4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

CHAPTER 10 : RATE OF REACTION

10.1 : Meaning of Rate of Reactio 1. Rate of reaction is a measurement of the change i !"a tit# of reacta t or pro$"ct in a certain
range of time. Rate of reaction =
change in quantity of reac tan t / product time taken

2. It is the speed at which reactants are converted into the products in a chemical reaction. . ! rate of reaction is """". if the reaction occurs fast within a short period of time. #. ! rate of reaction is"""". if the reaction occurs slowly within a long period of time. $. Rate of reaction is i %er&e'# proportional with time. Rate of reaction
1 time taken

%he &horter the time taken& the hi(her the rate of reaction. %he 'o (er the time taken& the 'o)er the rate of reaction. '. %he change in amout of reacta t or pro$"ct that can (e measured (y )

increasing in %o'"*e of gas released increasing in *a&&/co ce tratio of product decreasing in *a&&/co ce tratio of reactant
*ormation of precipitate changes in pH& te*perat"re or e'ectrica' co $"cti%it#. Activity 1)+ ,tudy the reaction (etween 2.- g of .a./ with e0cess of 1.- mol dm+ 1.l.

.a./ 2s3 4 21.l2aq3

,ketch the graph (elow )
Mass of .a./ 2g3 +

5 .a.l22aq3 4 12/2l3 4 ./22g3

Concentration of 1.l 2mol dm-33

t Concentration of .a.l2 2mol dm-33

%ime 2s3 Volume of ./2 gas 2cm33

%ime 2s3

%ime 2s3 Chapter 10

%ime 2s3 Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

10.+ : Mea&"ri ( the Rate of Reactio

1. T)o ways to measure the rate of reaction ) ,a- A%era(e Rate Of Reactio !verage rate of reaction .
increa sin g in amount of product // decrea sin g in amount of reac tan t time taken for the change to occur

/eter*i atio the average rate of reactio 7olume of gas/cm3

fro* the (raph ) %he average rate of reaction for the

whole reaction =
01 0+ 01

t1

t+

t1

%ime/s

%he average rate of reaction i the first t1 second = 2 t1 6 - 3 s

2 01 6 -3 cm3

%he average rate of reaction between t1 second and t2 second =

2 0+ 6 013 cm3 2 t+ 6 t13 s

2(3 Instantaneous Rate Of Reactio 2 Rate of Reaction at any given time 3 )

= the gradient of the graph of the amount of reactant / product against time at any given time. 7olume of gas/ cm3

72
y

%he rate of reaction at ta second = the gradient of tangent to the curve at the given time = = y cm3 xs 72 + 71 t2 + t1

71

Chapter 10

t1

ta

t2

%ime/ s

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Activity 2 )+ !n e0periment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction (etween calcium car(onate and dilute hydrochloric acid. %he volumes of car(on dio0ide gas evolved at fi0ed intervals are recorded. :raph of the volumes of car(on dio0ide gas against time are shown (elow.

7olume of car(on dio0ide gas /cm3

:raph of the volumes of car(on dio0ide gas against time

#-

2-

1-

%ime/s

#-

;-

12-

1'-

2--

2a3 8rite an equation for the a(ove reaction. """.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 2(3 9raw a la(eled diagram to show the set+up of the apparatus in the e0periment.

Chapter 10

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

2c3 .alculate ) 2i3 the average rate of reactio for the whole reaction.

2ii3 the rate of reaction at 40 &eco $ and 20 &eco $. at #- second at ;- second

2d3 <ase on the answer in 2c3 2ii3& which have the hi(her rate of reaction. =0plain your answer. """""""".""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""..""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""..""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 2e3 ,uggest another way to i crea&e the rate of a(ove reaction """""""..."""""".""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""..."""""".""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""...""""""."""""""""""""""""""""""

Chapter 10

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Activity

)+

2- cm3 of -.$ mol dm-3 1.l is reacted with magnesium ri((on. %he results are shown (elow. Ti*e 3s 0o'"*e of H+ 3cm3 -.1$ ;.$ 1'.#$ 22.'2>.$ >$ 2.?'.1-$ ?.12#2.1 $ ##.1$#'.-

2a3 9raw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.

