs o#ligation is si ply to pay rentals& not to deliver the lando!nerFs share+ : 1iven this dispensation& the petitionerFs allegationthattherespondents isappropriated the lando!nerFs share o% the harvest I as (ontained in the in%or ation I is )ntena#le+ : A((ordingly& the respondents (annot #e held
Par 24a57 $sing %i(titio)s na e or %alse pretenses at po!er& in%l)en(eO or other si ilar de(eits Ways o% (o itting the o%%ense7
1+ 0y )sing %i(titio)s na eM 2+ 0y %alsely pretending to possess7 a+ po!er& #+ in%l)en(e& (+ >)ali%i(ations& d+ property& e+ (redit& %+ agen(y& g+ #)siness or i aginary transa(tionsM @+ 0y eans o% other si ilar de(eits+
'or esta%a )nder Art+ @1/ par+ 24a5& it is indispensa#le that the %alse state ent or %ra)d)lent representation o% the a(()sed& : #e ade prior to& or& at least si )ltaneo)sly !ith& : the delivery o% the thing #y the (o plainant+ It is essential that s)(h %alse state ent or %ra)d)lent representation : (onstit)tes the (a)se or only otive !hi(h ind)(ed the (o plainant to part !ith the thing+ : I% there #e no s)(h prior or si )ltaneo)s %alsestate entor%ra)d)lent representation& : any s)#se>)ent a(t o% the a(()sed& ho!ever %ra)d)lent and s)spi(io)s it ay appear&
(annot serve as a #asis %or prose()tion %or the (lass o% esta%a+
: :
: : :
A (reditor !ho de(eived his de#tor is lia#le %or esta%a+ In esta%a #y eans o% de(eit )nder Art+ @1/ 24a5& there )st #e eviden(e that the pretense o% the a(()sed is %alse+ Witho)t s)(h proo%& (ri inal intent to de(eive (annot #e in%erred+ 'ra)d )st #e proved !ith (lear and positive eviden(e+ Where (o ission sales an too, #a(, the a(hines %ro prospe(tive ()sto ers and isappropriated the & it is the%t& not esta%a+ Esta%a thro)gh %alse pretenses ade in !riting is only a si ple (ri e o% esta%a& not a (o ple: (ri e o% esta%a thro)gh %alsi%i(ation+ Manip)lation o% s(ale is p)nished )nder the Revised Ad inistrative Code
*he ere %a(t that the dra!er had ins)%%i(ient or no %)nds in the #an, to (over the (he(, at the ti e he postdated or iss)ed a (he(,& is s)%%i(ient to a,e hi lia#le %or esta%a+ RA -66/ deleted the phrase 8the o%%ender ,no!ing at the ti e he had no %)nds in the #an,97 1+ the %ail)re o% the dra!er to deposit the a o)nt needed to (over his (he(, 2+ !ithin @ days %ro re(eipt o% noti(e o% dishonor o% (he(, %or la(, or ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds @+ shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% de(eit (onstit)ting %alse pretense or %ra)d)lent a(t+
2
210
CRIMINAL LAW 2
: : Par 2 4057 #y altering the >)ality& %ineness or !eight o% anything pertaining to art or #)siness #y pretending to have #ri#ed any govern ent e ployee : 1ood %aith is a de%ense in a (harge o% esta%a #y postdating or iss)ing a (he(,+ <ne !ho got hold o% a (he(, iss)ed #y another& ,no!ing that the dra!er had no s)%%i(ient %)nds in the #an,& and )sed the sa e in the p)r(hase o% goods& is g)ilty o% esta%a 4People v+ Isleta5+
@
Par+ 2 4C57
: : Person !o)ld as, oney %ro another %or the alleged p)rpose o% #ri#ing a govern ent e ployee #)t ")st po(,eted the oney+
P. 616 applies only to esta%a )nder par 24d5 o% Art+ @1/& and does not apply to other
Par 24d57 0y postdating a (he(, or iss)ing a #o)n(ing (he(, Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender Postdated a (he(,& or iss)ed a (he(, in pay ent o% an o#ligationM 2+ S)(h postdating or iss)ing a (he(, !as done !hen the o%%ender had No %)nds in the #an,& or his %)nds deposited therein !ere not s)%%i(ient to (over the a o)nt o% the (he(,+
: :
*he (he(, )st #e gen)ine& and %alsi%ied+ *he (he(, )st #e postdated or %or o#ligation (ontra(ted at the ti e o% iss)an(e and delivery o% the (he(, and %or preDe:isting o#ligation+
not an the not
E:(eption7 1+ When postdated (he(,s are iss)ed and intended #y the parties only as pro issory notes 2+ When the (he(, is iss)ed #y a g)arantor : *he a(()sed )st #e a#le to o#tain so ething %ro the o%%ended party #y eans o% the (he(, he iss)es and delivers+
AN AC* *< AMEN. SEC*I<N *W<& PARA1RAP= 4d5& AR*ICLE *=REE =$N.RE. 'I'*EEN <' AC* N$M0ERE. *=IR*CDEI1=* =$N.RE. AN. 'I'*EEN& AS AMEN.E.& <*=ERWISE JN<WN AS *=E REVISE. PENAL C<.E+ 4re7 iss)an(e o% (he(,s+5 Se(tion 1+ Se(tion *!o& Paragraph 4d5& Arti(le *hree h)ndred %i%teen o% A(t N) #ered *hirtyDeight h)ndred and %i%teen is here#y a ended to read as %ollo!s7 RSe(+ 2+ 0y eans o% any o% the %ollo!ing %alse pretenses or %ra)d)lent a(ts e:e()ted prior to or si )ltaneo)sly !ith the (o ission o% the %ra)d7 R4d5 0y postdating a (he(,& or iss)ing a (he(, in pay ent o% an o#ligation !hen the o%%ender had no %)nds in the #an,& or his %)nds deposited therein !ere not s)%%i(ient to (over the a o)nt o% the (he(,+ *he %ail)re o% the dra!er o% the (he(, to deposit the a o)nt ne(essary to (over his (he(, !ithin three 4@5 days %ro re(eipt o% noti(e %ro the #an, andAor the payee or holder that said (he(, has #een dishonored %or la(, or ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% de(eit (onstit)ting %alse pretense or %ra)d)lent a(t+R Se(tion 2+ *his A(t shall ta,e e%%e(t )pon its approval+ Approved7 B)ne 13& 1;23 @AMEN.IN1 AR*ICLE @1/ <' *=E REVISE. PENAL C<.E 0C INCREASIN1 *=E PENAL*IES '<R ES*A'A C<MMI**E. 0C MEANS <' 0<$NCIN1 C=ECJS Se(tion 1+ Any person !ho shall de%ra)d another #y eans o% %alse pretenses or %ra)d)lent a(ts as de%ined in paragraph 24d5 o% Arti(le @1/ o% the Revised Penal Code& as a ended #y Rep)#li( A(t No+ -66/& shall #e p)nished #y7 1st+ *he penalty o% re(l)sion te poral i% the a o)nt o% the %ra)d is over 12&000 pesos #)t not e:(eed 22&000 pesos& and i% s)(h a o)nt e:(eeds the latter s) & the penalty provided in this paragraph shall #e i posed in its a:i ) period& adding one year %or ea(h additional 10&000 pesos #)t the total penalty !hi(h ay #e i posed shall in no (ase e:(eed thirty years+ In s)(h (ases& and in (onne(tion !ith the a((essory
%or s o% esta%a+ 4People v Villara?a& 61 SCRA ;/5+ =en(e& the penalty pres(ri#ed in P. 616& not the penalty provided %or in Art+ @1/& sho)ld #e i posed !hen the esta%a (o itted is (overed #y par 24d5 o% Art+ @1/+ Esta%a #y iss)ing a #ad (he(, is a (ontin)ing (ri e+
Ele ents7 1+ *hat there #e (o)rt Re(ord& o%%i(e %iles& do() ents or any other papers+ 2+ *hat the o%%ender Re oved& (on(ealed or destroyed any o% the + @+ *hat the o%%ender had Intent to de%ra)d another+ :
211
CRIMINAL LAW 2
See Spe(ial La!7 0P 22 4AntiD0o)n(ing Che(,s La!5 : C+ *hro)gh <ther 'ra)d)lent Means 4@1/ Par @ 4a5 4#5 4(55 Par @ 4a57 0y ind)(ing another& thro)gh de(eit& to sign any do() ent :
I% there is no ali(io)s intent to de%ra)d& the destr)(tion o% (o)rt re(ord is ali(io)s is(hie%+ Ele ents o% de(eit and a#)se o% (on%iden(e ay (oDe:ist+ I% there is neither de(eit nor a#)se o% (on%iden(e& itFs not esta%a& even i% there is da age+ *here is only (ivil lia#ility+
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender Ind)(ed the o%%ended party to sign a do() ent+ 2+ *hat de(eit #e E ployed to a,e hi sign the do() ent+ @+ <%%ended party Personally signed the do() ent+ -+ *hat Pre")di(e #e (a)sed+
.e(eit thro)gh 'ra)d)lent Means <%%ender is a private person or A p)#li( person not entr)sted!A do() ents *here is intent to de%ra)d
In%idelity in C)stody o% .o() ents <%%ender is a p)#li( person entr)sted!iththe do() ents
Intent to de%ra)d is not re>)ired
: :
<%%ender )st ind)(e the o%%ended party to sign the do() ent+ I% o%%ended party is !illing %ro the start to sign the do() ent& #e(a)se the (ontents are di%%erent %ro those !hi(h the o%%ended told the a(()sed to state in the do() ent& the (ri e is %alsi%i(ation+ *here (an #e no (onvi(tion %or esta%a in the a#sen(e o% proo% that de%endant ade state ents tending to islead (o plainant+
Nierras vs .a()y()y& 41;;05 : .o)#le "eopardy does not apply #e(a)se RPC is a distin(t (ri e %ro 0P 22+ : .e(eit and da age are essential ele ents o% RPC& !hi(h are not re>)ired in 0P 22+ *he ele ent o% da age or pre")di(e (apa#le o% pe()niary esti ation ay (onsist in7 1+ *he o%%ended party #eing deprived o% his oney or property& as res)lt o% the %ra)dM 2+ .ist)r#an(e in property rightM or @+ *e porary pre")di(e : Pay ent s)#se>)ent to the (o ission o% esta%a does not e:ting)ish (ri inal lia#ility or red)(e the penalty+ *he (ri e o% esta%a is not o#literated #y a((eptan(e o% pro issory note+ A private person !ho pro()res a loan #y eans o% de(eit thro)gh a %alsi%ied p)#li( do() ent o% ortgage& #)t paid loan !ithin the period agreed )pon& is not g)ilty o% esta%a #)t only %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( do() ent+ A(()sed (annot #e (onvi(ted o% esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e i% (harged !A esta%a #y eans o% de(eit
Par+@ 4#57
0y resorting to so e %ra)d)lent pra(ti(e to ens)re s)((ess in a ga #ling ga e 0y re oving& (on(ealing or destroying any (o)rt re(ord& o%%i(e %iles& do() ent or any other papers
Par+@ 4(57
: :
penalties !hi(h ay #e i posed )nder the Revised Penal Code& the penalty shall #e ter ed re(l)sion perpet)aM 2nd+ *he penalty o% prision ayor in its a:i ) period& i% the a o)nt o% the %ra)d is over 2&000 pesos #)t does not e:(eed 12&000 pesosM @rd+ *he penalty o% prision ayor in its edi) period& i% s)(h a o)nt is over 200 pesos #)t does not e:(eed 2&000 pesosM and& -th+ 0y prision ayor in its a:i ) period& i% s)(h a o)nt does not e:(eed 200 pesos+ Se(tion 2+ *his de(ree shall ta,e e%%e(t i ediately+
Chapter IV7 <ther 'or s o% S!indling and .e(eits 4@12D@165
Arti(le @12 D <ther 'or s o% S!indling

Par 1+ 0y (onveying& selling& en() #ering& or ortgaging any real property& pretending to #e the o!ner o% the sa e Ele ents7 1+ *hat the thing #e I ova#le& s)(h as a par(el o% land or a #)ilding+ 2+ <%%ender !ho is not the o!ner o% said property sho)ld Represent that he is the o!ner thereo%+ @+ <%%ender sho)ld have E:e()ted an a(t o% o!nership4selling&en() #eringor ortgaging the real property5+ -+ A(t #e ade to Pre")di(e o% the o!ner or a third person+
: : :
*he o%%ended party !o)ld not have granted the loan had he ,no!n that the property !as already en() #ered+ When the loan had already #een granted !hen de%endant o%%ered the property as se()rity %or the loan& Art+ @12 par+ 2 is not appli(a#le+ $s)rio)s loan !ith e>)ita#le ortgage is not an en() #ran(e on the property+ I% @rd ele ent not esta#lished& there is no (ri e+ *here )st #e da age (a)sed+ It is not ne(essary that a(t pre")di(e the o!ner o% the land+ *he o itted phrase 8as %ree %ro en() #ran(e9 in par 2 o% Art+ @12 is the #asis o% the r)ling that silen(e as to s)(h en() #ran(e does not involve a (ri e+
212
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Par+ @+ 0y !rong%)lly ta,ing #y the o!ner o% his personal property %ro its la!%)l possessor Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is the <!ner o% personal property+ 2+ Said property is in the La!%)l possession o% another+ @+ <%%ender !rong%)lly ta,es it %ro its la!%)l possessor+ -+ Pre")di(e is there#y (a)sed to the la!%)l possessor or third person+
: : :
*he thing disposed o% )st #e real property+ I% itFs (hattel& (ri e is Esta%a+ *here )st #e e:isting real property+ Even i% the de(eit is pra(ti(ed against the se(ond p)r(haser #)t da age is in()rred #y the %irst p)r(haser& there is violation o% par+1 o% Art+ @12+ Sin(e the penalty is #ased on the 8val)e o% the da age9 there )st #e a(t)al da age (a)sed+
: Par+ 2+ 0y disposing o% real property as %ree %ro en() #ran(e&altho)ghs)(h en() #ran(e #e not re(orded Ele ents7 1+ *hat the thing disposed o% #e Real property+ 2+ <%%ender Jne! that the real property !as en() #ered& !hether the en() #ran(e is re(orded or not+ @+ *here )st #e E:press representation #y the o%%ender that the real property is %ree %ro en() #ran(e+ -+ A(t o% disposing o% the real property #e ade to the .a age o% another+ : :
<%%ender )st !rong%)lly ta,e the personal property %ro the la!%)l possessor+ Wrong%)lly ta,e does not in(l)de the )se o% violen(e& inti idation+ I% the thing is ta,en #y eans o% violen(e& !itho)t intent to gain& it is not esta%a& #)t grave (oer(ion+
I% the o!ner too, the personal property %ro its la!%)l possessor !itho)t the latterFs ,no!ledge and later (harged hi !ith the val)e o% the property& the (ri e is the%t 4$S v Al#ao5+ I% there is intent to (harge the #ailee !ith its val)e& the (ri e is ro##ery 4$S v Al#ao5
A(t (onstit)ting the o%%ense is disposing o% the real property representing that it is %ree %ro en() #ran(e+ 8.ispose97 ortgaging+ in(l)des en() #ering or
Par+ -+ 0y e:e()ting any %i(titio)s (ontra(t to the pre")di(e o% another Ill)stration7 : A person !ho si )lates a (onveyan(e o% his property to another& to de%ra)d his (reditors+ : I% the (onveyan(e is real and not si )lated& the (ri e is %ra)d)lent insolven(y+
8En() #ran(e97 in(l)des every right or interest in the land !hi(h e:ists in %avor o% third persons+
Par+ /+ 0y a((epting any (o pensation %or servi(es not rendered or %or la#or not per%or ed Ele ents7 1+ A((epting a (o pensation given to a(()sed %or servi(e not rendered 2+ Mali(io)s %ail)re to ret)rn the (o pensation !rong%)lly re(eived 4%ra)d5 : *here )st #e %ra)d+ <ther!ise& it !ill only #e sol)tio inde#iti& !ith (ivil o#ligation to ret)rn the !rong pay ent+ I% the oney in pay ent o% a de#t !as delivered to a !rong person& Art+ @12 par / is not appli(a#le+ In (ase the person !ho re(eived it later re%)sed or %ailed to ret)rn it to the o!ner o% the oney& Art+ @1/ s)#division 14#5 is appli(a#le+
to (+ E:e()te a trans%er o% any property right+ @+ *hat the (onsideration is a+ so e Loan o% oney& #+ Credit& or (+ <ther Personal property+ -+ *hat the transa(tion is to the .etri ent o% s)(h inor+
21@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Real property is not in(l)ded #e(a)se only oney& (redit and personal property are en) erated& and #e(a)se a inor (annot (onvey real property !itho)t ")di(ial a)thority+
Arti(le @16 D <ther .e(eits

<ther de(eits are7 1+ 0y .e%ra)ding or da aging another #y any other de(eit not entioned in the pre(eding arti(les+ 2+ 0y Interpreting drea s& #y a,ing %ore(asts& #y telling %ort)nes& or #y ta,ing advantage o% the (red)lity o% the p)#li( in any other anner& %or pro%it or gain+
Par+2+0yselling& ortgagingor en() #ering real property or properties !ith !hi(h the o%%ender g)aranteed the %)l%il ent o% his o#ligation as s)rety Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a S)rety in a #ond given in a (ri inal or (ivil a(tion+ 2+ =e 1)aranteed the %)l%il ent o% s)(h o#ligation !ith his real property or properties+ @+ =e Sells& ortgages& or& in any other anner en() #ers said real property+ -+ *hat s)(h sale& ortgage& or en() #ran(e is a+ Witho)t e:press a)thority %ro the (o)rt& or #+ Made 0e%ore the (an(ellation o% his #ond& or (+ 0e%ore #eing relieved %ro the o#ligation (ontra(ted #y hi +
Any other ,ind o% (on(eiva#le de(eit ay %all )nder this arti(le+ As in other (ases o% esta%a& da age to the o%%ended party is re>)ired+ *he de(eits in this arti(le in(l)de %alse pretenses and %ra)d)lent a(ts+
Chattel Mortgage : *he o#"e(t o% the Chattel Mortgage La! is to give the ne(essary san(tion to the stat)te& : so that ortgage de#tors ay #e deterred %ro violating its provisions and ortgage (reditors ay #e prote(ted against loss o% in(onvenien(e %ro !rong%)l re oval or sale o% ortgaged property+
*here @12+
)st #e da age (a)sed )nder Art+
Arti(le @1; D Re oval& Sale& or Pledge o% Mortgaged Property

A(ts p)nisha#le )nder Art+ @1;7 1+ 0y ,no!inglyre oving any personal property ortgaged )nder the Chattel Mortgage La! to any provin(e or (ity other than the one in !hi(h it !as lo(ated at the ti e o% e:e()tion o% the ortgage& !itho)t the !ritten (onsent o% the ortgagee or his e:e()tors& ad inistrators or assigns+
Arti(le @13 D S!indling o% a Minor

Ele ents7 1+ *hat the o%%ender *a,es advantage o% the ine:perien(e or e otions or %eelings o% a inor+ 2+ *hat he ind)(es s)(h inor a+ to Ass) e an o#ligation& or #+ to 1ive release& or
2+ 0y selling or pledging personal property already pledged& or any part thereo%& )nder the ter s o% the Chattel Mortgage La!& !itho)t the (onsent o% the ortgagee !ritten on the #a(, o% the ortgage and noted on the re(ord thereo% in the o%%i(e o% the register o% deeds o% the provin(e !here s)(h property is lo(ated+
@+ *hat there is no (onsent o% the ortgagee !ritten on the #a(, o% the ortgage and noted on the re(ord thereo% in the o%%i(e o% the register o% deeds+ : *he (onsent o% the ortgagee )st #e 1+ in !riting& 2+ on the #a(, o% the ortgage& and @+ noted on the re(ord thereo% in the o%%i(e o% the register o% deeds+ .a age is N<* essential+ Chattel ortgage ay give rise to esta%a #y eans o% de(eit+
21CRIMINAL LAW 2
: :
Chattel ortgage )st #e valid and s)#sisting+ I% (hattel ortgage does not (ontain an a%%idavit o% good %aith and is not registered& it is void and (annot #e prose()ted )nder Art @1; ortgaged
: :
Ele ents o% ,no!ingly re oving personal property7
1+ Personal property is ortgaged )nder the Chatter Mortgage La!+ 2+ <%%ender ,no!s that s)(h property is so ortgaged+ @+ =e re oves s)(h ortgaged personal property to any provin(e or (ity other than the one in !hi(h it !as lo(ated at the ti e o% the e:e()tion o% the ortgage+ -+ *hat the re oval is per anent+ /+ *hat there is no !ritten (onsent o% the ortgagee or his e:e()tors& ad inistrators or assigns to s)(h re oval+
Art @1;Art @12 Esta%a In #oth there is selling o% a ortgaged property+ Personal propertyProperty involved is real property4Art+ @12 par 25 Co itted #y the ere Co itted #y selling real %ail)re to o#tain (onsent property ortgaged as o% the ortgagee in %ree& even tho)gh the !riting& even i% o%%ender vendor ayhave sho)ldin%or the o#tained the (onsent o% p)r(haser that the thing the ortgagee in !riting+ sold is ortgaged P)rpose7 to prote(t the P)rpose7 to prote(t the
nd
ortgageep)r(haser 41st or 2 5
Chapter V7 Arson and <ther Cri es Involving .estr)(tion

Jinds o% Arson7
: :
A person other than the ortgagor !ho re oved the property to another provin(e& ,no!ing it to #e ortgaged& ay #e lia#le+ *he re oval o% the ortgaged personal property )st #e (o)pled !ith intent to de%ra)d+ No %elonio)s intent i% trans%er o% personal property is d)e to (hange o% residen(e+ I% the ortgagee opted to %ile %or (olle(tion& not %ore(los)re& a#andoning the ortgage as #asis %or relie%& the re oval o% property to another provin(e is not a violation o% Art @1; par1+ In esta%a& the property involved is real property+ In sale o% ortgaged property& it is personal property+
1+ Arson 4P. 121@& Se(+ 15 2+ .estr)(tive arson 4Art+ @20& as a ended #y RA 32/;5 @+ <ther (ases o% arson 4Se(+ @& P. 121@5 Atte pted& 'r)strated& and Cons) Arson7 : ated
Atte pted arson7 A person& intending to #)rn a !ooden str)(t)re& (olle(ts so e rags& soa,s the in gasoline and pla(es the #eside the !ooden !all o% the #)ilding+ When he a#o)t to light a at(h to set %ire to the rags& he is dis(overed #y another !ho (hases hi a!ay+
Ele ents o% selling or pledging personal property already pledged7 1+ *hat personal property is already pledged )nder the ter s o% the Chattel Mortgage La!+ 2+ *hat the o%%ender& !ho is the ortgagor o% s)(h property& sells or pledges the sa e or any part thereo%+
'r)strated arson7 I% that person is a#le to light or set %ire to the rags& #)t the %ire !as p)t o)t #e%ore any part o% the #)ilding !as #)rned+ Cons) ated arson7 I% #e%ore the %ire !as p)t o)t& it had #)rned a part o% the #)ilding+ In atte pted arson& it is not ne(essary that there #e a %ire+
: :
I% the property #)rned is an inha#ited ho)se or d!elling& it is not re>)ired that the ho)se #e o(()pied #y one or ore persons and the o%%ender ,ne! it !hen the ho)se !as #)rned+ No (o ple: (ri e o% arson !ith ho i(ide+ I% #y reason o% or on the o((asion o% arson death res)lts& the penalty o% re(l)sion perpet)a to death shall #e i posed+ =o i(ide is a#sor#ed+ Any o% 3 (ir() stan(es in Se(+ 2 o% P. 121@ is s)%%i(ient to esta#lish %a(t o% arson i% )ne:plained+
/+ Any ri(e ill& s)gar ill& (ane ill or ill (entral 2+ Any rail!ay or #)s station& airport& !har% or !areho)se MALICI<$S MISC=IE' : It is the !il%)l (a)sing da age o% anotherFs property %or the sa,e o% (a)sing da age #e(a)se o% hate& revenge or other evil otive+
21/
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le @23 D Who Are Responsi#le

P. 121@& `1+ .ES*R$C*IVE ARS<N 4as,ed 20 ti es5 SEC+ 2+ .estr)(tive ArsonP*he penalty o% Re(l)sion *e poral in its a:i ) period to Re(l)sion Perpet)a shall #e i posed i% the property #)rned is any o% the %ollo!ing7 1+ Any a )nition %a(tory and other esta#lish ent!heree:plosives& in%la a#le or (o #)sti#le aterials are stored+ 2+ Any ar(hive& )se) & !hether p)#li( or private& or any edi%i(e devoted to ()lt)re& ed)(ation or so(ial servi(es+ @+ Any (h)r(h or pla(e o% !orship or other #)ilding !here people )s)ally asse #le+ -+ Any train& airplane or any air(ra%t& vessel or !ater(ra%t& or (onveyan(e %or transportation o% persons or property+ /+ Any #)ilding !here eviden(e is ,ept %or )se in any legislative& ")di(ial& or ad inistrative or other o%%i(ial pro(eeding+ 2+ Any hospital& hotel& dor itory& lodging ho)se& ho)sing tene ent& shopping (enter& p)#li( or private ar,et& theater or ovie ho)se or any si ilar pla(e or #)ilding+ 3+ Any #)ilding& !hether )sed as a d!elling or not& sit)ated in a pop)lated or (ongested area+ Ele ents o% ali(io)s is(hie%7 1+ <%%ender deli#erately (a)sed da age to the property o% another+ 2+ S)(h a(t does not (onstit)te arson or other (ri es involving destr)(tion @+ A(t o% da aging anotherFs property #e (o itted erely %or the sa,e o% da aging it+
: :
I% there is no ali(e in (a)sing da age& the o#ligation to pay %or the da ages is only (ivil 4Art+ 21325 .a age eans not only loss #)t also di in)tion o% !hat is a anFs o!n+ *h)s& da age to anotherFs ho)se in(l)des de%a(ing it+ 4People v Asido5
Arti(le @26 D Spe(ial Cases o% Mali(io)s Mis(hie%

Spe(ial (ases o% ali(io)s is(hie%7 4>)ali%ied ali(io)s is(hie%5 1+ (a)singda agetoo#str)(tthe per%or an(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions 2+ )sing any poisono)s or (orrosive s)#stan(e @+ Spreading in%e(tion or (ontagion a ong (attle -+ (a)sing da age to property o% the National M)se) or National Li#rary& or to any ar(hive or registry& !ater!or,s& road& pro enade& or any other thing )sed in (o on #y the p)#li(+
SEC+ @+ <ther Cases o% ArsonP*he penalty o% Re(l)sion *e poral to Re(l)sion Perpet)a shall #e i posed i% the property #)rned is any o% the %ollo!ing7 1+ Any #)ilding )sed as o%%i(es o% the govern ent or any o% its agen(ies 2+ Any inha#ited ho)se or d!elling @+ Any ind)strial esta#lish ent& shipyard& oil !ell or ine sha%t& plat%or or t)nnel -+ Any plantation& %ar & past)re land& gro!ing (rop& grain %ield& or(hard& #a #oo grove or %orestM
Arti(le @2; D <ther Mis(hie%s

: <ther is(hie%s not in(l)ded in Art+ @26 are p)nished #ased on val)e o% the da age (a)sed+ I% the a o)nt involved (annot #e esti ated& the penalty o% arresto enor o% %ine not e:(eeding P200 is %i:ed #y la!+
People v .) lao7 When several persons s(attered (o(on)t re nants !hi(h (ontained h) an e:(re ent on the stairs and %loor o% the )ni(ipal #)ilding& in(l)ding its interior& the (ri e (o itted is ali(io)s is(hie% )nder Art+ @2;+
Persons e:e pt %ro
(ri inal lia#ility7
Arti(le @@0 D .a age and <#str)(tion to Means o% Co )ni(ation

: : Co itted #y da aging any rail!ay& telegraph& or telephone lines+ I% the da age shall res)lt in any derail ent o% (ars& (ollision& or other a((ident& a higher penalty shall #e i posed+ 4H)ali%ying Cir() stan(e5 *elegraphAphone lines )st pertain to rail!ays+
1+ Spo)ses& as(endants and des(endants& or relatives #y a%%inity in the sa e line+ 2+ *he !ido!ed spo)se !ith respe(t to the property !hi(h #elonged to the de(eased spo)se #e%ore the sa e passed into the possession o% another+ @+ 0rothers and sisters and #rothersDinDla! and sistersDinDla!& i% living together+ :
212
CRIMINAL LAW 2
: : :
H7 When as a res)lt o% the da age (a)sed to rail!ay& (ertain passengers o% the train are ,illed A7 It depends+ Art+ @@0 says 8!itho)t pre")di(e to the (ri inal lia#ility o% the o%%ender %or other (onse>)en(es o% his (ri inal a(t+9 : I% there is no intent to ,ill& the (ri e is 8da ages to eans to eans o% (o )ni(ation9 !ith ho i(ide #e(a)se o% the %irst paragraph o% Art+ - and Art+ -6+ : I% there is intent to ,ill& and da aging the rail!ays !as the eans to a((o plish the (ri inal p)rpose& the (ri e is )rder
*he la! re(ogni?es the pres) ed (oD o!nership o% the property #et!een the o%%ender and the o%%ended party+ *here is no (ri inal& #)t only (ivil lia#ility+ Art+ @@2 does not apply to a stranger !ho parti(ipates in the (o ission o% the (ri e+ People v Alvare?M People v Ada e7 Step%ather and step other are in(l)ded as as(endants #y a%%inity+ 1)evarra7 An adopted or nat)ral (hild sho)ld also #e (onsidered as in(l)ded in the ter 8des(endants9 and a (on()#ine or para o)r !ithin the ter 8spo)ses9+ Art+ 1--& CCM People v Constantino7 Art+ @@2 also applies to (o onDla! spo)ses+
B)rispr)den(e on *itle *en7 1+ *=E'* I Aoas v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5 : *he %a(t that #eans 4s)#"e(t o% the (ri e !ere sa(,s o% #eans5 !ere s(attered on the %loor inside and in %ront o% the stall o% petitioner and in the par,ing lot does not ne(essarily lead to the (on(l)sion that petitioner is the perpetrator o% the (ri e+ : *his (annot #e e>)ated !ith the prin(iple o% la! that a person in possession or (ontrol o% stolen goods is pres) ed to #e the a)thor o% the lar(eny+ : A#sent proo% o% any stolen property in the possession o% a person& as in the (ase at #ar& no pres) ption o% g)ilt (an arise+ : *he pla(e !as a ar,et and pres) a#ly& petitioner !as not the only vendor o% #eans+ : Where the proven %a(ts and (ir() stan(es are (apa#le o% t!o or ore e:planations& one o% !hi(h is (onsistent !ith inno(en(e and the other !ith g)ilt& : the eviden(e does not %)l%il the test o% oral (ertainty and is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t the a(()sed+
Arti(le @@1 D .estroying or .a aging Stat)es& P)#li( Mon) ents or Paintings

