Louisiana Hazard Profiles

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Section 1 1 Introduction................................................................................................................1 2. Section 2 2 Drought Hazard Profile.............................................................................................1 2.1 Nature of the Hazard..............................................................................1 2.2 Disaster History.....................................................................................1 2.3 Probability of Occurrence and Magnitude.............................................2 2.4 Sources of nfor!ation..........................................................................2 3. Section 3 3 Earthquake Profile.....................................................................................................1 3.1 Nature of the Hazard..............................................................................1 3.2 Disaster History.....................................................................................1 3.3 Probability of Occurrence......................................................................" 3.4 Magnitude and ntensity........................................................................# 3." Sources of nfor!ation..........................................................................$ 4. Section 4 4 Flooding Hazard Profile............................................................................................1 4.1 Nature of the Hazard..............................................................................1 4.2 Disaster History.....................................................................................1 4.3 Probability of Occurrence and Magnitude.............................................3 4.4 Sources of nfor!ation..........................................................................3 5. Section 5 5 Hail tor! Hazard Profile...........................................................................................1 ".1 Nature of the Hazard..............................................................................1 ".2 Disaster History.....................................................................................1 ".3 Probability of Occurrence and Magnitude.............................................1 ".4 Se%erity..................................................................................................2 "." Sources of nfor!ation..........................................................................2 ". Section " " Hurricane Hazard Profile...........................................................................................1 #.1 Nature of the Hazard..............................................................................1 #.2 Disaster History ....................................................................................1 #.3 &re'uency of Occurrence and Magnitude............................................13 #.4 Sources of nfor!ation .......................................................................14 #. Section # # $and Failure Hazard Profile......................................................................................1 (.1 Nature of the Hazard .............................................................................1 (.2 Disaster History.....................................................................................2 (.3 )ate of Occurrence ...............................................................................2 (.4 Se%erity.................................................................................................." (." Sources of nfor!ation ........................................................................." i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
%. Section % % Se&ere 'inter 'eather Hazard Profile....................................................................1 $.1 Nature of the Hazard .............................................................................1 $.2 Disaster History ....................................................................................1 $.3 Probability of Occurrence and Se%erity ................................................1 $.4 Sources of nfor!ation .........................................................................2 (. Section ( ( )ornado Hazard Profile.............................................................................................1 *.1 Nature of the Hazard .............................................................................1 *.2 Disaster History.....................................................................................1 *.3 &re'uency of Occurrence and ntensity.................................................2 *.4 Sources of nfor!ation..........................................................................3 1*. Section 1* 1* 'ildfire Profile.....................................................................................................1 1+.1 Nature of the Hazard............................................................................1 1+.2 &re'uency of Occurrence ....................................................................1 1+.3 Magnitude ...........................................................................................2 1+.4 Sources of nfor!ation........................................................................2 11. Section 11 11 Da! and $e&ee Failure Hazard Profile..............................................................1 11.1 Nature of the Hazard ...........................................................................1 11.2 Disaster History ..................................................................................2 11.3 Se%erity ...............................................................................................2 11.4 Sources of nfor!ation........................................................................3 12. Section 12 12 Hazardou +aterial Hazard Profile..................................................................1 12.1 Nature of the Hazard ...........................................................................1 12.2 Disaster History ..................................................................................2 12.3 &re'uency of Occurrence ...................................................................." 12.4 Se%erity................................................................................................" 12." Sources of nfor!ation........................................................................# 13. Section 13 13 ,atural -iohazard Hazard Profile....................................................................1 13.1 Nature of the Hazard ...........................................................................1 13.2 Disaster History...................................................................................2 13.3 )ate of Occurrence and Se%erity ........................................................3 13.4 Sources of nfor!ation........................................................................$
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
+a. +a. 1/ H0drologic Drought...............................................................................................................3 +a. 2/ $oui iana Earthquake Hazard +a.......................................................................................3 +a. 3/ $oui iana 1**12ear Flood 3one .........................................................................................5 +a. 4/ 4ategor0 3 Hurricane Stor! Surge Inundation..................................................................3 +a. 5/ 4ategor0 5 Hurricane Stor! Surge Inundation..................................................................5 +a. "/ 4ategor0 3 Inland 'ind Deca0.............................................................................................# +a. #/ Hi torical Hurricane )rack 5 1%5112**1............................................................................11 +a. %/ $oui iana 4oa tal 6ulnera7ilit0 Inde8................................................................................3 +a. (/ $oui iana Hazardou +aterial Planning 3one ...............................................................3 +a. 1*/ 'e t ,ile Hu!an 4a e 5 2**2...........................................................................................5 )a7le )a7le 1/ Di .o ition of Hazard E&aluated in Preli!inar0 In&e tigation....................................1 )a7le 2/ Drought 4la ification Definition ....................................................................................1 )a7le 3/ Earthquake +agnitude 9 Inten it0 4o!.ari on..............................................................." )a7le 4/ ,u!7er of Pre idential Flood Declaration 70 Pari h....................................................2 )a7le 5/ )o. 1* ,ational Hail tor! E&ent 5 1((412***.................................................................1 )a7le "/ $oui iana Hurricane Hi toric Fact ...................................................................................( iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
)a7le #/ Saffir1Si!. on Hurricane Scale......................................................................................13 )a7le %/ Frequenc0 of Hurricane Pa ing 'ithin %* +ile of ,e: ;rlean 5 $oui iana.........13 )a7le (/ +ean <nnual Su7 idence 4oded 70 =eolog05 1(%511((1..............................................1 )a7le 1*/ +ean <nnual Su7 idence 4oded 70 Soil 5 1(%511((1..................................................1 )a7le 11/ )o. 2* State for ,u!7er of )ornadoe 5 Fatalitie 5 In>urie 5 and Da!age 5 1(5* to 1((4...........................................................................................................................2 )a7le 12/ Fu>ita )ornado +ea ure!ent Scale and Frequencie in $oui iana............................3 )a7le 13/ Fore t Fire and <cre -urned.......................................................................................1 )a7le 14/ )otal <cre -urned 70 +onth and 2ear.........................................................................2 )a7le 15/ Da! :ith E!ergenc0 <ction Plan 70 Hazard Potential............................................3 )a7le 1"/ $oui iana Hazardou +aterial 4o!.lain and S.ill 70 +onth5 2***12**2.............5 )a7le 1#/ ?e.orta7le 4o!!unica7le Di ea e in $oui iana5 1((%.............................................2 )a7le 1%/ ;ther Infectiou Di ea e in $oui iana5 1((#11(((......................................................# Figure &igure 1, Pea- .cceleration /ith 1+0 Probability of 12ceedance in "+ 3ears..............34" &igure 2, Ma5 of Ne/ Madrid Seis!ic 6one...................................................................34( &igure 3, Hail Stone Size in 7ouisiana ............................................................................"41 &igure 4, Hurricane 7ili )ainfall &oot5rint......................................................................#4* &igure ", Past 7ouisiana 8ornado 1%ents9 1*"+ to 1*##..................................................*41 &igure #, Pyrolysis :asoline S5ill Near ;aton )ouge9 March 1**(..............................1242 Figure 1/ 'orld Di tri7ution of Dengue5 4D4 1 2***.....................................................................#
i%
TABLE OF CONTENTS
<..endice .55endi2 . .55endi2 ; .55endi2 < .55endi2 D .55endi2 1 .55endi2 & .55endi2 : .55endi2 H .55endi2 .dditional 1arth'ua-e Hazard nfor!ation .dditional &lood Hazard nfor!ation .dditional Hailstor! Hazard nfor!ation .dditional Hurricane Hazard nfor!ation .dditional 7and &ailure Hazard nfor!ation .dditional 8ornado Hazard nfor!ation .dditional Da! and 7e%ee Hazard nfor!ation .dditional Hazardous Materials Hazard nfor!ation .dditional Natural ;iohazards nfor!ation
SECTION SEVE
1. Section 1 1 Introduction
Land Failure Hazard Profil
8he State of 7ouisiana has suffered innu!erable losses of li%es and 5ro5erty fro! natural hazards. =ith 4+ 5residential disaster declarations since 1*(29 the State has the fifth !ost declarations in the >nited States. Hurricanes9 floods9 and tornadoes9 a!ong other hazards9 ha%e challenged the State to de%elo5 /ays of reducing future da!ages fro! hazards. 8his docu!ent is a first ste5 to/ard the de%elo5!ent of a co!5rehensi%e 5lan for da!age 5re%ention. .s re'uired by federal regulations under the Disaster Mitigation .ct of 2+++9 the hazard 5rofiles contained in this docu!ent 5ro%ide an o%er%ie/ of the natural hazards and technological and other hazards that can affect 7ouisiana. n this re5ort9 natural hazards include those caused by naturally occurring cli!atological9 geological9 hydrologic9 or seis!ic e%ents9 /hile technological and other hazards include those that are created or hea%ily influenced by hu!an actions. 8he hazard 5rofiles 5resented include infor!ation on the li-elihood of occurrence9 5ossible !agnitude or intensity9 areas of the State that can be affected ?!a5s are included /here a55ro5riate@9 and conditions that influence the !anifestation of the hazard. =ith this infor!ation9 the State of 7ouisiana can assess the StateAs %ulnerability to hazards in ter!s of casualties and 5ro5erty da!age and include its findings in the State Hazard Mitigation Plan. 8he hazards 5rofiled /ere selected in 5art fro! a co!5rehensi%e list of hazards found in the 1**( Multi4Hazard dentification and )is- .ssess!ent, . <ornerstone of the National Mitigation Strategy by the &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency ?&1M.@. 8his docu!ent ser%ed as a source of 5reli!inary in%estigation to eli!inate fro! further consideration hazards that are not significant threats to 7ouisiana. 8able 1 lists the broad range of hazards e%aluated and describes the dis5osition of the 5reli!inary in%estigation.
