UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

INSTITUT PERKEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN (Ined)

40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
ASSIGNMENT 1(ePJJ)
PAD 170

NAMA : ASYURA BINTI HASAN

NO.ID : 2008510245

GROUP : EAMP2A

COURSE : AM110

LECTURER : DR. MAT SANI BIN HASSAN

 1. Elaborate FIVE (5)strategies that can be used by
pressure groups to achieve their objectives.
The objective of pressure group is to influence
government policies and actions in favour of their wants and needs.
Among strategies that can be used by pressure groups to achieve
their objectives are lobbying. Lobbying can take carried out by
writing petitions, setting up meetings or through the telephone, fax
machine or computers. There is important to ensure that public
policies and state laws rule in their favour and would serve their
interest.
Second strategies are Boycott or demonstration that usually
popular tactics used in industrial conflict between the trade union
and their employer. This strategy is used when the demands made
by the workers are ignored or turned down by their employer.
Third strategy is propaganda or media campaign. This method
used by individuals or group in an effort to form, control or change
the attitude and views of other groups either through speeches,
writings or actions. This strategy involves the use of media which
may be in the form of books and flyers or electronic media such as
television and radio.
Next strategy is support party candidates that involves the
show of public support by pressure groups towards party candidates
running in an election in the hope should the candidate or the party
win in the election then their interests would be in the party’s list of
priorities.
The fifth tactics is riots or the use of force that considered as
illegitimate and a direct abuse of the law. This strategy is a very
unhealthy and dangerous method of gaining influence as it could
lead to the loss of lives and property. Its also should be the last
choice or better still should not be an option to pressure groups due
to its negative outcome and harmful impact.
 In conclusion, pressure group can play a big and important
role in the internal management of a state or in tackling global
issues but its also can create problems when they force their will
upon legislators and government administrators who can lower
standards of public morality and distort public policies to their
advantage instead of for the interest of the general public.

2. Explain any four (4) groups of people who do not have a

right to vote.

Qualifications of voters vary from one political system to the

others. However, there are several groups of people who do not
have a right to vote.
Among the criteria of people who do not have a right to vote is
people who are not have citizenship. Citizenship of voters is of vital
importance as it signifies loyalty towards his country.
Next criteria is underage because the level of maturity is
measured by age. Some countries fixed the minimum age to qualify
as a voter as 18 and some 21 where this individuals are considered
capable of making wise and responsible decisions.
Beside that, unregistered people also do not have a right to
vote because every citizen must register as a voter as only a
registered voter is allowed to vote.
Lastly are people who vote by coercion. The act of voting is on
a voluntary basis in line with principle of democracy so the voters
must be voluntarism voter.
In conclusion, the voters have to elect their representative and
become members of the legislative assembly for the sake of their
country.
3. Explain any (4) roles of political party.

Political parties perform several important roles on the political

and social system of a country. Apart of this role is integration into
the political system. In an effort to secure votes, political parties
welcome new groups into their system and allow them to have a say
or input into the formation of party platforms. This makes the group
feel represented and gives them sense of belonging and loyalty
towards supporting the overall system.
Secondly, political parties play role as a link between the
people and the government. Although they play a more obvious role
during elections, however for a democracy system to work
effectively, political parties need to be operative continuously. They
also create and keep open lines of communication between the
people and government.
Thirdly, the most obvious role of a political party is mobilizing
the masses and getting them to vote. In campaigning for their
candidates, it’s the party’s job to arouse voter interest and boost
voter turnout on the day of election. To ensure this, parties must
use various strategies and means to choose among complex
alternatives for examples utilizing the mass media and organizing
rallies.
Lastly, political parties as a formation of government. The
ultimate goal of a political party is to secure political power and
ensure it would remain in power. To ensure this happen, parties
must supply majorities without which government cannot be formed
or remain in power. Political parties also provide alternative for the
people in choosing their government and prevent the same people
from remaining in power for too long. Thus, guarantee the
electorates that change in government is possible and can be
affected if they wish it.
4. Analyze any three (3) types of political party system
that you are familiar with.

Party system can be classifying as interactions of parties with

each other and with the overall political system whether it’s stable or
not depends much on the party system. There are three types of
political party system. First is the one-party system which can be
characterized by a single party that controls every level of
government and this is the only party legally allowed to exist and
operate. Some people think that this type of party system as
undemocratic as it does not allow fair elections or public opinion.
The examples of country that use this party system are China and
Africa.
Second types of party system is the two-party system which is
more familiar to us with its essential features being only two parties
share the major part of the electoral vote and have political control
and these major party alternate in the exercise of power. The
examples of country that implement this two-party system are
Canada and USA.
The third type of party system is the multiparty system which
has several competing parties and no party obtain the majority in
the legislature to enable it to form a government. This system is
usually unstable government because different ideologies and
coalition government is unable to sustain power for long, thus not
permitting continuity of policies. This system also care about
minority interest.
5. State and explain any three (3) types of interest group.