: *he penalty is lo!er i% the thing destroyed is a p)#li( painting& rather than a p)#li( on) ent+
Arti(le @@2 D E:e ption %ro Cri inal Lia#ility in Cri es Against Property
Cri es involved in the e:e ption7 1+ *he%t 2+ S!indling 4esta%a5 @+ Mali(io)s is(hie% : I% the (ri e is ro##ery& e:e ption does not lie+
2+ .ES*R$C*IVE ARS<N I A ora v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5 : It is (lear that the pla(e o% the (o ission o% the (ri e !as a residential and (o er(ial #)ilding lo(ated in an )r#an and pop)lated area+
*his >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e pla(es the o%%ense s>)arely !ithin the a #it o% Se(tion 2435 o% P+.+ 121@& and (onverts it to 8destr)(tive arson+ It !as also esta#lished that the s)#"e(t #)ilding !as ins)red against %ire %or an a o)nt s)#stantially ore than its ar,et val)e& a %a(t that has given rise to the )nre#)tted pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% arson& as provided in Se(tion 2 o% P+.+ 121@+
While they had a((ess to the er(handise& they had no a((ess to the (ashierFs #ooth or to the (ash pay ents s)#"e(t o% the o%%ense+
/+ *=E'* 4Corp)s .eli(ti5 1an vs+ People& 42003& Na(h)ra5 : *he Petitioner (ontends that he (annot #e held lia#le %or the (harges on the gro)nd that he !as not (a)ght in possession o% the issing %)nds+ *his is (l)t(hing at stra!s+ *o #e (a)ght in possession o% the stolen property is not an ele ent o% the (orp)s deli(ti in the%t+ Corp)s deli(ti eans the 8#ody or s)#stan(e o% the (ri e& and& in its pri ary sense& re%ers to the %a(t that the (ri e has #een a(t)ally (o itted+9 In the%t& (orp)s deli(ti has t!o ele ents& na ely7 1+ that the property !as lost #y the o!ner& and 2+ that it !as lost #y %elonio)s ta,ing+ In the (ase #e%ore )s& these t!o ele ents !ere esta#lished+ *he a o)nts involved !ere lost #y W$P #e(a)se petitioner too, the !itho)t a)thority to do so
213
CRIMINAL LAW 2
@+ R<00ERC WI*= =<MICI.E People vs+ Lara 4Na(h)ra5 : .oes not in(l)de ta,ing the g)n to shoot its previo)s holder[ <(t+ 2002 : *he Co)rt disagrees !ith the Co)rt o% Appeals that appellant (o itted the (ri e o% ro##ery !ith ho i(ide in Cri inal Case No+ ;3D1@302+ : *here is nothing in the re(ords that !o)ld sho! that the prin(ipal p)rpose o% appellant !as to ro# the vi(ti o% his shotg)n 4Serial No+ ;200;-25+ : It )st #e e phasi?ed that !hen the vi(ti and appellant et and had a heated arg) ent& the a#sen(e o% the intent to ro# on the part o% the appellant !as apparent+ : Appellant !as not trying to ro# the vi(ti + : AppellantFs a(t o% ta,ing the shotg)n !as not %or the p)rpose o% ro##ing the vi(ti & #)t to prote(t hi sel% %ro the vi(ti + : No one !o)ld in oneFs right ind ")st leave a %irear lying aro)nd a%ter #eing in a heated arg) ent !ith another person+ : =aving %ailed to esta#lish that appellantFs original (ri inal design !as ro##ery& appellant (o)ld only #e (onvi(ted o% the separate (ri es o% either )rder or ho i(ide& as the (ase ay #e& and the%t+
: :
2+ *=E'*M Atte pted or Cons) ated only5 Valen?)ela vs+ People 42003& Na(h)ra5 : *he Revised Penal Code provisions on the%t have not #een designed in s)(h %ashion as to a((o odate the Adiao& .ino and E pelis r)lings+ Again& there is no lang)age in Arti(le @06 that e:pressly or i pliedly allo!s that the 8%ree disposition o% the ite s stolen9 is in any !ay deter inative o% !hether the (ri e o% the%t has #een prod)(ed+ We th)s (on(l)de that )nder the Revised Penal Code& there is no (ri e o% %r)strated the%t+
-+ H$ALI'IE. *=E' 4A#)se o% Con%iden(e5D Ast)dillo vs+ People 42002& Na(h)ra5 : : Mere (ir() stan(e that petitioners !ere e ployees o% Western does not s)%%i(e to (reate the relation o% (on%iden(e and inti a(y that the la! re>)ires+ *he ele ent o% grave a#)se o% (on%iden(e re>)ires that there #e a relation o% independen(e& g)ardianship or vigilan(e #et!een the petitioners and Western+ Petitioners !ere not tas,ed to (olle(t or re(eive pay ents+ *hey had no hand in the sa%e,eeping& preparation and iss)an(e o% invoi(es+ *hey erely assisted ()sto ers in a,ing a p)r(hase and in de onstrating the er(handise to prospe(tive #)yers+
3+ R<00ERC WI*= =<MICI.EM 4A#sorption *heory applied5 People v+ Ca##a#& Br+ 42003& Na(h)ra5 : Atte pted ho i(ide or atte pted )rder (o itted d)ring or on the o((asion o% the ro##ery& as in this (ase& is a#sor#ed in the (ri e o% Ro##ery !ith =o i(ide !hi(h is a spe(ial (o ple: (ri e that re ains %)nda entally the sa e regardless o% the n) #er o% ho i(ides or in")ries (o itted in (onne(tion !ith the ro##ery+
6+ ES*A'AM Essen(e o% Misappropriation *an vs+ People : *he !ords 8(onvert9 and 8 isappropriate9 (onnote an a(t o% )sing or disposing o% anotherFs property as i% it !ere oneFs o!n or devoting it to a p)rpose or )se di%%erent %ro that agreed )pon+ *o isappropriate %or oneFs o!n )se in(l)des not only (onversion to oneFs personal advantage #)t also every atte pt to dispose o% the property o% another !itho)t any right+ :
/+ *he%t o% 'orestry Prod)(ts 4P. @@05M 2+ *he%t o% MineralsA<res 4P. /615M Cases7 : Ro>)e vs+ People 4200-5 o *he%t #y #an, teller (onsidered H)ali%ied *he%t : Ast)dillo vs+ People 420025 o 1rave a#)se o% (on%iden(e& re>)ire ents : People vs+ 0)stinera 4200-5 o Carnapping vs+ H)ali%ied *he%t
216
CRIMINAL LAW 2
;+ ES*A'A 4Sale o% "e!elryM 'ail)re to ret)rn5P People v+ Manantan : In an agen(y %or the sale o% "e!elries& as in the present (ase& it is the agentFs d)ty to ret)rn the "e!elry )pon de and o% the o!ner and %ail)re to do so is eviden(e o% (onversion o% the property #y the agent+ In other !ords& the de and %or the ret)rn o% the thing delivered in tr)st and the %ail)re o% the a(()sed to a((o)nt %or it are (ir() stantial eviden(e o% isappropriation+ =o!ever& this pres) ption is re#)tta#le+ I% the a(()sed is a#le to satis%a(torily e:plain his %ail)re to prod)(e the thing delivered in tr)st or to a((o)nt %or the oney& he ay not #e held lia#le %or esta%a+
: :
III+ ES*A'A : Cases7 : Lee vs+ People 4200/5 o 8Conversion9A9Misappropriation9& e:plained : People vs+ =ernande? 420025 o Esta%a ay (oin(ide !ith Illegal re(r)it ent : Pa#lo vs+ People 4200-5 o 8.e(eit9A9'alse Pretense9& e:plained : SCN.ICA*E.ES*A'AAE(ono i( Sa#otage : 4Presidential .e(ree No+ 126;5P Pon?i s(he eM Pyra id S(a s : Case7 : People vs+ 0alasa 41;;65 o Soli(iting %)nds %ro and event)allyde%ra)dingthe generalp)#li((onstit)tes syndi(ated esta%a a o)nting to e(ono i( sa#otage
Chapter VI7 Additional Notes

I+ *=E'* : People vs+ .ela Cr)? 420005 o Pres) ptiono%thieveryDD possession o% stolen goods : Valen?)ela vs+ People 420035 o No %r)strated the%tM Either atte pted or (ons) ated only IV+ 0<$NCIN1 C=ECJS LAW : La! o 0atas Pa #ansa No+ 227 o Modes o% (o itting violations o% 0P 22M o Pres) ptionsAEvidentiary R)les : Cases7 : 0ernardo vs+ People 420035 o R)le o% Pre%eren(e in 0P 22 violations7 Co)rt ay i pose i prison ent or a %ine : Ma(alalag vs+ People 420025 o <nly a %)ll pay ent o% the %a(e val)e o% the se(ond (he(, at the ti e o% its present ent or d)ring the %iveDday gra(e period (o)ld e:onerate one %ro (ri inal lia#ility+
II+ H$ALI'IE. *=E'* : Related La!s 1+ AntiDCarnapping A(t o% 1;32 4RA 2/@;5M 2+ AntiDCattle R)stling La! o% 1;34P. /@@5M @+ =eavier Penalties %or *he%ts #y E ployees and La#orers 4P. 1@@5M -+ AntiDEle(tri(ity Pil%erage A(t 4RA 36@25M : So e L1$s have antiDCa#le *elevision *he%t <rdinan(es+
*itle EI+ CRIMES against C=AS*I*C
*itle EI+ Cri es against Chastity
: :
1+ 2+ @+ -+ /+ 2+ 3+ 6+ ;+ 10+
Art+ @@@7 Ad)ltery Art+ @@-7 Con()#inage Art+ @@27 A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness Art+ @@37 H)ali%ied Sed)(tion7 Art+ @@67 Si ple Sed)(tion Art+ @@;7 A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness !ith the (onsent o% the o%%ended party7 Art+ @-07 Corr)ption o% inors Art+ @-17 White Slave *rade Art+ @-27 'or(i#le A#d)(tion Art+ @-@7 Consented A#d)(tion
$nder the la!& there is no a((o pli(e in ad)ltery+ .ire(t proo% o% (arnal ,no!ledge is not ne(essary+ Cir() stantial eviden(e is s)%%i(ient+ 4i+e+ love letters signed #y the para o)r&photossho!inginti ate relations& testi ony o% !itnesses5
21;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Pardon #y the = does not e:e pt the ad)ltero)s W and her para o)r %ro (ri inal lia#ility %or ad)ltero)s a(ts (o itted s)#se>)ent to s)(h pardon+ E%%e(to%PardonDappliesto Con()#inage as !ell7 : *he pardon )st (o e #e%ore the instit)tion o% the (ri inal prose()tionM and : 0oth the o%%enders )st #e pardoned #y the o%%ended party+ : A(to%se:)alinter(o)rse s)#se>)ent to ad)ltero)s (ond)(t in i plied pardon+ : Pardon o% the o%%enders #y the o%%ended party is a #ar to prose()tion %or ad)ltery or (on()#inage+ : .elay in the %iling o% (o plaint& i% satis%a(torily e:plained& does not indi(ate pardon+
Arti(le @@@ D Ad)ltery

4as,ed t!i(e5 Ele ents7 1+ that the !o an is arriedM 2+ that she has se:)al inter(o)rse !ith a an not her h)s#andM @+ that as regards the an !ith !ho she has se:)al inter(o)rse7 he )st ,no! her to #e arried+
Re e #er7 LE1EN.S7 = I h)s#andM W I !i%eM M D :
: arriage
: :
: :
<%%enders7 Married !o an andAor the an !ho has (arnal ,no!ledge o% her& ,no!ing her to #e arried& even i% the M #e s)#se>)ently de(lared void+ : It is not ne(essary that there #e a valid M 4i+e+ void a# initio5 Essen(e o% ad)ltery7 violation o% the arital vo! 1ist o% the (ri e7 the danger o% introd)(ing sp)rio)s heirs into the %a ily& !here the rights o% the real heirs ay #e i paired and a an ay #e (harged !ith the aintenan(e o% a %a ily not his o!n+ 4$S v+ Mata5 *he o%%ended party )st #e legally arried to the o%%ender at the ti e o% the %iling o% the (o plaint+ Ea(h se:)al inter(o)rse (onstit)tes a (ri e o% ad)ltery+ A#andon ent !itho)t ")sti%i(ation is not e:e pting& #)t only itigating+ : 0oth de%endants are entitled to this itigating (ir() stan(e+ A(>)ittal o% one o% the de%endants does not operate as a (a)se o% a(>)ittal o% the other+
E%%e(t o% (onsent7 People v+ Sensano and Ra os *he h)s#and& ,no!ing that his !i%e& a%ter serving senten(e %or ad)ltery& res) ed living !ith her (oDde%endant& did nothing to inter%ere !ith their relations or to assert his rights as h)s#and+ *he se(ond (harge o% ad)ltery sho)ld #e dis issed #e(a)se o% (onsent+ o Agree ent to separate D ay #e )sed as eviden(e to sho! (onsent #y the h)s#and to the in%idelity o% his !i%e
E%%e(t o% death o% para o)r7 : <%%ending !i%e ay still #e prose()ted+ : *he re>)ire ent that #oth o%%enders sho)ld #e in(l)ded in the (o plaint is a#sol)te only !hen the t!o o%%enders are alive+
E%%e(t o% death o% o%%ended party7 : *he pro(eedings ay (ontin)e+
Arti(le @@- D Con()#inage

4as,ed / ti es5 Ele ents7 15 *hat the an )st #e arriedM 25 *hat he (o itted any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ ,eeping a istress in the (on")gal d!ellingM #+ =aving se:)al inter(o)rse )nder s(andalo)s (ir() stan(e !ith a !o an not his !i%eM (+ Coha#iting !ith her in any other pla(eM @5 *hat as regards the !o an& she )st ,no! hi to #e arried+
: LE1EN.S7 = I h)s#andM W I !i%eM M D arriage : <%%enders7 arried an and the !o an !ho ,no!s hi to #e arried+ o *he !o an only #e(o es lia#le only i% she ,ne! hi to #e arried prior to the (o ission o% the (ri e+ rd: In the @ !ay (o itting the (ri e& ere(oha#itationis s)%%i(ientM Proo% o% s(andalo)s (ir(+ not ne(essary+ 4People v+ Pito(& et+ al+5 A arried an is not lia#le %or (on()#inage %or ere se:)al relations !ith a !o an not his !i%e+ A an !o)ld only #e g)ilty o% (on()#inage i% he appeared to #e g)ilty o% any o% the a(ts p)nished in Art+ @@-+ A arried an !ho is not lia#le %or ad)ltery #e(a)se he did not ,no! that the !o an !as arried& ay #e held lia#le %or (on()#inage+ I% the !o an ,ne! that the an !as arried& she ay #e held lia#le %or (on()#inage as !ell+ Mistress I a !o an ta,en #y the a(()sed to live !ith hi in the (on")gal d!elling as his istressA(on()#ine+ 4People v+ 0a(on and People v+ =ilao5 : Jeeping a istress in the (on")gal d!elling I no positive proo% o% se:)al inter(o)rse is ne(essary Con")gal .!elling I the ho e o% the = and the W even i% the !i%e appears to #e te porarily a#sent on any a((o)nt+ : *he d!elling o% the spo)ses !as (onstr)(ted %ro the pro(eeds o% the sale o% their (on")gal properties+ : *he %a(t that W never had a (han(e to reside therein and that = )sed it !ith his istress instead& does not detra(t %ro its nat)re+ 4People v+ Cordova& 1;/;5 :
Coha#it I to d!ell together as = and W %or a period o% ti e 4i+e+ A !ee,& a onth& year or longer5 S(andalo)s (ir() stan(es I S(andal (onsists in any reprehensi#le !ord or deed that o%%ends p)#li( (ons(ien(e& redo)nds to the detri ent o% the %eelings o% honest persons& and gives o((asion to the neigh#orsF spirit)al da age or r)in+ 4People v+ Santos5 It is only !hen the istress is ,ept else!here 4o)tside the (on")gal d!elling5 that 8s(andalo)s (ir() stan(es9 #e(o e an ele ent o% the (ri e+ 4$S v+ Ma(a#ag#ag5 H)ali%ying e:pression7 Se:)al a(t !hi(h ay #e proved #y (ir() stantial eviden(e S(andal prod)(ed #y the (on()#inage o% =7 : = and istress live in the sa e roo o% a ho)se : *hey appear together in p)#li(& : Per%or a(ts in sight o% the (o )nity !hi(h give rise to (riti(is and general protest a ong the neigh#ors+ When spies are e ployed %or the p)rpose o% !at(hing the (ond)(t o% the a(()sed and it appearing that none o% the people living in the vi(inity has o#served any s)spi(io)s (ond)(t& there is no eviden(e o% s(andalo)s (ir() stan(es+ 4$S v+ Ca pos R)eda5 Ad)ltery is p)nished ore severely than (on()#inage #e(a)se ad)ltery a,es possi#le the introd)(tion o% another anFs o%%spring into the %a ily so that the o%%ended = ay have another anFs son #earing =Fs na e and re(eiving s)pport %ro hi +
220
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le @@2 D A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness

4as,ed 3 ti es5 Ele ents7 15 *hat the o%%ender (o its any a(t o% las(ivio)sness or le!dnessM 25 *hat the is (o itted against a person o% either se:M @5 *hat is done )nder any o% the %%+ (ir() stan(es7 a+ 0y )sing %or(e or inti idationM or #+ When the o%%ended party is deprived o% reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)sM (+ When the o%%ended party is )nder 12 years o% age or is de ented+
Re e #er7 : Motive o% las(ivio)s a(ts is not i portant #e(a)se the essen(e o% le!dness is in the very a(t itsel%+
E:a ple7 I% the ,issing et(+ !as done inside (h)r(h 4!hi(h is a p)#li( pla(e5& a#sen(e o% le!d designs ay #e proven& and the (ri e is )n")st ve:ation only+ 0)t i% the ,issing !as done in the ho)se o% a !o an !hen she !as alone& the (ir() stan(es ay prove the a(()sedFs le!d designs+ A#sent any o% the (ir() stan(es o% rape
rd
: :
)nder the @ ele ent& the (ri e is $NB$S* VEEA*I<N+ Las(ivio)s intent is i plied %ro the nat)re o%thea(tandthes)rro)nding (ir() stan(es+ Consider the a(t and the environ ent to disting)ish #et!een A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness and Atte pted Rape+ .esistan(e in the (o ission o% atte pted rape ay (onstit)te a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+ No atte pted and %r)strated a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+
People v+ 'a )lar(ano : *he a(()sed %ollo!ed the vi(ti & held her& e #ra(ed her& tore her dress& and tried to to)(h her #reast+ : When a (o plaint %or a(ts o% las(ivio)sness !as %iled against hi & a(()sed (lai ed that he had no intention o% having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith her and that he did the a(ts only as revenge+ : *rial Co)rt %o)nd the a(()sed g)ilty o% 'R$S*RA*E.AC*S<' LASCIVI<$SNESS+ : =EL.7 *here is no %r)strated (ri e against (hastity !hi(h in(l)des a(ts o% las(ivio)sness& ad)ltery& and rape+ : 'ro the o ent the o%%ender per%or s all the ele ents ne(essary %or the e:isten(e o% the %elony& he a(t)ally attains his p)rpose+ : Motive o% revenge is o% no (onse>)en(e sin(e the ele ent o% le!dness is in the very a(t itsel%+
221
CRIMINAL LAW 2
A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness v 1rave Coer(ion

A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness Co p)lsion or %or(e is in(l)dedinthe (onstr)(tive ele ent o% %or(e+ M)st #e a((o panied #y a(ts o% las(ivio)sness or le!dness+ 1rave Coer(ion Co p)lsion or %or(e is the very a(t (onstit)ting the o%%ense o% grave (oer(ion+ Moral(o p)lsion a o)nting to inti idation is s)%%i(ient+
See Spe(ial La!7 R+A+ 3633 D AntiDSe:)al =arass ent A(t o% 1;;/ *!o ,inds o% sed)(tion7 : H)ali%ied sed)(tion 4Art+ @@35 : Si ple sed)(tion 4Art+ @@65
A(ts o% las(ivio)sness v Atte pted rape

A(ts o% Las(ivio)snessAtte pted Rape Sa e eans o% (o itting the (ri e7 15 %or(e& threat& or inti idation is e ployedM or 25 #y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hination or grave a#)se o% a)thorityM or @5 the o%%ended party is deprived o% reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)sM or -5 vi(ti is )nder 12 yrs+ o% age or is de ented <%%ended party is a person o% either se:+ *he per%or an(e o% a(ts o% las(ivio)s (hara(ter A(ts per%or ed do not A(ts per%or ed (learly indi(ate that the a(()sed indi(atethatthe !as to lie !A the o%%ended a(()sedFsp)rpose party+!as to lie !A the o%%ended !o an+ Las(ivio)s a(ts are the %inal Las(ivio)s a(ts are o#"e(tive so)ght #y the only the preparatory o%%ender+a(tstothe (o ission o% rape+
Arti(le @@3 D H)ali%ied Sed)(tion

4as,ed thri(e5 Ele ents7 15 *hat the o%%ended party is a virgin& !hi(h is pres) ed i% she is )n arried and o% good rep)tationM 25 *hat the she )st #e over 12 and )nder 16 yrs+ o% ageM 41@D13 years 11 onths 2; days5 @5 *hat the o%%ender has se:)al inter(o)rse !ith herM -5 *hat the there is a#)se o% a)thority& (on%iden(e& or relationship on the part o% the o%%ender+
A#)ses against (hastity 4Art+ 2-/5 v a(ts o% las(ivio)sness 4Art+ @@25

<%%enses against Chastity Co itted #y a private individ)al& in ost (ases So ea(to% las(ivio)snesssho)ld have #een e:e()ted #y the o%%ender+ A#)ses against Chastity Co itted #y a p)#li( o%%i(er only Merei oralor inde(ent proposal ade earnestlyand persistently is s)%%i(ient+
Re e #er7 : Sed)(tion D enti(ing a !o an to )nla!%)l se:)al inter(o)rse #y pro ise o% arriage or other eans o% pers)asion !itho)t )se o% %or(e+ : It applies !hen there is a#)se o% a)thority 4>)ali%ied sed)(tion5 or de(eit 4si ple sed)(tion5+
*!o (lasses o% H)ali%ied Sed)(tion7 1+ Sed)(tion o% a virgin over 12 years and )nder 16 years o% age #y (ertain persons
s)(h as& a person in a)thority& priest& tea(her or any person !ho& in any (apa(ity shall #e entr)sted !ith the ed)(ation or ()stody o% the !o an sed)(ed+ 2+ Sed)(tion o% a sister #y her #rother& or des(endant #y her as(endant& regardless o% her age or rep)tation+ :
Virgin D a !o an o% (haste (hara(ter and o% good rep)tation+ : *he o%%ended party need not #e physi(ally a virgin+ I% there is no se:)al inter(o)rse and only a(ts o% le!dness are per%or ed& the (ri e is a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+ I% any o% the (ir() stan(es in the (ri e o% rape is present& the (ri e is not to #e p)nished )nder Art+ @@3+ *he a(()sed (harged !ith rape (annot #e (onvi(ted o% >)ali%ied sed)(tion )nder the sa e in%or ation+
1+ People v+ 'ontanilla : A 1/Dyear old virgin& !ho !as #ro)ght #y her other to the ho)se o% the a(()sed and his !i%e to serve as a helper& : repeatedly yielded to the (arnal desires o% the a(()sed& : as she !as ind)(ed #y his pro ises o% arriage and %rightened #y his a(ts o% inti idation+ : =EL.7 .ECEI*& altho)gh an essential ele ent o% ordinary or si ple sed)(tion& does not need to #e proved or esta#lished in a (harge o% >)ali%ied sed)(tion+ It is repla(ed #y A0$SE <' C<N'I.ENCE+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
<%%enders in H)ali%ied Sed)(tion7 1+ *hose !ho a#)sed their a)thority7 4Pa1D*EAC5 a+ Person in p)#li( a)thorityM #+ 1)ardianM (+ *ea(herM d+ Person !ho& in any (apa(ity& is entr)sted !ith the ed)(ation or ()stody o% the !o an sed)(ed+ 2+ *hose !ho a#)sed (on%iden(e reposed in the 7 4P=.5 a+ PriestM #+ =o)se servantM (+ .o esti( @+ *hose !ho a#)sed their relationship7 a+ 0rother !ho sed)(ed his sisterM #+ As(endant!hosed)(edhis des(endant+ : 8.o esti(9 D a person )s)ally living )nder the sa e roo%& pertaining to the sa e ho)se+ : Not ne(essary that the o%%ender #e the tea(her o% the o%%ended partyM it is s)%%i(ient that he is a tea(her in the sa e s(hool+ : H)ali%ied sed)(tion ay also #e (o itted #y a aster to his servant& or a head o% the %a ily to any o% its e #ers+ : H)ali%ied sed)(tion o% a sister or des(endant& also ,no!n as INCES*& is p)nished #y a penalty ne:t higher in degree+ : *he age& rep)tation& or virginity o% the sister ordes(endantisirrelevant+*he relationship need not #e legiti ate+
2+ 0a#anto v+ Qosa : *he a(()sed& a poli(e an& #ro)ght a 1@D year old girl !ith lo! entality& to the A0C =all !here he s)((eeded in having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith her+ : *he (o plaint did not allege that the girl !as a virgin+ : *he a(()sed !as (harged !ith RAPE #)t (onvi(ted o% H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N+ : =EL.7 *ho)gh it is tr)e that virginity is pres) ed i% the girl is over 12 #)t )nder 16& )n arried and o% good rep)tation& virginity is still an essential ele ent o% the (ri e o% >)ali%ied sed)(tion and )st #e alleged in the (o plaint+ : A(()sed is g)ilty o% RAPE& (onsidering the vi(ti Fs age& ental a#nor ality and de%i(ien(y+ : *here !as also inti idation !ith the a(()sed !earing his )ni%or +
: :
: : :
Pere? v+ CA Pere? s)((eeded in having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith Mendo?a a%ter he pro ised to arry her+ As he did not a,e good on said pro ise& Mendo?a %iled a (o plaint %or Consented A#d)(tion+ *rial Co)rt %o)nd that the a(ts (onstit)ted sed)(tion& a(>)itting hi on the (harge o% Consented A#d)(tion+ Mendo?a then %iled a (o plaint %or H)ali%ied Sed)(tion+ Pere? oved to dis iss the (ase on the gro)nds o% do)#le "eopardy+ =EL.7 *here are si ilar ele ents #et!een (onsenteda#d)(tionand>)ali%ied sed)(tion& na ely7 1+ the o%%ended party is a virgin& and 2+ over 12 #)t )nder 16 yrs+ o% age =o!ever& an a(>)ittal %or C<NSEN*E. A0.$C*I<N !ill not pre(l)de the %iling o% a (harge %or H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N
#e(a)se the ele ents o% the t!o (ri es are di%%erent+

Consented A#d)(tion Re>)iresthe ta,ing a!ay o% the vi(ti !A her (onsent <%%enderhas se:)al inter(o)rse+ *he girl H)ali%ied Sed)(tion Re>)ires a#)se o%a)thority& (on%iden(eor relationship *a,ing a!ay !ith le!d designs *he girlFs %a ily
Arti(le @@; D A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness !ith the Consent o% the <%%ended Party
Ele ents7 15 <%%ender (o its a(ts o% las(ivio)sness or le!dnessM 25 *he a(ts are (o itted )pon a !o an !ho is a virgin or single or !ido! o% good rep)tation& )nder 16 yrs+ o% age #)t over 12 yrs+& or a sister or des(endant& regardless o% her rep)tation or ageM @5 *he o%%ender a((o plishes the a(ts #y a#)se o% a)thority& (on%iden(e& relationship& or de(eit+
Means7
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
A(t7
Wronged7
*hat the girl gave (onsent to the se:)al inter(o)rse is not a de%ense+ Re e #er7 : It is ne(essary that it #e (o itted )nder (ir() stan(es !hi(h !o)ld a,e it >)ali%ied or si ple sed)(tion had there #een se:)al inter(o)rse& instead o% a(ts o% le!dness only+ : When the vi(ti is )nder 12 yrs+& the penalty shall #e one degree higher than that i posed #y la!+
Arti(le @@6 D Si ple Sed)(tion

4as,ed three ti es5 Ele ents7 15 *hat the o%%ended party is over 12 and )nder 16 years o% ageM 25 *hat she is o% good rep)tation& single or !ido!M @5 *hat the o%%ender has se:)al inter(o)rse !ith herM -5 *hat it is (o itted #y eans o% de(eit+
A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness 4Art+ @@25 Co itted)nder (ir() stan(es !A(& had there#een(arnal ,no!ledge&!o)ld a o)nt to rape <%%ended party %e ale or ale is a
Re e #er7 : P)rpose o% the la! D *o p)nish the sed)(er !ho #y eans o% pro ise o% arriage& destroys the (hastity o% an )n arried %e ale o% previo)s (haste (hara(ter : Virginity o% o%%ended party is not re>)ired& good rep)tation is s)%%i(ient+ : .e(eit generally ta,es the %or o% )n%)l%illed pro ise o% arriage+ : What a#o)t )n%)l%illed pro ise o% aterial things& as !hen the !o an agrees to se:)al inter(o)rse in e:(hange %or "e!elryN : *his is not sed)(tion #e(a)se she is a !o an o% loose orals+ : Pro ise o% arriage a%ter se:)al inter(o)rse does not (onstit)te de(eit+ : Pro ise o% arriage #y a arried an is not a de(eit& i% the !o an ,ne! hi to #e arried+ : Sed)(tion is not a (ontin)ing o%%ense+
A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness !ith (onsent 4Art+ @@;5 Co itted)nder (ir() stan(es !A(& had there#een(arnal ,no!ledge&!o)ld a o)nt to either >)ali%ied or si ple sed)(tion <%%ended party sho)ld only #e %e ale
Arti(le @-0 D Corr)ption o% Minors

A(ts p)nisha#le7 *he pro otion or %a(ilitation o% the prostit)tion or (orr)ption o% persons )nder age 4 inors5& to satis%y the l)st o% another Re e #er7 : LIA0ILI*C7 : Any person : P)nisha#le #y prision ayor : A p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployee& in(l)ding thoseingovern entDo!nedor (ontrolled (orporations : Shall also #e penali?ed #y te porary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation 4As a ended #y 0P ;25+ : =a#it)ality or a#)se o% a)thority or (on%iden(e is not ne(essary+
: :
It is not ne(essary that the )n(haste a(ts shall have #een done+ Mere proposal !ill (ons) ate the o%%ense+
#e %or the p)rpose o% (arrying her to another pla(e !ith the intent to arry or to (orr)pt her+ *!o ,inds o% a#d)(tion7 1+ 'or(i#le a#d)(tion 4Art+ @-25 2+ Consented a#d)(tion 4Art+ @-@5 Cri es against (hastity !here age and rep)tation are i aterial7 1+ A(ts o% las(ivio)sness against the !ill or !itho)t the (onsent o% the o%%ended party 2+ H)ali%ied sed)(tion o% sister or des(endant @+ 'or(i#le a#d)(tion : *he ta,ing a!ay o% the !o an ay #e a((o plished #y eans o% de(eit %irst and then #y eans o% violen(e and inti idation+ I% the %e ale a#d)(ted is )nder 12& the (ri e is %or(i#le a#d)(tion& even i% she vol)ntarily goes !ith her a#d)(tor+ Se:)al inter(o)rse is not ne(essary in %or(i#le a#d)(tion+ Le!d designs ay #e sho!n #y the (ond)(t o% the a(()sed+ When there are several de%endants& it is eno)gh that one o% the had le!d designs+ =)s#and is not lia#le %or a#d)(tion o% his !i%e& as le!d design is !anting+ Atte pt to rape is a#sor#ed in the (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion& th)s there is no (o ple: (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith atte pted rape+ Nat)re o% the (ri e D *he a(t o% the o%%ender is violative o% the individ)al li#erty o% the a#d)(ted& her honor and rep)tation& and p)#li( order+
SEE ALS<7 RA 32107 SPECIAL PR<*EC*I<N <' C=IL.REN A1AINS* C=IL. A0$SE& EEPL<I*A*I<N& AN. .ISCRIMINA*I<N AC* : *here is a (ri e o% A**EMP*E. C=IL. PR<S*I*$*I<N+ 4Se(+ 2& RA 32105
22CRIMINAL LAW 2
Arti(le @-1 D White Slave *rade

A(ts p)nisha#le7 1+ Engaging in #)siness o% prostit)tion 2+ Pro%iting #y prostit)tion @+ Enlisting the servi(es o% !o en %or the p)rpose o% prostit)tion+ : : =a#it)ality is not a ne(essary ele ent o% !hite slave trade+ _$nder any prete:tF I one !ho engaged the servi(es o% a !o an allegedly as a aid& #)t in reality %or prostit)tion& is g)ilty )nder this arti(le+ Vi(ti is )nder 12 yrs+& penalty shall #e one degree higher+ <%%ender need not #e the o!ner o% the ho)se+ Maintainer or anager o% ho)se o% illDrep)te need not #e present therein at the ti e o% raid or arrest+
: : : : :
: : :
Corr)ption o% Minors Minorityo%vi(ti s essential Vi(ti s ay #e ale or %e ale May not ne(essarily #e %or pro%it Co itted #y a single a(t
White Slave *rade Minority is not re>)ired Applies only to %e ales 1enerally %or pro%it 1enerally ha#it)ally (o itted 'or(i#le A#d)(tion1rave Coer(ion *here is violen(e or inti idation #y the o%%ender+ *he o%%ended party is (o pelled to do so ething against her !ill+ A#d)(tion is (hara(teri?ed Nole!ddesign& #y le!d design+provided that there is no deprivation o% li#erty %or an appre(ia#le length o% ti e+
Arti(le @-2 D 'or(i#le A#d)(tion