Table 1: Disposition of Hazards Evaluated in Preliminary Investigation

Natural Climatic and Hazard <oastal 1rosion Drought 1arth'ua-e 125ansi%e Soil 12tre!e Su!!er =eather &lood Hailstor! Hurricane ?8ro5ical <yclone@ 7and Subsidence 7andslide Se%ere =inter Stor! Sno/ .%alanche Stor! Surge eologic Hazards Disposition ncluded in B7and &ailure Hazard ProfileC Profiled in BDrought Hazard ProfileC Profiled in B1arth'ua-e Hazard ProfileC Not a significant threat and therefore is not 5rofiled Occurs in 7ouisiana9 but is not considered a significant threat in co!5arison to other significant cli!atic e%ents and therefore is not 5rofiled Profiled in B&looding Hazard ProfileC Profiled in BHailstor!sC Profiled in BHurricane Hazard ProfileC Profiled in B7and &ailure Hazard ProfileC Not a significant threat and therefore is not 5rofiled Profiled in BSe%ere =inter Stor! Hazard ProfileC Not a significant threat and therefore is not 5rofiled ncluded in BHurricane Hazard ProfileC
SECTION SEVE
Natural Climatic and 8hunderstor! and 7ightning 8ornado 8suna!i 1%ent Dolcano =ildfire =indstor! eologic Hazards
Land Failure Hazard Profil
Table 1: Disposition of Hazards Evaluated in Preliminary Investigation

Occur in 7ouisiana9 but are not considered a significant threat in co!5arison to other significant cli!atic e%ents and therefore are not 5rofiled Profiled in B8ornado Hazard ProfileC Not a significant threat and therefore is not 5rofiled Not a significant threat and therefore is not 5rofiled Profiled in B=ildfire Hazard ProfileC Occur in 7ouisiana9 but is not considered a significant threat in co!5arison to other significant cli!atic e%ents li-e hurricanes and tornadoes9 and therefore is not 5rofiled Tec!nological and "t!er Hazards Hazard Hazardous Material Natural ;iohazard Nuclear &acilities Da!s and 7e%ees Disposition Profiled in BHazardous Materials Hazard ProfileC Profiled in BNatural ;iohazards ProfileC ncluded BHazardous Materials Hazard ProfileC Profiled in BDa!s and 7e%ees ProfileC
.ccordingly9 12 hazards are 5rofiled in this docu!ent, natural hazards9 including drought9 earth'ua-e9 flood9 hailstor!9 hurricane9 land failure9 se%ere /inter stor!s9 tornado9 /ildfires9 and technological and other hazards9 da!s and le%ees9 hazardous !aterials9 and natural biohazards.
SECTION SEVENTWO
2. Section 2 2 Drought Hazard Profile
Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile
2.1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
Drought is a nor!al 5art of %irtually all cli!atic regi!es9 including areas /ith high and lo/ a%erage rainfall. Drought is the conse'uence of a natural reduction in the a!ount of 5reci5itation e25ected o%er an e2tended 5eriod of ti!e9 usually a season or !ore in length. Droughts can be classified as !eteorological9 hydrologic9 agricultural9 and socioecono!ic. 8able 2 belo/ 5resents definitions for these ty5es of droughts. Table #: Droug!t Classification Definitions
Term $eteorological Droug!t Definition 8he degree of dryness or de5arture of actual 5reci5itation fro! an e25ected a%erage or nor!al a!ount based on !onthly9 seasonal9 or annual ti!e scales. 8he effects of 5reci5itation shortfalls on strea!flo/s and reser%oir9 la-e9 and ground/ater le%els. Soil !oisture deficiencies relati%e to /ater de!ands of 5lant life9 usually cro5s. 8he effect of de!ands for /ater e2ceeding the su55ly as a result of a /eather4related su55ly shortfall.
Hydrologic Droug!t %gricultural Droug!t &ocioeconomic Droug!t
Source, Multi4Hazard dentification and )is- .ssess!ent, . <ornerstone of the National Mitigation Strategy9 &1M.
7ouisiana9 although featuring se%eral large /ater bodies9 thousands of !iles of ri%ers9 strea!s9 and bayous9 and thousands of acres of /etlands9 has e25erienced occasional drought conditions. Northern 5arishes9 es5ecially9 ha%e e25erienced agricultural droughts9 leading to se%ere soil4 !oisture decreases that ha%e had serious conse'uences for cro5 5roduction. 8he Mississi55i and .tchafalaya )i%ers are de5endent u5on rain that falls north of the StateE therefore9 droughts in other 5arts of the country can significantly reduce the flo/ of these ri%ers.
2.2
DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
8he 1*$$ drought in the u55er Mid/est and High Plains resulted in record lo/ ri%er stages in the lo/er Mississi55i9 e%en though rainfall in 7ouisiana /as abo%e nor!al for that year. =ater/ay traffic along the Mississi55i and .tchafalaya )i%ers /as brought to a near4standstill for se%eral /ee-s9 and /ater su55lies for se%eral ri%er4de5endent 5arishes /ere threatened by lo/ flo/s and salt4/ater intrusion. Historical re%ie/ indicates that a highly significant relationshi5 e2ists bet/een southern 7ouisiana 5reci5itation and the establish!ent of 7a NiFa /eather 5atterns. 7a NiFa9 characterized by unusually cold ocean te!5eratures in the Pacific9 can bring abnor!ally /ar! and dry /eather conditions to 7ouisiana. &or e2a!5le9 during the !id41**$ to 2+++ 5eriod9 the State shifted to a drier /eather 5attern. 8he year 2+++ /as the driest /inter in o%er 1++ years. 1
SECTION SEVENTWO
During about $+ 5ercent of 5ast significant 7a NiFa occurrences9 /inter and s5ring rainfall has been belo/ nor!al.
2.3
P?;-<-I$I)2 ;F ;44@??E,4E <,D +<=,I)@DE
Ma5 1 sho/s the national %ariations of the Guly to Ganuary !ean ri%er and strea! flo/ infor!ation !aintained by the >nited States :eological Sur%ey ?&1M.9 1**(@. 8he southern half of the State of 7ouisiana9 sho/n in light yello/9 re5resents strea! flo/s greater than 2 cubic feet 5er second 5er s'uare !ile. ndicati%e of the regionAs high 5reci5itation9 lo/ e%a5otrans5iration9 and lo/ runoff 5otential due to a %ery flat9 lo/4lying to5ogra5hy9 ho/e%er9 ri%ers and strea!s in the northern and /estern 5arts of the state ha%e lo/er !ean flo/s. 8he Guly to Ganuary !ean !onthly flo/ /ith non4e2ceedance 5robability of +.+" /as selected as the threshold to characterize hydrologic drought. 8he Guly to Ganuary !ean !onthly strea! flo/ /ill be less than this %alue9 on a%erage9 once in 2+ years. 8here is no co!!only acce5ted return 5eriod or non4e2ceedance 5robability for defining the ris- fro! hydrologic droughts that is analogous to the 1++4year or 1 5ercent annual chance flood. =hile 7ouisiana has suffered agricultural droughts in its northern 5arishes9 droughts of such !agnitude that they re'uire urban and suburban /ater restrictions are rare.