Chapter 10

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

2(3 *rom the graph& calculate ) 2i3 the average rate of reaction in the first 2- seconds.

2ii3

the average rate of reaction 4et)ee

- seconds and >$ seconds.

2iii3

the rate of reaction at - seconds.

2iv3

the rate of reaction at 1-$ seconds.

2c3 Co*pare the rate of reaction at - seconds and 1-$ seconds. =0plain why@ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Chapter 10

'

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

10.1 : FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

1. Si5e of Reacta t / Tota' S"rface Area 2a3 A =0periment I B %he reaction of large pieces of calcium car(onate chips with hydrochloric acid is conducted. %he volume of gas collected in the (urette are recorded at every - seconds. A =0periment II B %his e0periment is repeated using small pieces of calcium car(onate chips. %emperature& volume and concentration of 1.l acid& and the mass of calcium car(onate are fi0ed. 2(3 .hemical equation for the reaction )

.a./

21.l

.a.l2

12/

CO+

2c3 %he graph of volume of car(on dio0ide gas against time o(tained is as shown (elow ) 7olume of ./2 gas / cm3

0
=0periment I Large pieces =0periment II Small pieces

%ime / s t6 t# t5

<ased on the graph complete the following statements ) A%era(e rate of reactio for the whole e0periment ) =0periment I p = =0periment II q =

%he value of p is """"""" than q. %he average rate of reaction in =0periment II is """"""". than =0periment I throughout
Chapter 10

>

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

the e0periment.

Rate of reactio at a given time ) %he gradient of the graph at t6 seconds for =0periment II is """"""". than the gradient of the graph for =0periment I. %he rate of the reaction in =0periment II is """"""". than =0periment I at t6 seconds.

%he rate of reaction of the small pieces of calcium car(onate chips is """""""" than the rate of reaction of the large pieces. Relationship (etween the &i5e of mar(le chips and their tota' &"rface area ) small pieces have a """""" total surface area than that of large pieces of mar(le chips of the same mass. %he smaller the &i5e of mar(le chips& the """"""".. the tota' &"rface area of mar(le chips. %he larger the tota' &"rface area of mar(le chips& the """"""".. the rate of reactio . %he smaller the &i5e of mar(le chips& the """"""".. the rate of reactio .

%he ma0imum volume of car(on dio0ide gas collected for (oth e0periments are """"""". (ecause the """"""". of the reactants are """"""".

Activity # )+ ! group of students was carried out two e0periments to investigate the factor affecting the rate of a reaction (etween Cinc and hydrochloric acid. %a(le (elow shows information a(out the reactants used in each e0periment. E6peri*e t I II Reacta t& =0cess Cinc (ra "'e& and 2$ cmD of -.$ mol dm+ hydrochloric acid. =0cess Cinc po)$er and 2$ cmD of -.$ mol dm+ hydrochloric acid.

2a3

8rite the chemical equation for the reaction occur in these e0periments. """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".

2(3

,tate the factor that affecting the rate of the reaction of =0periment I and =0periment II.

Chapter 10

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".

%he graph (elow shows the result o(tained from these e0periments.

0o'"*e of (a& co''ecte$ ,c*1-

+0

II 15 I 10

10

+0

10

40

50

70

80

20

Ti*e ,&-

2c3

.alculate the average rate of reaction for =0periment I and =0periment II.

2(3

<ased on the ta(le and graph& compare the rate of reaction (etween =0periment I and =0periment II """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""". """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".

Chapter 10

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".

+. Co ce tratio of Reacta t 2a3 !n e0periment to show a reaction (etween sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid acid is conducted. 2(3 %he rate of reaction is measured (y how fast yellow precipitate 2 sulphur3 is formed. /(servation is made on the time taken for the E9F sign placed under the conical flask to disappear from view. %emperature& volume and concentration of the hydrochloric acid are fi0ed 4"t the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is varied. 2c3 .hemical equation for the reaction )

Ga2,2/

12,/#

Ga2,/#

4 S

4 ,/2

12/

2d3 %he graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time& and the graph of concentration against 1/time are plotted.
Co ce tratio of Ga2,2/ 2mol dm-33 Co ce tratio of Ga2,2/ 2mol dm-33

%ime 2s3

1/time 2s+13

Co ce tratio is """""".proportional to ti*e. 8hen the concentration of Ga2,2/ i crea&e&& the time taken for yellow precipitate formed that covers the H 9I mark is """"""""".. %he higher the concentration of Ga2,2/ & 2the higher the num(er of moles of Ga2,2/ & 3 the """""" the num(er of particles perunit """"""""" %herefore& the """""" the frequency of collision (etween particles. %he """""" the frequency of effective collisions. %he """""" the rate of reaction.