Ele ents7 15 *he person a#d)(ted is any !o an& regardless o% her age& (ivil stat)s or rep)tationM 25 *he a#d)(tion is against her !illM @5 *he a#d)(tion is !ith le!d designs+ Re e #er7 : A#d)(tion I the ta,ing a!ay o% a !o an %ro her ho)se or the pla(e !here she ay
'or(i#le A#d)(tion P)rpose is to e%%e(t his le!d designs on the vi(ti + 'or(i#le A#d)(tion *here is deprivation o% li#erty and le!d designs+ Corr)ption o% Minors P)rpose is to lend the vi(ti to illi(it inter(o)rse !ith others+ Serio)s Illegal .etention *here is deprivation o% li#erty and no le!d designs+ Co ission o% other (ri esd)ring
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER (on%ine ent o% vi(ti is i aterial to the (harge o% ,idnapping !A serio)s illegal detention+ 'or(i#le A#d)(tion !ith Rape *he violent ta,ing o% the !o an is otivated #y le!d designs+ Cri e against (hastity
*itle EI+ CRIMES against C=AS*I*C Jidnapping 4!ith rape5 Not so otivated
'or(i#le A#d)(tion !ith Rape D a (o ple: (ri e )nder Art+ -6& and not a spe(ial (o ple: (ri e
Cri e against li#erty
22/
CRIMINAL LAW 2
*here (an only #e one (o ple: (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape+
1+ People v+ S)npong(o : *he vi(ti !as a#d)(ted #y the a(()sed and !as #ro)ght to a hotel !here the latter s)((eeded in having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith her+ : =EL.7 *he ele ents o% #oth rape and %or(i#le a#d)(tion are proven+ *he presen(e o% le!d designs in %or(i#le a#d)(tion is ani%ested #y the s)#se>)ent rape o% the vi(ti +
Ad)ltery and Con()#inage <%%ended spo)se
Sed)(tion& A#d)(tion& A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness 1+ <%%ended party 2+ =er parents& grandparents& or g)ardians& in the order in !hi(h they are na ed a#ove+
-+ People v+ 1odines : *he vi(ti !itnessed the ,illing o% another #y the 2 a(()sed+ : $pon seeing her& the a(()sed dragged her to a va(ant lot !here they too, t)rns in raping her+ : *C (onvi(ted the o% rape+ : =EL.7'<RCI0LEA0.$C*I<Nis a#sor#ed in the (ri e o% RAPE i% the ain o#"e(tive is to rape the vi(ti + : Convi(tion o% a(ts o% las(ivio)sness is not a #ar to (onvi(tion o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion+
Arti(le @-@ D Consented A#d)(tion

Ele ents7 15 <%%ended party is a virginM 25 She is over 12 and )nder 16 yrs+ o% ageM @5 <%%ender ta,es her a!ay !ith her (onsent& a%ter soli(itation or (a"olery %ro the o%%enderM -5 *he ta,ing a!ay is !ith le!d designs+ :
2+ People v+ Bose : *his is the Maggie .ela Riva story !herein Maggie !as a#d)(ted and #ro)ght to a hotel& !here the - a(()sed too, t)rns in raping her+ : =EL.7 While the %irst a(t o% rape !as #eing per%or ed& the (ri e o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion had already #een (ons) ated& hen(e& %or(i#le a#d)(tion (an only #e atta(hed to the %irst a(t o% rape& deta(hed %ro the @ s)#se>)ent a(ts o% rape+ : *he e%%e(t there%ore !o)ld #e one (o)nt o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape and - (o)nts o% rape %or ea(h o% the a(()sed+
: @+ People v+ Al#)ro : *he a(()sed and 2 other en raped the vi(ti + : *he vi(ti !as a "eepney passenger !ho !as prevented %ro leaving the "eepney+ : She !as ta,en to a re ote pla(e !here she !as raped+ : =EL.7 *he a(()sed is g)ilty o% '<RCI0LE A0.$C*I<N WI*= RAPE+ : It !as proven that the vi(ti !as ta,en against her !ill and !ith le!d design& and !as s)#se>)ently %or(ed to s)# it to the a(()sedFs l)st& rendering her )n(ons(io)s in the pro(ess+ : :
P)rpose o% the la! D *o pres(ri#e p)nish ent %or the disgra(e to her %a ily and the alar (a)sed #y the disappearan(e o% one !ho is& #y her age and se:& s)s(epti#le to (a"olery and de(eit+ I% the virgin is )nder 12 or is deprived o% reason& the (ri e is %or(i#le a#d)(tion #e(a)se s)(h is in(apa#le o% giving a valid (onsent+ *he ta,ing a!ay o% the girl need not #e !ith so e (hara(ter o% per anen(e+ <%%ended party need not #e ta,en %ro her ho)se+ When there !as no soli(itation or (a"olery and no de(eit and the girl vol)ntarily !ent !ith the an& there is no (ri e (o itted even i% they had se:)al inter(o)rse+
Arti(le @-<%%enses
1+ 2+ @+ -+ /+
Prose()tion
o%
Private
II+ Sed)(tion&a#d)(tion& las(ivio)sness :
a(ts
o%
Ad)ltery Con()#inage Sed)(tion A#d)(tion A(ts o% las(ivio)sness
Nat)re o% the (o plaint 7 : *he (o plaint )st #e %iled in (o)rt& not !ith the %is(al+ : In (ase o% (o ple: (ri es& !here one o% the (o ponent o%%enses is a p)#li( (ri e& the (ri inal prose()tion ay #e instit)ted #y the %is(al+ : *he (o)rt ot) propio (an dis iss the (ase %or %ail)re o% the aggrieved party to %ile the proper (o plaint even i% the a(()sed never raised the >)estion on appeal+ : Cri es against (hastity (annot #e prose()ted de o%i(io+
: I+ : Ad)ltery and Con()#inage Who ay %ile the (o plaint7 Ad)ltery and Con()#inage )st #e prose()ted )pon (o plaint signed #y the o%%ended spo)se+ *he o%%ended party (annot instit)te (ri inal prose()tion !itho)t in(l)ding 0<*= the g)ilty parties i% they are alive+ 0oth parties )st #e in(l)ded in the (o plaint even i% one o% the is not g)ilty+ Consent and pardon #ar the %iling o% a (ri inal (o plaint+ *he i p)tation o% a (ri e o% prostit)tion against a !o an (an #e prose()ted de o%i(io+ Prose()tion o% rape ay #e ade )pon (o plaint #y any person+ E%%e(t o% Pardon7 4see E%%e(t o% Pardon in Art+ @@@ Ad)ltery5 : E%%e(t o% Pardon in Ad)ltery applies also to Con()#inage : Condonation or %orgiveness o% one a(t o% ad)ltery or (on()#inage is not a #ar to prose()tion o% si ilar a(ts that ay #e (o itted #y the o%%ender in the %)t)re+ Consent7 : May #e e:press or i plied : 1iven#e%orethead)lteryor (on()#inage !as (o itted : Agree ent to live separately ay #e eviden(e o% (onsent+ : A%%idavit sho!ing (onsent ay #e a #asis %or ne! trial+
: :
: :
Sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& or a(ts o% las(ivio)sness )st #e prose()ted )pon (o plaint signed #yP <%%ended party D When the o%%ended party is a inor& her parents ay %ile the (o plaint+ When the o%%ended party is o% age and is in (o plete possession o% her ental and physi(al %a()lties& she alone (an %ile the (o plaint+ Parents& 1randparents or 1)ardian in that order I 1+ When the o%%ended is a inor or in(apa(itated and re%)ses to %ile the (o plaint&anyo%thepersons entioned (o)ld %ile+ 2+ *he ter 8g)ardian9 re%ers to legal g)ardian+ =e )st #e legally appointed #y the Co)rt+ *he State ay also %ile the (o plaint as parens patriae !hen the o%%ended party dies or #e(o es in(apa(itated #e%ore she (o)ld %ile the (o plaint and has no ,no!n parents& grandparents& or g)ardians E%%e(t o% Pardon7 1+ <%%ended party (annot instit)te (ri inal pro(eedings i% the o%%ender has #een EEPRESSLC pardoned #y the o%%ended party& or her parents& grandparents or g)ardian+ 2+ Pardon #y the parent& grandparent& or g)ardian )st #e a((o panied #y the e:press pardon o% the o%%ended !o an+ @+ *he right to %ile a(tion o% the parents& grandparents and g)ardian shall #e EECL$SIVE o% other persons and shall #e e:er(ised s)((essively in the order provided+ -+ Pardon #y the o%%ended party !ho is a inor )st have the (on()rren(e o% parents& EECEP* !hen the o%%ended party has no parents+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Rape (o ple:ed !ith another (ri e against (hastity need N<* #e signed #y the o%%ended !o an& sin(e rape is a p)#li( (ri e+ : When the eviden(e %ails to prove a (o ple: (ri e o% rape !ith another (ri e& and there is no (o plaint signed #y the o%%ended !o an& the a(()sed CANN<* #e (onvi(ted o% rape+ Marriage o% the o%%ender !ith the o%%ended party in sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& a(ts o%
: :
las(ivio)sness and rape& e:ting)ishes (ri inal a(tion or re its the penalty already i posed+ Marriage 4in (ases o% sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& and a(ts o% las(ivio)sness5 e:ting)ishes the (ri inal a(tion even as to (oDprin(ipals& a((o pli(es& and a((essories+ Marriage )st #e entered into in good %aith+ Marriage ay ta,e pla(e A'*ER (ri inal pro(eedings have (o en(ed& or even a%ter (onvi(tion 4e:ting)ishes (ri inal a(tion and re its penalty5+
15 as(endants 25 g)ardians @5 ()rators -5 tea(hers& and /5 other person& !ho (ooperate as any a((o pli(e !ith a#)se o% a)thority or (on%idential relationship *he tea(hers or persons entr)sted !ith ed)(ation and g)idan(e o% the yo)th shall also #e penali?ed !ith dis>)ali%i(ation+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
B)rispr)den(e %or *itle Eleven Civil Lia#ility o% Persons 1)ilty o% Cri es Against Chastity *hose g)ilty o% rape& sed)(tion or a#d)(tion7 1+*o inde ni%y the o%%ended !o an 2+*o a(,no!ledge the o%%spring& )nless the la! sho)ld prevent hi %ro doing so @+In every (ase to s)pport the o%%spring& EECEP*7 a+ in (ases o% ad)ltery and (on()#inage #+ !here either o% the o%%ended party or a(()sed is arried (+ !hen paternity (annot #e deter ined& s)(h as in )ltiple rape d+ other instan(es !here the la! prevents s)(h : *he ad)lterer and the (on()#ine (an #e senten(ed only to inde ni%y %or da ages (a)sed to the o%%ended spo)se+ : $nder the RPC& there is no (ivil lia#ility %or a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+ : Art+ 221;& CC7 oral da ages ay #e re(overed in sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& rape& or other las(ivio)s a(ts& as !ell as in ad)ltery and (on()#inage+ : *he parents o% the %e ale sed)(ed& a#d)(ted& raped& or a#)sed ay also re(over oral da ages+ : In )ltiple rape& all the o%%enders )st s)pport the o%%spring+ : Art+ 26@ 415& CC7 B)dg ent to re(ogni?e the o%%spring ay only #e given i% there is pregnan(y !ithin the period o% (on(eption& !hi(h is !ithin 120 days %ro the (o ission o% the o%%ense+ : In rape o% a arried !o an& only inde nity is allo!ed+ 15 C=IL. A0$SEM S!eetheart de%ense not availa#le Malto v+ People 4Sept+ 2003& Na(h)ra5 : *he s!eetheart theory applies in a(ts o% las(ivio)sness and rape& %elonies (o itted against or !itho)t the (onsent o% the vi(ti + : It operates on the theory that the se:)al a(t !as (onsens)al+ : It re>)ires proo% that the a(()sed and the vi(ti !ere lovers and that she (onsented to the se:)al relations+ : 'or p)rposes o% se:)al inter(o)rse and las(ivio)s (ond)(t in (hild a#)se (ases )nder RA 3210& the s!eetheart de%ense is )na((epta#le+ : A (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted to other se:)al a#)se (annot validly give (onsent to se:)al inter(o)rse !ith another person+
25 4RAPE5M E:e plary .a agesM Child Vi(ti s People vs+ A#ellera 4B)ly 2003& Na(h)ra5 : E:e plary da ages )st also #e a!arded in these (hild a#)se (ases to deter others !ith perverse tenden(ies %ro se:)ally a#)sing yo)ng girls o% their o!n %lesh and #lood+
Lia#ility o% as(endants& g)ardians& tea(hers or other persons entr)sted !ith the ()stody o% the o%%ended party : Persons !ho (ooperate as a((o pli(es #)t are p)nished as prin(ipals in rape& sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& et(+ 4see list #elo! %or the (o plete set o% (ri es re%erred to in this arti(le57
@5 C=IL. A0$SEM Pandering Child Prostit)tes People vs+ .elantar 'e#r)ary 2003& Na(h)ra5 : AppellantFs violation o% Se(+ /& Art+ III o% R+A+ No+ 3210 is as (lear as day+ *he provision penali?es anyone !ho engages in or pro otes& %a(ilitates or ind)(es (hild prostit)tion either #y7 1+ a(ting as a pro()rer o% a (hild prostit)teM or 2+ ind)(ing a person to #e a (lient o% a (hild prostit)te #y eans o% !ritten or oral advertise ents or other si ilar eansM or @+ #y ta,ing advantage o% in%l)en(e or relationship to pro()re a (hild as a prostit)teM or -+ threatening or )sing violen(e to!ards a (hild to engage hi as a prostit)teM or
/+ giving onetary (onsideration& goods or other pe()niary #ene%its to the (hild !ith the intent to engage s)(h (hild in prostit)tion+ : *he p)rpose o% the la! is to provide spe(ial prote(tion to (hildren %ro all %or s o% a#)se& negle(t& (r)elty& e:ploitation and dis(ri ination&andother(onditions pre")di(ial to their develop ent+ : A (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion ay see to 8(onsent9 to !hat is #eing done to her or hi and ay appear not to (o plain+ : =o!ever& !e have held that a (hild !ho is 8a person #elo! eighteen years o% age or those )na#le to %)lly ta,e (are o% the selves or prote(t the selves %ro a#)se& negle(t& (r)elty&e:ploitationordis(ri ination #e(a)se o% their age or ental disa#ility or (ondition9 : is in(apa#le o% giving rational (onsent to any las(ivio)s a(t or se:)al inter(o)rse+ : In %a(t& the a#sen(e o% %ree (onsent is (on(l)sively pres) ed !hen the !o an is #elo! the age o% t!elve
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
-5 C=IL. A0$SEM .e%inition o% 8Las(ivio)s Cond)(t& Navarrete vs+ People 4Ban)ary 2003& Na(h)ra5 : *he ele ents o% se:)al a#)se )nder Se(tion / 4#5 o% RA 3210 that )st #e proven in addition to the ele ents o% a(ts o% las(ivio)sness are as %ollo!s7 1+ *he a(()sed (o its the a(t o% se:)al inter(o)rse or las(ivio)s (ond)(t+ 2+ *he said a(t is per%or ed !ith a (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted to other se:)al a#)se+ @+ *he (hild& !hether ale or %e ale& is #elo! 16 years o% age+
8Las(ivio)s (ond)(t9 is de%ined )nder Se(tion 2 4h5 o% the r)les and reg)lations o% RA 3210 as7 : *he intentional to)(hing& either dire(tly or thro)gh (lothing& o% the genitalia& an)s& groin& #reast& inner thigh& or #)tto(,s& : or the introd)(tion o% any o#"e(t into the genitalia& an)s or o)th& o% any person& : !hether o% the sa e or opposite se:& : !ith an intent to a#)se& h) iliate& harass& degrade& or aro)se or grati%y the se:)al desire o% any person& : #estiality& ast)r#ation& las(ivio)s e:hi#ition o% the genitals or p)#i( area o% a person+
*itle EII+ CRIMES against the CIVIL S*A*$S o% PERS<NS
*itle EII+ Cri es against the Civil Stat)s o% Persons
Chapter II7 Illegal Marriages Arti(le @-; D 0iga y

4as,ed 6 ti es5
1+ Art @-37 Si )lation o% #irths& s)#stit)tion o% one (hild %or another and (on(eal ent or a#andon ent o% a legiti ate (hild 2+ Art @-67 $s)rpation o% (ivil stat)s @+ Art @-;7 0iga y -+ Art @/07 Marriage (ontra(ted against provisions o% la! /+ Art @/17 Pre at)re arriages 2+ Art @/27 Per%or an(e o% illegal arriage (ere ony
22;
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender has #een legally arriedM 2+ *he arriage has not #een legally dissolved or& in (ase his or her spo)se is a#sent& the a#sent spo)se (o)ld not yet #e pres) ed dead a((ording to the Civil CodeM @+ =e (ontra(ts a se(ond or s)#se>)ent arriageM -+ *he se(ond or s)#se>)ent arriage has all the essential re>)isites %or validity+
Chapter I7 Si )lation o% 0irths and $s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s
: :
Arti(le @-3 D Si )lation o% 0irths& S)#stit)tion

o% <ne Child %or Another& and Con(eal ent or A#andon ent o% a Legiti ate Child Mode 1+ Si )lation o% #irthsM Mode 2+ S)#stit)tion o% one (hild %or anotherM Mode @+ Con(ealing or a#andoning any legiti ate (hild !ith intent to (a)se s)(h (hild to lose its (ivil stat)s+ Ill)stration7 : People !ho have no (hild and !ho #)y and adopt the (hild !itho)t going thro)gh legal adoption+ : Sa e is tr)e even i% the (hild !as ,idnapped #)t they ,ne! that the ,idnappers are not the real parents o% the (hild+ : When the real parents a,e it appear in the #irth (erti%i(ate that the parents !ho #o)ght the (hild are the real parents :
1ood %aith is a de%ense in #iga y+ 'ail)re to e:er(ise d)e diligen(e to as(ertain the !herea#o)ts o% the %irst !i%e is #iga y thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e+ A ")di(ial de(laration o% the n)llity o% a arriage& that is& that the arriage !as void a# initio& is no! re>)ired+ <ne (onvi(ted o% #iga y ay also #e prose()ted %or (on()#inage as #oth are distin(t o%%enses+ *he %irst is an o%%ense against (ivil stat)s& !hi(h ay #e prose()ted at the instan(e o% the stateM the se(ond is an o%%ense against (hastity& and ay #e prose()ted only at the instan(e o% the o%%ended party+ *he test is not !hether the de%endant has already #een tried %or the sa e a(t& #)t !hether he has #een p)t in "eopardy %or the sa e o%%ense+
Arti(le @/0 D Marriage Contra(ted against

Provisions o% La!s 4as,ed t!i(e5 Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender (ontra(ted arriageM 2+ =e ,ne! at the ti e that I a+ *he re>)ire ents o% the la! !ere not (o plied !ithM or #+ *he arriage !as in disregard o% a legal i pedi ent+ : :
Arti(le @-6 D $s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s

: *his (ri e is (o itted !hen a person represents hi sel% to #e another and ass) es the %iliation or the parental or (on")gal rights o% s)(h another person+ Civil stat)s see s to in(l)de oneFs pro%ession+ *here )st #e an intent to en"oy the rights arising %ro the (ivil stat)s o% another+
: :
0iga y is a %or o% illegal arriage+ Illegal arriage in(l)des also s)(h other arriages !hi(h are per%or ed !itho)t (o plying !ith the re>)ire ents o% la!& or arriages Where the (onsent o% the other is vitiated& or s)(h arriage !hi(h !as sole ni?ed #y
one !ho is not a)thori?ed to sole ni?e the sa e+
Arti(le @/1 D Pre at)re Marriage

4as,ed t!i(e5 Persons lia#le7 1+ A !ido! !ho is arried !ithin @01 days %ro the date o% the death o% her h)s#and& or #e%ore having delivered i% she is pregnant at the ti e o% his deathM 2+ A !o an !ho& her arriage having #een ann)lled or dissolved& arried #e%ore her delivery or #e%ore the e:piration o% the period o% @01 days a%ter the date o% the legal separation+
*he S)pre e Co)rt (onsidered the reason #ehind a,ing s)(h arriages !ithin @01 days (ri inal& that is& #e(a)se o% the pro#a#ility that there ight #e a (on%)sion regarding the paternity o% the (hild !ho !o)ld #e #orn+ I% this reason does not e:ist #e(a)se the %or er h)s#and is i potent& <R !as sho!n to #e sterile s)(h that the !o an has had no (hild !ith hi & that #elie% o% the !o an that a%ter all there (o)ld #e no (on%)sion even i% she !o)ld arry !ithin @01 days ay #e ta,en as eviden(e o% good %aith and that !o)ld negate (ri inal intent+
: :
Arti(le @/2 D Per%or an(e o% Illegal Marriage

Cere ony PERS<NS LIA0LE7 : Priests or inisters o% any religio)s deno ination or se(t& or (ivil a)thorities : !ho shall per%or or a)thori?e any illegal arriage (ere ony B)rispr)den(e7 0iga y 1+ L)(io Morigo v+ People 42002& Na(h)ra5 : *he pri ordial iss)e sho)ld #e !hether or not petitioner (o itted #iga y and i% so& !hether his de%ense o% good %aith is valid+ : In Mar#ellaD0o#is v+ 0o#is& !e laid do!n the ele ents o% #iga y th)s7 1+ *he o%%ender has #een legally arriedM 2+ *he %irst arriage has not #een legally dissolved& or in (ase his or
her spo)se is a#sent& the a#sent spo)sehas not #een ")di(ially de(lared pres) ptively deadM @+ =e (ontra(ts a s)#se>)ent arriageM and -+ *he s)#se>)ent arriage !o)ld have #een valid had it not #een %or the e:isten(e o% the %irst+ Applying the %oregoing test to the instant (ase& !e note that the trial (o)rt %o)nd that there !as no a(t)al arriage (ere ony per%or ed #et!een L)(io and L)(ia #y a sole ni?ing o%%i(er+ Instead& !hat transpired !as a ere signing o% the arriage (ontra(t #y the t!o& !itho)t the presen(e o% a sole ni?ing o%%i(er+ *he %irst ele ent o% #iga y as a (ri e re>)ires that the a(()sed )st have #een legally arried+ 0)t in this (ase& legally spea,ing& the petitioner !as never arried to L)(ia 0arrete+ *h)s& there is no %irst arriage to spea, o%+ $nder the prin(iple o% retroa(tivity o% a arriage #eing de(lared void a# initio& the t!o !ere never arried 8%ro the #eginning+9 *he (ontra(t o% arriage is n)llM it #ears no legal e%%e(t+ *a,ing this arg) ent to its logi(al (on(l)sion& %or legal p)rposes& petitioner !as not arried to L)(ia at the ti e he (ontra(ted the arriage !ith Maria Be(e(ha+ *he e:isten(e and the validity o% the %irst arriage #eing an essential ele ent o% the (ri e o% #iga y& it is #)t logi(al that a (onvi(tion %or said o%%ense (annot #e s)stained !here there is no %irst arriage to spea, o%+ *he petitioner& )st& per%or(e #e a(>)itted o% the instant (harge+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
2+ A#)nado v+ People 4200-& Na(h)ra5 : *he s)#se>)ent ")di(ial de(laration o% the n)llity o% the %irst arriage !as i aterial #e(a)se prior to the de(laration o% n)llity& the (ri e had already #een (ons) ated+ : Moreover& petitionerSs assertion !o)ld only delay the prose()tion o% #iga y (ases (onsidering that an a(()sed (o)ld si ply %ile a petition to de(lare his previo)s arriage void and invo,e the penden(y o% that a(tion as a pre")di(ial >)estion in the (ri inal (ase+ We (annot allo! that+
*he o)t(o e o% the (ivil (ase %or ann)l ent o% petitionerSs arriage to Nar(isa had no #earing )pon the deter ination o% petitionerSs inno(en(e or g)ilt in the (ri inal (ase %or #iga y& #e(a)se all that is re>)ired %or the (harge o% #iga y to prosper is that the %irst arriage #e s)#sisting at the ti e the se(ond arriage is (ontra(ted+ *h)s& )nder the la!& a arriage& even one !hi(h is void or voida#le& shall #e dee ed valid )ntil de(lared other!ise in a ")di(ial pro(eeding+ In this (ase& even i% petitioner event)ally o#tained a de(laration that his %irst arriage !as void a# initio& the point is& #oth the %irst and the se(ond arriage !ere s)#sisting #e%ore the %irst arriage !as ann)lled+
the a(()sed !ho se()red a %oreign divor(e& and later re arried in the Philippines& in the #elie% that the %oreign divor(e !as valid& is lia#le %or #iga y+
2@1
CRIMINAL LAW 2
@+ .iego v+ Castillo 4200-& Na(h)ra5 : A (are%)l st)dy o% the disp)ted de(ision reveals that respondent B)dge had #een less than (ir() spe(t in his st)dy o% the la! and ")rispr)den(e appli(a#le to the #iga y (ase+ : In his (o ent& respondent B)dge stated7 8*hat the a(()sed arried Man)el P+ .iego in the honest #elie% that she !as %ree to do so #y virt)e o% the de(ree o% divor(e is a ista,e o% %a(t+9 : *his Co)rt& in People v+ 0itd)& (are%)lly disting)ished #et!een a ista,e o% %a(t& !hi(h (o)ld #e a #asis %or the de%ense o% good %aith in a #iga y (ase& %ro a ista,e o% la!& !hi(h does not e:()se a person& even a lay person& %ro lia#ility+ : 0itd) held that even i% the a(()sed& !ho had o#tained a divor(e )nder the Moha edan ()sto & honestly #elieved that in (ontra(ting her se(ond arriage she !as not (o itting any violation o% the la!& and that she had no (ri inal intent& the sa e does not ")sti%y her a(t+ : *his Co)rt %)rther stated therein that !ith respe(t to the (ontention that the a(()sed a(ted in good %aith in (ontra(tingthese(ond arriage& #elieving that she had #een validly divor(ed %ro her %irst h)s#and& it is s)%%i(ient to say that everyone is pres) ed to ,no! the la!& and the %a(t that one does not ,no! that his a(t (onstit)tes a violation o% the la! does not e:e pt hi %ro the (onse>)en(es thereo%+ : Moreover& s>)arely appli(a#le to the (ri inal (ase %or #iga y& is People v+ S(hne(,en#)rger& !here it !as held that
*itle EIII+ CRIMES against =<N<R
*itle EIII+ Cri es against =onor
I+ LI0EL 1+ Art @/@7 .e%inition o% Li#el 2+ Art @/-7 Privileged (o )ni(ation @+ Art @//7 Li#el #y eans o% !ritings or si ilar eans -+ Art @/37 *hreatening to p)#lish and o%%er to prevent s)(h p)#li(ation %or a (o pensation /+ Art @/67 Slander 2+ Art @/;7 Slander #y .eed II+ INCRIMINA*<RC MAC=INA*I<NS 1+ Art @2@7 In(ri inating inno(ent person 2+ Art @2-7 Intrig)ing against honor
: P)#li(ation7 (o )ni(ation o% the de%a atory atter to so e third person or persons 2+ It is essential that the vi(ti #e identi%ia#le& altho)gh it is not ne(essary that he #e na ed+ 0or"al v+ CA 41;;;5 : 'or a state ent to #e (onsidered ali(io)s& it )st #e sho!n that it !as !ritten or p)#lished !ith the ,no!ledge that they are %alse <R in re(,less disregard o% W<N they !ere %alse : Re(,less disregard I the de%endant entertains serio)s do)#t as to the tr)th o% the p)#li(ation& <R that he possesses a high degree o% a!areness o% their pro#a#le %alsity : *o avoid sel%D(ensorship that !o)ld ne(essarily a((o pany stri(t lia#ility %or erroneo)s state ents& : r)les governing lia#ility %or in")ry to rep)tation are re>)ired to allo! an ade>)ate argin o% error #y prote(ting so e ina(()ra(ies+
2@2
CRIMINAL LAW 2
I+
Li#el
1+ .e%inition o% Li#el
Arti(le @/@ D .e%inition o% Li#el

4as,ed - ti es5 Ele ents7 1+ *here )st #e an i p)tation o%I a+ a (ri e& #+ a vi(e or de%e(t& real or i aginary& <R (+ any a(t& o ission& (ondition& stat)s& or (ir() stan(eM 2+ *he i p)tation )st #e ade p)#li(lyM @+ It )st #e ali(io)sM -+ *he i p)tation )st #e dire(ted at a nat)ral or ")ridi(al person& or one !ho is deadM People v+ Velas(o 420005 : .o(trineo%%air(o ent7'air (o entaries on atters o% p)#li( interest are privileged and (onstit)te a valid de%ense in an a(tion %or li#el or slander+ : In order that a dis(redita#le i p)tation to a p)#li( o%%i(ial ay #e a(tiona#le& it )st either #e7 : A %alse allegation o% %a(tM <R : A (o ent #ased on a %alse s)pposition+
: :
Li#el as )sed in Art+ @/@+ 4Reyes5 .e%a ation is (o posed o%7 1+ Li#el I !ritten de%a ation 2+ SlanderD oral de%a ation @+ Slander #y deed I de%a ation thro)gh a(ts *est o% the de%a atory (hara(ter o% !ords )sed7 : Whether they are (al()lated to ind)(e the hearers to s)ppose and )nderstand : that the person against !ho they 4i+e+ the de%a atory !ords5 !ere )ttered !as g)ilty o% (ertain o%%ensesM or : are s)%%i(ient to i pea(h his honesty& virt)e or rep)tation& or to hold hi )p to p)#li( ridi()le+ 4$+S+ vs+ <FConnell5 : *here is no (ri e i% the de%a atory i p)tation is not p)#lished+
Ayer Prod)(tions v+ Cap)long 41;665 : P$0LIC 'I1$RE I one !ho& #y his a((o plish ents& %a e& ode o% living& <R : #y adopting a pro%ession or (alling !hi(h gives the p)#li( a legiti ate interest in his doings& his a%%airs and his (hara(ter& has #e(o e a 8p)#li( personage9
'er in v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5 : 0ased on the r)ling in $S v+ <(a po& proo% o% ,no!ledge o% and parti(ipation in the p)#li(ation o% the o%%ending arti(le is not re>)ired& : i% the a(()sed has #een spe(i%i(ally identi%ied as 8a)thor& editor& or proprietor9 or 8printerAp)#lisher9 o% the p)#li(ation+ : <n Ban)ary 2/& 2006& the Co)rt iss)ed Ad inistrative Cir()lar No+ 06D2006& entitled 1)idelines in the <#servan(e o% a R)le o% Pre%eren(e in the I position o% Penalties in Li#el Cases+
*he Cir()lar e:presses a pre%eren(e %or the i positiono%a%ineratherthan i prison ent& given the (ir() stan(es attendant in the (ases (ited therein in !hi(h only a %ine !as i posed #y this Co)rt on those (onvi(ted o% li#el+ It also states that& i% the penalty i posed is erely a %ine #)t the (onvi(t is )na#le to pay the sa e& the Revised Penal Code provisions on s)#sidiary i prison ent sho)ld apply+ =o!ever& the Cir()lar li,e!ise allo!s the (o)rt& in the e:er(ise o% so)nd dis(retion& the option to i pose i prison ent as penalty& !henever the i position o% a %ine alone !o)ld depre(iate the serio)sness o% the o%%ense& !or, violen(e on the so(ial order& or other!ise #e (ontrary to the i peratives o% ")sti(e+
1+ 2+ @+
-+
Jinds o% Privilege7 A0S<L$*EH$ALI'IE. N<* a(tiona#le1+ A(tiona#leI' Narro! and %e!Mali(e or 0ad %aith Privilegedis proven 4 ali(e spee(hesinin 'a(t5 (ongress2+ 0ased on par 1 State ents adeand 2 o% Art @/-& in")di(ialaltho)gh the list is pro(eedingsasnot e:(l)sive long as they are relevant to the iss)e Military a%%airs
2@@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
/+ : Art @/- does not (over a#sol)te privilege #e(a)se (hara(ter o% (o )ni(ations entioned therein is lost )pon proo% o% ali(e in %a(t+ MALICE IN LAW : Pres) ed%ro de%a atory (hara(tero% state ent : State entis presentedto (o)rt& and the latter !ill de(ide !hetheritis de%a atory or not MALICE IN 'AC* : *o #e proved #y prose()tion <NLC I' ali(e in la! has #een re#)tted : Can #e negated #y eviden(e o%7 : 1ood otives AN. B)sti%ia#le endsM or : Privileged (hara(ter
2+ Privileged Co
)ni(ations
Arti(le @/- D Re>)ire ent %or P)#li(ity