Interest groups can be categorized in a variety of ways. They

can be seen in terms of their organizational degree (peak
associations vs. membership associations), their structure
(traditional associations vs. spontaneous and unconventional
initiatives and movements), their legal forms, or their motivational
character. They don't seek to win elections and form
government. They are also known as Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs).
First type of interest group is institutional groups.
Institutional groups are those groups which are within the
government and attempt to exert influence or pressure through the
machinery of the government itself. In other words, they act
internally (through negotiation and dialogue) to influence public
decisions or policies or to defend their own interests. These are
relatively well-structured, formal enduring organizations with stable
membership, clear objectives and in-depth knowledge of all the
sectors of government and their clients. They are established for
purposes other than political activity. As they are part of
government departments or agencies, they are politically neutral.
Public sector unions (like CUEPACS), the Military (Army, Air Force
and the Navy), the Police, the Bureaucracy and Universities are the
clearest examples of institutional groups.

Second type of interest groups is Associational groups. These

are formally organized groups which articulate the shared interests
of their members over long periods of time and try to achieve the
specific and particular objectives of their members. They are also
called promotional or protective or functional or
professional groups. Associational groups promote economic and
vocational interests, pubic interest or single issues or protect and
safeguard the interests of their members. Trade unions, business
and commercial associations, trade associations, consumer
associations, professional bodies, etc., are prime examples of this
type of group. Their unique character is that they represent a
section of society like, workers (both public and private sector),
consumers, employers, farmers, fishermen, miners, professionals,
home owners, pensioners, etc. Some examples of associational
groups in Malaysia are: Association of Banks in Malaysia (ABM);
Association of Private Hospitals; Bar Council Malaysia; Federation of
Malaysia Manufacturers (FMM); Malaysian Trade Union Congress
(MTUC); Malaysian Medical Association (MMA); Sahabat Alam
Malaysia (SAM); Malaysian Human Rights Society (HAKAM);
Consumer Association of Penang (CAP) ; FOMCA; Farmers
Association of Malaysia.

A third type of interest group is Non-Associational groups.

These are the complete opposite of associational interest groups.
They have no formal organization. They are composed of
individuals who feel close to others on the basis of class, race,
religion, culture or gender. They seldom act as coherent political
groups, but they are often regarded by others as if they represent
an interest even though they have no formal authorization to do so.
Although they may not currently be organized, they could become
powerfully organized political groups under right and
appropriate circumstances. These groups are present in every
society and at times they may form temporary, loosely- structured
organizations to plan and coordinate political activity in an informal
way with regard to a particular issue. They disappear when the issue
is longer pressing. However, if this group becomes more formalized
and enduring, it is changed into an associational interest group.
French Canadians, Protestants, Catholics, Muslims and Westerners,
Consumers, University students and Sport groups are examples.
6. Identify the concept of ‘ No party System’.

Concept of no party system is also same with single party

system because single political party forms the government and no
other parties are permitted to run candidates for election. In most
cases, parties other than the one in power are banned. Although
other political parties are sometimes allowed under a single-party
system, these other parties must subordinate themselves to the
dominant party and cannot function as an opposition. One-party
systems often arise from decolonization because one party has had
an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence
struggles.

7. Explain the five (5) conditions that must be met before

an individual can vote.

The conditions that must be met before an individual can vote

are, first is citizenship. The voters must has a citizenship because
it’s signifies loyalty towards his country. This will then influence the
voter’s sense of responsibility in the voting process.

Second condition is maturity. The level of maturity is

measured by age. Usually the country fixed the minimum age to
qualify as a voter as 18 and some 21 where these individuals are
considered capable of making wise and responsible decisions.

Third condition is register voter. Every citizen must register as

a voter as only a registered voter is allowed to vote.

Next condition is voluntarism. The act of voting is on a

voluntary basis in line with principle of democracy.

Lastly is compulsory voting. Some countries, however do

adhere to the principle of compulsory voting.
8. Explain any Five (5) merits of the Geographical
Representative system.

Representative system is a system of government

in which a small group is elected by the people during
a general election to act as their representatives in
making laws and conducting government. Geographical
representative system is one representative elected
from each district and the candidate with the largest
number of voter in a particular district is considered as
the winner in the election.