Co ce tratio is """"".proportional to 13ti*e. A 1/time shows the rate of reaction B 8hen the concentration of Ga2,2/ i crea&e&& the rate of reaction is """"""""".. %he higher the concentration of Ga2,2/ & the """". """ the num(er of particles perunit """"""". %herefore& the """""" the frequency of collisions (etween particles. %he """""" the frequency of effective collisions. %he """""" the rate of reaction.

Chapter 10

1-

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

1. Te*perat"re 23a ,tudy through o(servation to yellow precipitate 2sulphur3& the product of the reaction (etween sodium thiosulphate solution with hydrochloric acid. 23( In this reaction& the te*perat"re of the sodium thiosulphate solution is changed. 23c !ll other conditions such as volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid is remain co &ta t. 23d %ime taken for certain amount of the yellow precipitate formed and covered the H 9I mark (elow the (eaker is recorded. 23e %wo graph are o(tained )
Te*perat"re of Ga2,2/ 2mol dm-33

Te*perat"re of Ga2,2/ 2mol dm-33

%ime 2s3

1/time 2s+13

Te*perat"re is """""".proportional to ti*e. 8hen the temperature of Ga2,2/ i crea&e&& the time taken for yellow precipitate formed that covers the H 9I mark is """""""""..

Te*perat"re is """"". proportional to 13ti*e. A 1/time shows the rate of reaction B 8hen the temperature of Ga2,2/ i crea&e&& the rate of reaction is """""""""..

%he higher the temperature of Ga 2,2/ & the """"

the kinetic energy of ,2/
2+

%he higher the temperature of Ga2,2/ & the """"

the kinetic energy of ,2/
2+

ions and 1 ions.

ions and 14 ions.

%herefore& the """""" the frequency of

collision (etween particles A ,2/ ions B. %he """""" the frequency of effective collision. %he """""" the rate of reaction.
2+

%herefore& the """""" the frequency of

collision (etween particles A ,2/ ions B. %he """""" the frequency of """"". collision %he """""" the rate of reaction.
2+

ions and 1

ions and 14

Chapter 10

11

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

4. Cata'#&t

J J J

.atayst is a chemical su(stance that i crea&e& the rate of reactio Achange the rate of reactionB& (ut it $oe& ot cha (e che*ica''# at the end of the reaction. Kositive catalyst increase the rate of reaction while negative catalyst decrease the rate of reaction. .haracteristics of catalyst ) It does not change the !"a tit# ,amount3 of the products formed. It is unchanged chemically at the end of the reaction. %he amount of catalyst is the same (efore and after reaction. It is specific. /nly small amount is needed. It could (ecome less effective when there are impurities.

J J J J

Most catalysts are transition elements or compounds of transition elements. %he presence of catalyst affects the rate of reaction. Luantity of catalyst also can effect the rate of reaction. ,tudy through ) I ) %he reaction (etween Cinc with dilute sulphuric acid Acopper,II- sulphate& C"SO4 &o'"tio as the catalystB II ) %he decomposition of hydrogen pero0ide& 12/2 Ausing different quantity of manganese,I0- o ide& M O+ as the catalystB =0periment I )

%he reaction (etween Cinc with dilute sulphuric acid AC"SO4 as the catalystB
2a3 .hemical equation for the reaction )

Mn 4 12,/# Mn,/#
2(3 2c3 2d3 2e3

4 12

7olume of hydrogen gas collected in a (urette are recorded at every - seconds. %his e0periment is repeated (y adding 2 cm copper2II3 sulphate solution. In this reaction& mass of Cinc& volume and concentration of sulphuric acid and temperature are remain co &ta t. :raph of volume of hydrogen gas produced against time are o(tained )
0o'"*e of 12 gas /cm

8ith catalyst

8ithout catalyst Chapter 10

12

Rate of Reaction Ti*e/s

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

*rom the graph a(ove ) %he gradient of the curve with catalyst is """""". than the curve without catalyst. !t the end of this reaction& the total volume of 12 gas in (oth reactions is the same (ecause the """.. of Cinc and the""""""""""""". of sulphuric acid is the same.