: : MALICEISPRES$ME.inevery de%a atory i p)tation& EECEP* in privileged (o )ni(ations& na ely7 1+ A private (o )ni(ation to an o%%i(er or a #oard& or s)perior& having so e interest or d)ty in the atter& ade #y any person in the per%or an(e o% any legal& oral or so(ial d)tyM 2+ A %air and tr)e report& ade in good %aith& !itho)t any (o ents or re ar,s& o% : any ")di(ial& legislative or other o%%i(ial pro(eedings !hi(h are not o% (on%idential nat)re& <R : any state ent& report or spee(h delivered in said pro(eedings& <R : any other a(t per%or ed #y p)#li( o%%i(ers in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tions+
$nne(essary p)#li(ity destroys good %aith+
1+ Li#el #y eans
eans o% !ritings or si ilar
Arti(le @// D Li#el #y Writing or Si ilar Means

Li#el ay #e (o itted #y eans o%7 1+ WritingM 2+ PrintingM @+ LithographyM -+ EngravingM /+ RadioM 2+ PhotographM 3+ PaintingM 6+ *heatri(al e:hi#itionM ;+ Cine atographi( e:hi#itionM or 10+ Any si ilar eans+ 4e+g+ video #road(ast5
: :
.e%a atory re ar,s are PRES$ME. ali(io)s+ *he pres) ption o% ali(e is RE0$**E.& i% it is sho!n #y the a(()sed that I 4see dis()ssion o% Art+ @215 : *he de%a atory i p)tation is tr)e& IN CASE the la! allo!s proo% o% the tr)th o% the i p)tationM : It is p)#lished !ith good intentionM AN. : *here is ")sti%ia#le otive %or a,ing it Privileged(o )ni(ationisN<* PRES$ME. ali(io)s+
Co on (hara(teristi( o% !ritten li#el7 their per anent nat)re as a eans o% p)#li(ation+
$se o% a pli%ier syste is not li#el #)t oral de%a ation 4slander5 In a li#el (ase %iled in A)g)st 2002 against RP N)(lear Sol)tions and #logger A#e <landres& the Pasig City Prose()tor dis issed the (harges against the #e(a)se they have no parti(ipation in the (reation+ Neither did they have the a)thority to odi%y the (ontent o% the site #eing hosted !here the allegedly li#elo)s
-
Arti(le @/3 D Prohi#ited P)#li(ation o% A(ts Re%erred to in the Co)rse o% <%%i(ial Pro(eedings 41ag La!5
Ele ents7 1+ <%%ender is a reporter& editor or anager o% a ne!spaper& daily or aga?ineM 2+ =e p)#lishes %a(ts (onne(ted !ith the private li%e o% anotherM @+ S)(h %a(ts are o%%ensive to the honor& virt)e and rep)tation o% said person+ : :
2@CRIMINAL LAW 2
re ar,s !ere posted+ *he prose()tor ho!ever ordered the %iling o% (ases against t!o other respondents!honeverdenied a)thorship o% the posted (o ents+ It re ains de#ata#le !hen the o ent o% p)#li(ation o(()rs !ith respe(t to
/
state ents ade over the Internet+ <ne vie! holds that there is p)#li(ation on(e the state ent is )ploaded or posted on a !e#site+ *heothervie! aintainsthat p)#li(ation o(()rs only !hen another person gains a((ess or reads the state ent on the site+
*his arti(le is re%erred to as the 1ag La!+ Ne!spaper reports on (ases pertaining to ad)ltery& divor(e& legiti a(y o% (hildren& et(+ are #arred %ro p)#li(ation+ $nder RA 1-33& a ne!spaper reporter (annot #e (o pelled to reveal the so)r(e o% the ne!s report he ade& $NLESS I o *he (o)rt or a =o)se or (o ittee o% Congress %inds that s)(h revelation is de anded #y the se()rity o% the state
@+ Slander
Arti(le @/6 D Slander

2+ *hreatening to p)#lish and o%%er to prevents)(hp)#li(ation%ora (o pensation 4as,ed / ti es5 Slander& or oral de%a ation is (o posed o% t!o ,inds7 1+ Si ple slander 2+ 1rave slander 'a(tors that deter ine the gravity o% the oral de%a ation7 1+ E:pressions )sed 2+ Personal relations o% the a(()sed and the o%%ended party+ @+ *he s)rro)nding (ir() stan(es+ Ill)stration o% grave slander7 1+ A !o an o% violent te per h)rled at a respe(ta#le arried lady !ith yo)ng da)ghters o%%ensive and s()rrilo)s epithets 2+ in(l)ding !ords i p)ting )n(hastity to the other and tending to in")re the (hara(ter o% the da)ghters 4$+S+ vs+ *oloso5
Arti(le @/2 D *hreatening to P)#lish and <%%er to Prevent S)(h P)#li(ation %or a Co pensation
A(ts P)nished7 1+ *hreatening another to p)#lish a li#el (on(erning I hi & his parents& spo)se& (hild or other e #ers o% his %a ily 2+ <%%ering to prevent the p)#li(ation o% s)(h li#el%or(o pensationor oney (onsideration+ :
*he essen(e o% this (ri e is #la(, ail& !hi(h is de%ined as any )nla!%)l e:tortion o% oney #y threats o% a(()sation or e:pos)re+ 0la(, ail (an also #e in the %or o% light threats& !hi(h is p)nished )nder AR*ICLE 26@
http7AAne!sin%o+in>)irer+netA#rea,ingne!sAin%ote(hAvie! aarti(le+phpNarti(leaidb26-/2
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http7AAthe!arriorla!yer+(o A2003A0@A0-Ali#elDonDtheD internetD)nderDphilippineDla!DpartDiiA5
Ill)stration o% si ple slander7 1+ Calling a person a gangster 2+ $ttering de%a atory !ords in the heat o% anger !ith so e provo(ation on the part o% the o%%ended party @+ *he !ord 8p)tang ina o9 is a (o on e:pression in the diale(t that is o%ten e ployed not really to slander #)t rather to e:press anger or displeas)re+
-+ It is seldo & i% ever ta,en in its literal sense #y the hearer& that is& as a re%le(tion on the virt)e o% a other+ 4Reyes vs+ People5
2+ Slander #y deed
Arti(le @/; D Slander #y .eed

Ele ents7 <%%ender per%or s any a(t not in(l)ded in any other (ri e against honorM 1+ S)(h a(t is per%or ed in the presen(e o% other person or personsM 2+ S)(h a(t (asts dishonor& dis(redit or (onte pt )pon the o%%ended party+
2+ *he servi(e provider does not ,no!ingly re(eive a %inan(ial #ene%it dire(tly attri#)ta#le to the in%ringing a(tivityM @+ *he servi(e provider does7 a+ not dire(tly (o it any in%ringe ent or other )nla!%)l a(t and #+ does not ind)(e or (a)se another person or party to (o it any in%ringe ent or other )nla!%)l a(t (+ andAor does not #ene%it %inan(ially %ro the in%ringing a(tivity or )nla!%)l a(t o% another person or party 4Se(tion @0& in relation to
2
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Se(tion /& EDCo
er(e La!+
Where to %ile the (ri inal a(tionN Who is the o%%ended partyN P$0LIC <''ICER
R*C o% the provin(e or (ity !here the li#elo)s arti(le is printed and %irst p)#lished
Slander #y deed is o% t!o ,inds 1+ Si ple slander #y deed 2+ 1rave slander #y deed : : *here is no %i:ed standard in deter ining !hether a slander is serio)s or notM hen(e the (o)rts have s)%%i(ient dis(retion to deter ine the sa e& #asing the %inding on the attendant (ir() stan(es and atters relevant thereto+
Arti(le @20 D Persons Responsi#le %or Li#el

1+ *he person !ho p)#lishes& e:hi#its or (a)ses the p)#li(ation or e:hi#ition o% any de%a ation in !riting or si ilar eans+ 2+ *he a)thor or editor o% a #oo, or pa phlet+ @+ *he editor or #)siness anager o% a daily ne!spaper aga?ine or serial p)#li(ation+ -+ *he o!ner o% the printing plant !hi(h p)#lishes a li#elo)s arti(le !ith his (onsent and all other persons !ho in any !ay parti(ipate in or have (onne(tion !ith its p)#li(ation+
R*C o% the provin(e or (ity !here he held o%%i(e at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense
PRIVA*E PERS<N
R*C o% the provin(e or (ity !here the li#elo)s arti(le is printed and %irst p)#lished
R*C o% the provin(e or (ity !here he a(t)ally resided at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense
$nder Rep)#li( A(t no+ 63;2& other!ise ,no!nasthe Ele(troni( Co er(e A(t& a party or person a(ting as a servi(e provider in()rs N< (ivil or (ri inal lia#ility in the a,ing& p)#li(ation& disse ination or distri#)tion o% li#elo)s aterial i%7 1+ *he servi(e provider does not have a(t)al ,no!ledge& or is not a!are o% the %a(ts or (ir() stan(es %ro !hi(h it is apparent that a,ing& p)#li(ation& disse ination or distri#)tion o% s)(h aterial is )nla!%)l or in%ringes any rightsM
2
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Arti(le @21 D Proo% o% *r)th

When ad issi#leN 1+ When the a(t or o ission i p)ted (onstit)tes a (ri e regardless o% !hether the o%%ended party is a private individ)al or a p)#li( o%%i(er+ 2+ When the o%%ended party is a 1overn ent e ployee& even i% the i p)tation does not (onstit)te a (ri e& provided it is related to the dis(harge o% his o%%i(ial d)ties+ :
)nla!%)l arrest thro)gh in(ri inating inno(ent persons+ *his (ri e (annot #e (o itted thro)gh ver#al in(ri inatory state ents+
PERB$RC 0C MAJIN1 'ALSE ACC$SA*I<NS .E'AMA*I<N
INCRIMINA*IN1 INN<CEN* PERS<N
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
a(t o% planting eviden(eand the li,e in order to in(ri inate an inno(ent person
R)le o% a(t)al ali(e7 Even i% the de%a atory state ent is %alse& N< lia#ility (an atta(h I' it relates to o%%i(ial (ond)(t& $NLESS DDD : *he p)#li( o%%i(ial (on(erned proves that the state ent !as ade !ith a(t)al ali(e& i+e+& !ith ,no!ledge that it !as %alse or !ith re(,less disregard o% !hether it !as %alse or not
giving o% %alse state ent )nder oath or a,ing a %alse a%%idavit& i p)ting to the personthe (o ission o% a (ri e
p)#li(and ali(io)s i p)tation (al()lated to (a)se dishonor& dis(redit&or (onte pt )pon theo%%ended party
2+ Intrig)ing against honor
Arti(le @2- D Intrig)ing against =onor Arti(le @22 D Li#elo)s Re ar,s

: : : : Li#elo)s re ar,s or (o ents (onne(ted !ith the atter privileged )nder the provisions o% Art+ @/-& i% ade !ith ali(e& shall N<* e:e pt the a)thor thereo% nor the editor or anaging editor o% a ne!spaper %ro (ri inal lia#ility+ 1+ Intrig)ing against honor is re%erred to as gossiping7theo%%ender&!itho)t as(ertaining the tr)th o% a de%a atory )tteran(e& repeats the sa e and pass it on to another& to the da age o% the o%%ended party 2+ *his (ri e is (o itted #y any person !ho shall a,e any intrig)e !hi(h has %or its prin(ipal p)rpose to #le ish the honor or rep)tation o% another person+
I+
In(ri inatory Ma(hinations
B)rispr)den(e Li#el against a p)#li( o%%i(ial

INCRIMINA*IN1 INN<CEN* PERS<N o%%ender per%or s an a(t #y !hi(h he dire(tly in(ri inatesor i p)tes to an inno(ent person the (o ission o% a (ri e
1+ In(ri inating inno(ent person

IN*RI1$IN1 A1AINS* =<N<R the so)r(e o% the de%a atory )tteran(eis )n,no!n and theo%%ender si ply repeats or passes the sa eto #le ishthe honoror rep)tation o% another SLAN.ER
o%%ender ade the )tteran(e& !herethe so)r(e o% the de%a atory nat)re o% the )tteran(eis ,no!n&and o%%ender a,esa rep)#li(ation thereo%
As %ar as this (ri e is (on(erned& this has #een interpreted to #e possi#le only in the soD(alled planting o% eviden(e+ : I% this a(t is resorted to& to ena#le o%%i(ers to arrest the s)#"e(t& the (ri e is
15 Mario C+V Balandoni v Se(retary o% B)sti(e 420005 : An open letter addressed to the sto(,holders o% <PMC !as the s)#"e(t o% a %)llDpage advertise ent p)#lished in / a"or daily ne!spapers+ : Coyi)to& Br+& !rote in his (apa(ity as Chair an o% the 0oard and President o% <PMC& that there !as a s!eetheart deal #et!een Co issioner Mario Balandoni o% the PC11 and Ri?al Co er(ial 0an,ing Corp+ 4RC0C5 to the pre")di(e o% the 1overn ent + : In the re(ent (ase o% Vas>)e? v+ Co)rt o% Appeals& et+ al+& the Co)rt r)led that7 : R*he >)estion is !hether %ro the %a(t that the state ents !ere de%a atory& ali(e (an #e pres) ed so that it !as in() #ent )pon petitioner to over(o e s)(h pres) ption+
: : :
: :
: $nder Art+ @21 o% the Revised Penal Code& i% the de%a atory state ent is ade against a p)#li( o%%i(ial !ith respe(t to the dis(harge o% his o%%i(ial d)ties and %)n(tions and the tr)th o% the allegation is sho!n& : the a(()sed !ill #e entitled to an a(>)ittal even tho)gh he does not prove that the i p)tation !as p)#lished !ith good otives and %or ")sti%ia#le ends+R Moreover& the Co)rt has r)led in a plethora o% (ases that7 in li#el (ases against p)#li( o%%i(ials !hi(h relate to o%%i(ial (ond)(t lia#ility !ill atta(h only i% the p)#li( o%%i(ial (on(erned proves that the state ent !as ade !ith a(t)al ali(e& that is& !ith ,no!ledge that it !as %alse+ I p)tations regarding o%%i(ial (ond)(t do not (arry the pres) ption o% ali(e& hen(e even i% the de%a atory state ent is %alse& i% ali(e !as not proven& there is no li#el+ =ere petitioner %ailed to prove a(t)al ali(e on the part o% the private respondents+ Nor !as the Co)rt o% the opinion that the open letter !as !ritten to (ast aspersion on the good na e o% the petitioner+ *he paid advertise ent erely served as a vehi(le to in%or the sto(,holders o% the goingDons in the #)siness !orld and only e:posed the irreg)larities s)rro)nding the PC11 and RC0C deal and the parties involved+
: :
: :
Es(olangoSs rep)tation sin(e the parties !ere politi(al opponents+ *he trial (o)rt %ailed to appre(iate the %a(t that the parties !ere also neigh#o)rs7 that petitioner !as dr)n, at the ti e he )ttered the de%a atory !ordsM and the %a(t that petitionerSs anger !as instigated #y !hat Atty+ Es(olango did !hen petitionerSs %ather died+ In !hi(h (ase& the oral de%a ation !as not o% serio)s or ins)lting nat)re+ In Reyes v+ People& !e r)led that the e:pression Rp)tang ina oR is a (o on eno)gh )tteran(e in the diale(t that is o%ten e ployed& not really to slander #)t rather to e:press anger or displeas)re+ In %a(t& ore o%ten& it is ")st an e:pletive that p)n(t)ates oneSs e:pression o% pro%anity+ We do not %ind it serio)sly ins)lting that a%ter a previo)s in(ident involving his %ather& a dr)n, Rogelio Pader on seeing Atty+ Es(olango !o)ld )tter !ords e:pressing anger+ <#vio)sly& the intention !as to sho! his %eelings o% resent ent and not ne(essarily to ins)lt the latter+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Ven)e o% (ri inal and (ivil a(tions in li#el (ases 4Art+ @20 and RA -@2@ AN AC* *< '$R*=ERAMEN.AR*ICLE*=REE =$N.RE. SIE*C <' *=E REVISE. PENAL C<.E5 @5 Ma(asaet v+ People 4200/5 : Al%ie Loren?o& Allen Ma(asaet& Ni(olas H)i"ano& Br+& and Roger Para"es& (ol) nist& p)#lisher& anaging editor& and editor& respe(tively o% the ne!spaper RA#anteR !ere (harged #e%ore the R*C& !ith the (ri e o% li#el+ : Respondents tried to have the (o plaint dis issed on the #asis that *rinidad& the (o plainant !as not a resident o% H)e?on City #)t rather o% Mari,ina+ : =o!ever& the R*C and the Co)rt o% Appeals )pheld *rinidad+ : =EL.7 In (ri inal a(tions& it is a %)nda ental r)le that ven)e is ")risdi(tional+ : *h)s& the pla(e !here the (ri e !as (o itted deter ines not only the ven)e o% the a(tion #)t is an essential ele ent o% ")risdi(tion+ : In the (ase o% $y v+ Co)rt o% Appeals and People o% the Philippines& this Co)rt had the o((asion to e:po)nd on this prin(iple+ : It is a %)nda ental r)le that %or ")risdi(tion to #e a(>)ired #y (o)rts in (ri inal (ases7 @+ theo%%ensesho)ldhave#een (o itted or any one o% its essential
Slander 4Art+ @/65 25 Rogelio Pader v+ People 420005 : Atty+0en"a inC+Es(olango!as (onversing !ith his politi(al leaders at the terra(e o% his ho)se !hen Rogelio Pader appeared at the gate and sho)ted Rp)tang ina o Atty+ Es(olango+ Napa,a!alanghiya oXR : *helatter!asd) #%o)ndedand e #arrassed+ At that ti e& Atty+ Es(olango !as a (andidate %or vi(e ayor in the 1;;/ ele(tions+ : Atty+ Es(olango %iled !ith the M)ni(ipal *rial Co)rt a (o plaint against Pader %or grave oral de%a ation+ : *he M*C rendered de(ision (onvi(ting petitioner o% grave oral de%a ation+ : =EL.7 $n>)estiona#ly& the !ords )ttered !ere de%a atory+ Considering& ho!ever& the %a(t)al #a(,drop o% the (ase& the oral de%a ation !as only slight+ : *he trial (o)rt #elieved the de%a ation to #e deli#eratelydonetodestroyAtty+
: :
ingredients too, pla(e !ithin the territorial ")risdi(tion o% the (o)rt+ -+ *erritorial ")risdi(tion in (ri inal (ases is the territory !here the (o)rt has ")risdi(tion to ta,e (ogni?an(e or to try the o%%ense allegedly (o itted therein #y the a(()sed+ /+ *h)s& it (annot ta,e ")risdi(tion over a person (harged !ith an o%%ense allegedly (o itted o)tside o% that li ited territory+ 2+ ')rther ore& the ")risdi(tion o% a (o)rt over the (ri inal (ase is deter ined #y the allegations in the (o plaint or in%or ation+ 3+ And on(e it is so sho!n& the (o)rt ay validly ta,e (ogni?an(e o% the (ase+ 6+ =o!ever& i% the eviden(e add)(ed d)ring the trial sho! that the o%%ense !as (o itted so e!here else& the (o)rt sho)ld dis iss the a(tion %or !ant o% ")risdi(tion+ *he la!& ho!ever& is ore parti()lar in li#el (ases+ *he possi#le ven)es %or the instit)tion o% the (ri inal and the (ivil aspe(ts o% said (ase are (on(isely o)tlined in Arti(le @20 o% the Revised Penal Code& as a ended #y Rep)#li( A(t No+ -@2@+ In Ag#ayani v+ Sayo& !e s) ari?ed the %oregoing r)le in the %ollo!ing anner7 1+ Whether the o%%ended party is a p)#li( o%%i(ial or a private person& the (ri inal a(tion ay #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% the provin(e or (ity !here the li#elo)s arti(le is printed and %irst p)#lished+ 2+ I% the o%%ended party is a private individ)al& the (ri inal a(tion ay also #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% the provin(e !here he a(t)ally resided at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense+ @+ I% the o%%ended party is a p)#li( o%%i(er !hose o%%i(e is in Manila at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense& the a(tion ay #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% Manila+ -+ I% the o%%ended party is a p)#li( o%%i(er holding o%%i(e o)tside o% Manila& the a(tion ay #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% the provin(e or (ity !here he held o%%i(e at the ti e o% the (o ission o% the o%%ense+ In the (ase at #ar& private respondent !as a private (iti?en at the ti e o% the p)#li(ation o% the alleged li#elo)s arti(le& hen(e& he (o)ld only %ile his li#el s)it in the City o% Manila !here A#ante !as %irst
p)#lished or in the provin(e or (ity !here he a(t)ally resided at the ti e the p)rported li#elo)s arti(le !as printed+ *his Co)rt %inds it appropriate to reiterate o)r earlier prono)n(e ent in the (ase o% Ag#ayani& to !it7 1+ In order to o#viate (ontroversies as to the ven)e o% the (ri inal a(tion %or !ritten de%a ation& 2+ the (o plaint or in%or ation sho)ld (ontain allegations as to !hether& at the ti e the o%%ense !as (o itted& the o%%ended party !as a p)#li( o%%i(er or a private individ)al and @+ !here he !as a(t)ally residing at that ti e+ -+ Whenever possi#le& the pla(e !here the !ritten de%a ation !as printed and %irst p)#lished sho)ld li,e!ise #e alleged+ /+ *hat allegation !o)ld #e a sine >)a non i% the (ir() stan(e as to !here the li#el !as printed and %irst p)#lished is )sed as the #asis o% the ven)e o% the a(tion+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
$nsealed letters -5 Magno vs+ People 420025 : Sending an )nsealed li#elo)s letter to the o%%ended party (onstit)tes p)#li(ation+ What (onstit)tes p)#li(ationM 'ine Instead o% I prison ent /5 0)atis vs+ People 420025 : *here is p)#li(ation in this (ase+ In li#el& p)#li(ation eans a,ing the de%a atory atter& a%ter it is !ritten& ,no!n to so eone other than the person against !ho it has #een !ritten+ : PetitionerFs s)#"e(t letterDreply itsel% states that the sa e !as (opy %)rnished to all (on(erned+ Also& petitioner had di(tated the letter to his se(retary+ It is eno)gh that the a)thor o% the li#el (o plained o% has (o )ni(ated it to a third person+ : ')rther ore& the letter& !hen %o)nd in the ail#o:& !as open& not (ontained in an envelope th)s& open to p)#li(+ : While Va(a (ase is %or violation o% 0+P+ 22& !e %ind the reasons #ehind the i position o%%ineinsteado%i prison ent appli(a#le to petitionerFs (ase o% li#el+ : We note that this is petitionerFs %irst o%%ense o% this nat)re+ =e never ,ne! respondent prior to the de and letter sent #y the latter to Mrs+ H)ing(o !ho then so)ght his assistan(e thereto+
=e appealed %ro the de(ision o% the R*C and the CA in his #elie% that he !as erely e:er(ising a (ivil or oral d)ty in !riting the letter to private (o plainant+ In %a(t& petitioner (o)ld have applied %or pro#ation to evade prison ter #)t he did not do so #elieving that he did not (o it a (ri e th)s& he appealed his (ase+ We #elieve that the State is (on(erned not only in the i perative ne(essity o% prote(ting the so(ial organi?ation against the (ri inal a(ts o% destr)(tive individ)als #)t also in redee ing the individ)al %or e(ono i( )se%)lness and other so(ial ends+ Conse>)ently& !e delete the prison senten(e i posed on petitioner and instead i pose a %ine o% si: tho)sand pesos+ *his is not the %irst ti e that !e re oved the penalty o% i prison ent and i posed a %ine instead in the (ri e o% li#el+ In Sa?on v+ Co)rt o% Appeals& petitioner !as (onvi(ted o% li#el and !as eted a penalty o% i prison ent and %ineM and )pon a petition %iled !ith )s& !e a%%ir ed the %indings o% li#el #)t (hanged the penalty i posed to a ere %ine+
Rivera !as not only spe(i%i(ally pointed o)t several ti es therein #)t !as even tagged !ith derogatory na es+ Ind)#ita#ly& this na eD(alling !as& as (orre(tly %o)nd #y the t!o (o)rts #elo!& dire(ted at the very person o% Rivera hi sel%+
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CRIMINAL LAW 2
Vi(ti
Identi%ia#le
Slight <ral .e%a ation 25 Villan)eva vs+ People 420025 : *he Co)rt does not (ondone the vili%i(ation or )se o% s()rrilo)s lang)age on the part o% petitioner& #)t %ollo!ing the r)le that all possi#le (ir() stan(es %avora#le to the a(()sed )st #e ta,en in his %avor& : it is o)r (onsidered vie! that the slander (o itted#ypetitioner(an#e (hara(teri?ed as slight slander %ollo!ing the do(trine that7 : )ttering de%a atory !ords in the heat o% anger& !ith so e provo(ation on the part o% the o%%ended party& (onstit)tes only a light %elony+
65 People vs+ <gie .ia? 420035 : *he last ele ent o% li#el is that the vi(ti is identi%ied or identi%ia#le %ro the (ontents o% the li#elo)s arti(le+ : In order to aintain a li#el s)it& it is essential that the vi(ti #e identi%ia#le& altho)gh it is not ne(essary that the person #e na ed+ : It is eno)gh i% #y intrinsi( re%eren(e the all)sion is apparent or : i% the p)#li(ation (ontains atters o% des(ription or re%eren(e to %a(ts and (ir() stan(es %ro !hi(h others reading the arti(le ay ,no! the person all)ded to& : or i% the latter is pointed o)t #y e:traneo)s (ir() stan(es : so that those ,no!ing s)(h person (o)ld and did )nderstand that he !as the person re%erred to+ : J)n,le v+ Ca#lene!sDA eri(an and Lyons laid the r)le that this re>)ire ent is (o plied !ith !here a third person re(ogni?ed or (o)ld identi%y the party vili%ied in the arti(le+
E%%e(t o% Na eD(alling 35 'ig)eroa vs+ People 420025 : While it is tr)e that a p)#li(ationSs li#elo)s nat)re depends on its s(ope& spirit and otive ta,en in their entirety& the arti(le in >)estion as a !hole e:pli(itly a,es ention o% private (o plainant Rivera all thro)gho)t+ : It (annot #e said that the arti(le !as a ere general (o entary on the alleged e:isting state o% a%%airs at the a%ore entioned p)#li( ar,et+
*itle EIV+ H$ASID<''ENSES
*itle EIV+ H)asiD<%%enses
Arti(le @2/ D I pr)den(e and Negligen(e

