Week 6 - Translation

Translation
Last 2 slides of Transcription leading us into into

Lecture Outline: 1) Translation in y and prokaryotes eukaryotes 2) Quality control 3) Protein Folding

Readings: Alberts, Ch 6, pp.366-390.

Mature mRNA exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

mRNA translated in the cytoplasm site of protein synthesis

Figure 6-39a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Mature mRNA exported p from the nucleus to the cytoplasm y p

Figure 6-40 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Recall the genetic code

Codons read as mRNA triplets

Encoding all 20 amino acids Redundancy - with multiple codons for most amino acids
Figure 6-50 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Reading frames define the amino acid sequence

Figure 6-51 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

The link between mRNA and protein sequence

Figure 6-52 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

How codon redundancy is managed for translation

Two strategies: More than 1 tRNA for many amino i acids id Some tRNAs can recognize and base pair with more than 1 codon

Figure 6-53 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Genetic Ge et c code code: e ensuring su g fidelity de ty

Two sequential steps in ensuring fidelity: tRNA synthetase Base pairing Alberts, Figure 6-58

Genetic code: ensuring g fidelity y

tRNA RNA S Synthetase h DNA P Polymerase l

Error correction: By hydrolytic editing

Alberts, Figure 6-59

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Recognition of a specific tRNA by its synthetase

Recognition is achieved by: Identifying y g the tRNA anticodon nucleotides Recognizing the nucleotide sequence of the acceptor stem Reading nucleotide sequences q at additional positions on the tRNA

Figure 6-60 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

A schematic of the catalytic process for amino acid addition

Energy gy of this covalent linkage g used for the next aa addition

Figure 6-61 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Ribosomes

Alberts, Figure 6-63

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Ribosomes boso es

Alberts, Figure 6-62

Alberts, Figure 6-64d

Located: on endoplasmic reticulum in cytosol

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Protein synthesis y

Alberts, Figure 6-66

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Quality Qua ty control co t o

Alberts, Figure 6-67

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Quality y control
Small subunit rRNA: Forms H bond network with anticodon/codon

Alberts, Figure 6-68

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The role of elongation factors

1) Can ribosomes perform protein synthesis without ith t the th aid id of f elongation l ti factors? f t ?
Yes, but.....

2) Role of elongation factors:

Improving speed and efficiency error checking function

3) These are mediated by:

Release of the EF-Tu EF Tu and GTP hydrolysis

4) EF-Tu: Binds aminoacyl-tRNA 5) EF-G: Helps ratchet fwd 1 codon

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The Ribosome is a Ribozyme y

Alberts, Figure 6-69

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Initiation of translation
Eukaryotes

Alberts, Figure 6-72

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Initiation of translation
Eukaryotes

Alberts, Figure 6-72

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Initiation t at o o of t translation a s at o
Prokaryotes

In prokaryotes: Shine-Dalgarno sequence

Multiple sites of initiation

Alberts, Figure 6-73

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Termination of translation

Alberts, Figure 6-74

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Termination of translation

Human translation release factor: molecular mimicry protein, not tRNA

Release Factor

tRNA
Alberts, Figure 6-75
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Polyribosomes y /p polysomes y
Protein synthesis: Relatively slow Typical spacing: Every 80 nucl

Alberts, Figure 6-76

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Antibiotics Modes of Action

Table 6-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Antibiotics

Alberts, Figure 6-79

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Protein folding g

Occurs Co-translationally
Alberts, Figure 6-84
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Protein f ldi folding

Examples p of molecular chaperones: Hsp60 Hsp70

Alberts, Figure 6-85

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THE END
The Midterm will cover up to and including this lecture

Thank You !!

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