.opper2II3 sulphate as catalyst lowered the """"""..."""& Ea for the reaction.

therefore& more particles will reach the same or more than the """""""""& Ea of
the reaction. the frequency of co''i&io (etween particles """"""""""".. the frequency of effecti%e co''i&io """"""""""""""" the rate of reaction ..""""""""""""""".. =0periment II ) 2a3 In this reaction& all other conditions such as volume and concentration of hydrogen pero0ide& temperature are remain co &ta t.

212/2
2f3

212/ 4

/2

:raph of volume of o0ygen gas produced againts time are o(tained )

0o'"*e of /2 gas 2cm33

0
1 spatula of Mn/2 !n increase in the quantity of catalyst used will increase the rate of reaction. %he quantity of catalyst does not affect the total volume of gas produced.

N spatula of Mn/2

Ti*e 2s3

*rom the graph )

t1

t+

%he gradient of the curve using 1 &pat"'a of Mn/2 is """""". than using : &pat"'a of Mn/2.

Chapter 10

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

!t the end of this reaction& the total volume of /2 gas in (oth reactions is the same (ecause the """"""". and """"""""""" of hydrogen pero0ide is same.

Manganese27I3 o0ide as catalyst lowered the """""""""..."& Ea for the decomposition of 12/2.

therefore& more particles will reach the same or more than the """""""""..& Ea
of the reaction. the frequency of co''i&io (etween particles """"""""""".. the frequency of effecti%e co''i&io """"""""""""""" the rate of reaction ..""""""""""""""".. 5. Pre&&"re

J J J

/nly for reactions involving reactants in gaseous state. 8hen the pressure of a reaction 2involving gaseous reactants3 increases& the rate of reaction increases. 8hen the pressure of the gaseous reactants increases& the particles of the gaseous reactants are compressed to occupy a smaller volume. %hus& the num(er of gas particles per unit volume increases. the frequency of co''i&io (etween particles """"""""""".. the frequency of effecti%e co''i&io """"""""""""""" the rate of reaction .."""""""""""""""..

10.5 : App'icatio of factors that affect the Rate of Reactio

9aily lives ) Coo;i ( of &o'i$ foo$ i &*a''er &i5e %he total surface area on a smaller cut pieces of food is larger. %he food can a(sor(ed more heat. 1ence& the time taken for the food to (e cooked is lower/decrease. Stora(e of foo$ i a refri(erator 8hen the food kept in refrigerator& the food lasts longer. %he low temperature in the refrigerator slows down the activity of the (acteria. %he (acteria produce less to0in & the rate of decomposition of food lower. Coo;i ( i a pre&&"re coo;er %he high pressure in pressure cooker increases the (oiling point of water to a temperature a(ove 1-- .. %he kinetic energy of the particles in the food is increase/higher. 1ence time taken for the food to (e cooked is lower/decrease. %hus the food cooked faster at a higher temperature in a pressure cooker.

In I $"&tr# ) Ha4er processO manufacture of ammonia ) G2 4

Chapter 10 Optimum conditions ) %emperature ) #-- + $-- o. Kressure ) 2-- 6 #-- atm .atalyst ) Iron/ferum& Fe Rate of Reaction

112 5

+G1 1#

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Co tact processO manufacture of sulphuric acid A catalyst ) 7anadium273 o0ide& 72/$ B O&t)a'$ processO manufacture of nitric acid A catalyst ) platinum& Kt B

10.7 : The Co''i&io Theor# J J J

*or a reaction to occur& the reactantIs particles must collide. Got all collisions result in chemical reactions. *or a reaction to occur& the collisions must satisfy two conditions ) 2i3 2ii3 %he colliding particles must have the right orientation of collision. %he colliding particles must have enough energyO i.e equal or more than a minimum a*o" t of e er(# known as Acti%atio E er(#< Ea

%he collisions that lead to a chemical reaction are known as effective collisions.