H)asiDo%%enses p)nished7 1+ Co itting thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e any a(t !hi(h& had it #een intentional& !o)ld (onstit)te a grave or less grave %elony or light %elonyM 2+ Co itting thro)gh si ple i pr)den(e or negligen(e an a(t !hi(h !o)ld other!ise (onstit)te a grave or a less serio)s %elonyM @+ Ca)sing da age to the property o% another thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e or si ple i pr)den(e or negligen(eM -+ Ca)sing thro)gh si ple i pr)den(e or negligen(e so e !rong !hi(h& i% done ali(io)sly& !o)ld have (onstit)ted a light %elony+
*=ERE'<RE& even i% there are several res)lts arising %ro <NLC <NE CARELESSNESS& the a(()sed ay only #e prose()ted )nder one (o)nt %or the (ri inal negligen(e+ : <ther!ise& do)#le "eopardy !o)ld arise+
2-0
CRIMINAL LAW 2
Re(,less I pr)den(e 1+ *he o%%ender does or %ails to do an a(t 2+ *he doing o% or the %ail)re to do the a(t is vol)ntary @+ It #e !itho)t ali(e -+ Material da age res)lts /+ *here is ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the o%%ender& ta,ing into (onsideration7 a+ =is e ploy entAo(()pation #+ Physi(al (ondition (+ .egree o% intelligen(e d+ <ther (ir() stan(es regarding the persons& ti e and pla(e
IMPR$.ENCENE1LI1ENCE 0oth indi(ate a de%i(ien(y o% a(tion 'ail)re in pre(a)tion'ail)re in adverten(e
Re e #er7 : *he r)les %or grad)ating penalties 4)nder Art+ 2-5 #ased on itigating and aggravating (ir() stan(es are N<* appli(a#le to o%%ensesp)nisha#lethr)(ri inal negligen(e+ : H$ALI'CIN1 CIRC$MS*ANCE7 %ail)re to render i ediate assistan(e to the in")red party : *his >)ali%ying (ir() stan(e )st #e disting)ished %ro the p)nisha#le
3
N<*E7 : Re(,less I pr)den(e Res)lting in =o i(ide 4as,ed @ ti es5 : Res)lting in Physi(al In")ries4as,ed @ ti es5 Si ple I pr)den(e 1+ *here is la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the o%%ender 2+ *he da age i pending to #e (a)sed is not i ediate or the danger is not (learly ani%est+ B)rispr)den(e7 1+ Carillo v+ People 41;;-5 : *he grava en o% SIMPLE NE1LI1ENCE is the %ail)re to e:er(ise the diligen(e ne(essitated or (alled %or #y the sit)ation : !hi(h !as N<* i ediately li%eDdestr)(tive 0$* !hi(h ()l inated& as in the present (ase& in the death o% a h) an #eing @ days later+
<MISSI<N )nder Arti(le 23/+ : I% the danger that ay res)lt %ro the (ri inal negligen(e is (learly per(eiva#le& the i pr)den(e is RECJLESS+
: :
I% it (o)ld hardly #e per(eived& the (ri inal negligen(e !o)ld only #e si ple+ Cri inal negligen(e is only a odality in in()rring (ri inal lia#ility+
Art+ 23/+ A#andon ent o% person in danger and a#andon ent o% oneSs o!n vi(ti + P *he penalty o% arresto ayor shall #e i posed )pon7 1+Anyone !ho shall %ail to render assistan(e to any person !ho he shall %ind in an )ninha#ited pla(e !o)nded or in danger o% dying& !hen he (an render s)(h assistan(e !itho)t detri ent to hi sel%& )nless s)(h o ission shall (onstit)te a ore serio)s o%%ense+ 2+Anyone !ho shall %ail to help or render assistan(e to another !ho he has a((identally !o)nded or in")red+ @+Anyone !ho& having %o)nd an a#andoned (hild )nder seven years o% age& shall %ail to deliver said (hild to the a)thorities or to his %a ily& or shall %ail to ta,e hi to a sa%e pla(e+
2+ 1ar(iaDR)eda v+ Pas(asio 41;;35 : ME.ICAL MALPRAC*ICE& !hi(h is a %or o% negligen(e& (onsists in : the %ail)re o% a physi(ian or s)rgeon to apply to his pra(ti(e o% edi(ine : that degree o% (are and s,ill !hi(h is ordinarily e ployed #y the pro%ession generally& )nder si ilar (onditions& and in li,e s)rro)nding (ir() stan(es 4this is the test applied5+
@+ Reyes v+ Sis+ o% Mer(y =ospital 420005
Ele ents involved in edi(al negligen(e (ases7 4.+0+P+I+5 a+ .)ty #+ 0rea(h (+ In")ry d+ Pro:i ate (a)sation Re>)isites %or the appli(ation o% res ipsa lo>)it)r7 a+ *he a((ident !as o% a ,ind !hi(h does N<* ordinarily o(()r $NLESS so eone is negligentM #+ *he instr) entality or agen(y !hi(h (a)sed the in")ry !as )nder the e:(l)sive (ontrol o% the person in (hargeM and (+ *he in")ry s)%%ered )st N<* have #een d)e to any vol)ntary a(tion or (ontri#)tion o% the person in")red+ <rdinarily& only physi(ians and s)rgeons o% s,ill and e:perien(e are (o petent to testi%y as to !hether a patient has #een treated or operated )pon !ith a reasona#le degree o% s,ill and (are+ : =<WEVER& testi ony as to the state ents and a(ts o% physi(ians and s)rgeons& e:ternal appearan(es& and ani%est(onditions!hi(hare o#serva#le #y any one ay #e given #y nonDe:pert !itnesses+
Cri inal Negligen(e 4Art+ @2/5 -+ People v+ Car en 420015 : 'AC*S7 While playing one day& a (hildD =oney 'e heard a (o otion %ro a near#y ho)se and !ent to investigate+ : She sa! Randy L)ntayao #eing tort)red and ,illed #y Ale:ander Si#onga& Reynario N)Le?& E)ti>)ia Car en& .elia Si#onga& and Celedonia 'a#ie+ : Apparently it !as a rit)al s)pposed to ()re hi o% de oni( possession+ : *he %ather o% the #oy %iled (harges against the parti(ipants& and the (hild !ho !itnessed the a(a#re in(ident testi%ied as to !hat she sa!+ : *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted the parti(ipants o% )rder+ : =EL.7 It !o)ld appear that a(()sedD appellants are e #ers o% a ()lt and that the #i?arre rit)al per%or ed over the vi(ti !as (onsented to #y the vi(ti Ss parents+ : With the per ission o% the vi(ti Ss parents& a(()sedDappellant Car en& together !ith the other a(()sedDappellants& pro(eeded to s)#"e(t the #oy to a Rtreat entR (al()lated to drive the R#ad spiritR %ro the #oySs #ody+ : $n%ort)nately& the strange pro(ed)re res)lted in the death o% the #oy+ *h)s&
a(()sedDappellants had no (ri inal intent to ,ill the #oy+ *heir lia#ility arises %ro their re(,less i pr)den(e #e(a)se they o)ght that to ,no! their a(tions !o)ld not #ring a#o)t the ()re+ *hey are& there%ore& g)ilty o% re(,less i pr)den(e res)lting in ho i(ide and not o% )rder+ Art+ @2/ o% the Revised Penal Code& as a ended& states that re(,less i pr)den(e (onsists in vol)ntarily& #)t !itho)t ali(e& doing or %ailing to do an a(t %ro !hi(h aterial da age res)lts #y reason o% ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the person per%or ing s)(h a(t+ Co pared to intentional %elonies& s)(h as ho i(ide or )rder& !hat ta,es the pla(e o% the ele ent o% ali(e or intention to (o it a !rong or evil is7 the %ail)re o% the o%%ender to ta,e pre(a)tions d)e to la(, o% s,ill ta,ing into a((o)nt his e ploy ent& or o(()pation& degree o% intelligen(e& physi(al (ondition& and other (ir() stan(es regarding persons& ti e and pla(e+ *he ele ents o% re(,less i pr)den(e are apparent in the a(ts done #y a(()sedD appellants !hi(h& #e(a)se o% their la(, o% edi(al s,ill in treating the vi(ti o% his alleged ail ent& res)lted in the latterSs death+ As already stated& a(()sedDappellants& none o% !ho is a edi(al pra(titioners& #elong to a religio)s gro)p& ,no!n as the Missionaries o% <)r Lady o% 'ati a& !hi(h is engaged in %aith healing+
2-1
CRIMINAL LAW 2
/+ Ra%ael Reyes *r)(,ing v People 420005 : *he trial (o)rt %o)nd the a(()sed Rg)ilty #eyond reasona#le do)#t o% the (ri e o% .o)#le=o i(ide*hro)ghRe(,less I pr)den(e !ith violation o% the Motor Vehi(le La! 4Rep+ A(t No+ -1@25+R : =EL.7 *here is no s)(h no en(lat)re o% an o%%ense )nder the Revised Penal Code+ : *h)s& the trial (o)rt !as isled to senten(e the a(()sed Rto s)%%er t!o 425 indeter inate penalties o% %o)r 4-5 onths and one 415 day o% arresto ayor& as ini ) & to three 4@5 years& si: 425 onths and t!enty 4205 days o% prision (orre((ional& as a:i ) +R : *his is erroneo)s #e(a)se in re(,less i pr)den(e (ases& the a(t)al penalty %or (ri inal negligen(e #ears no relation to the individ)al !il%)l (ri e or (ri es (o itted& #)t is set in relation to a !hole (lass& or series o% (ri es+
: :
$n%ort)nately& !e (an no longer (orre(t this ")dg ent even i% erroneo)s& as it is& #e(a)se it has #e(o e %inal and e:e()tory+ $nder Arti(le @2/ o% the Revised Penal Code& (ri inal negligen(e Ris treated as a ere >)asi o%%ense& and dealt !ith separately %ro !il%)l o%%enses+ It is not a >)estion o% (lassi%i(ation or ter inology+ In intentional (ri es& the a(t itsel% is p)nishedM in negligen(e or i pr)den(e& !hat is prin(ipally penali?ed is the ental attit)de or (ondition #ehind the a(t& the dangero)s re(,lessness& and la(, o% (are or %oresight& the i pr)den(ia p)ni#le+ M)(h o% the (on%)sion has arisen %ro the (o on )se o% s)(h des(riptive phrase as Sho i(ide thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(eS& and the li,eM When the stri(t te(hni(al sense is& ore a(()rately& Sre(,less i pr)den(e res)lting in ho i(ideSM or Ssi ple i pr)den(e (a)sing da ages to propertyS+R
: :
2+ A#)eva v+ People 420025 : 'AC*S7 Ireneo& A#)ndio and Lo)rdes Mangr)#an !ere !ith their paraly?ed a)nt at a #)s ter inal+ Lo)rdes Mangr)#an !as tas,ed to a((o pany their paraly?ed a)nt to 0)t)an City+ : A dispat(her in%or ed the that a #)s #o)nd %or *a(lo#an via Ce#) and 0)t)an !as a#o)t to leave+ : *hey !ere told to !ait as the #)s ane)vered to its proper position prior to depart)re+ : *he said #)s& driven #y *eo%ilo A#)eva& (a e to a %)ll stop in %ront o% the ter inal #)ilding+ : As they negotiated their !ay to!ards the #a(, o% the #)s& Lo)rdes& !ith l)ggage in hand& !as !aiting on the %irst step#oard !hen the #)s s)ddenly oved+ : .)e to the s)dden ove ent& a((ording to the !itness& Lo)rdes %ell o%% the #)s and hit her head on the (e ent pave ent #elo!+ : A((ording to the !itness& the driver did not dise #ar, to assist Lo)rdes& !hile a dispat(her o% the #)s (o pany ass)red the that there !as nothing to !orry a#o)t #e(a)se the vi(ti !as not #leeding+ : Petitioner (ontin)ed driving per his s(hed)led trip+ : Lo)rdes !as ta,en to the San Pedro =ospital !here a #rain s(an revealed the presen(e o% a #lood (lot that needed i ediate s)rgery+ : *he #)s (o pany re%)sed to give %inan(ial assistan(e to the Mangr)#ans+ <n their
: :
o!n& the %a ily raised the a o)nt re>)ired #y the hospital as do!npay ent %or the operation+ S)rgery !as per%or ed #)t Lo)rdes never regained (ons(io)sness and e:pired %ive days later+ *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted *eo%ilo A#)eva %or Re(,less I pr)den(e res)lting in =o i(ide+ =EL.7 A%ter a (are%)l revie! o% the re(ords& the Co)rt agrees !ith the %a(t)al %indings o% the lo!er (o)rts sho!ing that the vi(ti & Lo)rdes Mangr)#an& %ell rather than ") ped o%% the #)s+ *he prose()tion has provided s)%%i(ient& (lear and (onvin(ing #asis %or the (on(l)sion that Lo)rdes %ell o%% the #)s d)e to the re(,less a(t o% the petitioner+ Arti(le @2/ o% the Revised Penal Code states that re(,less i pr)den(e (onsists in7 1+ vol)ntarily& #)t !itho)t ali(e& 2+ doing or %ailing to do an a(t %ro !hi(h @+ aterial da age res)lts -+ #y reason o% ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the person per%or ing or %ailing to per%or s)(h a(t& /+ ta,ing into (onsideration7 a+ his e ploy ent or o(()pationM #+ his degree o% intelligen(eM (+ his physi(al (onditionM and d+ other(ir() stan(esregarding persons& ti e and pla(e+ Petitioner herein is a pro%essional driver !ho has #een in the e ploy o% the #)s (o pany %or 16 years 22 and has )ndergone training (o)rses and se inars to i prove his s,ills as a driver+ =e is e:pe(ted to #e !ell a!are o% his responsi#ilities to his passengers+ Not only )st he a,e s)re that they rea(h their destinations on ti e& he )st also ens)re their sa%ety !hile they are #oarding& d)ringtheentiretrip&and)pon dise #ar,ing %ro the vehi(le+
2-2
CRIMINAL LAW 2
3+ People v+ 0el#es 420005 : 'AC*S7 RIn the evening o% 'e#r)ary 12& 1;;0& Pat+ .o ingo 0el#es and Pat+ Bose Pa#on !ere assigned to aintain pea(e and order at the B)nior and Senior Pro o% Pili 0arangay =igh S(hool+ : Aro)nd ;700 p+ + !hile *ea(herDInDCharge Mila $lan(a& Pat+ Pa#on and 0el#es !ere !at(hingthedan(e&t!ost)dents approa(hed Mrs+ $lan(a and said RMaS & it see s that there is so e#ody a,ing tro)#le+R Pat+ 0el#es and Pat+ Pa#on& ar ed !ith an Ar alite ri%le and a +@6 (ali#er revolver& respe(tively& responded %orth!ith+
: : :
Mo ents a%ter the t!o poli(e o%%i(ers le%t& #)rsts o% g)n%ire %illed the air+ 'ernando 0ataller& a grad)ating st)dent !as hit on di%%erent parts o% his #ody and died+ *he a(()sed Pat+ 0el#es stated that they a(ted in sel% de%ense+ *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted Pat+ 0el#es o% )rder and senten(ed hi to re(l)sion perpet)a+ =EL.7 *he o%%ense is de%initely not re(,less i pr)den(e res)lting in ho i(ide #e(a)se the shooting !as intentional+ Ill)strations o% re(,less i pr)den(e res)lting in ho i(ide are7 415 e:hi#iting a loaded revolver to a %riend& !ho !as ,illed #y the a((idental dis(harge #ro)ght a#o)t #y negligent handlingM or 425 dis(harging a %irear %ro the !indo! o% oneSs ho)se and ,illing a neigh#or !ho ")st at the o ent leaned over the #al(ony %rontM or 4@5 !here the de%endant& to stop a %ist %ight& %ired his +-/ (ali#er pistol t!i(e in the air& and& as the #o)t (ontin)ed& he %ired another shot at the gro)nd& #)t the #)llet ri(o(heted and hit a #ystander !ho died soon therea%ter+ In this (ase& appellant intended to %ire A* the vi(ti & and in %a(t hit <NLC the vi(ti +
2-@
CRIMINAL LAW 2
E%%e(t o% Vi(ti Fs Contri#)tory Negligen(e 6+ Man?anares vs+ People 420025 : 'inally& as to petitionersF arg) ent that Bes)s 0asallo 4Vi(ti M de(eased5 sho)ld #e pres) ed negligent #e(a)se he !as driving !ith an e:pired li(ense and the passenger "eepney o!ned #y his #rother *eodori(o did not have a %ran(hise to operate& !e hold that the sa e %ails to (onvin(e+ : 8*he de%ense o% (ontri#)tory negligen(e does not apply in (ri inal (ases (o itted thro)gh re(,less i pr)den(e& sin(e one (annot allege the negligen(e o% another to evade the e%%e(ts o% his o!n negligen(e+9
D end o% Cri inal La! II D
*A0LE o% C<N*EN*S
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS

*a#le o% Contents
*itle I+ Cri es against National Se()rity and the La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2-2 I+CA 212 D Espionage La! ++++++++++++++++++2-2 II+0P @; D 'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3; +2-3 III+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++2-6 IV+ RA 22@/ D *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La! ++++2-6 V+ RA ;@32 I =) an Se()rity A(t ++++++++2-; *itle VIII+ Cri es against Persons ++++++++++++++ 222 RA 60-; D AntiD=a?ing La! +++++++++++++++++++++++ 222 S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 222 *itle IE+ Cri es against Personal Li#erty and Se()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 223 I+RA ;206 D AntiD*ra%%i(,ing o% Persons A(t o% 200@+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 223 II+RA ;2@1 D AntiDChild La#or La! +++++++ 223 III+ RA -200 D AntiDWiretapping La! +++++ 226 *itle E+ Cri es against Property ++++++++++++++++ 22; I+P. 1212 D AntiD'en(ing La! +++++++++++++ 22; II+RA 2/@; D AntiDCarnapping A(t ++++++++ 22; III+ P. /@@ D AntiDCattle R)stling La! ++++ 22; IV+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++ 230 V+ P. /61 D =ighD1rading +++++++++++++++++++++ 230 VI+ 0P 22 D 0o)n(ing Che(,s La! ++++++++ 230 VII+P. 126; D Sydi(ated Esta%a +++++++++ 231 VIII+RA 6-6- D A((ess .evi(es A(t+++++ 232 IE+ P. 121@ D .estr)(tive Arson ++++++++++++ 23S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23-
2-/
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
*itle II+ Cri es against the ')nda ental La!s o% the State++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/1 RA 3-@6 D Rights o% Person Arrested& .etained or $nder C)stodial Investigation 2/1 *itle III+ Cri es against P)#li( <rder +++++++++2/2 P. 1622 as a ended #y RA 62;- ++++++++++++2/2 *itle IV+ Cri es against P)#li( Interest++++++2/@ I+P. 2-3 D .e%a(e ent& M)tilation& *earing& 0)rning or .estr)(tion o% Central 0an, Notes and Coins +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ II+CA 1-2 Alias $se Reg)lation A(t as a ended #y RA 206/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ III+ P. 162; D <#str)(tion o% B)sti(e ++++++2/@ IV+ RA 62;@ D Intelle(t)al Property Code o% the Philippines++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/-
*itle V+ Cri es Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/2 RA ;12/ I Co prehensive .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 2002+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/2 *itle VI+ Cri es against P)#li( Morals ++++++2/; P. 1/2@ D Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36++++++++++2/; *itle VII+ Cri es Co itted #y P)#li( <%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++220 I+P. 3-; D 1ranting I )nity %ro Prose()tion to 1ivers o% 0ri#es and <ther 1i%ts 220 II+RA @01; D AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++220 III+ RA 1@3; D 'or%eit)re o% IllD1otten Wealth 222 IV+ P. -2 D Re(eiving and 1iving 1i%ts to P)#li( <%%i(ials and E ployees +++++++++++++++++22@ V+ RA 231@ D Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and e poyees 22@ VI+ RA 3060 I Pl)nder++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22VII+RA ;120 I AntiDMoney La)ndering A(t o% 2001+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22/ S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++22/
*itle EI+ Cri es against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 23/ I+RA 3210 D Spe(ial Prote(tion o% Children Against Child A#)se& E:ploitation& And .is(ri ination ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ II+RA 3633 D AntiDSe:)al =arass ent A(t o% 1;;/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ S*$.C 1$I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 232
*itle I+ CRIMES A1AINS* NA*I<NAL SEC$RI*C and the LAW o% NA*I<NS
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS *EAM

Pro%+ Ilde%onso Bi ene?
'a()lty Editor
*ina Reyes Ar an Mislang

Lead Writers Elaine 0+ *i) Jatrin Man?ano Pa)la P)lido Vi(toria P)lta Writers
CRIMINAL LAW
Jari(hi Santos
S)#"e(t Editor
ACA.EMICS C<MMI**EE
EditorsDinDChie%
Jae 1)errero
.ESI1N K LAC<$*
SPE CIA L PEN AL LA WS
*itle I+ Cri es against National Se()rity and the La! o% Nations

I+ CA 212 I *=E ESPI<NA1E LAW II+ 0P @; I *=E '<REI1N A1EN*S AC* <' 1;3; III+ P. /@2 I *=E AN*IDPIRACC AN. AN*ID =I1=WAC R<00ERC LAW <' 1;3IV+ RA 22@/ I *=E AN*ID=IBACJIN1 LAW V+ RA ;2@3 I *=E =$MAN SEC$RI*C AC*
2-2
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
I+
CA 212 D Espionage La!
A(ts P)nished7 A+ $nla!%)lly o#taining or per itting to #e o#tained in%or ation a%%e(ting national de%ense : VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ 1 1+ 0y going )pon& entering& %lying over or other o#taining in%or ation (on(erning any vessel& air(ra%t& !or, o% de%ense or other pla(e (onne(ted !ith national de%ense or any other pla(e !here any vessels& air(ra%ts& ar s& )nitions or other aterials %or )se in ti e o% !ar are #eing ade& or stored& %or the p)rpose o% o#taining in%or ation respe(ting national de%ense& !ith intent to )se it to the in")ry o% the Philippines or to the advantage o% any %oreign nation+ 2+ 0y (opying& ta,ing& a,ing or patenting or ind)(ing or aiding another to (opy& ta,e& a,e or o#tain any s,et(h& photograph& photographi( negative& #l)eprint&plan& apinstr) ent& applian(e& do() ent& !riting or note o% anything (onne(ted !ith the national de%ense& %or the sa e p)rpose and !ith li,e intent as in par+ A+ @+ 0y re(eiving or o#taining or agreeing or atte pting or ind)(ing or aiding another to re(eive or o#tain %ro any so)r(es any o% the data entioned in par+ 0& (ode #oo, or signal #oo,& ,no!ing that it !ill #e o#tained or disposed #y any person (ontrary to the provisions o% this a(t+ -+ 0y (o )ni(ating& or trans itting& or atte pting to (o )ni(ate or trans it to any person not entitled to re(eive it& #y !ill%)lly retaining and %ailing to deliver it on de and to any o%%i(er or e ployee entitled to re(eive it& the o%%ender #eing in possession o%& having a((ess to& (ontrol over or #eing entr)sted !ith any
LEC*$RES C<MMI**EE
=eads Jat? Man?ano Mary Rose 0eley Sa N)Le? Jri?el Mala#anan Arianne Cere?o Mar(rese 0anaag Vol)nteers
M<CJ 0AR C<MMI**EE

Lili#eth Pere?

.ahlia Sala at
L<1IS*ICS
Charisse Mendo?a
Bill =ernande?
o% the data entioned in par+ 0 or (ode #oo, or signal #oo,+ /+ 0y per itting& thro)gh gross negligen(e& to #e re oved %ro its proper pla(e or ()stody or delivered to anyone in violation o% his tr)st& or to #e lost& stolen& a#stra(ted or destroyed any o% the data entioned in par+ 0& (ode #oo, or signal #oo,& the o%%ender #eing entr)sted !ith or having la!%)l possession or (ontrol o% the sa e
VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ 1+ 0y !ill%)lly a,ing or (onveying %alse reports or %alse state ents !ith intent to inter%ere !ith the operations or s)((ess o% the Ar ed 'or(es o% the Philippines+ 2+ *o pro ote the s)((ess o% its ene ies& #y !ill%)lly (a)sing or atte pting to (a)se ins)#ordination& disloyalty& )tiny or re%)sal o% d)ty in the Ar ed 'or(es o% the Philippines+ @+ 0y !ill%)lly o#str)(ting the re(r)iting or enlist ent servi(e
2-3
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
0+ $nla!%)l dis(losing o% a%%e(ting national de%ense :
in%or ation E+ Conspira(y to violate pre(eding se(tions : REH$ISI*ES 1+ *!o or ore persons (onspire to violate the provisions o% Se(s+ 1& 2& @ or - o% this A(tM 2+ <ne or ore o% s)(h persons do any to e%%e(t the o#"e(t o% (onspira(y+
VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ 2 1+ 0y(o )ni(ating&deliveringor trans itting or atte pting or aiding or ind)(ing another to do it& to any %oreign govern ent or any %a(tion or party or ilitary or naval %or(e !ithin a %oreign (o)ntry&!hetherre(ogni?edor )nre(ogni?ed #y the Philippines& or to any representative& o%%i(er& e ployee& s)#"e(t or (iti?en thereo%& any o% the data entioned in par+ 0 o% Se(+ 1 hereo%& (ode or signal #oo,+ 2+ In ti e o% !ar& #y (olle(ting& re(ording p)#lishingor(o )ni(atingor atte pting to eli(it any in%or ation !ith respe(tto ove ent&n) #er& des(ription& (ondition& or disposition o% any o% the ar ed %or(es& ships& air(ra%t or !ar aterials o% the Philippines& or !ith respe(t to the plans or (ond)(t o% any ilitary& naval or air operations or !ith respe(t to any !or,s or eas)res )nderta,en %or the %orti%i(ation or de%ense or any pla(e& or any other in%or ation relating to the p)#li( de%ense& !hi(h ight #e )se%)l to the ene y+
'+ =ar#oring or (on(ealing violators o% la! : REH$ISI*ES 1+ *he o%%ender ,no!s that a person has (o itted or is a#o)t to (o it an o%%ense )nder this A(tM 2+ *he o%%ender har#ors or (on(eals s)(h person+
II+ 0P @; D 'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3;

A(ts P)nished I And !ho the N ay (o it
C+ .isloyal a(ts or !ords in ti es o% pea(e : VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ @ 1+ 0y advising& (o)nseling& )rging or in any other anner#y(a)sing ins)#ordination& disloyalty& )tiny or re%)sal o% d)ty o% any e #er o% the ilitary& naval or air %or(es o% the Philippines+ 2+ 0y distri#)ting any !ritten or printed atter !hi(h advises& (o)nsels& or )rges s)(h ins)#ordination& disloyalty& )tiny or re%)sal o% d)ty+
A+ Any person !ithin the Philippines !ho is a %oreign agent7 1+ *o trans it& (onvey& or other!ise %)rnish to any agen(y or o%%i(ial o% the govern ent : %or or in the interest o% a %oreign prin(ipal any politi(al propaganda& : or to re>)est %ro any agen(y or o%%i(ial %or or in the interest o% s)(h %oreign prin(ipal : any in%or ation or advi(e pertaining to any politi(al or p)#li( interests& poli(ies or relations o% %oreign (o)ntry or o% a politi(al party or pertaining to the %oreign or do esti( poli(ies o% the Philippines& i+ $nless the propaganda #eing iss)ed or the re>)est #eing ade : is pre%a(ed or a((o panied #y a tr)e and a(()rate state ent to the e%%e(t that s)(h person is registered as a %oreign agent )nder this A(t+
.+ .isloyal a(ts or !ords in ti es o% !ar
2+ *o #e a party to any (ontra(t& agree ent& or )nderstanding& : either e:press or i plied& : !ith a %oreign prin(ipal p)rs)ant to !hi(h the a o)nt or pay ent o% the (o pensation&%eeorother re )neration o% s)(h agent : is (ontingent in !hole or in part )pon the s)((ess o% any politi(al a(tivity (arried o)t #y s)(h agent+ @+ *o a,e& dire(tly or indire(tly& : any (ontri#)tion o% oney or other thing or val)e& : or pro ise e:pressly or i pliedly to a,e any s)(h (ontri#)tion& : in (onne(tion !ith any (onvention& (a)()s or other pro(ess to sele(t (andidates %or any politi(al o%%i(e+
(o ple ent o% the vessel <nly pira(y is p)nished& not
)tiny
Aiding Pirates P)nisha#le A(ts
or
A#etting
Pira(y7
1+ Jno!ingly and in any anner a+ Aiding or prote(ting pirates or high!ay ro##ersA#rigands& s)(h as giving the in%or ation a#o)t the ove ent o% poli(e or other pea(e o%%i(ers o% the govern ent& or #+ A(>)iring or re(eiving property ta,en #y s)(h pirates or #rigands or in any anner derives any #ene%it there%ro + .ire(tly or indire(tly a#etting the (o ission o% pira(y or high!ay ro##ery or #rigandage
2-6
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
0+ Any person in the Philippines 1+ *o soli(it& a((ept& or re(eive& dire(tly or indire(tly& : %ro any %oreign agent or %ro a %oreign prin(ipal& : any o% the (ontri#)tions& or pro ises to a,e s)(h (ontri#)tions& re%erred to in s)#se(tion ( 4i+e+ in (onne(tion !ith any (onvention& (a)()s& or other pro(ess to sele( (andidates %or any politi(al o%%i(e5+
IV+ RA 22@/ D *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La!

A(ts P)nished7 A+ $s)rping or sei?ing (ontrol o% an air(ra%t o% Philippine registry !hile it is in %light& (o pelling the pilots thereo% to (hange the (o)rse or destination o% the air(ra%tM 0+ $s)rping or sei?ing (ontrol o% an air(ra%t o% %oreign registry !hile !ithin Philippine territory& (o pelling the pilots thereo% to land in any part o% Philippine territoryM C+ Carrying or loading on #oard an air(ra%t operating as a p)#li( )tility passenger air(ra%t in the Philippines& any %la a#le& (orrosive&e:plosive&orpoisono)s s)#stan(eM and .+ Loading& shipping& or transporting on #oard a (argo air(ra%t operating as a p)#li( )tility in the Philippines& any %la a#le& (orrosive&e:plosive&orpoisono)s s)#stan(e i% this !as done not in a((ordan(e !ith the r)les and reg)lations setandpro )lgated#ytheAir *ransportation <%%i(e on this atter+
C+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployee or his spo)se 1+ *o a(t as a %oreign agent+ i+ =o!ever& the govern ent ay e ploy any %oreign agent7 : Provided& that the head o% the e ploying agen(y (erti%ies that s)(h e ploy ent is re>)ired in the national interest+ : A (erti%i(ation iss)ed )nder this paragraph shall #e %or!arded #y the head o% s)(h agen(y to the Minister !ho shall (a)se the sa e to #e %iled along !ith the registration state ent and other do() ents %iled #y s)(h agent+
III+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3: : : Pira(y I sa e over a(ts as in Art+ 122 or the RPC .i%%eren(es : May #e (o itted only in Philippine !aters : May #e (o itted #y any person& even #y a passenger or a e #er o% the
*he air(ra%t is in %light !hen %ro the o ent all its e:ternal doors are (losed %ollo!ing e #ar,ation )ntil any o% s)(h doors is opened %or dise #ar,ation+ $nli,e in pira(y& !hen the air(ra%t is o% %oreign registry& the )s)rping or sei?ing (ontrol& and the landing o% the air(ra%t )st all #e done in Philippine territory+
*itle I+ CRIMES A1AINS* NA*I<NAL SEC$RI*C and the LAW o% NA*I<NS (o )ni(ation& essage&(onversation& dis()ssion& or spo,en or !ritten !ords #et!een e #ers o% a ")di(ially de(lared and o)tla!ed terrorist organi?ation& asso(iation or gro)p o% persons or o% any person (harged !ith or s)spe(ted o% the (ri e o% terroris or o% (onspira(y to (o it terroris s)rveillan(e& inter(eption and re(ording o% (o )ni(ations #et!een la!yers and (lients& do(tors and patients& "o)rnalists and their so)r(esand(on%idential#)siness (orresponden(e shall not #e a)thori?ed
V+ RA ;@32 I =) an Se()rity A(t

A+ Poli(y 4Se(+ 25 : Prote(t li%e& li#erty and property %ro a(ts o% terroris M : Conde n terroris as ini i(al and dangero)s to the national se()rity o% the (o)ntry and to the !el%are o% the people : Ma,e terroris a (ri e against the 'ilipino people& against h) anity and against the la! o% nations
2-;
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
0+ *erroris 4Se(+ @5 : *hreeDpart de%inition7 1+ Predi(ate a(t& 2+ Res)ltsAConse>)en(es and @+ <#"e(tive 1+ Predi(ate A(ts a+ Pira(y and )tiny on high seas 4Art+ 1225 #+ Re#ellion or ins)rre(tion 4Art+ 1@-5 (+ Co)p dFetat 4Art+ 1@-DA5 d+ M)rder 4Art+ 2-65 e+ Jidnapping and Serio)s Illegal .etention 4Art+ 2235 %+ Arson 4Art+ @2-YM P. 121@5 g+ RA No+ 2;2; 4*o:i( s)#stan(es and =a?ardo)s and N)(lear Waste Control A(t o% 1;;05 h+ RA No+ /203 4Ato i( Energy Reg)latory and Lia#ility A(t o% 1;265 i+ RA No+ 22@/ 4AntiD=i"a(,ing La!5 "+ P. No+ /@2 4AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-5 ,+ P. No+ 1622 4Illegal Possession o% 'irear s and A )nition5
E+ 'or alAppli(ation%orB)di(ial A)thori?ation 4Se(+ 65 : *here )st #e an e: parte appli(ation #y the poli(e or la! en%or(e ent o%%i(ial : *he appli(ant )st have #een a)thori?ed in !riting #y the AntiD*erroris Co)n(il : E:a ination )nder oath or a%%ir ation o% the appli(ant and the !itnesses he ay prod)(e to esta#lish7 : *here is pro#a#le (a)se to #elieve #ased on personal ,no!ledge o% %a(ts and (ir() stan(es : that the said (ri e o% terroris or (onspira(y to (o it terroris has #een (o itted or is #eing (o itted or is a#o)t to #e (o ittedM : *here is pro#a#le (a)se to #elieve #ased on personal ,no!ledge o% %a(ts or (ir() stan(es : that eviden(e& !hi(h is essential to the (onvi(tion o% any (harged or s)spe(ted person %or& or to the sol)tion or prevention o%& any s)(h (ri es& !ill #e o#tained& and : *hat there is no other e%%e(tive eans readily availa#le %or a(>)iring s)(h eviden(e
2+ :
Res)ltsAConse>)en(es *here#y so!ing and (reating a (ondition o% !idespread and e:traordinary %ear and pani( a ong the pop)la(e <#"e(tive In order to (oer(e the govern ent to give in to an )nla!%)l de and Penalty is -0 years o% i prison ent !itho)t the #ene%it o% parole
'+ :
@+ : :
C+ Conspira(y to Co it *erroris 4Se(+ -5 : Penalty is -0 years o% i prison ent+
.+ S)rveillan(e o% s)spe(ts and inter(eption and re(ording o% (o )ni(ations 4Se(+ 35 : $pon !ritten order o% the Co)rt o% Appeals : 8*he provisions o% RA -200 to the (ontrary not!ithstanding9 : Inter(ept and re(ord& !ith the )se o% any ode& %or & ,ind or type o% ele(troni( or other s)rveillan(e e>)ip ent o% inter(epting and tra(,ing devi(es& or !ith the )se o% any other s)ita#le !ays and eans %or that p)rpose& any
Pros(ription o% *errorist <rgani?ations& Asso(iation or 1ro)p o% Persons 4Se(+ 135 Any organi?ation& asso(iation or gro)p o% persons organi?ed %or the p)rpose o% engaging in terroris & or !hi(h altho)gh not organi?ed %or this p)rpose& a(t)ally )ses the a(ts to terrori?e shall& )pon appli(ation o% the .epart ent o% B)sti(e #e%ore a (o petent Regional *rial Co)rt& !ith d)e noti(e and opport)nity to #e heard given to the organi?ation& asso(iation or gro)p o% persons (on(erned& #e de(lared as a terrorist and o)tla!ed organi?ation& asso(iation& or gro)p o% persons #y the Regional *rial Co)rt+
1+ Periods o% .etention !itho)t B)di(ial Warrant o% Arrest 4Se(+ 165 : *he provisions o% Arti(le 12/ o% the Revised Penal Code to the (ontrary not!ithstanding9
CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER :
*itle I+ CRIMES A1AINS* NA*I<NAL SEC$RI*C and the LAW o% NA*I<NS prevent their )se& trans%er& or (onveyan(e %or p)rposes that are ini i(al to the sa%ety and se()rity o% the people or in")rio)s to the interest o% the State+ L+ : E:panded Role o% the Co ission on =) an Rights 4Se(+ //5 C=R shall give highest priority to the investigation and prose()tion o% violations o% (ivil and politi(al rights o% persons in relation to the i ple entation o% this A(tM C=R given the (on()rrent ")risdi(tion to prose()te p)#li( o%%i(ials& la! en%or(ers& and other persons !ho ay have violated the (ivil and politi(al rights o% persons s)spe(ted o%& a(()sed o%& or detained %or the (ri e o% terroris or (onspira(y to (o it terroris +
C)stody o% a person 8(harged !ith or s)spe(ted o% the (ri e o% terroris or the (ri e o% (onspira(y to (o it terroris 9 .eliver to the proper ")di(ial a)thority !ithin a period o% three days (o)nted %ro the o ent the (harged or s)spe(ted person has #een apprehended or arrested& detained and ta,en into ()stody+ *he arrest o% the persons !itho)t a ")di(ial !arrant )st res)lt %ro s)rveillan(e )nder Se(+ 3 and e:a ination o% #an, re(ords )nder Se(+ 23+
2/0
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
: =+ Periods o% .etention in the Event o% an A(t)al or I inent *errorist Atta(, 4Se(+ 1;5 : S)spe(ts ay #e detained %or ore than @ days : !ith the !ritten approval o% the )ni(ipal& (ity& provin(ial or regional o%%i(ial o% a =) an Rights Co ission or ")dge o% the nearest (o)rt& Sandigan#ayan or CA+
I+ : :
Restri(tion on *ravel 4Se(+ 225 Sit)ation (onte plated70ail is granted #e(a)se 8eviden(e o% g)ilt is not strong9 Co)rt shall& )pon appli(ation o% the prose()tion& li it the right to travel o% the a(()sed to !ithin the )ni(ipality or (ity !here he resides or !here the (ase is pending& in the interest o% national se()rity and p)#li( sa%etyM May also #e pla(ed )nder ho)se arrest #y order o% the (o)rt at his or her )s)al pla(e o% residen(eM !hile )nder ho)se arrest& heAshe ay not )se telephones& (ellphones& e ails& (o p)ters& the internet or other eans o% (o )ni(ation !ith people o)tside the residen(e )ntil other!ise ordered #y the (o)rt+
B+
: : :
B)di(ial A)thori?ation Re>)ired to E:a ine 0an, .eposits& A((o)nts& and Re(ords 4Se(+ 235 $pon !ritten order o% the Co)rt o% Appeals Provisions o% Rep)#li( A(t No+ 1-0/ as a ended& to the (ontrary not!ithstanding A)thori?e in !riting any poli(e or la! en%or(e ent o%%i(er to7 : E:a ine& or (a)se the e:a ination o%& the deposits& pla(e ents& tr)st a((o)nts& assets and re(ords in a #an, or %inan(ial instit)tionM and : 1ather or (a)se the gathering o% any relevant in%or ation a#o)t s)(h deposits& pla(e ents& tr)st a((o)nts& assets& and re(ords %ro a #an, or %inan(ial instit)tion+
M+ E:traterritoriality 4Se(+ /65 : S)#"e(t to treaty& =SA shall apply to7 1+ Individ)al persons !ho (o it any o% the (ri es de%ined and p)nished !ithin the territory o% the PhilippinesM 2+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (o it& (onspire or plot to (o it any o% the (ri es de%ined in the =SA inside the territory o% the PhilippinesM @+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (o it any o% the (ri es de%ined on #oard any Philippine shipM -+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (o it any o% the (ri es de%ined !ithin any e #assy& (ons)late& or diplo ati( pre ises #elonging to or o(()pied #y the Philippine govern ent in an o%%i(ial (apa(ityM /+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (o it the (ri es de%ined against 'ilipinos or persons o% Philippine des(ent !here their ethni(ity !as a %a(torM 2+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (o it the (ri es dire(tly against the Philippine govern ent+
N+ Spe(ial E%%e(tivity Cla)se 4Se(+ 225 : *he provisions o% this A(t shall #e a)to ati(ally s)spended one onth #e%ore and t!o onths a%ter the holding o% any ele(tion+
J+ Sei?)re and Se>)estration 4Se(+ @;5 : *he deposits and their o)tstanding #alan(es o% persons s)spe(ted o% terroris shall #e sei?ed& se>)estered& and %ro?en in order to
*itle II+ CRIMES A1AINS* the '$N.AMEN*AL LAWS o% the S*A*E
*itle II+ Cri es against the ')nda ental La!s o% the State
RA 3-@6 D Rights o% Person Arrested& .etainedor$nderC)stodial Investigation