2.4
S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
1n%iron!ental Ne/s Net/or- Staff. <NN. .5ril 249 2+++. La Nia leaves states high and dry. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.cnn.co!H2+++HN.8>)1H+4H24Hla.nina.drought.ennH. &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 1*((. Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A !ornerstone of the National Mitigation "trategy. 7ouisiana Office of 1!ergency Pre5aredness. 2++1. "tate of Louisiana Hazard Mitigation #lan.
SECTION SEVENTWO
+a. 1/ H0drologic Drought
SECTION SEVENTWO
SECTION SEVENTWO
3. Section 3 3 Earthquake Profile
3.1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
.n earth'ua-e is a sudden !otion or tre!bling of the earth caused by an abru5t release of stored energy in the roc-s beneath the earthAs surface. 8he roc-s that !a-e u5 the earthAs crust are %ery brittle. =hen stresses due to underground tectonic forces e2ceed the strength of the roc-s9 they /ill abru5tly brea- a5art or shift along e2isting faults. 8he energy released fro! this 5rocess results in %ibrations -no/n as seis!ic /a%es that are res5onsible for the tre!bling and sha-ing of the ground during an earth'ua-e. .lthough 7ouisiana lies in an area of lo/ seis!ic ris-9 a nu!ber of earth'ua-es ha%e occurred in the State o%er the last 2++ years. 8hese earth'ua-es ha%e had t/o distinct sources, a syste! of subsidence faults ?also -no/s as Bgro/th faultsC@ in southern 7ouisiana9 and the Ne/ Madrid seis!ic zone to the north of 7ouisiana. Most of these earth'ua-es /ere of lo/ !agnitude and occurred infre'uently. 8he syste! of subsidence faults in southern 7ouisiana sho/n on Ma5 2 de%elo5ed due to accelerated land subsidence and ra5id sedi!ent de5osition fro! the Mississi55i )i%er. 8he syste! stretches across the southern 5ortion of the State of 7ouisiana fro! ;eauregard Parish in the east to St. 8a!!any Parish in the /est9 and includes e%ery Parish to the south of this line. 8his syste! is thought to be res5onsible for !any of the recorded earth'ua-es fro! 1$43 to the 5resent ?see .55endi2 .@. .ll of the earth'ua-es that occurred o%er this 5eriod of ti!e /ere of lo/ !agnitude9 resulting !ostly in li!ited 5ro5erty da!age I i.e.9 bro-en /indo/s9 da!aged chi!neys9 and crac-ed 5laster. =hile faults throughout the north/estern 5arishes of 7ouisiana9 de5icted in green on Ma5 29 are thought to be inacti%e9 the Ne/ Madrid seis!ic zone lies Just to the north of 7ouisiana and originates in the region of Ne/ Madrid9 Missouri. 8he !agnitude of 5ast earth'ua-es originating in the Ne/ Madrid seis!ic zone is far greater that anything generated by the subsidence fault syste! in coastal 7ouisiana. 8herefore9 a significant seis!ic e%ent fro! the Ne/ Madrid seis!ic zone is !ore li-ely to ha%e a greater i!5act on 7ouisiana not only because of the greater !agnitude of the earth'ua-e9 but also because of the 5ro2i!ity of 7ouisiana to the seis!ic zone.
3.2
DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
. nu!ber of earth'ua-es ha%e occurred o%er the 5ast 2++ years9 43 of /hich /ere recorded by the >.S. :eological Sur%ey ?>S:S@ ?see .55endi2 .@. Most of these earth'ua-es /ere %ery !inor. Ma5 2 sho/s the location of all felt historical earth'ua-es during this 5eriod. 8he t/o !ost significant historic earth'ua-es in 7ouisiana /ere the Ne/ Madrid earth'ua-es ?1$114 1$12@ and the 1*3+ earth'ua-e in Donaldson%ille in southern 7ouisiana /hich !easured 4.2 on the )ichter scale. 8he Ne/ Madrid earth'ua-e /as one of the largest earth'ua-e e%ents e%er to occur in the >nited States. Occurring near Ne/ Madrid9 Missouri9 fro! Dece!ber 1#9 1$119 to &ebruary (9 1$129 a nu!ber of earth'ua-es originated in this region9 /ith the three strongest earth'ua-es thought to ha%e !agnitudes bet/een $.4 and $.( on the )ichter scale. 8he strongest tre!ors /ere felt fro! 1
SECTION SEVENTWO
+a. 2/ $oui iana Earthquake Hazard +a.
SECTION SEVENTWO
Ne/ Orleans to Kuebec and the course of the Mississi55i )i%er /as 5er!anently changed. 8he aftershoc-s /ent on for !ore than " years after the initial series of earth'ua-es. 8he largest recorded earth'ua-e e%ent in 7ouisiana occurred in Donaldson%ille on October 1*9 1*3+. 8he earth'ua-e /as felt o%er a 1"9+++4s'uare4!ile area of southeastern 7ouisiana. 8he to/ns that suffered the !ost da!age /ere Donaldson%ille9 :onzales9 Na5oleon%ille9 and =hite <astle. 8here /ere re5orts of da!aged bric- chi!neys9 bro-en /indo/s9 and o%erturned s!all obJects. Other to/ns affected /ere Morgan <ity9 &ran-lin9 1le!ans9 ;er/ic-9 and Pla'ue!ine. 8hese to/ns re5orted doors and /indo/s rattling9 houses crea-ing9 and hanging obJects s/inging.
3.3
P?;-<-I$I)2 ;F ;44@??E,4E
&igure 1 also dis5lays the 5robability of e2ceeding a certain ground !otion9 e25ressed as 5eaground acceleration ?P:.@. 8his 5articular !a5 sho/s the 1+0 5robability of e2ceeding nor!al ground !otion in "+ years. 8his translates to a 1 in 4(" chance of nor!al ground !otion being e2ceeded by the a!ount sho/n on the !a5 annually. 8he southern half of the state has the lo/est P:. in the state of 1 5ercent gra%ity ?10g@. Only the northeastern 5art of the state has a P:. of 30gL'uite lo/ /hen co!5ared to the Ne/ Madrid Seis!ic 6one9 /hich has a P:. as
Figure 1/ Peak <cceleration :ith 1*A Pro7a7ilit0 of E8ceedance in 5* 2ear B@S=SC
"
SECTION SEVENTWO
high as 4+0. t is i!5ortant to note that this !a5 e25resses a 1+0 5robabilityE there is a *+0 5ercent chance that nor!al ground !otions /ill not be e2ceeded.
3.4
+<=,I)@DE <,D I,)E,SI)2
8here are se%eral different /ays to e25ress the se%erity of an earth'ua-e. 8he t/o !ost co!!on are !agnitude9 /hich is the !easure of the a!5litude of the seis!ic /a%e and is e25ressed by the )ichter scale9 and intensity9 /hich is a !easure of ho/ strong the shoc- /as felt at a 5articular location9 e25ressed by the Modified Mercalli ntensity ?MM @ scale. 8he )ichter scale re5resents a logarith!ic !easure!ent /here an increase in the scale by one /hole nu!ber re5resents a tenfold increase in !easured a!5litude of the earth'ua-e. 8able 3 sho/s the rough correlation bet/een the )ichter scale9 Pea- :round .cceleration ?P:.@9 and MM . 8he relationshi5 bet/een P:.9 !agnitude9 and intensity are9 at best9 a55ro2i!ate9 and also de5end u5on such s5ecifics as the distance fro! the e5icenter and de5th of the e5icenter. Table ': Eart!(ua)e $agnitude * Intensity Comparison
P % + in ,gM+.1( +.1( 4 1.4 $agnitude +.ic!ter1.+ 4 3.+ 3.+ 4 3.* Intensity +$$IDescription +$$II. Not felt e2ce5t by a %ery fe/ under es5ecially fa%orable conditions. 4 II. &elt only by a fe/ 5ersons at rest9 es5ecially on u55er floors of buildings. III. &elt 'uite noticeably by 5ersons indoors9 es5ecially on u55er floors of buildings. Many 5eo5le do not recognize it as an earth'ua-e. Standing !otor cars !ay roc- slightly. Dibrations si!ilar to the 5assing of a truc-. Duration esti!ated. 1.4 4 *.2 4.+ 4 4.* D4D I/. &elt indoors by !any9 outdoors by fe/ during the day. .t night9 so!e a/a-ened. Dishes9 /indo/s9 doors disturbedE /alls !a-e crac-ing sound. Sensation li-e hea%y truc- stri-ing building. Standing !otor cars roc- noticeably. /. &elt by nearly e%eryoneE !any a/a-ened. So!e dishes9 /indo/s bro-en. >nstable obJects o%erturned. Pendulu! cloc-s !ay sto5. *.2 4 34 ".+ 4 ".* D 4D /I. &elt by all9 !any frightened. So!e hea%y furniture !o%edE a fe/ instances of fallen 5laster. Da!age slight. /II. Da!age negligible in buildings of good design and constructionE slight to !oderate in /ell4built ordinary structuresE considerable da!age in 5oorly built or badly designed structuresE so!e chi!neys bro-en.
