CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Jasdeep Bajaj of XII (Non Medical) of A.V.I. Public School, Sirsa has performed the project work as per the syllabus of Central Board of School Education Delhi and tried to give

satisfaction account in this file.

Signature . (Internal Examiner)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
During the preparation of this project I have been guided and assisted by several people especially my Physics Teacher, who influenced my style and way of presenting this project and I am also thankful to my friends for their sincere help. I sincerely feel that this method of presenting the project will help my examiner who is going to make the thorough study of this matter and will point out of my mistakes. Thanking You.

Jasdeep Bajaj Roll No.........

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FOREWORD
This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement laid down for course prescribed of Physics project by the Central Board of Secondary Education New Delhi, for all India Senior Certificate. Under the guidance of Mr. Mandeep

INTERNAL EXAMINER. EXTERNAL EXAMINER.

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PREFACE:Name of the Project Project Guide Mode of Project Roll No. Name of School : : : : : Full Wave Rectifier Mr. Mandeep Group A.V.I. Public School, Sirsa

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INTRODUCTION
A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify all the alternating c u r r e nt c o m p o nen t s in an a l t er na t i ng s u p p l y a nd m a k e i t p u r el y a di r ec t current. The two alternating halves of an alternation current are rectified in a full wave rectifier which is an advantage over a half wave rectifier. Most of electronic devices cannot withstand very high voltage or alternating current du e t o i t s i nt ens e h i g h p o w er . T h e u s e o f b a tt er i es i n a l l dev i c es i s no t practical as their replacement and durability is a huge problem as the device has to be dismantled each time for such a replacement. So these rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices like TVs, Radios, Chargers and Lightings etc. There are several stages in a rectifier. Based on their rectification they are classified into two:The single staged & multi staged. In the multi staged rectifiers, more than two diodes are used and th ese are used in the above-mentioned devices. The singled staged rectifier has only 2 diodes, the one we are to discuss in this project. The multi diode rectifier has o nl y 2 di o des , t h e o ne w e a r e t o di s c u s s i n t h i s p r o jec t . T h e m u l t i di o de rectifiers have efficiency ~ 94.6% while that of the single is only 81.2%.

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THEORY INVOLVED:The input transformer steps down the A.C mains from 220V to 9 V b e t w e e n t h e ce nt re t a p a nd e i t h e r o f t h e t w o e nd s o f t h e s e co nd a ry winding. The transformer has a capability of delivering a current Of 500mA. The 9V A.C appearing across the secondary is the R M S v a l u e o f t h e waveform and peak value would be .4826 volts=x The diodes rectify the A.C waveform appearing across the secondary with the help of alternate forward and reverse biasing. The capacitor further filters 99% of the resident components and this is left to pass through the resistance and emerges out as +ve and ve. The bulb connected verifies the output as it works on Direct Current and if used on an Alternating Current, the fluctuation will burn out the bulb.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:Connecting wires, a plug, single lead wire - 2m, c a r d board, a transformer, a filter, a resistor (1 K) , P - N j u n c t i o n d i o d e s , Insulation tape

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Details of the materials used: Connecting Wires and a Plug. A normal insulated copper wire able to withstand 220-250V is required. Single Lead wire-Thin wire with one single strand of copper well insulated and able to conduct a current of 1 ampere or a D.C current efficiently. L.E.D It is called light emitting Diode (L.E.D). It is used to test the output voltage whether direct or not. It glows on as we get a rectified direct current as an output. Step Down TransformerA 9 - 0 - 9 t r a n s f o r m e r Transformer is a device u s e d t o ch a ng e t h e v o l t a ge o f a n a l t e r n a t i n g current. The transformer which converts low voltage to high voltage is called a step up transformer whereas the one which converts high voltage to low voltage is called a step down transformer. I t c o n s i s t s o f laminated core consisting of two coils, a primary & a secondary coil. In a step up the number of turns in the secondary is greater that of the primary and the reverse in a step down transformer. Here we use a step down transformer which steps down 220V to 9V between the secondary terminals and the centre tap. Filter - It is used to filter the ripples, which is present in the output of the diode to an extent. Here we have used 1000MFD25V filter. A Resistor- A resistor is electronic components whose resistance value tells us about the opposition it offers to the flow of electric current. Resistance is measured in ohms ().We determine the value of a resistor using the colour coding on the rings of the resistor.