4As,ed <n(e In *he 0ar .)ring 1;;1D1;;@5 : As to !aiver )nder the provisons o% Art+ 12/ o% the Revised Penal Code7 Se(+ 2 4e5 Any !aiver #y a person arrested or detained )nder the provisions o% Arti(le 12/ o% the Revised Penal Code& or )nder ()stodial investigation& shall #e in !riting and signed #y s)(h person in the presen(e o% his (o)nsel+ :
2/1
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
Persons and A(ts P)nished7
1+ Co itted #y any p)#li( o%%i(er& e ployee or investigating o%%i(er7 a+ 'ail)re to in%or any person arrested& detained or )nder ()stodial investigation o% his right to re ain silent and to have (o petent and independent (o)nsel pre%era#ly o% his o!n (hoi(e+ #+ 'ail)re to provide a (o petent and independent (o)nsel to a person arrested& detained or )nder ()stodial investigation %or the (o ission o% an o%%ense i% the latter (annot a%%ord the servi(es o% his o!n (o)nsel+ i+ May also #e (o itted #y anyone a(ting )pon the orders o% s)(h investigating o%%i(er or in his pla(e
2+ Co itted #y any person7 a+ <#str)(ting& preventing or prohi#iting any la!yer& any e #er o% the i ediate %a ily o% a person arrested& detainedor)nder()stodial investigation& or any edi(al do(tor or priest or religio)s inister (hosen #y hi or #y any e #er o% his i ediate %a ily or #y his (o)nsel& : %ro visiting and (on%erring privately !ith hi & or %ro e:a ining and treating hi & or %ro inistering to his spirit)al needs& : at any ho)r o% the day or& in )rgent (ases& o% the night+
*itle III+ CRIMES A1AINS* P$0LIC <R.ER
*itle III+ Cri es against P)#li( <rder
Palaganas vs+ Co)rt o% Appeals 4200257 With the passage o% Rep)#li( A(t+ No+ 62;- on 2 B)ne 1;;3& the )se o% an )nli(ensed %irear in )rder or ho i(ide is no! (onsidered as a SPECIAL aggravating (ir() stan(e and not a generi( aggravating (ir() stan(e+ People vs+ Lad"aala 4200057
P. 1622 as a ended #y RA 62;4As,ed on(e in the 0ar d)ring 1;3;D1;62& t!i(e d)ring 2000D20025 : A(ts p)nished7
2/2
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
1+ $nla!%)l an)%a(t)re& sale& a(>)isition& disposition or possession o% %irear s or a )nition or instr) ents )sed or intended to #e )sed in the an)%a(t)re o% %irear s or a )nitionO : Provided& *hat no other (ri e is (o itted+ a+ I% ho i(ide or )rder is (o itted !ith the )se o% an )nli(ensed %irear & s)(h )se o% an )nli(ensed %irear shall #e (onsidered as an aggravating (ir() stan(e+ #+ I% the violation o% this se(tion is in %)rtheran(e o% or in(ident to& or in (onne(tion !ith the (ri e o% re#ellion orins)rre(tion&sedition&or atte pted (o)p dSetat& s)(h violation shall #e a#sor#ed as an ele ent o% the (ri e o% re#ellion& or ins)rre(tion& sedition& or atte pted (o)p dSetat+
I% an )nli(ensed %irear is )sed in the (o ission o% any (ri e& there (an #e no separate o%%ense o% si ple illegal possession o% %irear s+ =en(e& i% the 8other (ri e9 is )rder or ho i(ide& illegal possession o% %irear s #e(o es erely an aggravating (ir() stan(e& not a separate o%%ense+ Sin(e dire(t assa)lt !ith )ltiple atte pted ho i(ide !as (o itted in this (ase& appellant (an no longer #e held lia#le %or illegal possession o% %irear s+
2+ $nla!%)l an)%a(t)re& sale& a(>)isition& disposition or possession o% e:plosives+ a+ When a person (o its any o% the (ri es de%ined in the Revised Penal Code or spe(ial la!s : !ith the )se o% the a%ore entioned e:plosives& detonation agents or in(endiary devi(es& !hi(h res)lts in the death o% any person or persons& : the )se o% s)(h e:plosives& detonation agents or in(endiary devi(es shall #e (onsideredasanaggravating (ir() stan(e+ @+ *a pering o% %irear Ss serial n) #er+ -+ Repa(,ing or altering the (o position o% la!%)lly an)%a(t)red e:plosives+
Cases7
People vs+ .e 1ra(ia 41;;-57 <!nership is not an essential ele ent o% illegal possession o% %irear s and a )nition+ What the la! re>)ires is erely possession !hi(h in(l)des not only a(t)al physi(al possession#)talso(onstr)(tive possession+
*itle IV+ CRIMES A1AINS* P$0LIC IN*ERES*
*itle IV+ Cri es against P)#li( Interest

I+ P. 2-3 I .E'ACEMEN*& M$*ILA*I<N&
the )se o% pse)dony a((epted pra(ti(e+
is a nor ally
*EARIN1& 0$RNIN1 <R .ES*R$C*I<N <' CEN*RAL 0ANJ N<*ES AN. C<INS II+ CA 1-2 I ALIAS $SE RE1$LA*I<N AC* AS AMEN.E. 0C RA 206/ III+ P. 162; I <0S*R$C*I<N <' B$S*ICE IV+ RA 62;@ I IN*ELLEC*$AL PR<PER*C C<.E <' *=E P=ILIPPINES
I+
P. 2-3 D .e%a(e ent& M)tilation& *earing& 0)rning or .estr)(tion o% Central 0an, Notes and Coins
P)nisha#le A(ts7 1+ Will%)lly de%a(ing& )tilating& tear& #)rning& or destroying in any anner !hatsoever& ()rren(y notes and (oins iss)ed #y the Central 0an,+ : It (annot #e a (ri e )nder the Revised Penal Code to )tilate paper #ills : #e(a)se the idea o% )tilation )nder the (ode is (olle(ting the pre(io)s etal d)st in order to ta,e advantage o% the etal a#stra(ted& th)s di inishing the val)e o% the (oin+Also& )nder Presidential .e(ree No+ 2-3& : )tilation is not li ited to (oins #)t also to paper #ills+ : *here%ore& si ply )tilating (oins %or the sa,e o% )tilation ay #e p)nished )nder P. 2-3+
$rs)a vs+ Co)rt o% Appeals 41;;257 15 An alias is a na e or na es )sed #y a person or intended to #e )sed #y hi p)#li(ly and ha#it)ally )s)ally in #)siness transa(tions 25 in addition to his real na e #y !hi(h he is registered at #irth or #apti?ed the %irst ti e or s)#stit)te na e a)thori?ed #y a (o petent a)thority+ @5 *he )se o% a %i(titio)s na e or a di%%erent na e #elonging to another person in a single instan(e -5 !itho)t any sign or indi(ation that the )ser intends to #e ,no!n #y this na e in addition to his real na e %ro that day %orth does not %all !ithin the prohi#ition (ontained in C+A+ No+ 1-2 as a ended+
2/@
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
III+ P. 162; D <#str)(tion o% B)sti(e

4as,ed in the #ar 1: d)ring 2000D20025 : Prohi#ited A(ts7
1+ Preventing !itnesses : %ro testi%ying in any (ri inal pro(eeding : or %ro reporting the (o ission o% any o%%ense or the identity o% any o%%enderAs : #y eans o% #ri#ery& isrepresentation& de(eit& inti idation& %or(e or threatsM
II+ CA 1-2 Alias $se Reg)lation A(t as a ended #y RA 206/

4as,ed in the 0ar on(e d)ring 2000D20025 : No person shall )se any na e di%%erent %ro the %ollo!ing7 15 *he na e !ith !hi(h he !as registered at #irth in the o%%i(e o% the lo(al (ivil registry& or 25 *he na e !ith !hi(h he !as #apti?ed %or the %irst ti eM or @5 In (ase o% an alien& the na e !ith !hi(h he !as registered in the #)rea) o% i igration )pon entryM or -5 S)(h s)#stit)te na e as ay have #een a)thori?ed #y a (o petent (o)rt+
2+ Altering&destroying&s)ppressingor (on(ealing : any paper& re(ord& do() ent& or o#"e(t& : !ith intent to i pair its verity& a)thenti(ity& legi#ility& availa#ility& or ad issi#ility as eviden(e : in any investigation o% or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (ri inal (ases& or to #e )sed in the investigation o%& or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (ri inal (asesM
@+ =ar#oring or (on(ealing& or %a(ilitating the es(ape o%& : any person he ,no!s& or has reasona#le gro)nd to #elieve or s)spe(t& has (o itted any o%%ense )nder e:isting penal la!s : in order to prevent his arrest prose()tion and (onvi(tionM
E:(eption7 I% the Pse)dony is )sed solely %or literary& (ine a& television& radio& or other entertain ent and in athleti( events !here
-+ P)#li(ly )sing a %i(titio)s na e : %or the p)rpose o% (on(ealing a (ri e& evading prose()tion or the e:e()tion o% a ")dg ent&
or (on(ealing his tr)e na e and other personal (ir() stan(es %or the sa e p)rpose or p)rposesM
IV+ RA 62;@ D Intelle(t)al Property Code o% the Philippines

: S)perseded Arts+ 166D16; o% the Revised Penal Code
/+ .elaying the prose()tion o% (ri inal (ases : #y o#str)(ting the servi(e o% pro(ess or (o)rt orders or dist)r#ing pro(eedings in the %is(alSs o%%i(es& in *anod#ayan& or in the (o)rtsM 2+ Ma,ing& presenting or )sing any re(ord& do() ent& paper or o#"e(t : !ith ,no!ledge o% its %alsity and !ith intent to a%%e(t the (o)rse or o)t(o e o% the investigation o%& or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (ri inal (asesM 3+ Soli(iting& a((epting& or agreeing to a((ept any #ene%it : in (onsideration o% a#staining %ro & dis(o)nting& or i peding the prose()tion o% a (ri inal o%%enderM 6+ *hreatening dire(tly or indire(tly another : !ith the in%li(tion o% any !rong )pon his person& honor or property or that o% any i ediate e #er or e #ers o% his %a ily : in order to prevent s)(h person : %ro appearing in the investigation o%& or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (ri inal (ases& : or i posing a (ondition& !hether la!%)l or )nla!%)l& : in order to prevent a person %ro appearing in the investigation o% or in o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (ri inal (asesM
A+ P)nisha#le A(ts 1+ In%ringe ent 4Se(+ 1//5 a+ Witho)t (onsent o% the o!ner o% the registered trade ar, #+ Co its any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 415 $se in (o er(e any reprod)(tion& (o)nter%eit& (opy& or (olora#le i itation o% a registered ar, : or the sa e (ontainer or a do inant %eat)re thereo% : in (onne(tion !ith the sale& o%%ering %or sale& distri#)tion& advertising o% any goods or servi(es : in(l)dingotherpreparatory steps ne(essary to (arry o)t the sale o% any goods or servi(es on : or in (onne(tion !ith !hi(h s)(h )se is li,ely to (a)se (on%)sion& or to (a)se ista,e& or to de(eiveM or 425 Reprod)(e& (o)nter%eit& (opy or (olora#ly i itate a registered ar, or a do inant %eat)re thereo% : and apply s)(h reprod)(tion& (o)nter%eit& (opy or (olora#le i itation to la#els& signs& prints& pa(,ages&!rappers& re(epta(les or advertise ents : intended to #e )sed in (o er(e)ponorin (onne(tion !ith the sale& o%%ering %or sale& distri#)tion& or advertising o% goods or servi(es : on or in (onne(tion !ith !hi(h s)(h )se is li,ely to (a)se (on%)sion& or to (a)se ista,e& or to de(eive+ : *he in%ringe ent ta,es pla(e at the o ent any o% these a(ts are (o itted : regardless o% !hether there is a(t)al sale o% goods or servi(es )sing the in%ringing aterial+ 4Se(+ 1//+25
2/SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
;+ 1iving o% %alse or %a#ri(ated in%or ation to islead or prevent the la! en%or(e ent agen(ies %ro apprehending the o%%ender or %ro prote(ting the li%e or property o% the vi(ti M or %a#ri(ating in%or ation %ro the data gathered in (on%iden(e #y investigating a)thorities %or p)rposes o% #a(,gro)nd in%or ation and not %or p)#li(ation and p)#lishing or disse inating the sa e to islead the investigator or to the (o)rt+
2+ $n%air Co petition 4Se(+ 1265 : Any person !ho (o its these a(ts shall #e g)ilty o% )n%air (o petition7 a+ E ploy de(eption or any other eans (ontrary to good %aith #y !hi(h he shall pass o%% the goods an)%a(t)red #y hi or in !hi(h he deals& or his #)siness& or
servi(es %or those o% the one having esta#lished s)(h good!ill #+ <r (o it any a(ts (al()lated to prod)(e said res)lt+ In parti()lar& and !itho)t in any !ay li iting the s(ope o% prote(tion against )n%air (o petition& the %ollo!ing shall #e dee ed g)ilty o% )n%air (o petition7 a+ Any person& : !ho is selling his goods and gives the the general appearan(e o% goods o% another an)%a(t)rer or dealer& : either as to the goods the selves or in the !rapping o% the pa(,ages in !hi(h they are (ontained& or the devi(es or !ords thereon& or in any other %eat)re o% their appearan(e& : !hi(h !o)ld #e li,ely to in%l)en(e p)r(hasers to #elieve that the goods o%%ered are those o% a an)%a(t)rer or dealer& other than the a(t)al an)%a(t)rer or dealer& : or !ho other!ise (lothes the goods !ith s)(h appearan(e as shall de(eive the p)#li( and de%ra)d another o% his legiti ate trade& or any s)#se>)ent vendor o% s)(h goods or any agent o% any vendor engaged in selling s)(h goods !ith a li,e p)rposeM #+ Any person !ho #y any arti%i(e& or devi(e& or !ho e ploys any other eans (al()lated to ind)(e the %alse #elie% : that s)(h person is o%%ering the servi(es o% another : !ho has identi%ied s)(h servi(es in the ind o% the p)#li(M or (+ Any person !ho shall a,e any %alse state ent in the (o)rse o% trade or : !ho shall (o it any other a(t (ontrary to good %aith o% a nat)re : (al()lated to dis(redit the goods& #)siness or servi(es o% another+
thea%%iliation&(onne(tion&or asso(iation o% s)(h person !ith another person& or as to the origin& sponsorship& or approval o% his or her goods& servi(es& or (o er(ial a(tivities #y another personM or 425 In(o er(ialadvertisingor pro otion& isrepresentsthe nat)re& (hara(teristi(s& >)alities& or geographi( origin o% his or her or another personSs goods& servi(es& or (o er(ial a(tivities+
2//
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
@+ 'alse .esignations o% <riginM 'alse .es(ription or Representation 4Se(+ 12;+15 a+ $sing& on or in (onne(tion !ith any goods or servi(es& or any (ontainer %or goods& in (o er(e any !ord& ter & na e& sy #ol& or devi(e& or any (o #ination thereo%& or any %alse designation o% origin& %alse or isleading des(ription o% %a(t& or %alse or isleading representation o% %a(t& !hi(h7 415 Is li,ely to (a)se (on%)sion& or to (a)se ista,e& or to de(eive as to
*itle V+ Cri es Relative to <pi) <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs
and
1+ I portation o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Che i(als 4Se(+ -5 2+ Sale&*rading&Ad inistration& .ispensation& .elivery& .istri#)tion and *ransportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Che i(als 4Se(+ /5 @+ Maintenan(e o% a .en& .ive or Resort 4Se(+ 25 -+ E ploy ent at or visit o% a .en& .ive or Resort 4Se(+ 35 a+ *he e ployee or visitor )st #e a!are that the pla(e is o% s)(h nat)re+ /+ Man)%a(t)re o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Che i(als 4Se(+ 65 2+ Illegal Che i(al .iversion o% Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als 4Se(+ ;5 3+ Man)%a(t)re or .elivery o% E>)ip ent& Instr) ent&Apparat)s&and<ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs andAor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Che i(als+ 4Se(+ 105 6+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 115 ;+ Possession o% E>)ip ent& Instr) ent& Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 125 10+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial 1atherings or Meetings 4Se(& 1@5 11+ Possession o% E>)ip ent& Instr) ent& Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial 1atherings or Meetings 4Se(+ 1-5 12+ $se o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 1/5 1@+ C)ltivation or C)lt)re o% Plants Classi%ied as .angero)s .r)gs or are So)r(es *hereo% 4Se(+ 125 1-+ 'ail)re to Maintain and Jeep <riginal Re(ords o% *ransa(tions on .angero)s .r)gs andAor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als 4Se(+ 135
RA ;12/ I Co prehensive .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 2002

4As,ed in the 0ar t!i(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& on(e d)ring 1;;-D1;;2& on(e d)ring 1;;3D 1;;;& %o)r ti es d)ring 2000D20025 A+ .e%initions 4I portant ter s5 1+ Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als : In(l)de those listed in *a#les I and II o% the 1;66 $N Convention Against Illi(it *ra%%i(inNar(oti(.r)gsand Psy(hotropi(S)#stan(esas en) erated in the atta(hed anne:& : !hi(h is an integral part o% this A(t+
2/2
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
2+ .angero)s .r)gs : In(l)de those listed in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;21 Single Convention on Nar(oti( .r)gs& as a ended #y the 1;32 Proto(ol& and in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;31 Single Convention onPsy(hotropi(S)#stan(esas en) erated in the atta(hed anne: !hi(h is an integral part o% this A(t+
@+ .en& .ive or Resort : A pla(e !here any dangero)s dr)g andAor(ontrolledpre()rsorand essential (he i(al is ad inistered& delivered& stored %or illegal p)rposes& distri#)ted& sold or )sed in any %or + -+ 'inan(ier : Any person !ho pays %or& raises or s)pplies oney %or& or )nder!rites any o% the illegal a(tivities pres(ri#ed )nder this A(t+ /+ Prote(torACoddler : Any person !ho ,no!ingly and !ill%)lly (onsents to the )nla!%)l a(ts provided %or in this A(t and )ses hisAher in%l)en(e& po!er or position in shielding& har#oring& s(reening or %a(ilitating the es(ape o% any person heAshe ,no!s& or has reasona#le gro)nds to #elieve on or s)spe(ts& has violated the provisions o% this A(t in order to prevent the arrest& prose()tion and (onvi(tion o% the violator+ 0+ P)nisha#le A(ts
I posed)ponanypra(titioner& an)%a(t)rer& !holesaler& i porter& distri#)tor& dealer or retailer
22+ Violating any r)le or reg)lation iss)ed #y the .angero)s .r)gs 0oard p)rs)ant to this A(t 4Se(+ @25 2@+ Iss)an(e o% %alse or %ra)d)lent dr)g test res)lts+ 4Se(+ @35 : Applies to a person a)thori?ed& li(ensed or a((redited )nder this A(t and its i ple enting r)les to (ond)(t dr)g e:a ination or test 2-+ Violating the (on%identiality o% re(ords o% any dr)g dependent )nder vol)ntary s)# ission progra s 4Se(+ 325 2/+ 'ailing or re%)sing& intentionally or negligently& to appear as a !itness %or the prose()tion in any pro(eedings& involving violations o% this A(t 4Se(+ ;15 a+ Applies to e #ers o% la! en%or(e ent agen(ies or any other govern ent o%%i(ial and e ployee
1/+ $nne(essary Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 165 : *his a(t (onsists in pres(ri#ing any dangero)s dr)g to any person !hose physi(al or physiologi(al (ondition does not re>)ire the )se or in the dosage pres(ri#ed therein
2/3
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
12+ $nla!%)l Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 1;5 : *his a(t (onsists in a,ing or iss)ing a pres(ription or any other !riting p)rporting to #e a pres(ription %or any dangero)s dr)g& )nless a)thori?ed #y la!+
13+ Misappropriation& isappli(ation or %ail)re to a((o)nt %or (on%is(ated& sei?ed or s)rrendered dangero)s dr)gs& plant so)r(es o% dangero)s dr)gs& (ontrolled pre()rsors andessential(he i(als& instr) entsAparaphernalia andAor la#oratory e>)ip ent in(l)ding the pro(eeds or properties o#tained %ro the )nla!%)l a(ts as provided %or in this A(t+ 4Se(+ 235 : Applies p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployee
22+ .elay and 0)ngling in the Prose()tion o% .r)g Cases 4Se(+ ;25 : Applies to any govern ent o%%i(er or e ployee tas,ed !ith the prose()tion o% dr)gDrelated (ases
C+ Who else are lia#leN 16+ 0ene%itting %ro the pro(eeds o% the tra%%i(,ing o% dangero)s dr)gs 4Se(+ 235 : Applies to ele(tive p)#li( o%%i(ials only 1;+ Planting any dangero)s dr)g andAor (ontrolled pre()rsor and essential (he i(al 4Se(+ 2;5 20+ Consenting to or ,no!ingly tolerating violations o% this A(t 4Se(+ @05 : Applies only to a partner& president& dire(tor& anager& tr)stee& estate ad inistrator& or o%%i(er o% a ")ridi(al entity& in !hi(h (ase he shall #e lia#le as (oDprin(ipal 1+ Person or persons !ho atte pt or (onspire to (o it the %ollo!ing a(ts are are penali?ed #y the sa e penalty %or the (o ission o% the (ri e )nder this A(t7 a+ I portation o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(al #+ Sale&*rading&Ad inistration& .ispensation& .elivery& .istri#)tion and *ransportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andAor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als (+ Maintenan(e and Jeeping o% <riginal Re(ords o% *ransa(tions on .angero)s .r)gs andAor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Che i(als d+ C)ltivation or C)lt)re o% Plants Classi%ied as .angero)s .r)gs or are So)r(es *hereo%+
21+ Consenting to the )se o% a vehi(le& vessel& air(ra%t& e>)ip ent or other %a(ility& as an instr) ent in the i portation& sale& trading&ad inistration&dispensation& delivery& distri#)tion& transportation or an)%a(t)re o% dangero)s dr)gs& or (he i(al diversion& i% s)(h vehi(le& vessel& air(ra%t& e>)ip ent or other instr) ent is o!ned #y or )nder the (ontrol or s)pervision o% the partnership& (orporation& asso(iation or ")ridi(al entity 4Se(+ @05
2+ Anyone !ho a(ts as a Rprote(torA(oddlerR o% any violator o% the provisions )nder se(tions -& /& 2& 6 and 12 23+ Any person& !ho organi?es& anages or a(ts as a R%inan(ierR o% any o% the illegal a(tivities pres(ri#ed in se(tions -& /& 2& 6 and 12+
26+ Not!ithstanding the provisions o% any la! to the (ontrary& a positive %inding %or the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs shall #e a >)ali%ying aggravating(ir() stan(einthe (o ission o% a (ri e #y an o%%ender& and the appli(ation o% the penalty provided %or in the Revised Penal Code shall #e appli(a#le+ 4Se(+ 2/5
*he re(ording or nonDre(ording thereo% in an o%%i(ial re(ord !ill not ne(essarily lead to an a(>)ittal as long as the sale o% the prohi#ited dr)g is ade>)ately proven+ In the (ase at #ar& SP<2 PatiLo& the pose)rD #)yer& testi%ied on the (ir() stan(es regarding the sale o% the sha#) %or !hi(h petitioners !ere (harged and (onvi(ted+ Revised Settled is the r)le that in the prose()tion %or the sale o% dangero)s dr)gs& the a#sen(e o% ar,ed oney does not (reate a hiat)s in the eviden(e %or the prose()tion as long as the sale o% dangero)s dr)gs is ade>)ately proven and the dr)g s)#"e(t o% the transa(tion is presented #e%ore the (o)rt+
2/6
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
.+ Li ited Appli(a#ility o% Penal Code 4Se(+ ;65 :
the
: :
Not!ithstanding any la!& r)le or reg)lation to the (ontrary& the provisions o% the Revised Penal Code shall not apply to the provisions o% this A(t& e:(ept in the (ase o% inor o%%enders+ Where the o%%ender is a inor& the penalty %or a(ts p)nisha#le #y li%e i prison ent to death provided herein shall #e re(l)sion perpet)a to death+ 4Se(+ ;65
People vs+ Salvador 4200357 Any apprehending tea having initial (ontrol o% illegal dr)gs andAor paraphernalia sho)ld&i ediatelya%tersei?)reor (on%is(ation& have the sa e physi(ally inventoried and photographed in the presen(e o% the a(()sed i% there #e any& andAor his representative& !ho shall #e re>)ired to sign the (opies o% the inventory and #e given a (opy thereo%+ *he %ail)re o% the agents to (o ply !ith s)(h a re>)ire ent raises do)#t !hether !hat !as s)# itted %or la#oratory e:a ination and presented in (o)rt !as the sa e dr)g andAor paraphernalia as that a(t)ally re(overed %ro the a(()sed+ It negates the pres) ption that o%%i(ial d)ties have #een reg)larly per%or ed #y the poli(e o%%i(ers+
E+ .angero)s .r)gs 0oard *he 0oard shall7 : 0e the poli(yD a,ing and strategyD %or )lating #ody in the planning and %or )lation o% poli(ies and progra s on dr)g prevention and (ontrol+ : .evelop and adopt a (o prehensive& integrated& )ni%ied and #alan(ed national dr)g a#)se prevention and (ontrol strategy+ : 0e )nder the <%%i(e o% the President+
'+ Philippine .r)g 4P.EA5
En%or(e ent
Agen(y
: It serves as the i ple enting ar o% the .angero)s .r)gs 0oard : It shall #e responsi#le %or the e%%i(ient and e%%e(tive la! en%or(e ent o% all the provisions on any dangero)s dr)g andAor (ontrolled pre()rsor and essential (he i(al as provided in this A(t+ 1+ Cases7
S)son vs+ People 4200257 In this (ase& petitioners arg)e that the ar,ed oney allegedly )sed in the #)yD#)st !as not o%%i(ially ar,ed sin(e the sa e !as erely re(orded in a private log#oo,+ *he re(ording o% ar,ed oney )sed in a #)yD #)st operation is not one o% the ele ents %or the prose()tion o% sale o% illegal dr)gs+
*itle VI+ CRIMES A1AINS* P$0LIC M<RALS
*itle VI+ Cri es against P)#li( Morals
P. 1/2@ D Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36

: A endi(ant re%ers to any person 4e:(ept those en) erated in se(tion - o% the la!5 !ho7 1+ =as no visi#le and legal eans o% s)pport& or la!%)l e ploy ent and 2+ Is physi(ally a#le to !or, #)t negle(ts to apply hi sel% to so e la!%)l (alling and instead )ses #egging as a eans o% living+
2/;
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
: *hose en) erated in se(tion -& !ho are not (onsidered endi(ants are the %ollo!ing7 1+ Any in%ant or (hild 6 years old and #elo! !ho is %o)nd #egging or is #eing )tili?ed #y a endi(ant %or p)rposes o% #egging 2+ Any inor over ; years o% age and )nder 1/ %o)nd #egging or is #eing )tili?ed %or p)rposes o% #egging& and !ho a(ted !ith or !itho)t dis(ern ent Any person !ho is %o)nd #egging and !ho is physi(ally or entally in(apa#le o% gain%)l o(()pation+
*itle ViI+ CRIMES C<MMI**E. #y P$0LIC <''ICERS
*itle VII+ Cri es Co <%%i(ers

I+
itted #y P)#li(
P. 3-; I 1RAN*IN1 IMM$NI*C 'R<M PR<SEC$*I<N *< 1IVERS <' 0RI0ES AN. <*=ER 1I'*S RA @01; D AN*ID1RA'* AN. C<RR$P* II+ PRAC*ICES AC* RA 1@3; D '<R'EI*$RE <' ILLD1<**EN III+ WEAL*= P. -2 D RECEIVIN1 AN. 1IVIN1 1I'*S IV+ *<P$0LIC<''ICIALSAN. EMPL<CEES RA 231@ D C<.E <' C<N.$C* AN. E*=ICAL S*AN.AR.S '<R P$0LIC V+ <''ICIALS RA 3060 I PL$N.ER RA ;120 I AN*IDM<NEC LA$N.ERIN1 VI+ AC* <' 2001 VII+
!hi(h !as di%%i()lt to do o!ing #e(a)se o% la(, o% !itnesses7 the #ri#e or gi%tDgivers #eing al!ays rel)(tant to testi%y against the (orr)pt p)#li( o%%i(ials and e ployees (on(erned %or %ear o% #eing indi(ted and (onvi(ted the selves o% #ri#ery and (orr)ption+
II+ RA @01; D AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t