SECTION SEVENTWO
P % + in ,g34 4 124 $agnitude +.ic!ter#.+ 4 #.* Intensity +$$ID 4 N
Table ': Eart!(ua)e $agnitude * Intensity Comparison

Description +$$I/III. Da!age slight in s5ecially designed structuresE considerable da!age in ordinary substantial buildings /ith 5artial colla5se. Da!age great in 5oorly built structures. &all of chi!neys9 factory stac-s9 colu!ns9 !onu!ents9 /alls. Hea%y furniture o%erturned. I0. Da!age considerable in s5ecially designed structuresE /ell4 designed fra!e structures thro/n out of 5lu!b. Da!age great in substantial buildings9 /ith 5artial colla5se. ;uildings shifted off foundations. O124 (.+ and higher /III or higher 0. So!e /ell4built /ooden structures destroyedE !ost !asonry and fra!e structures destroyed /ith foundations. )ails bent. 0I. &e/9 if any ?!asonry@ structures re!ain standing. ;ridges destroyed. )ails bent greatly. 0II. Da!age total. 7ines of sight and le%el are distorted. ObJects thro/n into the air.
Source, =ald9 D.9 et al.9 B)elationshi5 bet/een Pea- :round .cceleration9 Pea- :round Motion9 and Modified Mercalli ntensity in <alifornia.C
De%elo5ed by the <entral >nited States 1arth'ua-e <onsortiu! ?<>S1<@9 &igure 2 de5icts a hy5othetical earth'ua-e in the Ne/ Madrid region /ith a !agnitude of MM D 9 si!ilar to the !agnitude of the 1$1141$12 Ne/ Madrid earth'ua-es. .n earth'ua-e at this !agnitude /ould be felt in the northern reaches of 7ouisiana at a !agnitude of MM D . .ccording to 8able 39 earth'ua-es at this !agnitude /ould be felt by all9 !o%e hea%y furniture9 and cause slight da!age. =ith a history of strong tre!ors originating fro! the Ne/ Madrid seis!ic zone reaching into northern 5ortions of the State and an acti%e fault syste! and 5ast earth'ua-es in the southern half of the State9 the e%idence indicates that the !ost se%ere earth'ua-es in the state are !ost li-ely to occur to the %ery north ?near the .r-ansas 4 Mississi55i border@ Figure 2/ +a. of ,e: +adrid Sei !ic 3one ho:ing :here a h0.othetical !agnitude % B6IIIC earthquake :ould 7e felt and at and to the south ?near the coast@.
:hat !agnitude B4@SE4C.
SECTION SEVENTWO
3.5
S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
;olt9 ;... 1*($. $arth%uakes A #rimer. San &rancisco9 <., =.H. &ree!an and <o!5any. <entral >nited States 1arth'ua-e <onsortiu!. Ne& Madrid "eismic 'one. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.cusec.orgHSPzonesHNMS6Hn!szPho!e.ht!. <off!an9 G. 7.9 <. .. %on Ha-e9 and <. =. Sto%er ?eds.@. 1*$2. $arth%uake History of the (nited "tates. =ashington9 D.<., >.S. De5art!ent of <o!!erce9 National Oceanic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration9 and >.S. De5art!ent of the nterior9 :eological Sur%ey. 2+$ 55. !ommunity Internet Intensity) ("*" Modified Mercalli Intensity) and Instrumental Intensity. 1***. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///4socal./r.usgs.go%Hcii!H5ubsHcii!Hnode".ht!l. &ran-el9 ..D.9 M.D. Petersen9 <.S. Mueller9 Q.M. Haller9 ).7. =heeler9 1.D. 7eyendec-er9 ).7. =esson9 S.<. Har!sen9 <.H. <ra!er9 D.M. Per-ins9 and Q.S. )u-stales. 2++2. +ocumentation for the ,--, (.date of the National "eismic Hazard Ma.s. >.S. :eological Sur%ey9 O5en &ile )e5ort +2442+. Montgo!ery9 <.=. 1*$*. /undamentals of *eology. Dubu'ue9 ., =!. <. ;ro/n Publishers. Ste%enson9 D... and ).P. Mc<ulloh. 2++1. $arth%uakes in Louisiana. Public nfor!ation Series No. (9 ;aton )ouge, 7ouisiana :eological Sur%ey9 $ 55. =ald9 D.9 et al. 1***. Relationshi. 0et&een #eak *round Acceleration) #eak *round Motion9 and Modified Mercalli Intensity in !alifornia. 1arth'ua-e S5ectra9 %. 1"9 5. ""( I "#4.
SECTION SEVENTWO
4. Section 4 4 Flooding Hazard Profile
4.1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
. flood is a natural e%ent for ri%ers and strea!s. 12cess /ater fro! sno/!elt9 rainfall9 or stor! surge accu!ulates and o%erflo/s onto the ban-s and adJacent flood5lains 44 lo/lands adJacent to ri%ers9 la-es9 and oceans that are subJect to recurring floods. =hile !any flood5lain boundaries are !a55ed by &1M.As National &lood nsurance Progra! ?N& P@ !a55ing 5rogra!9 floods so!eti!es go beyond the !a55ed flood5lains or change courses due to natural 5rocesses ?e.g.9 accretion9 erosion9 sedi!entation9 etc.@ or hu!an de%elo5!ent ?e.g.9 filling in flood5lain or flood/ay areas9 or increased i!5er%iousness /ithin the /atershed fro! ne/ de%elo5!ent@. &lood5lains in the >.S. are ho!e to o%er nine !illion households. Most inJuries and deaths occur /hen 5eo5le are s/e5t a/ay by flood currents9 and !ost 5ro5erty da!age results fro! inundation by sedi!ent and debris4filled /ater. Hundreds of floods occur each year9 !a-ing flooding one of the !ost co!!on hazards in all "+ states and >.S. territories. &looding is a 5otential threat in %irtually e%ery section of 7ouisiana and is 7ouisianaAs !ost 5re%alent and 5er%asi%e natural hazard threat. 7ouisiana is located along the southern!ost 5art of the Mississi55i )i%er ;asin9 /hich has the largest drainage of any basin in North .!erica. 8he StateAs sub4tro5ical cli!ate has the 5otential for 5roducing hea%y rainfalls during any ti!e of the year. )ains of u5 to 1+ inches in a 24day 5eriod are not rare and are ca5able of 5roducing considerable flooding. 8he !aJor source of !oisture is the :ulf of Me2ico9 fro! /hich su!!er thunderstor! syste!s9 tro5ical stor!s9 and hurricanes can bring intense rainfall. Mean annual 5reci5itation decreases to the /est and north9 /ith the north/est corner of the state recei%ing an a%erage of 4$ inches annually9 in contrast to the delta area in southeastern 7ouisiana recei%ing an a%erage of about #4 inches of 5reci5itation annually and the north/est corner of the State recei%ing an annual a%erage of 4$ inches. &looding along the Mississi55i and .tchafalaya )i%ers results !ore often fro! u5strea! runoff rather than local rainfall ?7O1P9 2++1@. MaJor flooding on these /ater/ays can ha%e serious i!5acts on ri%er and barge traffic9 es5ecially along the Mississi55i9 /here cargo handling at the Port of Ne/ Orleans is a !aJor industry for 7ouisiana. &urther!ore9 the 5roliferation of ri%erboat casinos along the ri%er !ay ha%e re5ercussions for e!ergency res5onse o5erations. &lood stage le%els that trigger e!ergency res5onse !ay need to be adJusted to allo/ additional ti!e for res5onders to deal /ith additional traffic9 5otential 5ro5erty da!age9 and the tourist 5o5ulation at ris-. O%er the 5ast century9 there has been an a55arent increase in large rainstor!s and resultant flooding associated /ith frontal acti%ity9 5articularly in the late /inter and s5ring ?7O1P9 2++1@. &re'uent flooding is of 5articular concern in areas of acti%e gro/th and de%elo5!ent.