10.7 : E er(# Profi'e /ia(ra* and Acti%atio E er(#< Ea

E er(#

Ea . !ctivation =nergy without a catalyst !a= . !ctivation =nergy with a catalyst

reactants

!a= >H

Ea
products

>H . 1eat of reaction

2The energy diffence in the reactants and in the products3

Krogress of reaction

Ea %he minimum energy the reactant particles must possessed (efore collision (etween them
can result in a chemical reaction.

!a=
Activity $ )+

%he lower activation energy in the presence of a cata'#&t.

Minc powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. %he temperature of the mi0ture increases. 2a3 9raw an =nergy Krofile 9iagram for the reaction. /n the diagram& show the ) 2(3 1eat of reaction& "# !ctivation energy without a catalyst& !a !ctivation energy with a catalyst& !a

=0plain the =nergy Krofile 9iagram.

Chapter 10

1$

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Fre!"e c# of Effecti%e Co''i&io and Rate of Reactio

8hen the frequency of co''i&io (etween particles of reactants i crea&e&& the frequency of effecti%e co''i&io & (etween particles will also i crea&e. %he effective collisions will result in chemical reaction. 8hen fre!"e c# of effecti%e co''i&io i crea&e&& the rate of reactio will also i crea&e.

Co''i&io Theor# and Factor& I f'"e ci ( The Rate of Reactio CONCENTRATION

OF REACTANTS %he higher the concentration of reactants& the hi(her is the number of particles in a unit volume.

SI?E OF REACTANTS 3 TOTA@ SARFACE AREA

%he smaller the siCe of reactant& the 'ar(er is the total surface area e posed to collision.

TEMPERATARE OF REACTION MI9TARE

%he higher the temperature& the hi(her is the $inetic energy of reacting particles. %he reacting particles move faster.

CATA@YST
.atalyst provides an alternative path of reaction which needs 'o)er %ctivation !nergy& 2=aI3. More particles are a(le to overcome the new %ctivation !nergy& 2=aI3

%he frequency of collision (etween particles increases.

%he frequency of effective collision (etween particles increases.

%he rate of reaction increases.

Chapter 10

1'

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Activity ' )+ *our e0periments are carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of reaction. %he ta(le (elow shows the details of each e0periment. E6peri*e t I II III I0 Reacta t& =0cess of magnesium ri((on and $- cm hydrochloric acid 1.- mol dm6 =0cess of magnesium powder and $- cm hydrochloric acid 1.- mol dm6 =0cess of magnesium powder and $- cm hydrochloric acid 1.- mol dm6 =0cess of magnesium powder and $- cm sulphuric acid 1.- mol dm6 Te*perat"re of HC' 3 C ##-

2a3 8rite the chemical equation of the reaction occurred in =0periment I and I0 =0periment I ) "".""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".. =0periment I0 ) """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".. 2(3 .alculate the ma0imum volume of gas released at room condition in ) A Molar volume of gas at room condition = 2#.- dm B 2i3 =0periment II

Chapter 10

1>

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

2ii3 =0periment I0

2c3 ,ketch the graph of the volume of gas released against time for each =0periment I& II& III and I0 on the a0es provided (elow. 0o'"*e of 12 gas / cm3

Ti*e / s 2d3 =0plain the difference in the rate of reaction in the e0periments (elow. Pse the .ollision %heory in your e0planation.
Chapter 10

1;

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

2i3 I and II """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""...

2ii3 II and III """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""...

2iii3 III and I0 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""... """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""...

Chapter 10

1?