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 P-N junction Diode:-W h e n one side of a s e m i co nd u c t o r c r y s t a l ( G e rm a n i u m o r s i l i c o n) i s d o p e d w i t h a c ce p t o r i m p u r i t y a t o m s a n d t h e o t h e r side with donor i m p u r i t y a t o m s a P - N junction is formed. It is also called S e miconductor or crystal diode. When diffusion of the two regionsoccur a r e s u l t a n t p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r i s c re a t e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o s i d e s d u e t o migration of electrons and holes. When the diode is connected with P side to positive terminal of a battery & N side to ve terminal it is said to be forward biased & reverse biased when reversed. In forward biasing the applied positive potential repels t h e h o l e s a n d t u r n s a c u r r e n t i s m a d e t o f l o w o v e r co m i n g t h e i n t e r n a l potential Barrier. While in reverse biasing the ve electrons 1st attract the holes and widen the Barrier and then only the repulsion between inner e l e c t ro n s o c c u r a nd c u r re n t f l o w s . S o t h e o r e t i cally no cu r re n t f l o w s through due to the widening of the Potential barrier but practically a very small current does flows through.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Connection details:Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is given to b o t h t h e i n p u t w i r e s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r a n d t h e t w o e n d s o f t h e secondary coil is given to the P side of the two diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined and then connected to the o n e e n d o f t h e capacitor and the other end to the centre tap lead and to the resistor. Further, the other end of Filter with the d i o d e c o n n e c t i o n i s connected to the other end of the resistor. Connect 2 leads on both the ends of the resistor to measure the output and this is connected to the +ve & -ve terminals of the bulb.

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WORKING:First w h e n t h e A . C . i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e t ra n s fo rm e r , i t s t e p s d o w n t h e 220V main supply to 9 volts. It has a capability of delivering a Current O f 50 0m A . T h e 9 v o l t s A . C . a p p e a ri ng a cro s s t h e s e co nd a r y i s t h e RMS value and the peak value is 26 or 8.4 volts. During the 1 st half cycle of the A.C. input Diode D1 is forward biased and a current f l o w s i n t h e ci rcu i t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n S 1 D1 A B E OS 1 . D u r i n g t h i s time diode D2 is reverse biased. So it does not conduct any electric current. During the next half cycle the diode D2 is forward and D1 is reversed. Hence D2 conducts current in the direction S2D2ABEOS2and D1 does not conduct any current. In subsequent half cycles of the A.C current the above processes are repeated. In both the half cycles, it is clear that current flows through the resistor in only one direction ABE. Even though the voltage across RL is unidirectional it will still co nt a i n a fe w A . C co m p o ne nt s . T h i s i s f i l t e r e d a n d m a d e s m o o t h using a capacitor filter, which filters 99% of the A.C current. A resistor is t h e n u s e d t o a d j u s t t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e . W e c a n t h e n t e s t t h e o / p Voltage using a multimeter. Efficiency of Rectification - = D.C power output. Total A.C input power For a half wave rectifier ~ 0.406 = 40.6 %For a full wave rectifier, the one used here is ~ 0.812 = 81.2 %By the use of more number of diodes the efficiency can be increase to a maximum of 94.6%. Here we only use 2 diodes. The use of multiple capacitors also nearly filters all A.C components from the supply and r e s i s t a n c e i s a d j u s t e d fo r t h e r e q u i r e d o u t p u t . A s t h i s i s a s i m p l e circuit, only one capacitor and a resistance is being used. But there w i l l b e s l i g h t f a c t o r o f A . C . c u r re n t s t i l l l e f t i n t h e o u t p u t b u t i t i s negligible.

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WAVEFORMS:-

RESULT: - A full Wave rectifier is constructed & a

rectified DC voltage is obtained as an output.

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