4.2
DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
7ouisiana has e25erienced se%eral se%ere flooding e%ents. n fact9 of the 4+ 5residential declarations recei%ed by 7ouisiana since 1*#"9 22 ha%e resulted fro! flood da!ages. 8able 4 sho/s the total nu!ber of declarations recei%ed by 5arishes affected by declared flood disasters. .55endi2 ; 5resents this infor!ation by the date of the declarations. 1
SECTION SEVENTWO
Paris! St. 8a!!any .scension 7a Salle 7i%ingston )a5ides St. Martin <ald/ell <atahoula 1ast ;aton )ouge &ran-lin ber%ille Gefferson 7afayette 7afourche Orleans Pointe <ou5ee 8angi5ahoa Der!ilion .ssu!5tion ;eauregard :rant Natchitoches Source, 7O1P
Table 1: Number of Presidential 2lood Declarations by Paris!

Total * $ $ $ $ $ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( # # # # Paris! Ouachita )ichland St. ;ernard St. <harles 8errebonne .%oyelles ;ien%ille <alcasieu 1ast &eliciana Morehouse =ashington =ebster .llen ;ossier <addo <laiborne <oncordia 7incoln St. Ga!es St. Gohn the St. 7andry Total # # # # # " " " " " " " 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Paris! St. Mary >nion Dernon =est <arroll =inn beria Gefferson Da%is Madison )ed )i%er Sabine =est &eliciana .cadia <a!eron De Soto 1ast <arroll Gac-son St. Helena 8ensas =est ;aton 1%angeline Pla'ue!ines Total 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
One significant flood occurred in .5ril 1*$39 /hen rain fell at a rate of about 1 inch 5er hour. . frontal syste! fro! the :ulf of Me2ico brought /ar!9 !oist air inland9 5roducing intense thunderstor!s that 5roduced as !uch as 1( inches in " days in 5arts of southeastern 7ouisiana. ;ecause soils /ere already saturated before the stor!s9 strea!s e25erienced intense runoff9 e2ceeding the 1++4year flood in !any areas. Strea!flo/ gauges !onitored by the >S:S sho/ed that 1$1 of 4*1 gauges recorded 5ea- discharges9 and "+ sites had their greatest recorded discharges /ith 2+ of these e'ualing or e2ceeding the 1++4year flood. n May 1**+9 torrential rains 5roduced flooding along the ri%ers in 7ouisiana9 causing o%er R1.+ billion in da!age costs. .nother large stor! syste! in May 1**" brought rains9 hail9 and tornadoes that crossed !uch of southeast 7ouisiana and the Ne/ Orleans area. ;et/een 1+ and 2" inches of rain fell in " days9 resulting in R".+ 4 R#.+ billion in da!ages9 32 deaths9 and disaster declarations for 12 5arishes ?see .55endi2 ;@. n Gune 2++19 re!nants of 8ro5ical Stor! .llison !o%ed across 7ouisiana9 causing se%ere flooding throughout 7ouisiana. 8housands of ho!es /ere flooded9 and innu!erable streets /ere !ade i!5assable. 8he e%ent brought u5 to 3+ inches of rain in so!e areas. 8he hea%y rainfall caused the ;ogue &alaya )i%er at <o%ington9 St. 8a!!any Parish9 to e2ceed flood stage for se%eral days9 cresting t/ice /ith near4record flooding9 threatening le%ees and 5roducing !aJor flooding. n St. Gohn the ;a5tist Parish9 a le%ee bro-e along ;ayou Manchac9 flooding road/ays and cutting off access to !any houses. MaJor flooding occurred on the lo/er 5ortions of the .!ite and <o!ite )i%ers9 /ith the highest /aters le%els obser%ed since 1*$3. .ll told9 the flooding caused nearly R3+ !illion in da!ages9 resulting in disaster declarations for 2( 5arishes ?see .55endi2 ;@.
SECTION SEVENTWO
4.3
P?;-<-I$I)2 ;F ;44@??E,4E <,D +<=,I)@DE
&lood studies identify flood5lain areas and associate 5ossible flood ele%ations in the flood5lains /ith 5robabilities of occurrence. :enerally9 floods /ith higher flood stages ha%e lo/er chances of occurring. Minor flooding is %irtually a yearly occurrence for a nu!ber of ri%ers and tributaries9 but !aJor floods also occur regularly in 7ouisiana. Ma5 3 sho/s the e2tent of 1++4 year flood5lains in 7ouisiana ?2( of the #4 5arishes ha%e no K3 digital flood5lain data9 and therefore9 ha%e no 1++4flood zones de5icted. 1ast &eliciana and Gac-son 5arishes do not 5artici5ate in the N& P@. O%er 2(0 of land in 7ouisiana9 5articularly the southern 5arishes9 lies /ithin 1++4year flood5lainsLflood5lains /ith a 10 chance on a%erage of being inundated in any gi%en year.
4.4
S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
7ouisiana Office of 1!ergency Pre5aredness. 2++1. "tate of Louisiana Hazard Mitigation #lan. 7ouisiana Office of 1!ergency Pre5aredness. 2++2. +isaster History !hart) 1234-,--,. OANeal9 <indy. 7ouisiana State &lood5lain <oordinator. 8ele5hone inter%ie/. &ebruary 2++3. Stone9 )oy ;. and ).H. ;ingha!. 1**1. /loods of +ecem0er 125, to May 1256 in the !entral and "outhern Mississi..i River and the *ulf of Me7ico 8asins. >nited States :eological Sur%ey =ater4Su55ly Pa5er 23#2. >nited States :eological Sur%ey9 >.S. De5art!ent of the nterior. Stor! 1%ents Database. National <li!atic Data <enter. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///4.ncdc.noaa.go%Hcgi4/inH//cgi.dllS//1%entTStor!s. >nited States :eological Ser%ice. "ummary of "ignificant /loods in the (nited "tates) #uerto Rico) and the 9irgin Islands) 12:- through 1252 "ummary of "ignificant /loods) 12:- through 1252) 0y "tate or ;erritory. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH-s./aterHusgs.go%HQansasH5ubsHre5ortsH/s5.2"+2.la.ht!l.
SECTION SEVENTWO
+a. 3/ $oui iana 1**12ear Flood 3one
"
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SECTION SEVENTWO
5. Section 5 5 Hail tor! Hazard Profile
5.1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
Hailstor!s are se%ere thunderstor!s in /hich chun-s of ice fall along /ith rain. Hail de%elo5s in the u55er at!os5here9 as ice crystals are bounced about by high %elocity u5draft /inds and accu!ulate frozen dro5lets9 falling after de%elo5ing enough /eight. 8he size of hailstones %aries and is a direct conse'uence of the se%erity and size of the thunderstor!Lthe higher the te!5eratures at the 1arthAs surface9 the greater the strength of the u5drafts and the a!ount of ti!e hailstones are sus5ended. Hailstor!s generally occur !ore fre'uently during the late s5ring and early su!!er9 a 5eriod of e2tre!e %ariation bet/een ground surface te!5eratures and Jet strea! te!5eratures9 5roducing the strong u5draft /inds needed for hail de%elo5!ent.