4As,ed on(e d)ring 1;3/D1;36& on(e d)ring 1;3;D1;62& three ti es d)ring 1;6@D1;62& on(e d)ring 1;63D1;;0& t!i(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& t!i(e d)ring 1;;3D 1;;;& %o)r ti es d)ring 2000D20025 A+ P)nisha#le A(ts 4)nder Se(+ @ o% the A(t5 1+ Pers)ading&ind)(ingorin%l)en(ing another p)#li( o%%i(er to per%or an a(t (onstit)ting a violation o% r)les and reg)lations d)ly pro )lgated #y (o petent a)thority or an o%%ense in (onne(tion !ith the o%%i(ial d)ties o% the latter& : or allo!ing hi sel% to #e pers)aded& ind)(ed& or in%l)en(ed to (o it s)(h violation or o%%ense+
220
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
I+
P. 3-; D 1ranting I )nity %ro Prose()tion to 1ivers o% 0ri#es and <ther 1i%ts
1ivers o% #ri#es and other gi%ts as !ell as a((o pli(es in #ri#ery and violations o% the AntiDgra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t 4RA @01;5 !ho vol)ntarily gives in%or ation a#o)t s)(h violations& and !ho !illingly testi%ies against any p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee %or s)(h violation& or against a person !ho is not a p)#li( o%%i(ial #)t !ho is a prin(ipal& or a((o pli(e& or a((essory in its (o ission& are e:e pt %ro prose()tion and penalty provided the %ollo!ing (onditions (on()r7 1+ *he in%or ation re%ers to (ons) ated violations 2+ *he in%or ation and testi ony are ne(essary to (onvi(t the a(()sed p)#li( o%%i(er @+ *he in%or ation and testi ony are not yet in the possession o% the State -+ *he in%or ation and testi ony (an #e (orro#orated on its aterial points /+ *he in%or ant has not #een previo)sly (onvi(ted o% a (ri e involving oral t)rpit)de *he i )nity granted here)nder shall not atta(h sho)ld it t)rn o)t s)#se>)ently that the in%or ation andAor testi ony is %alse and ali(io)s or ade only %or the p)rpose o% harassing& olesting or in any !ay pre")di(ing the p)#li( o%%i(er deno)n(ed+ P)rpose7 to help in se()ring the (onvi(tion and re oval o% dishonest p)#li( servants&
: : :
2+ .ire(tly or indire(tly re>)esting or re(eiving any gi%t& present& share& per(entage& or #ene%it %or hi sel% or %or any other person in (onne(tion !ith any (ontra(t or transa(tion #et!een the govern ent and any other party !herein the p)#li( o%%i(er in his o%%i(ial (apa(ity has to intervene )nder the la!+
@+ .ire(tly& or indire(tly re>)esting or re(eiving any gi%t& present& or other pe()niary or aterial #ene%it& %or hi sel% or %or another& : %ro any person %or !ho the p)#li( o%%i(er& in any anner o% (apa(ity& : !ho has se()red or o#tained& or !ill se()re or o#tain& any 1overn ent per it or li(ense& in (onsideration %or the held given or to #e given+
-+ A((epting or having any e #er o% his %a ily a((ept e ploy ent in a private enterprise : !hi(h has pending o%%i(ial #)siness !ith hi d)ring the penden(y thereo% or !ithin one year a%ter its ter ination+ /+ Ca)sing any )nd)e in")ry to any party& in(l)ding the 1overn ent&
: :
or giving any private party any )n!arranted #ene%its& advantage& or pre%eren(e in the dis(harge o% his o%%i(ial& ad inistrative or ")di(ial %)n(tion thro)gh ani%est partiality& evident #ad %aith or gross ine:()sa#le negligen(e+ *his provision shall apply to o%%i(ers and e ployees o% o%%i(es or govern ent (orporations (harged !ith the grant o% li(enses or per its or other (on(essions+
representative or d) y o% one !ho is not so >)ali%ied or entitled+ 11+ .iv)lging val)a#le in%or ation o% a (on%idential (hara(ter& : a(>)ired #y his o%%i(e or #y hi on a((o)nt o% his o%%i(ial position to )na)thori?ed persons& : or releasing s)(h in%or ation in advan(e o% its a)thori?ed release date+
221
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
2+ Negle(ting or re%)sing& a%ter d)e de and or re>)est& !itho)t s)%%i(ient ")sti%i(ation& : to a(t !ithin a reasona#le ti e on any atter pending #e%ore hi : %or the p)rpose o% o#taining dire(tly or indire(tly& %ro any person interested in the atter : so e pe()niary or aterial #ene%it or advantage& : or %or the p)rpose o% %avoring his o!n interest o% giving )nd)e advantage in %avor o% or dis(ri inating against any other interested party+
0+ Persons Lia#le 1+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er !ho shall per%or any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts en) erated in Se(+ @+ 2+ Any person having %a ily or (lose personal relation !ith any p)#li( o%%i(ial : !ho shall (apitali?e or e:ploit or ta,e advantage o% s)(h %a ily or (lose personal relation : #y dire(tly or indire(tly re>)esting or re(eiving any present& gi%t& or aterial& or pe()niary advantage : %ro any person having so e #)siness& transa(tion& appli(ation& re>)est& or (onta(t !ith the govern ent : in !hi(h s)(h p)#li( o%%i(ial has to intervene 4Se(+ -5
3+ Entering& on #ehal% o% the 1overn ent& into any (ontra(t or transa(tion : ani%estly and grossly disadvantageo)s to the sa e& : !hether or not the p)#li( o%%i(er pro%ited or !ill pro%it there#y+
6+ .ire(tly or indire(tly having %inan(ial or pe()niary interest in any #)siness& (ontra(t or transa(tion : in (onne(tion !ith !hi(h he intervenes or ta,e part in his o%%i(ial (apa(ity& : or in !hi(h he is prohi#ited #y the (onstit)tion or #y any la! %ro having any interest+
@+ Any person !ho shall ,no!ingly ind)(e or (a)se any p)#li( o%%i(ial to (o it any o% the o%%enses )nder 4A5+ 4Se(+ -5 -+ Spo)se or any relative& #y (onsang)inity or a%%inity& rd: !ithin the @ (ivil degree& o% the president o% the Philippines& the vi(eDpresident& the president o% the Senate& or spea,er o% the ho)se o% Representatives& : !ho shall intervene& dire(tly or indire(tly& in any #)siness transa(tion& (ontra(t or appli(ation !ith the govFt 4Se(+ /5+
;+ .ire(tlyorindire(tly#e(o ing interested& : %or personal gain& or having a aterial interest : in any transa(tion or a(t re>)iring the approval o% a #oard& panel& or gro)p o% !hi(h he is a e #er& and !hi(h e:er(ises dis(retion in s)(h approval& : even i% he votes against the sa e or does not parti(ipate in the a(tion o% the #oard& (o ittee& panel or gro)p+
10+ Jno!ingly approving or granting any li(ense& per it& privilege& or #ene%it : in %avor o% any person not >)ali%ied %or or not legally entitled to s)(h li(ense& per it& privilege& or advantage& or o% a ere
EECEP*I<NS : *his prohi#ition shall not apply to7 1+ Any person !ho& prior to the ass) ption o% o%%i(e o% any o% the a#ove o%%i(ials to !ho he is related& has #een already dealing !ith the govern ent along the sa e line o% #)sinessM 2+ Any transa(tion& (ontra(t or appli(ation already e:isting or pending at the ti e o% s)(h ass) ption o% p)#li( o%%i(eM @+ Any appli(ation %iled #y hi & the approval o% !hi(h is not dis(retionary on the part o% the o%%i(ial4s5 (on(erned #)t depends)pon(o plian(e!ith
re>)isites provided #y la!& or r)les or reg)lations iss)ed p)rs)ant to la!M -+ Any a(t la!%)lly per%or ed in an o%%i(ial (apa(ity or in the e:er(ise o% a pro%ession+ /+ Any e #er o% (ongress& d)ring the ter %or !hi(h he has #een ele(ted& : !ho shall a(>)ire or re(eive any personal pe()niary interest in any spe(i%i( #)siness enterprise : !hi(h shall #e dire(tly and parti()larly %avored or #ene%ited #y any la! or resol)tion a)thored #y hi previo)sly approved or adopted #y Congress d)ring his ter 4Se(+ 25+
: :
Properties in the na e o% the spo)se and dependents o% s)(h p)#li( o%%i(ial ay #e ta,en into (onsideration& !hen their a(>)isition thro)gh legiti ate eans (annot #e satis%a(torily sho!n+ 0an, deposits in the na e o% or ani%estly e:(essive e:pendit)res in()rred #y the p)#li( o%%i(ial& his spo)se or any o% their dependents in(l)ding #)t not li ited to a(tivities in any (l)# or asso(iation or any ostentatio)s display o% !ealth in(l)ding %re>)ent travel a#road o% a nonDo%%i(ial (hara(ter #y any p)#li( o%%i(ial !hen s)(h a(tivities entail e:penses evidently o)t o% proportion to legiti ate in(o e+
222
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
2+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er !ho re(o ended the initiation in Congress o% the ena(t ent or adoption o% any la! or resol)tion or a(>)ires or re(eives any s)(h interest d)ring his in() #en(y 4Se(+ 25+ 3+ *he e #er o% Congress or other p)#li( o%%i(er !ho& having s)(h interest prior to the approval o% a la! or resol)tion a)thored or re(o ended #y hi & (ontin)es %or thirty days a%ter s)(h approval to retain his interest 4Se(+ 25+ 6+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er !ho shall %ail to %ile a tr)e& detailed and s!orn state ent o% assets and lia#ilities : !ithin @0 days a%ter ass) ing o%%i(e and
th
EECEP*I<N7 : $nsoli(ited gi%ts or presents o% s all or insigni%i(ant val)e o%%ered or given as a ere ordinary to,en o% gratit)de or %riendship a((ording to lo(al ()sto s or )sage& shall #e e:(epted %ro the provisions o% this A(t+
III+ RA 1@3; D 'or%eit)re o% IllD1otten Wealth

: *he la! provides %or the pro(ed)re to retrieve )nla!%)lly a(>)ired properties %ro p)#li( o%%i(ers+ *he pro(eedings are (ivil and not (ri inal in nat)re+ 4Al eda v+ Pere?5 Whenever any p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployee has a(>)ired d)ring his in() #en(y an a o)nt o% property !hi(h is ani%estly o)t o% proportion to his salary as s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployee and to his other la!%)l in(o e and the in(o e %ro legiti ately a(>)ired property& said property shall #e pres) ed pri a %a(ie to have #een )nla!%)lly a(>)ired+ 4Se(+ 25 I% the respondent is )na#le to sho! to the satis%a(tion o% the (o)rt that he has la!%)lly a(>)ired the property in >)estion& then the (o)rt shall de(lare s)(h property& %or%eited in %avor o% the State& and #y virt)e o% s)(h ")dg ent the property a%oresaid shall #e(o e property o% the State+ 4Se(+ 25 No (ri inal (harges (an #e %iled against the p)#li( o%%i(er )nder this la!M ho!ever the said p)#li( o%%i(er ay #e held (ri inally andAor ad inistratively lia#le )nder other la!s+
therea%ter on or #e%ore the 1/ day o% April %ollo!ing the (lose o% every (alendar year& : as !ell as )pon the e:piration o% his ter o% o%%i(e& : or )pon his resignation or separation %ro o%%i(e 4Se(+ 35+ : State ent o% assets and lia#ilities shall #e %iled !ith the o%%i(e o% the (orresponding .epart ent =ead& or in the (ase o% a =ead o% .epart ent or Chie% in an independent o%%i(e& !ith the <%%i(e o% the President+
: : :
: :
C+ Pri a 'a(ie Eviden(e o% and .is issal .)e to $ne:plained Wealth 4Se(+ 65 : I% a p)#li( o%%i(ial has #een %o)nd to have a(>)ired d)ring his in() #en(y& !hether in his na e or in the na e o% other persons& an a o)nt o% property andAor oney ani%estly o)t o% proportion to his salary and to his other la!%)l in(o e& that %a(t shall #e a gro)nd %or dis issal or re oval+
: :
: :
IV+ P. -2 D Re(eiving and 1iving 1i%ts to P)#li( <%%i(ials and E ployees

4as,ed in the 0ar 1: d)ring 2000D20025 A(ts P)nished 1+ 'or any p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee : *o re(eive& to re(eive& dire(tly or indire(tly& any gi%t& present or other val)a#le thing to any o((asion& in(l)ding Christ as& : !hen s)(h gi%t& present or other val)a#le thing is given #y reason o% his o%%i(ial position& : regardless o% !hether or not the sa e is %or past %avor or %avors or the giver hopes or e:pe(ts to re(eive a %avor or #etter treat ent in the %)t)re %ro the p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee (on(erned : in the dis(harge o% his o%%i(ial %)n(tions+
a+ re%ers to any and all persons related to a p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee #+ !ithin the %o)rth (ivil degree o% (onsang)inity or a%%inity& in(l)ding #ilas& inso and #alae+ 0+ Prohi#ited A(ts and *ransa(tions 4se(+ 35 1+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and e ployees shall not have any %inan(ial or aterial interest in any transa(tion re>)iring the approval o% their o%%i(e+ 2+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and e ployees d)ring their in() #en(y shall not7 a+ <!n& (ontrol& anage or a((ept e ploy ent as o%%i(er& e ployee& (ons)ltant& (o)nsel& #ro,er& agent& tr)stee or no inee in any private enterprise reg)lated& s)pervised or li(ensed #y their o%%i(e )nless e:pressly allo!ed #y la!M #+ Engage in the private pra(ti(e o% their pro%ession )nless a)thori?ed #y the Constit)tion or la!& provided& that s)(h pra(ti(e !ill not (on%li(t or tend to (on%li(t !ith their o%%i(ial %)n(tionsM or (+ Re(o end any person to any position in a private enterprise !hi(h has a reg)lar or pending o%%i(ial transa(tion !ith their o%%i(e+ @+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and e ployees shall not )se or div)lge& (on%idential or (lassi%ied in%or ation o%%i(ially ,no!n to the #y reason o% their o%%i(e and not ade availa#le to the p)#li(& either7 a+ *o %)rther their private interests& or give )nd)e advantage to anyoneM or #+ *o pre")di(e the p)#li( interest+ -+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and e ployees shall not soli(it or a((ept& dire(tly or indire(tly& any gi%t& grat)ity& %avor& entertain ent& loan or anything o% onetary val)e %ro any person in the (o)rse o% their o%%i(ial d)ties or in (onne(tion !ith any operation #eing reg)lated #y& or any transa(tion !hi(h ay #e a%%e(ted #y the %)n(tions o% their o%%i(e+
22@
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
2+ 'or private persons : *o give or o%%er to give s)(h gi%t& present or val)a#le thing @+ *hro!ing o% parties or entertain ents in honor o% the o%%i(ial or e ployees or his i ediate relatives+
V+ RA 231@ D Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and e poyees
4as,ed in the 0ar on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@ in relation to P. -25 A+ .e%inition o% ter s 1+ RCon%li(t o% interestR a+ arises !hen a p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee is a e #er o% a #oard& an o%%i(er& or a s)#stantial sto(,holder o% a private (orporation or o!ner or has a s)#stantial interest in a #)siness& #+ and the interest o% s)(h (orporation or #)siness& or his rights or d)ties therein& (+ ay #e opposed to or a%%e(ted #y the %aith%)l per%or an(e o% o%%i(ial d)ty+ 2+ R.ivest entR a+ is the trans%er o% title or disposal o% interest in property #+ #y vol)ntarily& (o pletely and a(t)ally depriving or dispossessing onesel% o% his right or title to it in %avor o% a person or persons (+ other than his spo)se and relatives as de%ined in this A(t+ @+ RRelativesR
C+ 1i%tsor1rants 1overn ents
%ro
'oreign
1+ *he a((eptan(e and retention #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee o% a gi%t o% no inal val)e tendered and re(eived as a so)venir or ar, o% (o)rtesyM 2+ *he a((eptan(e #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee o% a gi%t in the nat)re o% a s(holarship or %ello!ship grant or edi(al treat entM or
@+ *he a((eptan(e #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee o% travel grants or e:penses %or travel ta,ing pla(e entirely o)tside the Philippine4s)(hasallo!an(es& transportation& %ood& and lodging5 o% ore than no inal val)e i% s)(h a((eptan(e is appropriate or (onsistent !ith the interests o% the Philippines& and per itted #y the head o% o%%i(e& #ran(h or agen(y to !hi(h he #elongs+
: *hese prohi#itions shall (ontin)e to apply %or a period o% one 415 year a%ter resignation& retire ent& or separation %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& : e:(ept in the (ase o% s)#paragraph 4#5 425 a#ove& #)t the pro%essional (on(erned (annot pra(ti(e his pro%ession in (onne(tion !ith any atter #e%ore the o%%i(e he )sed to #e !ith& in !hi(h (ase the oneDyear prohi#ition shall li,e!ise apply+
.+ .ivest ent 4se( ;5 : When a (on%li(t o% interest arises& he shall resign %ro his position in any private #)siness enterprise : !ithin thirty 4@05 days %ro his ass) ption o% o%%i(e : andAor divest hi sel% o% his shareholdings or interest !ithin si:ty 4205 days %ro s)(h ass) ption+ : *he sa e r)le shall apply !here the p)#li( o%%i(ial or e ployee is a partner in a partnership+ EECEP*I<N7 .ivest ent shall not apply to those !ho serve in an honorary (apa(ity nor to la#o)rers and (as)al or te porary !or,ers+
@+ he a asses& a(() )lates or a(>)ires illD gotten !ealth -+ thro)gh a (o #ination or series o% any o% these overt or (ri inal a(ts 4Se( 1d57 a+ *hro)gh isappropriation& (onversion& is)se& or alversation o% p)#li( %)nds or raids on the p)#li( treas)ryM #+ 0y re(eiving& dire(tly or indire(tly& any(o ission&gi%t&share& per(entage& ,i(,#a(,s or any other %or o% pe()niary #ene%it %ro any person andAor entity in (onne(tion !ith any govern ent (ontra(t or pro"e(t or #y reason o% the o%%i(e or position o% the p)#li( o%%i(er (on(ernedM (+ 0ytheillegalor%ra)d)lent (onveyan(e or disposition o% assets #elonging to the National 1overn ent or any o% its s)#divisions& agen(ies or instr) entalities or govern entDo!ned or D(ontrolled (orporations and their s)#sidiariesM d+ 0y o#taining& re(eiving or a((epting dire(tly or indire(tly any shares o% sto(,& e>)ity or any other %or o% interestorparti(ipationin(l)ding pro ise o% %)t)re e ploy ent in any #)siness enterprise or )nderta,ingM e+ 0yesta#lishingagri()lt)ral& ind)strial or (o er(ial onopolies orother(o #inationsandAor i ple entation o% de(rees and orders intended to #ene%it parti()lar persons or spe(ial interestsM or %+ 0y ta,ing )nd)e advantage o% o%%i(ial position&a)thority&relationship& (onne(tion or in%l)en(e to )n")stly enri(h hi sel% or the selves at the e:pense and to the da age and pre")di(e o% the 'ilipino people and the Rep)#li( o% the Philippines+
22SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
E+ Penalty : Violations o% Se(s+ 3& 6 or ; shall #e p)nisha#le !ith i prison ent not e:(eeding / years& or a %ine not e:(eeding /&000 pesos& or #oth& and in the dis(retion or the (o)rt& dis>)ali%i(ation to hold p)#li( o%%i(e+
Any person !ho parti(ipated !ith the said p)#li( o%%i(er in the (o ission o% pl)nder is also lia#le
VI+ RA 3060 I Pl)nder

4as,ed in the 0ar on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@5 A+ Ele ents o% Pl)nder7 1+ *he o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er 2+ *hat #y hi sel% or in (onnivan(e !ith e #ers o% his %a ily& relatives #y a%%inity or (onsang)inity&#)sinessasso(iates& s)#ordinates or other persons&
0+ R)le o% Eviden(e 4Se(+ -5 : : 'or p)rposes o% esta#lishing the (ri e o% pl)nder& it shall not #e ne(essary to prove ea(h and every (ri inal a(t done #y the a(()sed in %)rtheran(e o% the s(he e and (onspira(y to a ass& a(() )late or a(>)ire illDgotten !ealth& it #eing s)%%i(ient to esta#lish #eyond reasona#le do)#t a pattern o% overt or (ri inal a(ts
: :
indi(ative o% the overall )nla!%)l s(he e or (onspira(y+ 4Se(+ -5
1-+ 'elonies or o%%enses o% a si ilar nat)re that are p)nisha#le )nder the penal la!s o% other (o)ntries+ C+ Who Co its Money La)ndering
Estrada vs+ Sandigan#ayan 4200157 *he thesis that Se(+ - does a!ay !ith proo% o% ea(h and every (o ponent o% the (ri e s)%%ers %ro a dis al is(on(eption o% the i port o% that provision+ What the prose()tion needs to prove #eyond reasona#le do)#t is only a n) #er o% a(ts s)%%i(ient to %or a (o #ination or series !hi(h !o)ld (onstit)te a pattern and involving an a o)nt o% at least P/0&000&000+00+ 4As a ended #y RA 32/;5 *here is no need to prove ea(h and every other a(t alleged in the In%or ation to have #een (o itted #y the a(()sed in %)rtheran(e o% the overall )nla!%)l s(he e or (onspira(y to a ass& a(() )late or a(>)ire illDgotten !ealth+
1+ Any person ,no!ing that any onetary instr) ent or property : represents& involves& or relates to the pro(eeds o% any )nla!%)l a(tivity& : transa(ts or atte pts to transa(t said onetary instr) ent or property+ 2+ Any person ,no!ing that any onetary instr) ent or property involves the pro(eeds o% any )nla!%)l a(tivity& : per%or s or %ails to per%or any a(t as a res)lt o% !hi(h he %a(ilitates the o%%ense o% oney la)ndering re%erred to in the a#ove paragraph+ @+ Any person ,no!ing that any onetary instr) ent or property is re>)ired )nder this A(t to #e dis(losed and %iled !ith the AntiD Money La)ndering Co)n(il 4AMLC5& : %ails to do so+
22/
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
VII+
RA ;120 I AntiDMoney La)ndering A(t o% 2001 S*$.C 1$I.E

.e%initions .e%ine or give the 1+ 2+ @+ -+ eaning o% the %%7
A+ .e%inition : Money la)ndering is a (ri e !here#y the pro(eeds o% an )nla!%)l a(tivity are transa(ted& there#y a,ing the appear to have originated %ro legiti ate so)r(es+
0+ $nla!%)l A(tivity : It re%ers to any a(t or o ission or series or (o #ination thereo% involving or having relation to the %ollo!ing7 1+ Jidnapping %or ranso 2+ Violations o% the Co prehensive .angero)s .r)gs A(t @+ Violations o% the AntiD1ra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(tM -+ Pl)nder /+ Ro##ery and e:tortion 2+ B)eteng and Masiao 4illegal ga #ling5 3+ Pira(y on the high seas 6+ H)ali%ied the%t ;+ S!indling 10+ S )ggling 11+ Violations )nder RA 63;2 4EDCo er(e A(t5 12+ =i"a(,ing& destr)(tive arson and )rder 1@+ 'ra)d)lentpra(ti(esandother violations)ndertheSe()rities Reg)lation Code o% 2000
Con%li(t o% interest Pl)nder Money La)ndering .ivest ent
.is()ssions 1+ What is the p)rpose #ehind granting i )nity %ro prose()tion to givers o% #ri#esN 2+ 1ive at least t!o e:(eptions to the r)le prohi#iting relatives o% p)#li( o%%i(ials %ro intervening in any #)siness transa(tion !ith the govern ent+ @+=o! (an the pres) ption that a(>)ired property !hi(h is ani%estly o)t o% proportion to an e ployeeFs in(o e is )nla!%)lly a(>)ired #e re#)ttedN -+ 1ive %o)r p)nisha#le a(ts )nder the RA @01;+ /+ .is()ss the pro(ess o% %iling a tr)e& detailed and s!orn state ent o% assets and lia#ilities #y p)#li( o%%i(ers+ 2+ .is()ss the r)le o% eviden(e )nder Se( - o% RA 3060 and ho! it !as applied in Estrada vs Sandigan#ayan+
*itle ViII+ CRIMES A1AINS* PERS<NS
*itle VIII+ Cri es against Persons
.+ Persons Lia#le /+ *he o%%i(ers and e #ers o% the %raternity& sorority or organi?ation !ho a(t)ally parti(ipated in the in%li(tion o% physi(al har shall #e lia#le as prin(ipals& the person s)#"e(ted to ha?ing or other %or s o% initiation rites s)%%ers any physi(al in")ry or dies as a res)lt thereo%+ 2+ *he o!ner o% the pla(e !here ha?ing is (ond)(ted shall #e lia#le as an a((o pli(e& !hen he has a(t)al ,no!ledge o% the ha?ing (ond)(ted therein #)t %ailed to ta,e any a(tion to prevent the sa e %ro o(()rring+ 3+ I% the ha?ing is held in the ho e o% one o% the o%%i(ers or e #ers o% the %raternity& gro)p& or organi?ation& the parents shall #e held lia#le as prin(ipals !hen they have a(t)al ,no!ledge o% the ha?ing (ond)(ted therein #)t %ailed to ta,e any a(tion to prevent the sa e %ro o(()rring+ 6+ *he s(hool a)thorities in(l)ding %a()lty e #ers !ho (onsent to the ha?ing or !ho have a(t)al ,no!ledge thereo%& #)t %ailed to ta,e any a(tion to prevent the sa e %ro o(()rring shall #e p)nished as a((o pli(es %or the a(ts o% ha?ing (o itted #y the perpetrators+ ;+ *he o%%i(ers& %or er o%%i(ers& or al) ni o% the organi?ation& gro)p& %raternity or sorority !ho a(t)ally planned the ha?ing altho)gh not present !hen the a(ts (onstit)ting the ha?ing !ere (o itted shall #e lia#le as prin(ipals+ A %raternity or sororitySs adviser !ho is present !hen the a(ts (onstit)ting the ha?ing !ere (o itted and %ailed to ta,e a(tion to prevent the sa e %ro o(()rring shall #e lia#le as prin(ipal+
RA 60-; D AntiD=a?ing La!

4as,ed t!i(e in the 0ar d)ring 2000D20025 A+ What is =a?ingN : It is any initiation rite or pra(ti(e !hi(h is a prere>)isite %or ad ission into e #ership in a %raternity or sorority or any organi?ation !hi(h pla(es the neophyte or appli(ant in so e e #arrassing or h) iliating sit)ations or other!ise s)#"e(ting hi to physi(al or psy(hologi(al s)%%ering o% in")ry+ <rgani?ations in(l)de any (l)# or A'P& PNP& PMA or o%%i(er or (adet (orps o% the CM* or CA*+ =a?ing does not in(l)de the physi(al& ental and psy(hologi(al testing and training pro(ed)re and pra(ti(es to deter ine and enhan(e the physi(al& ental and psy(hologi(al %itness o% prospe(tive reg)lar e #ers o% the Ar ed 'or(es o% the Philippines and the Philippine National Poli(e as approved #y the Se(retary o% National .e%ense and the NationalPoli(eCo issiond)ly re(o ended #y the Chie% o% Sta%%& Ar ed 'or(es o% the Philippines and the .ire(tor 1eneral o% the Philippine National Poli(e+
222
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
0+ Noti(e to S(hool A)thorities : Se(tion 2 re>)ires a !ritten noti(e to s(hool a)thorities o% any ha?ing or initiation rites %ro the head o% the organi?ation seven days prior to the rites and sho)ld not e:(eed three days in d)ration+ *he !ritten noti(e shall indi(ate the period o% the initiation a(tivities !hi(h shall not e:(eed three 4@5 days& shall in(l)de the na es o% those to #e s)#"e(ted to s)(h a(tivities& and shall %)rther (ontain an )nderta,ing that no physi(al violen(e #e e ployed #y any#ody d)ring s)(h initiation rites+
S*$.C 1$I.E
.e%inition .e%ine =a?ing+ .is()ssion Who are lia#le )nder the AntiD=a?ing La!N
: :
C+ S)pervision : *he head o% the s(hool or the organi?ation )st assign 2 representatives o% the s(hool or organi?ation to #e present+ It is the d)ty o% s)(h representative to see to it that no physi(al har o% any ,ind shall #e in%li(ted )pon a re(r)it& neophyte or appli(ant+
*itle IE+ CRIMES A1AINS* PERS<NAL LI0ER*C and SEC$RI*C
*itle IE+ Cri es against Personal Li#erty and Se()rity

I+ RA ;206 I AN*ID*RA''ICJIN1
<'
PERS<NS AC* <' 200@ II+ RA ;2@1 I AN*IDC=IL. LA0<R LAW III+ RA -200 I AN*IDWIRE*APPIN1 LAW
I+
RA ;206 D AntiD*ra%%i(,ing o% Persons A(t o% 200@

Se(+ - en) erates the %ollo!ing as )nla!%)l7 1+ Re(r)iting&transporting&har#oring& trans%erring& providing or re(eiving persons& even )nder the prete:t o% overseas e ploy ent& %or p)rposes o% prostit)tion&pornography&se:)al e:ploitation& %or(ed la#or& slavery& invol)ntary servit)de and de#t #ondageM 2+ 'a(ilitating& %or pro%it or (onsideration& introd)(tionsor ailDorder#ride s(he es#et!een'ilipinasand %oreigners %or p)rposes o% prostit)tion& pornography& se:)al e:ploitation& %or(ed la#or& slavery& invol)ntary servit)de and de#t #ondageM @+ <%%ering and (ontra(ting arriages %or p)rposes o% prostit)tion& pornography& se:)ale:ploitation&%or(edla#or& slavery& invol)ntary servit)de and de#t #ondageM -+ <rgani?ing 8se:9 to)rs and si ilar travel pa(,agesM /+ =iring persons %or p)rposes o% prostit)tion or pornographyM 2+ Adopting (hildren %or p)rposes o% prostit)tion&pornography&se:)al e:ploitation& %or(ed la#or& slavery& invol)ntary servit)de and de#t #ondageM 3+ Engaging in illegal trade o% #ody organs& in(l+ A#d)(ting and %or(ing persons to sellAdonate organsAtiss)es+ 6+ AdoptingAre(r)iting (hild soldiers %or ar ed (on%li(t
@+ *ra%%i(,ing is (o itted #y a syndi(ate 4largeDs(ale5M -+ <%%ender is an as(endant& parent& si#ling& g)ardian or other!ise e:er(ises a)thority over the tra%%i(,ed person or a p)#li( o%%i(er or e ployeeM /+ *ra%%i(,ing is ade %or p)rposes o% engaging in prostit)tion !ith la! en%or(e entA ilitary agen(iesM 2+ <%%ender is a e #er o% la! en%or(e entA ilitary agen(iesM 3+ 0y reason o% tra%%i(,ing& the vi(ti dies& #e(o es insane& s)%%ers )tilation or is in%e(ted !ith =IV vir)sA AI.S+ 6+ E:ploitation o% Child La#or
223
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
II+ RA ;2@1 D AntiDChild La#or La!

4as,ed on(e in the 0ar d)ring 2000D20025 : RA ;2@1 a ended RA 3120 #y i posing heavier penalties on parents& g)ardians and e ployers o% (hildren 16 yrs+ and #elo! !ho (o it any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 1+ Ma,ing the (hild !or, #eyond the a:i ) no+ o% !or,ing ho)rs provided #y said la!M 2+ Misappropriating the earnings o% the (hild andAor %ail)re to set )p a tr)st %)nd %or the latter and render a se iDann)al a((o)nting o% s)(hM @+ $sing& pro()ring or o%%ering the (hild %or p)rposes o% prostit)tion or pornographi( a(tivitiesM -+ $sing& pro()ring or o%%ering the (hild %or illi(it a(tivities& s)(h as tra%%i(,ing o% dr)gs and other illegal s)#stan(esM /+ Ma,ing the (hild !or, in ha?ardo)s !or,ing (onditionsM 2+ S)#"e(ting the (hild to vario)s %or s o% slavery as de%ined in RA ;206& in(l+ *ra%%i(,ing o% (hildren& re(r)it ent o% (hild soldiers& et(+
Se(+ / also penali?es a(ts that pro ote& %a(ilitate or other!ise assist in the (o ission o% the a(ts en) erated in Se(+ -+ $nder Se(+ 2& tra%%i(,ing is >)ali%ied !hen7 1+ *he tra%%i(,ed person is a (hildM 2+ *he interD(o)ntry adoption is e%%e(ted %or p)rposes o% prostit)tion& pornography& se:)ale:ploitation&%or(edla#or& slavery& invol)ntary servit)de and de#t #ondageM
III+ RA -200 D AntiDWiretapping La!