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Activity > )+

I terpretatio of (raph.
,tudy the graphs (elow and complete the following )

%he (ra$ie t of graph I is """""". than graph II. %he rate of reaction for reaction I is """""". than reaction II. Kossi(ilities ) Luantity of product Reaction I used """". siCe of reactants than reaction II. Reaction I ) """". pieces of .a./ O

7 II I

Reaction II ) """". pieces of .a./ . %emperature of reaction I is """". than reaction II. .oncentration of the reactants for reaction I is """". than reaction %ime t+ II. Kresence of catalyst ) Reaction I ) """"""""". . Reaction II ) """"""""".. *inal !"a tit# of pro$"ct for reaction I and II are the &a*e. Luantity of the reactants 2num er of moles3 for reaction I and II must (e """"""". Mass of the reactants used in reaction I and II is """"""" &umber of moles A n = M7 B of the reactants used in reaction I and II is t """"""" %he (ra$ie of graph I and graph II are """""""".. %he rate of reaction for (oth reactions are """""""".. Kossi(ilities ) ,iCe of reactant for (oth reactions are """".. %emperature for (oth reactions are """"... .oncentration of the reactants for (oth reaction are """"...

t1

:R!K1 #.1

Luantity of product

40 0

II I

*inal !"a tit# of pro$"ct for reaction II is t)ice than reaction I. Luantity of the reactants 2num er of moles3 for reaction I must (e """". than reaction II (ecause the concentration of the reactants are the same in (oth reactions. %ime !xample ) Reaction 2- I ) 2$- cm3 of 1.l 1.- mol dm+ Reaction II ) 1000 cm3 of 1.l 1.- mol dm+ Rate of Reaction

t1 10 t+ Chapter

:R!K1 #.2

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

%he (ra$ie t of graph I is """""" than graph II. %he rate of reaction for reaction I is """"". than reaction II. Kossi(ilities ) Luantity of product ,iCe of reactants for reaction I is """". than reaction II. Reaction I ) """". pieces of .a./ O Reaction II ) """". pieces of .a./ . %emperature of reaction I is """". than reaction II. Kresence of catalyst )
..

+0 0

II I

Reaction I ) """"""""". "". %ime Reaction II ) """"""""""".. .oncentration of the reactants for reaction I is """". than reaction II *inal !"a tit# of pro$"ct for reaction II is t)ice than reaction I. Luantity of the reactants for reaction II must (e """ than reaction I. Mass the reactants used in reaction II is %he (ra$ie t of of graph I is """"". than graph II"""""""than . reaction I . %he rate of reaction for reaction I is """"". than reaction II. &umber of moles A n = M7 B of the reactants used in reaction II is Kossi(ilities ) """""""than reaction . ,iCe of reactants for reaction I is I """". than reaction II. Reaction I ) """". pieces of .a./ O Reaction II ) """". pieces of .a./ . %emperature of reaction I is """". than reaction II. Luantity of product Kresence of catalyst ) Reaction I ) """"""""". "".

:R!K1 #.

+0 0

II I

Reaction II ) """"""""""".. .oncentration of the reactants for reaction I is """". than reaction II. *inal !"a tit# of pro$"ct for reaction II is t)ice than reaction I. %ime

t1

t+

Luantity of the reactant for reaction II must (e """ than reaction I. Mass of the reactants used in reaction II is """""than reaction I. &umber of moles A n = M7 B of the reactants used in reaction II is

:R!K1 #.#

Chapter 10

21 !xample )

"""""than reaction I.

Rate of Reaction

Reaction I ) 2$- cm3 of 1.l 1.- mol dm+

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Activity ; )+

Rate of Reactio a $ Ther*oche*i&tr# ,Conclusion1. 2. . %he minimum energy of a reaction is """""""""".& Ea. """""""""".& Ea must (e overcome in order for the reaction to take place. Karticles of reactants must achieve """""""""""" and with """"""""".. to make the chemical reaction occurs. #. %he use of a """""""""". reduces the Ea.

$.

>H

is """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".

'. >. ;. ?.

%he """""" the siCe of reactants& the """""" the total surface area. Magnesium ri((on will react """""" with warm sulphuric acid than cool sulphuric acid. %he """""" the concentration of a solution& the """""" rate of chemical reaction. ! """""" is a su(stance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. It """""" undergo any chemical change.

1-. """"""""" is a chemical reaction in which a compound is (roken down into simpler su(stances.

Activity ? )+ .omplete the ta(le (elow ) I $"&tr# proce&& Reacta t& Cata'#&t

Ha4er proce&&

Chapter 10

22

Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY

Chapter 10

Co tact proce&& O&t)a'$ proce&&

EN/ OF CHAPTER

10

Chapter 10

Rate of Reaction