5.2
DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
Table 3: Top 14 National Hailstorm Events5 16617#444
.an) 1. 2. 3. 4. ". #. (. 9: *. 1+. Date Primary 8ocation 8oss %mount R1.(3 billion R*2* !illion R#"$ !illion R"(2 !illion R"42 !illion R3*4 !illion R3$1 !illion <'3' million R33* !illion R2*+ !illion
. stor! on .5ril 229 1**"9 brought hailstones as large as 4." inches in dia!eter and caused about R"+ !illion in 5ro5erty da!ages to the Shre%e5ort !etro5olitan area9 including ;ossier and <addo Parishes ?see &igure 3@.
"41"4*$ Minn.4St. Paul9 MN "4"4*" &t. =orth9 8N 441*4*# ndiana5olis9 N "41$4++ <hicago suburbs9 7 442"4*4 Dallas4&t. =orth9 8N 44234** Northern Dirginia (4(4++ Minn.4St. Paul9 MN 17#'744 Ne; "rleans5 8% "434*# 7ouis%ille9 Q3 441#4*$ ;o/ling :reen9 Q3
Source, ;HS 2++2 .nnual <onference9 BHailstor! 7oss Database9C Po/erPoint Presentation9 No%e!ber 129 2++2
.s sho/n on 8able "9 on Ganuary 239 2+++9 a hailstor! caused significant da!age to 5ro5erty in the Ne/ Orleans !etro5olitan area9 including Gefferson9 Orleans9 and St. ;ernard Parishes. )anging fro! di!e to golf ball4size9 the hail da!aged roofs9 /indo/s9 and %ehicles9 resulting in nearly 429+++ ho!eo/ner and 3(9"++ auto insurance clai!s at an esti!ated cost of R3"3 !illion. 8he nstitute for ;uilding and Ho!e Safety ? ;HS@ identified this stor! as the eighth !ost da!aging stor! in the nation in the 5eriod fro! 1**4 to 2+++.
5.3
P?;-<-I$I)2 ;F ;44@??E,4E <,D +<=,I)@DE

1:3=
Figure 3/ Hail tone in $oui iana ha&e reached a large a 4.5D acro .
;et/een 1*"" and 2++29 7ouisiana e25erienced (*2 days /ith hailstor!s9 an
SECTION SEVENTWO
a%erage of 1( stor!s annually. 8he a%erage size of hailstones in 7ouisiana is 1.2( inches9 and the !edian size is 1.++ inch. State/ide9 there is a statistical chance of 130 on any gi%en day of ha%ing a hailstor! /ith hailstones of any size ?this re5resents a statistical 5robability calculated !athe!atically based on the occurrence of 5ast hailstor! e%ents9 not a 5robability founded on a cli!atological or !eteorological study@. 8here is an $.#"0 chance of ha%ing a hailstor! /ith hailstones at least 1 inch in dia!eter ?5robability by hailstone size and by 5arish is sho/n in .55endi2 <9 .dditional Hailstor! nfor!ation@.
5.4
SE6E?I)2
Hailstor!s can cause /ides5read da!age to ho!es and other structures9 auto!obiles9 and cro5s. =hile the da!age to indi%idual structures or %ehicles is often !inor9 the cu!ulati%e costs to co!!unities9 es5ecially across large !etro5olitan areas9 can be 'uite significant. 8he se%erity of hailstor!s de5ends on the size of hailstones9 the length of ti!e the stor! lasts9 and occurrence in de%elo5ed areas.
5.5
S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
7ouisiana De5art!ent of nsurance. Hailstorm +amage !laims !ontinue to #our in. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ///.ldi.state.la.usH5ublicPaffairsH5ressPreleasesHhailstor!Pda!agePclai!sP5ourPin.ht!. Stor! 1%ents Database. National <li!atic Data <enter9 National Oceanic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///4.ncdc.noaa.go%Hcgi4/inH//cgi.dllS//1%entTStor!s.
SECTION SEVENTWO
". Section " " Hurricane Hazard Profile
".1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
Hurricanes and tro5ical stor!s are large4scale syste!s of se%ere thunderstor!s that de%elo5 o%er tro5ical or subtro5ical /aters and ha%e a defined9 organized circulation. Hurricanes ha%e a !a2i!u! sustained ?!eaning 14!inute a%erage@ surface /ind s5eed of at least (4 !5h9 and tro5ical stor!s ha%e /ind s5eeds fro! 3* to (4 !5h. 8he central :ulf of Me2ico coastline is a!ong the !ost hurricane45rone locations in the >.S. =hile the .tlantic ;asin hurricane season officially e2tends fro! Gune 1 to No%e!ber 3+9 7ouisiana has e25erienced stor!s as early as late May and has not e25erienced a stor! during the !onth of No%e!ber for !ore than 1++ years. 8he 5ea- of acti%ity occurs in Se5te!ber. Hurricanes and tro5ical cyclones get their energy fro! /ar! /aters and lose strength as the syste! crosses land. Hurricanes and tro5ical stor!s can bring se%ere /inds9 stor! surge flooding along coastal regions9 high /a%es9 coastal erosion9 e2tre!e rainfall9 thunderstor!s9 lightning9 inland flooding9 and tornadoes. .!ong these9 stor! surge9 an increase abo%e the nor!al astrono!ical high tide of tidally influenced bodies of /ater9 is 5erha5s the !ost threatening hurricane4related hazard to 7ouisiana. ntense stor!s /ith high /ind s5eeds and lo/ baro!etric 5ressures dri%e /ater across the coast9 increasing the ele%ation of /ater. Stor! surges inundate coastal flood5lains9 cause bac-/ater flooding through coastal ri%er !ouths9 and generate large /a%es that run u5 and flood coastal beaches. Ma5s 4 and " sho/ the large e25anse of land along southeastern 7ouisiana that can be affected by stor! surges of category 3 and category " hurricanes9 res5ecti%ely. 8he !a5s re5resent the cu!ulati%e stor! surges for hundreds of !odeled hy5othetical hurricane trac-sE no single hurricane e%ent /ould 5roduce the inundation 5attern de5icted in the !a5s. Shallo/ coastal bathy!etry increases the !agnitude of stor! surge. 8he coastal bathy!etry of southeastern 7ouisiana9 /ith its lo/9 flat to5ogra5hy and land surface ele%ations that in !any 5laces di5 belo/ sea le%el9 can e25erience stor! surges u5 to 1++ !iles inland. &urther!ore9 la-es along the coast9 na!ely9 7a-e Maure5as9 7a-e ;orgne9 and 7a-e Pontchartrain9 e2acerbate the effects of coastal flooding because of /a%e effects that can regenerate o%er inland la-es. .nother serious hurricane hazard for 7ouisiana is high /ind. Ma5 # de5icts the inland /ind decay of a category 3 hurricane as the eye ?the center of the hurricane around /hich stor! /inds s5iral@ !o%es inland at a for/ard s5eed of 12 -nots. 8he figure sho/s that all of 7ouisiana9 including its northern reaches9 can e25erience strong tro5ical stor!4 to hurricane4force /inds. <oastal and inland areas are both %ulnerable both to hurricane4s5a/ned tornadoes. So!e hurricanes and tro5ical stor!s ha%e enough !oisture to cause e2tensi%e flooding throughout the State9 often to the 1++4 or "++4year flood ele%ation.
".2
DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
;et/een 1$$# and 2++29 7ouisiana had 2( direct hurricane landfalls. t recei%ed 12 5residential declarations bet/een 1*#" and 2++2. Only four hurricanes ha%e !ade landfall as !aJor
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+a. 4/ 4ategor0 3 Hurricane Stor! Surge Inundation
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+a. 5/ 4ategor0 5 Hurricane Stor! Surge Inundation
"
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+a. "/ 4ategor0 3 Inland 'ind Deca0
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hurricanes of category 4 or " intensity ?see 8able (@ I unna!ed hurricanes in 1*+* and 1*1"9 Hurricane .udrey in 1*"(9 and Hurricane <a!ille in 1*#*. Ma5 ( de5icts hurricane trac-s that ha%e crossed 7ouisiana fro! 1$"1 to 2++19 and .55endi2 D 5resents infor!ation on 5ast hurricane and tro5ical stor! a%erage /ind s5eeds. 8able # 5resents !ore historical hurricane facts for the State of 7ouisiana.