4as,ed in the 0ar 1: d)ring 1;;1D1;;@5 SEC*I<N 1+ $nla!%)l a(ts #y any person or parti(ipant& not a)thori?ed #y all the parties to any private (o )ni(ation or spo,en !ord+ 1+ *o tap any !ire or (a#le 2+ *o )se any other devi(e or arrange ent to se(retly overhear& inter(ept or re(ord s)(h (o )ni(ation #y )sing a devi(e ,no!n as di(taphone&di(tagraph&dete(taphone& !al,ieDtal,ie or tapeDre(order+ @+ *o ,no!ingly possess any tapeA!ire or dis( re(ord& or (opies o% any (o )ni(ation or spo,en !ord -+ *o replay the sa e %or any person or persons /+ *o (o )ni(ate the (ontents thereo%& ver#ally or in !riting 2+ *o %)rnish trans(riptions thereo%& !hether (o plete or partial
226
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
EECEP*I<N7 1+ When a pea(e o%%i(er is a)thori?ed #y !ritten order %ro the (o)rt+ 2+ Any re(ording& (o )ni(ation or spo,en !ord o#tained in violation o% the provisions o% this A(t I INA.MISSI0LE IN EVI.ENCE IN ANC B$.ICIAL& H$ASIDB$.ICIAL <R A.MINIS*RA*IVE=EARIN1<R INVES*I1A*I<N+
*itle E+ Cri es against Property

I+ P. 1212 D AN*ID'ENCIN1 LAW II+ RA 2/@; D AN*IDCARNAPPIN1 AC* III+ P. /@@ D AN*IDCA**LE R$S*LIN1 LAW IV+ P. /@2 D *=E AN*IDPIRACC AN. AN*ID
II+ RA 2/@; D AntiDCarnapping A(t

4as,ed in the 0ar 1: d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& 1: d)ring 2000D20025 A+ What is CarnappingN 1+It is ta,ing& !ith intent to gain& 2+o% a otor vehi(le #elonging to another @+!itho)t the latterSs (onsent& or #y eans o% violen(e against or inti idation o% persons& or #y )sing %or(e )pon things+ 0+ What is a Motor Vehi(leN
=I1=WAC R<00ERC LAW <' 1;3V+ P. /61 D =I1=D1RA.IN1 VI+ 0P 22 D 0<$NCIN1 C=ECJS LAW VII+ P. 126; D SC.ICA*E. ES*A'A VIII+ RA 6-6- D ACCESS .EVICES AC* IE+ P. 121@ D .ES*R$C*IVE ARS<N
22;
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
I+
P. 1212 D AntiD'en(ing La!
4as,ed t!i(e in the 0ar d)ring 1;3;D1;62& on(e d)ring 1;6@D1;62& on(e d)ring 1;63D 1;;0& on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& thri(e d)ring 1;;-D1;;2& on(e d)ring 2000D20025 A+ 'en(ing7 : : : *he a(t o% any person !ho& !ith intent to gain %or hi sel% or %or another& shall #)y& re(eive& ,eep& a(>)ire& (on(eal& sell& or dispose o%& or shall #)y an d sell or in any other anner deal in any arti(le& ite & o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e !hi(h he ,no!s& or sho)ld #e ,no!n to hi & to have #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t+
: :
1+It is any vehi(le propelled #y any po!er 2+other than )s()lar po!er @+)sing the p)#li( high!ays& -+#)t e:(epting road rollers& trolley (ars& streetD s!eepers&sprin,lers&la!n o!ers& #)lldo?ers& graders& %or,Dli%ts& a phi#ian tr)(,s& and (ranes i% not )sed on p)#li( high!ays& vehi(les& !hi(h r)n only on rails or tra(,s& and tra(tors& trailers and tra(tion engines o% all ,inds )sed e:(l)sively %or agri()lt)ral p)rposes+ /+*railers having any n) #er o% !heels& !hen propelled or intended to #e propelled #y atta(h ent to a otor vehi(le& shall #e (lassi%ied as separate otor vehi(le !ith no po!er rating+
C+ Cases 0+ Ele ents7 1+ *he (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t has #een (o itted+ 2+ *he a(()sed& !ho is not a prin(ipal or a((o pli(e in the (o ission o% the (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t& #)ys& re(eives& possesses& ,eeps& a(>)ires& (on(eals& sells or disposes& or #)ys and sells& or in any anner deals in any arti(le& ite & o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e& !hi(h has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the said (ri e+ @+ *he a(()sed ,no!s or sho)ld have ,no!n that the said arti(le& ite & o#"e(t or anything o% val)e has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (ri e o% ro##ery or the%t+ -+ *here is& on the part o% the a(()sed& intent to gain %or hi sel% or another+ /+Mere possession o% any good& arti(le& ite & o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e !hi(h has #een the s)#"e(t o% ro##ery or thievery shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% %en(ing+ 2+Ro##eryAthe%t and %en(ing are separate and distin(t o%%enses+ People vs+ 1ar(ia 4200@57 *he ele ents o% the (ri e are as %ollo!s7 1+*hat there is an a(t)al ta,ing o% the vehi(leM 2+*hat the o%%ender intends to gain %ro the ta,ing o% the vehi(leM @+*hat the vehi(le #elongs to a person other than the o%%ender hi sel%M -+*hat the ta,ing is !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!ner thereo%M or that the ta,ing !as (o itted #y eans o% violen(e against or inti idation o% persons& or #y )sing %or(e )pon things+
III+ P. /@@ D AntiDCattle R)stling La!

4As,ed on(e in the 0ar d)ring 1;3;D1;625 A+ What is Large CattleN : Large (attle as herein )sed shall in(l)de the (o!& (ara#ao& horse& )le& ass& or other do esti(ated e #er o% the #ovine %a ily+
0+ What Is Cattle R)stlingN
: : : :
It is the ta,ing a!ay #y any eans& ethod or s(he e& !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!nerAraiser& o% any o% the a#oveD entioned ani als !hether or not %or pro%it or gain& or !hether (o itted !ith or !itho)t violen(e against or inti idation o% any person or %or(e )pon things+ It in(l)des the ,illing o% large (attle& or ta,ing its eat or hide !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!nerAraiser+
P. /@2 Cri e )st#e (o itted 1 ale%a(tor!ill s)%%i(e Nopre(on(eived target Proo%o%prior ro##eries re>)ired
0rigandage in RPC Mere %or ation o% #and is p)nisha#le At least - ale%a(tors PreD(on(eived vi(ti Proo%o%prior ro##eries not re>)ired
230
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
C+ Pres) ption o% Cattle R)stling : : : Every person having in his possession& (ontrol or ()stody o% large (attle shall& )pon de and #y (o petent a)thorities& e:hi#it the do() ents pres(ri#ed in the pre(eding se(tions+ 4per it& (ert o% o!nership et(+5 'ail)re to e:hi#it the re>)ired do() ents shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e that the large (attle in his possession& (ontrol or ()stody are the %r)its o% the (ri e o% (attle r)stling+
V+ P. /61 D =ighD1rading
A+ What Is =ighDgradingN : Witho)t the (onsent o% the operator o% the ining (lai 7 : ta,ing goldD#earing ores or ro(,s %ro a ining (lai or ining (a pM or : re oving& (olle(ting or gathering goldD #earing ores or ro(,s in pla(eM or : e:tra(ting or re oving the gold %ro s)(h ores or ro(,sM or : preparing and treating s)(h ores or ro(,s to re(over or e:tra(t the gold (ontents thereo%+
IV+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;34as,ed on(e in the 0ar d)ring 1;3;D1;62& t!i(e d)ring 2000D20025 A+ What is =igh!ay Ro##eryA 0rigandageN : : It is the sei?)re o% any person %or ranso & e:tortion or other )nla!%)l p)rposes& or #y ta,ing a!ay property o% another& #y eans o% violen(e against or inti idation o% persons or %or(e )pon things or other )nla!%)l eans& (o itted #y any person any Philippine high!ay 4P. /@25 0+ Pri a 'a(ie Eviden(e : : *he )na)thori?ed possession #y any person !ithin a ining (lai or ining (a p o% goldD#earing ores or ro(,s or o% gold e:tra(ted or re oved %ro s)(h ores or ro(,s& shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e that they have #een stolen %ro the operator o% a ining (lai +
VI+ 0P 22 D 0o)n(ing Che(,s La!

4As,ed in the 0ar on(e d)ring 1;3/D1;36& on(e d)ring 1;3;D1;62& t!i(e d)ring 1;6@D 1;62& t!i(e d)ring 1;63D1;;0& t!i(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& three ti es d)ring 1;;-D1;;2& on(e d)ring 2000D20025 A+ Ele ents o% the o%%ense de%ined in the 1 paragraph o% Se(+ 17 1+ *hat a person a,es or dra!s and iss)ed any (he(, 2+ *hat the (he(, is ade or dra!n and iss)ed to apply on a((o)nt or %or val)e+ @+ *hat the person !ho a,es or dra!s and iss)es the (he(, ,no!s at the ti e o% iss)e that he does not have s)%%i(ient %)nds in or (redit !ith the dra!ee #an, %or the pay ent o% s)(h (he(, in %)ll )pon its present ent+
st
0+ Philippine =igh!ay7 : Any road& street& passage& high!ay& #ridges or other parts thereo%& or rail!ay or railroad !ithin the Philippines )sed #y persons& or vehi(les& or lo(o otives or trains %or the ove ent or (ir()lation o% persons or transportation o% goods& arti(les or property or #oth
: :
N) #er o% perpetrators is no longer an essential ele ent o% (ri e o% #rigandage as per P. /@2
-+ *hat the (he(, is s)#se>)ently dishonored #y the dra!ee #an, %or ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds or (redit& or !o)ld have #een dishonored %or the sa e reason had not the dra!er& !itho)t any valid reason& ordered the #an, to stop pay ent+ 0+ Pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% ,no!ledge o% ins)%%i(ient %)nds : : *he a,ing& dra!ing and iss)an(e o% a (he(, pay ent o% !hi(h is re%)sed #y the dra!ee #e(a)se o% ins)%%i(ient %)nds in or (redit !ith s)(h #an,& !hen presented !ithin ninety 4;05 days %ro the date o% the (he(,& shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% ,no!ledge o% s)(h ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds or (redit )nless s)(h a,er or dra!er pays the holder the a o)nt d)e& or a,es arrange ents %or pay ent in %)ll #y the dra!ee o% s)(h (he(, !ithin 4/5 #an,ing days a%ter re(eiving noti(e that s)(h (he(, has not #een paid #y the dra!ee+
s)(h a,er or dra!er %ailed to pay the holder o% the (he(, the a o)nt d)e thereon or to a,e arrange ent %or its pay ent in %)ll #y the dra!ee o% s)(h (he(,+ Ma(alalag vs+ People 4200257 <nly a %)ll pay ent o% the %a(e val)e o% the se(ond (he(,
231
at the ti e o% its present ent or d)ring the %iveD day gra(e period (o)ld have e:onerated her %ro (ri inal lia#ility+
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
: : :
A (ontrary interpretation !o)ld de%eat the p)rpose o% 0atas Pa #ansa 0lg+ 22& that o% sa%eg)arding the interest o% the #an,ing syste and the legiti ate p)#li( (he(,ing a((o)nt )ser& as the dra!er (o)ld very !ell have hi sel% e:onerated #y the ere e:pedien(y o% paying a ini al %ra(tion o% the %a(e val)e o% the (he(,+
C+ Ele ents o% the o%%ense de%ined in the 2nd paragraph o% Se(+ 17 1+ *hat a person has s)%%i(ient %)nds in or (redit !ith the dra!ee #an, !hen he a,es or dra!s and iss)es a (he(,+ 2+ *hat he %ails to ,eep s)%%i(ient %)nds or to aintain a (redit to (over the %)ll a o)nt o% the (he(, i% presented !ithin a period o% ;0 days %ro the date appearing thereon+ @+ *hat the (he(, is dishonored #y the dra!ee #an,+
VII+ P. 126; D Sydi(ated Esta%a

: Any person or persons !ho shall (o it esta%a or other %or s o% s!indling as de%ined in Arti(le @1/ and @12 o% the Revised Penal Codeshall#ep)nished#yli%e i prison ent to death+
.+ Cases7 Lina Li Lao vs+ Co)rt o% Appeals 41;;357 0e(a)se no noti(e o% dishonor !as a(t)ally sent to and re(eived #y the petitioner& the pri a %a(ie pres) ption that she ,ne! a#o)t the ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds (annot apply+ Se(tion 2 o% 0+P+ 22 (learly provides that this pres) ption arises not %ro the ere %a(t o% dra!ing& iss)ing a #) (he(,M a,ing and
SCN.ICA*E : (onsists o% %ive or ore persons : %or ed !ith the intention o% (arrying o)t the )nla!%)l or illegal a(t& transa(tion& enterprise or s(he e& : and the de%ra)dation res)lts in the isappropriation o% oney (ontri#)ted #y sto(,holders& or e #ers o% r)ral #an,s&(ooperative&Rsa ahang nayon4s5R& or %ar ers asso(iation& or o% %)ndssoli(ited#y(orporationsA asso(iations %ro the general p)#li(+
When esta%a is (o itted #y a syndi(ate the penalty is li%e i prison ent to death
there )st also #e a sho!ing that& !ithin %ive #an,ing days %ro re(eipt o% the noti(e o% dishonor&
When esta%a is N<* (o itted #y a syndi(ate the penalty i posa#le shall#ere(l)sion te poral to re(l)sion perpet)a i% the a o)nt o% the %ra)d e:(eeds 100&000 pesos
VIII+
RA 6-6- D A((ess .evi(es A(t
4as,ed in the 0ar on(e d)ring 2000D20025 A+ What is an A((ess .evi(eN 4Se(+ @5 : Any (ard& plate& (ode& a((o)nt n) #er& ele(troni(serialn) #er&personal identi%i(ationn) #er&orother tele(o )ni(ations servi(e& e>)ip ent& or instr) ental identi%ier& or other eans o% a((o)nt a((ess that (an #e )sed to o#tain oney& good& servi(es& or any other thing o% val)e or to initiate a trans%er o% %)nds 4other than a trans%er originated solely #y paper instr) ent5
#)siness or e ploy ent& !hi(h la!%)lly deals !ith the an)%a(t)re& iss)an(e& or distri#)tion o% s)(h e>)ip entM 3+ Ind)(ing& enti(ing& per itting or in any anner allo!ing another& : %or (onsideration or other!ise : to prod)(e& )se& tra%%i( in (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(es& )na)thori?ed a((ess devi(es or a((ess devi(es %ra)d)lently applied %orM
232
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
Co)nter%eit A((ess .evi(e D eans any a((ess devi(e that is (o)nter%eit& %i(titio)s& altered& or %orged& or an identi%ia#le (o ponent o% an a((ess devi(e or (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(e $na)thori?ed A((ess .evi(e D eans any a((ess devi(e that is stolen& lost& e:pired& revo,ed& (an(eled& s)spended& or o#tained !ith intent to de%ra)d
6+ M)ltiple i printing on ore than one transa(tion re(ord& sales slip or si ilar do() ent& : there#y a,ing it appear that the devi(e holder has entered into a transa(tion other than those !hi(h said devi(e holder had la!%)lly (ontra(ted %or& : or s)# itting& !itho)t #eing an a%%iliated er(hant& an order to (olle(t %ro the iss)er o% the a((ess devi(e& : s)(h e:tra sales slip thro)gh an a%%iliated er(hant : !ho (onnives there!ith& or& )nder %alse pretenses o% #eing an a%%iliated er(hant& : present %or (olle(tion s)(h sales slips& and si ilar do() entsM
A((ess .evi(e 'ra)d)lently Applied %or D eans any a((ess devi(e that !as applied %or or iss)ed on a((o)nt o% the )se o% %alsi%ied do() ent& %alse in%or ation& %i(titio)s identities and addresses& or any %or o% %alse pretense or isrepresentation
;+ .is(losing any in%or ation i printed on the a((ess devi(e& : s)(h as& #)t not li ited to& the a((o)nt n) #er or na e or address o% the devi(e holder& : !itho)t the latterSs a)thority or per issionM
A+ Prohi#ited A(ts 4Se(+ ;5 1+ Prod)(ing& )sing& tra%%i(,ing in one or (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(esM 2+ *ra%%i(,ing in one or ore )na)thori?ed a((ess devi(es or a((ess devi(es %ra)d)lently applied %orM @+ $sing& !ith intent to )na)thori?ed a((ess devi(eM de%ra)d& an ore
10+ <#taining oney or anything o% val)e thro)gh the )se o% an a((ess devi(e& !ith intent to de%ra)d or !ith intent to gain and %leeing therea%terM 11+ =aving in oneSs possession& !itho)t a)thority %ro the o!ner o% the a((ess devi(e or the a((ess devi(e (o pany& : an a((ess devi(e& or any aterial& s)(h as slips& (ar#on paper& or any other edi) & : on !hi(h the a((ess devi(e is !ritten& printed& e #ossed& or other!ise indi(atedM
-+ $sing an a((ess devi(e %ra)d)lently applied %orM /+ Possessing one or ore (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(es or a((ess devi(es %ra)d)lently applied %orM 2+ Prod)(ing& tra%%i(,ing in& having (ontrol or ()stody o%& or possessing devi(eD a,ing or altering e>)ip ent !itho)t #eing in the
12+ Writing or (a)sing to #e !ritten on sales slips& : approval n) #ers %ro the iss)er o% the a((ess devi(e o% the %a(t o% approval& : !here in %a(t no s)(h approval !as given& : or !here& i% given& !hat is !ritten is deli#erately di%%erent %ro the approval a(t)ally givenM
1@+ Ma,ing any alteration& : !itho)t the a((ess devi(e holderSs a)thority& : o% any a o)nt or other in%or ation !ritten on the sales slipM 1-+ E%%e(ting transa(tion& !ith one or ore a((ess devi(es iss)ed to another person or persons& to re(eive pay ent or any other thing o% val)eM 1/+ Witho)t the a)thori?ation o% the iss)er o% the a((ess devi(e& soli(iting a person %or the p)rpose o%7 : <%%ering an a((ess devi(eM or : Selling in%or ation regarding or an appli(ation to o#tain an a((ess devi(eM or
#y reason o% so e (a)se or a((ident other than said personSs o!n spontaneo)s desistan(e& shall #e p)nished !ith 1A2 o% the %ine and i prison ent provided %or the (ons) ated o%%enses listed in the said se(tion+
.+ A((essory to a((ess devi(e %ra)d 4Se(+ 1@5 : : Any person !ho& !ith intent to gain %or hi sel% or %or another& #)y& re(eives& possesses& ,eeps& a(>)ires& (on(eals& sells& or disposes o%& shall #)y and sell& or in any anner deal in any arti(le& ite & o#"e(t or anything o% val)e !hi(h he ,no!s or sho)ld #e ,no!n to hi & to have #een a(>)ired thro)gh the )se o% (o)nter%eita((essdevi(eoran )na)thori?ed a((ess devi(e or an a((ess devi(e ,no!n to hi to have #een %ra)d)lently applied %or& shall #e (onsidered as an a((essory to an a((ess devi(e %ra)d and shall #e p)nished !ith 1A2 o% the %ine and i prison ent provided %or the appli(a#le (ons) ated o%%enses listed in Se(tion ; o% this A(t+ Said person shall #e prose()ted )nder this A(t or )nder the AntiD'en(ing La! o% 1;3; 4Presidential .e(ree No+ 12125 !hi(hever i poses the longer prison ter as penalty %or the (ons) ated o%%ense+
23@
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
: :
12+ Witho)t the a)thori?ation o% the (redit (ard syste e #er or its agent& : (a)sing or arranging %or another person to present to the e #er or its agent& %or pay ent& : one or ore eviden(e or re(ords o% transa(tions ade #y (redit (ard+
0+ Conspira(y to (o %ra)d 4Se(+ 115 : : :
it a((ess devi(e
I% 2 or ore persons (onspire to (o it any o% the o%%enses listed in Se(tion ; and one or ore o% s)(h persons does any a(t to e%%e(t the o#"e(t o% the (onspira(y& ea(h o% the parties to s)(h (onspira(y shall #e p)nished as in the (ase o% the doing o% the a(t& the a((o plish ent o% !hi(h is the o#"e(t o% s)(h (onspira(y+
E+ Pres) ption and pri a %a(ie eviden(e o% intent to de%ra)d 4Se(+ 1-5 : *he ere possession& (ontrol or ()stody o%7 15 An a((ess devi(e& !itho)t per ission o% the o!ner or !itho)t any la!%)l a)thorityM 25 A (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(eM @5 A((ess devi(e %ra)d)lently applied %orM -5 Anydevi(eD a,ingoraltering e>)ip ent #y any person !hose #)siness or e ploy ent does not la!%)lly deal !ith the an)%a(t)re& iss)an(e& or distri#)tion o% a((ess devi(eM /5 An a((ess devi(e or edi) on !hi(h an a((ess devi(e is !ritten& not in the ordinary (o)rse o% the possessorSs trade or #)sinessM or 25 A gen)ine a((ess devi(e& not in the na e o% the possessor& or not in the ordinary (o)rse o% the possessorSs trade or #)siness& shall #e pri a %a(ie eviden(e that s)(h devi(e or e>)ip ent is intended to #e )sed to de%ra)d+
C+ 'r)strated and atte pted a((ess devi(e %ra)d 4Se(+ 125 : : : Any person !ho per%or s all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h !o)ld prod)(e any o% the )nla!%)l a(ts en) erated in Se(tion ; o% this A(t& #)t !hi(h nevertheless does not prod)(e it #y reason o% (a)ses independent o% the !ill o% said person& shall #e p)nished !ith 2A@ o% the %ine and i prison ent provided %or the (ons) ated o%%enses listed in said se(tion+ Anyperson!ho(o en(esthe (o ission o% any o% the )nla!%)l a(ts en) erated in Se(tion ; o% this A(t dire(tly #y overt a(ts and does not per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h !o)ld prod)(e the said a(ts
: :
A(ardholder!hoa#andonsor s)rreptitio)slyleavesthepla(eo% e ploy ent& #)siness or residen(e stated in his appli(ation or (redit (ard& !itho)t in%or ing the (redit (ard (o pany o% the pla(e !here he (o)ld a(t)ally #e %o)nd& i% at the ti e o% s)(h a#andon ent or s)rreptitio)s leaving& the o)tstanding and )npaid #alan(e is past d)e %or at least ;0 days and is ore than P10&000+00& shall #e pri a %a(ie pres) ed to have )sed his (redit (ard !ith intent to de%ra)d+
(rop& grain %ield& or(hard& #a #oo grove or %orestM /+ Any ri(e ill& s)gar ill& (ane ill or ill (entral 2+ Any rail!ay or #)s station& airport& !har% or !areho)se
S*$.C 1$I.E
.e%initions .e%ine the %ollo!ing7 1+ 'en(ing 2+ Cattle R)stling @+ A((ess .evi(es -+ =ighDgrading /+ Syndi(ated Esta%a .is()ssions
23SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
IE+ P. 121@ D .estr)(tive Arson

4as,ed in the 0ar on(e d)ring 1;3;D1;62& three ti es d)ring 1;;-D1;;2& three ti es d)ring 2000D20025 SEC+ 2+ .estr)(tive Arson *he penalty o% Re(l)sion *e poral in its a:i ) period to Re(l)sion Perpet)a shall #e i posed i% the property #)rned is any o% the %ollo!ing7 1+ Any a )nition %a(tory and other esta#lish ent!heree:plosives& in%la a#le or (o #)sti#le aterials are stored+ 2+ Any ar(hive& )se) & !hether p)#li( or private& or any edi%i(e devoted to ()lt)re& ed)(ation or so(ial servi(es+ @+ Any (h)r(h or pla(e o% !orship or other #)ilding !here people )s)ally asse #le+ -+ Any train& airplane or any air(ra%t& vessel or !ater(ra%t& or (onveyan(e %or transportation o% persons or property+ /+ Any #)ilding !here eviden(e is ,ept %or )se in any legislative& ")di(ial& or ad inistrative or other o%%i(ial pro(eeding+ 2+ Any hospital& hotel& dor itory& lodging ho)se& ho)sing tene ent& shopping (enter& p)#li( or private ar,et& theater or ovie ho)se or any si ilar pla(e or #)ilding+ 3+ Any #)ilding& !hether )sed as a d!elling or not& sit)ated in a pop)lated or (ongested area+
1+ =o! is (arnapping doneN 2+ .is()ss the pres) ption o% Cattle R)stling+ @+ .i%%erentiate P. /@2 %ro 0rigandage in the RPC+ -+ What is the ain di%%eren(e #et!een the %irst and se(ond paragraph o% Se(+1 o% the 0o)n(ing Che(,s La!N /+ 1ive %ive prohi#ited a(ts )nder RA 6-6- or the A((ess .evi(es A(t+ 2+ =o! is %r)strated and atte pted a((ess devi(e %ra)d di%%erent %ro ea(h other in ter s o% p)nish entN 3+ 1ive %o)r instan(es !herein Re(l)sion *e poral to Re(l)sion Perpet)a is i posed in (ases o% .estr)(tive Arson+
SEC+ @+ <ther Cases o% Arson *he penalty o% Re(l)sion *e poral to Re(l)sion Perpet)a shall #e i posed i% the property #)rned is any o% the %ollo!ing7 1+ Any #)ilding )sed as o%%i(es o% the govern ent or any o% its agen(ies 2+ Any inha#ited ho)se or d!elling @+ Any ind)strial esta#lish ent& shipyard& oil !ell or ine sha%t& plat%or or t)nnel -+ Any plantation& %ar & past)re land& gro!ing
*itle EI+ Cri es against Chastity

I+ RA 3210 I SPECIAL PR<*EC*I<N <' C=IL.REN A1AINS* C=IL. A0$SE& EEPL<I*A*I<N& AN. .ISCRIMINA*I<N II+ RA3633IAN*IDSEE$AL =ARRASSMEN* AC* <' 1;;/
Malto vs+ People 4200357 'or p)rposes o% se:)al inter(o)rse and las(ivio)s (ond)(t in (hild a#)se (ases )nder RA 3210& the s!eetheart de%ense is )na((epta#le+ A (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted to other se:)al a#)se (annot validly give (onsent to se:)al inter(o)rse !ith another person+ $nli,e rape& there%ore& (onsent is i aterial in (ases involving violation o% Se(tion /& Arti(le III o% RA 3210+ *he ere a(t o% having se:)al inter(o)rse or (o itting las(ivio)s (ond)(t !ith a (hild !ho is e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted to se:)al a#)se (onstit)tes the o%%ense+ It is a al) pros(ri#ed+ prohi#it) & an evil that is
23/
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
I+
RA 3210 D Spe(ial Prote(tion o% Children Against Child A#)se& E:ploitation& And .is(ri ination
4as,ed in the 0ar on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& three ti es d)ring 2000D20025 A+ Children e:ploited in prostit)tion and other se:)al a#)se : Children& !hether ale or %e ale& !ho %or oney& pro%it& or any other (onsideration or d)e to the (oer(ion or in%l)en(e o% any ad)lt& syndi(ate or gro)p& ind)lge in se:)al inter(o)rse or las(ivio)s (ond)(t+
0+ Who Are P)nishedN 4Se(+ /5 1+ *hose !ho engage in or pro ote& %a(ilitate or ind)(e (hild prostit)tion !hi(h in(l)de& #)t are not li ited to& the %ollo!ing7 a+ A(ting as a pro()rer o% a (hild prostit)teM #+ Ind)(ing a person to #e a (lient o% a (hild prostit)te #y eans o% !ritten or oral advertise ents or other si ilar eansM (+ *a,ing advantage o% in%l)en(e or relationship to pro()re a (hild as prostit)teM d+ *hreatening or )sing violen(e to!ards a (hild to engage hi as a prostit)teM or e+ 1iving onetary (onsideration goods or other pe()niary #ene%it to a (hild !ith intent to engage s)(h (hild in prostit)tion+ 2+ *hose !ho (o it the a(t o% se:)al inter(o)rse o% las(ivio)s (ond)(t !ith a (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(t to other se:)al a#)se @+ *hose !ho derive pro%it or advantage there%ro & !hether as anager or o!ner o% the esta#lish ent !here the prostit)tion ta,es pla(e& or o% the sa)na& dis(o& #ar& resort&pla(eo%entertain entor esta#lish ent serving as a (over or !hi(h engages in prostit)tion in addition to the a(tivity %or !hi(h the li(ense has #een iss)ed to said esta#lish ent+
II+ RA 3633 D AntiDSe:)al =arass ent A(t o% 1;;/

Wor,& ed)(ation or trainingDrelated se:)al harass ent : is (o itted #y an e ployer& e ployee& anager& s)pervisor& agent o% the e ployer& tea(her& instr)(tor& pro%essor& (oa(h& trainor& or any other person : !ho& having a)thority& in%l)en(e or oral as(endan(y over another : in a !or, or training or ed)(ation environ ent& de ands& : re>)ests or other!ise re>)ires any se:)al %avor %ro the other& : regardless o% !hether the de and& re>)est or re>)ire ent %or s)# ission is a((epted #y the o#"e(t o% said A(t+
In a !or,Drelated or e ploy ent environ ent&se:)alharass entis (o itted !hen7 : *he se:)al %avor is ade as a (ondition : in the hiring or in the e ploy ent& reD e ploy ent or (ontin)ed e ploy ent o% said individ)al& or in granting said individ)al%avora#le(o pensation& ter s& (onditions& pro otions& or privilegesM : or the re%)sal to grant the se:)al %avor res)lts in li iting& segregating or (lassi%ying the e ployee
!hi(h in any !ay !o)ld dis(ri inate& depriveordi inishe ploy ent opport)nities or other!ise adversely a%%e(t said e ployeeM *he a#ove a(ts !o)ld i pair the e ployeeSs rights or privileges )nder e:isting la#or la!sM or *he a#ove a(ts !o)ld res)lt in an inti idating&hostile&oro%%ensive environ ent %or the e ployee+
S*$.C 1$I.E
.e%initions 1+ Child Prostit)tion 2+ Se:)al =arass ent .i()ssions 1+ When is !or,Drelated or e ploy ent environ ent se:)al harass ent (o itedN 2+ 1ive the %o)r a(ts involved in ed)(ation or training environ ent se:)al harass ent+ @+ Who are p)nished )nder RA 3210N
232
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
In an ed)(ation or training environ ent& se:)al harass ent is (o itted7 : Against one !ho is )nder the (are& ()stody or s)pervision o% the o%%enderM : Against one !hose ed)(ation& training& apprenti(eship or t)torship is entr)sted to the o%%enderM : When the se:)al %avor is ade a (ondition to the giving o% a passing grade& or the granting o% honors and s(holarships or the pay ent o% a stipend& allo!an(e or other #ene%its& privileges& or (onsiderationsM or : When the se:)al advan(es res)lt in an inti idating&hostileoro%%ensive environ ent %or the st)dent& trainee or apprenti(e+
Any person !ho dire(ts or ind)(es another to (o it any a(t o% se:)al harass ent as& or !ho (ooperates in the (o ission thereo% #y another !itho)t !hi(h it !o)ld not have #een (o itted& shall also #e held lia#le )nder this A(t+
Penalties : 1 onth to 2 onths i prison entM or : P 10&000 to P 20&000 %ineM or : 0<*= at the dis(retion o% the (o)rt Pres(ription o% A(tion : @ years
D end o% Spe(ial Penal La!s D D end o% Cri inal La! D

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CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

CRIMINAL LAW 2010

SPECIAL PENAL LAWS

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

SPECIAL PENAL LAWS

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW

CRIMINAL LAW 1 *EAM

Chapter I+ ')nda ental Prin(iples o% Cri inal La!

M<CJ 0AR C<MMI**EE

0AR CAN.I.A*ES WEL'ARE

II+ State A)thority to P)nish Cri e

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW

A+ So)r(es o% Cri inal La!

III+ 0asi( Prin(iples

A+ 1enerality o% Cri inal La!

2+ Visiting 'or(es Agree ent signed on 'e#+ 10& 1;;6+

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW

Note7 1enerality territoriality+

0+ *erritoriality o% Cri inal La!

PAR+ 17 Cri es (o ship or airship7

itted a#oard Philippine

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW

Note7 *he Philippines adheres to the EN1LIS= R$LE+

C+ Prospe(tivity o% Cri inal La!

See AntiD=i"a(,ing La!& pg 22@+

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

R)le o% prospe(tivity also applies to ")di(ial

de(isions&ad inistrative r)lings and (ir()lars+

.+ Legality 4n)ll) sine lege5

(ri en n)lla poena

Art+ 6& Civil Code

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

IV+ 0asi( Ma:i s in Cri inal La!

$rs)a v+ CA 41;;25M Corp)? v+ People 41;;15

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES

Chapter II+ 'elonies

Intentional 'elony v+ C)lpa#le 'elony

.i%%erentiating 'elonies& Misde eanor and Cri e

@+ =as intention to (a)se an in")ry

A+ Ele ents o% 'elonies

govern ent : Mens rea7 Ra g)ilty ind& a g)ilty or

II+ 'elonies7 =o! Co

CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES

@+ *hat the a(t is per%or ed or the (o in()rred #y eans o% dolo or ()lpa :

0+ Re>)isites o% .olo or Mali(e

intentional %elony+ CA*E1<RIES <' IN*EN*7

Vis#al vs+ 0)#an& 200@

=e then arg)es that sin(e the prose()tion !itnesses

Integral to the ele ent o% intelligen(e N<* intent+

inno(en(e o% the a(()sed+

Note7 .is(ern ent does not indi(ate the

People v+ P)no 41;;@5 People vs =assan& 1;66 1-People v+ Cordova 1;;@

intentional %elony+ CAE1<RIES <' INEN*7

=ERE IS N< CRIME $NLESS =ERE IS A LAW P$NIS=IN1 I*

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

PL$RALIC <' CRIMES here is no (onvi(tion o% any o% the (ri es (o itted+

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC

!o ,inds o% (o ple: (ri es7 4ASJE. - IMES IN 0AR EEAMS5

Chapter III+ '$N.AMENAL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIA0ILIC