Table >: 8ouisiana Hurricane Historic 2acts
2irst .ecorded &torm Se5te!ber 1(11 Earliest Tropical &torm .5ril +39 1$4# 8ongest period bet;een storms 1$ years ?Se5te!ber 1(22 4 Se5te!ber 1(4+@ &!ortest period bet;een storms 1+ days ?.ugust 229 1$(* 4 Se5te!ber +19 1$(*@ $ost storms in a single year 3 ?1$#+9 1*$"9 1**$@ Hig!est deat! total 29+++ ?October 1$*3@ Hig!est deat! total t!is century ""# ?.udrey9 Gune 1*"(@ $ost monetary damage R2" billion ?.ndre/9 .ugust 1**2@ $ost po;erful storm at landfall <a!ille9 .ugust 1*#* ?<ategory "@ Source, >S:S9 B1n%iron!ental .tlas of 7a-e Pontchartrain9C htt5,HH5ubs.usgs.go%HofH2++2Hof+242+#HH5hy4en%iron!entH
Hurricane ;etsy in .ugust 1*#" !ade landfall at :rand sle9 7ouisianaE bringing 1#+ !5h gusts and a 1".(4foot stor! surge that flooded the entire island. =inds gusted to 12" !5h in Ne/ Orleans and stor! surge /ith a height of *.$4foot caused !aJor flooding. Most of southeast 7ouisiana had /inds reaching 1++ !5h9 and areas inland as far as Monroe a had /inds e2ceeding #+ !5h. Offshore oil rigs9 5ublic utilities9 and co!!ercial boats all suffered se%ere da!age9 resulting in o%er R1 billion in disaster costs. &ifty4eight 5eo5le in the State lost their li%es. Hurricanes ha%e 5ro%en to be 7ouisianaAs costliest and deadliest natural 5heno!enon. .t least three stor!s ha%e 5roduced 2++ or !ore deaths9 including the stor! of 1$*39 in /hich roughly 2+++ li%es /ere lost. Hurricanes ;etsy in 1*#* and .ndre/ in 1**2 both created losses of about R1 billion. Most recently9 7ouisiana has recei%ed 5residential disaster declarations for 8ro5ical Stor! .llison in Gune 2++19 Hurricane sadore in Se5te!ber 2++19 and Hurricane 7ili in October 2++2 ?see B&lood Hazard ProfileC for !ore infor!ation about the 8ro5ical Stor! .llison e%ent@. Hurricane 7ili !ade landfall in 7ouisiana as a category 1 hurricane9 ha%ing dro55ed ra5idly fro! a category 4 Just before landfall. 8he hurricane caused 3 to " feet of stor! surge tides across !ost of coastal southeast 7ouisiana and 4 to ( feet across south 7afourche and 8errebonne 5arishes. 8he stor! surge o%erto55ed or breached se%eral locally built le%ees and flooded o%er 19+++ ho!es and businesses in 8errebonne Parish. .long 7a-e Pontchartrain and Maure5as9 the stor! flooded lo/4lying road/ays and structures. &igure 4 sho/s the rainfall foot5rint for Figure 4/ Hurricane $ili rainfall foot.rint Hurricane 7ili. 8he figure sho/s rain accu!ulation of u5 to 1+ inches after Hurricane 7ili !ade landfall o%er coastal B,<S<C. 7ouisiana and 5roceeded north/ard o%er the Mississi55i )i%er Dalley. *
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+a. #/ Hi torical Hurricane )rack 5 1%5112**1
11
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".3
F?EE@E,42 ;F ;44@??E,4E <,D +<=,I)@DE
Hurricane !agnitude is !easured on the Saffir4Si!5son hurricane scale9 sho/n in 8able (9 /hich categorizes hurricane !agnitude by /ind s5eeds and stor! surge abo%e nor!al sea le%els. Ho/e%er9 hurricanes and tro5ical stor!s9 e%en those of lo/ /ind strengths9 can also bring torrential rains9 causing e2tensi%e inland and coastal flooding. Table ?: &affir7&impson Hurricane &cale
Category @ind &peed (44*" !5h *#411+ !5h 111413+ !5h 13141"" !5h O 1"" !5h &torm &urge ?feet abo%e nor!al sea le%el@ 4-5 ft. #4$ ft. *412 ft. EApected Damage $inimal, Da!age is done 5ri!arily to shrubbery and trees9 unanchored !obile ho!es are da!aged9 so!e signs are da!aged9 no real da!age is done to structures. $oderate, So!e trees are to55led9 so!e roof co%erings are da!aged9 !aJor da!age is done to !obile ho!es. EAtensive, 7arge trees are to55led9 so!e structural da!age is done to roofs9 !obile ho!es are destroyed9 structural da!age is done to s!all ho!es and utility buildings. EAtreme, 12tensi%e da!age is done to roofs9 /indo/s9 and doorsE roof syste!s on s!all buildings co!5letely failE so!e curtain /alls fail. Catastrop!ic, )oof da!age is considerable and /ides5read9 /indo/ and door da!age is se%ere9 there are e2tensi%e glass failures and entire buildings could fail.
1 # '
1341$ ft.
O 1$ ft.
Source, >nderstanding 3our )is-s, dentifying Hazards and 1sti!ating 7osses. &1M.. 2++1.
7ouisiana has had four hurricanes of category 4 or ". .s 8able ( sho/s9 hurricanes of this !agnitude ha%e sustained /inds reaching u5 to 1"" !5h9 ha%e stor! surge heights u5 to 1$ feet9 and can cause e2tensi%e da!age to structures. .s 8able $ at right sho/s9 the fre'uency of 7ouisiana e25eriencing a category 4 hurricane is (+ years.
Table 9: 2re(uency of Hurricanes Passing @it!in 94 $iles of Ne; "rleans5 8ouisiana

Intensity <ategory 1 <ategory 2 <ategory 3 <ategory 4 <ategory " 2re(uency $ years 1* years 32 years (+ years 1$+ years
Source, >S:S9 B1n%iron!ental .tlas of 7a-e Pontchartrain9C htt5,HH5ubs.usgs.go%HofH2++2Hof+24 2+#HH5hy4en%iron!entH
Ma5s 4 and " de5icts sea9 la-e9 and o%erland surges fro! hurricanes ?S7OSH@ !odels run to identify areas of southern 7ouisiana that can be affected by stor! surge inundation in category 3 and category " hurricanes. S7OSH !odels re5resent the stor! surge of hundreds of si!ulated hurricanes9 ta-ing into account stor! /ind intensities9 for/ard s5eeds9 directions of !otion9 and radius of !a2i!u! /inds. 8he S7OSH !odels sho/ that !ost 5laces along the southern coastline and 1++ !iles inland can e25erience significant inundation de5ths. <ategory 3 stor!s 13
SECTION SEVENTWO
can bring de5ths u5 to 24 feet as far north as the <ity of Ne/ Orleans. <ategory " stor!s can 5roduce de5ths as high as 3# feet. Hurricane i!5act can be e%en !ore se%ere /hen co!bined /ith the ongoing9 but long4ter! 5heno!enon of coastal subsidence and the 5otential release of hazardous !aterials. )oads for e%acuation routes are sin-ing and9 in ti!e9 !ay be unusable in de%elo5ed areas during coastal stor!s. &urther!ore9 flooding fro! stor! surge can lead to da!age to hazardous !aterials facilities in the B5etroche!ical industrial corridorC bet/een Ne/ Orleans and ;aton )ouge. Da!aged 5i5elines or storage tan-s can lea- into stor! /aters and conta!inate surface /aters9 soil and ground/ater resources.
".4
S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
1arth Obser%atory9 National .eronautics and S5ace .d!inistration. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHearthobser%atory.nasa.go%HNaturalHazardsH naturalPhazardsP%2.5h53Si!gPidU"1#4. . rainfall !a55ing esti!ate based on N.S. and N.SD.As 8ro5ical )ainfall Measure!ent Mission ?8)MM@ satellite /as used to create the i!age of Hurricane 7iliAs rainfall foot5rint. &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 1**(. Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A !ornerstone of the National Mitigation "trategy. &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 2++1. (nderstanding <our Risks Identifying Hazards and $stimating Losses. 7ouisiana Office of 1!ergency Pre5aredness. 2++1. "tate of Louisiana Hazard Mitigation #lan. Stor! 1%ents Database. National <li!atic Data <enter9 National Oceanic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///4.ncdc.noaa.go%Hcgi4/inH//cgi.dllS//1%entTStor!s.
14
SECTION SEVENTWO
#. Section # # $and Failure Hazard Profile
#.1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
n 7ouisiana9 the t/o !ost i!5ortant categories of land failure hazards are sea4le%el rise and land subsidence. Sea4le%el rise !eans e2actly that I the le%el of the sea is rising relati%e to land at the coastline. 8he !ost 5ro!inent causes of sea4le%el rise are the !elting of the 1arthAs glacial ice ca5s and sea floor s5reading. Subsidence refers to the gradual settling or sin-ing of the 1arthAs surface due to re!o%al or !o%e!ent of subsurface earth !aterials. So!e 5rinci5al causes of subsidence are co!5action9 underground !ining9 re!o%al of ground/ater9 sin-holes9 and tha/ing 5er!afrost. ;oth of these geologic 5rocesses i!5act 7ouisiana in a si!ilar !anner9 !a-ing it difficult to se5arate the effects of one fro! the other. 8he 5ri!ary causes of subsidence in coastal 7ouisiana areas are the isostatic adJust!ent of land due to Mississi55i )i%er sedi!ent4loading and the localized co!5action of older sedi!ents. 8he ter! Bisostatic adJust!entC refers to the atte!5ts of the 1arthAs crust to !aintain e'uilibriu!. n this case9 large a!ounts of sedi!ent are being de5osited by the Mississi55i )i%er in a relati%ely short a!ount of ti!e9 causing the crust to co!5ensate for the e2tra /eight of the sedi!ent. 8ables * and 1+ co!5are subsidence rates ?!ean annual subsidence V!!HyrW@ based on geologic conditions and soils in 7ouisiana coastal areas. .s sho/n on the tables9 geology and soil ty5es do not ha%e !uch effect on subsidence rates. Other causes li-e hu!an occu5ancy9 buildings and infrastructure9 oil and gas e2traction9 and lo/ering of the /ater due to ground/ater e2traction ha%e !uch !ore of an effect. Hu!an acceleration of natural 5rocesses through le%ying ri%ers9 draining /etlands9 dredging channels9 and cutting canals through !arshes only e2acerbates the subsidence 5roble!. Table 6: $ean %nnual &ubsidence Coded by
Class Natural 7e%ee De5osits .llu%ial Soils .rtificial &ill 7a-e &ringe De5osits 8otal Source, Hart and 6il-os-i9 1**4 $ean %nnual &ubsidence +mm*yr4*.3( 4$."( 4*.## 4*.4* 4*.1#
eology5 169371661
&td: Dev: 3.3# 2.3# 1.+( 2.1$ 2.*$
Table 14: $ean %nnual &ubsidence Coded by &oils5 169371661

Class Shar-ey4<o!!erce ?natural le%ees@ <lo%elly47afitte4:entilly ?!arsh and s/a!5@ Harahan4/est/ego ?drained !arsh@ .lle!andsHQenner ?drained !arsh@ .'uents ?s5oil@ 8otal Source, Hart and 6il-os-i9 1**4 $ean %nnual &ubsidence +mm*yr4$.#" 41."1 4*.3" 4$.4# 4*.+* 4$.42 &td: Dev: 2.2$ 1.(" ".4" 2.#4 3.22 3.#"
SECTION SEVENTWO
#.2 DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
Sea4le%el rise and land subsidence ha%e not been identified as significant contributors to direct disaster da!ages in 7ouisiana. &or the !ost 5art9 sea4le%el rise and subsidence are t/o 5rocesses that are slo/ acting9 so their effects are not as e%ident as sudden4occurrence hazards li-e earth'ua-es. =hile the effects in the Ne/ Orleans !etro5olitan area are significant9 subsidence is a Bcree5ingC hazard e%ent9 one /ith chronic9 not acute i!5acts. 8he only hazard to be docu!ented as a direct result of subsidence is the a55earance of sin-holes o%er a !ining o5eration in =ee-s sland. 8he re5eated re!o%al of underground !aterials ?originally salt and later oil@ resulted in the for!ation of a sin-hole in 1**2. 8he =ee-s sland facility /as deco!!issioned as a result of this disco%ery.
#.3
?<)E ;F ;44@??E,4E
Subsidence is already occurring throughout !uch of coastal 7ouisiana. .n acre of land along the coast disa55ears e%ery 24 !inutes. 8he highest rate of subsidence is occurring at the Mississi55i )i%er delta ?3." feetHcentury@. Subsidence rates decrease a/ay fro! the delta in a northeast9 north/est9 and /estern direction. .s for sea4le%el rise9 the >S:S and the 1P. ha%e each de%elo5ed their o/n esti!ates. 8he >S:S esti!ates that the rate of sea4le%el rise in 7ouisiana is a55ro2i!ately 3.+ feetHcentury and the 1P. esti!ates that it is a55ro2i!ately 3.4 feetHcentury. 8here is little to suggest that these 5rocesses /ill cease to occur in the future9 indeed rates !ay increase due to the naturally occurring sedi!ent de5osition and rise in sea4le%el9 /hich contributes to !arsh decline and land loss. &urther north9 continued de%elo5!ent and drainage i!5ro%e!ents e2acerbate the situation. ;ecause it is difficult to se5arate the effects of subsidence and sea4le%el rise9 a ne/ a55roach to categorizing the hazard re5resented by sea4le%el rise has been de%elo5ed. <oastal %ulnerability describes the loss of coastal lands due to sea4le%el rise. t is e25ressed in ter!s of a coastal %ulnerability inde2 ?<D @. 8he <D is deter!ined by si2 se5arate factors, rate of sea4le%el rise9 coastal erosion9 /a%e height9 tidal characteristics9 regional coastal slo5e9 and coastal geo!or5hology ?see .55endi2 1 for figures de5icting each of these indi%idual characteristics@. Ma5 $ sho/s the o%erall <D ris-. 8he <D for the 7ouisiana coast is high to %ery high. So!e 5ortion of the 7ouisiana coast ran-ed %ery high for e%ery factor /ith the e2ce5tion of /a%e height. 8he !ain factors res5onsible for the high ran-ing9 ho/e%er9 are geo!or5hology9 coastal slo5e9 and rate of relati%e sea4le%el rise.
SECTION SEVENTWO
+a. %/ $oui iana 4oa tal 6ulnera7ilit0 Inde8
SECTION SEVENTWO
#.4 SE6E?I)2
ncreased rates of subsidence and sea4le%el rise can ha%e an effect on structures9 infrastructure9 and the coastal ecology9 na!ely,
&oundation failures for residential and co!!ercial buildings9 roads9 bridges9 and side/al-sE Structural failures of underground utilities9 so!eti!es resulting in natural gas 5i5eline e25losions9 le%ees9 railroad e!ban-!ents9 etc.E Salt/ater intrusion or sub!ergence destroying /etland %egetation9 /hich 5ro!otes erosionE Hurricane and stor! 5rotection structures being i!5acted directly o%er the long4 ter! by increased loading fro! building higher structuresE )elocation of infrastructure I roads9 utility lines9 etc.E and ncreased susce5tibility of the coast to stor! surge.
Perha5s the !ost significant secondary hazard associated /ith subsidence and sea4le%el rise is increased intensity of stor! surge9 areas increasing the risof flooding9 e%en after !inor stor!s9 es5ecially for cities li-e Ne/ Orleans9 /hich already lies belo/ sea4le%el. 8his9 in co!bination /ith the ongoing disa55earance of delta !arshes9 lea%es Ne/ Orleans /ith an increasing 5robability of !ore se%ere flood i!5acts.
#.5
S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
;aton )ouge .d%ocate. 2++2. 7ouisiana Sin-ing to 1arthAs <ore ?2H1$H+2@. ;ritsch9 7.D. and 1.;. Qe!59 . 1**+. Land Loss Rates Re.ort 1) Mississi..i River +eltaic #lain. :eotechnical 7aboratory9 De5art!ent of the .r!y9 =ater/ays 125eri!ent Station9 <or5s of 1ngineers9 8ech. )e5t. :74*+429 Dic-sburg9 MS. Dunbar9 G. ;.9 7. D. ;ritsch9 and 1. ;. Qe!59 . 1**+. Land loss rates. Re.ort ,) Louisiana !henier #lain. :eotechnical 7aboratory9 De5art!ent of the .r!y9 =ater/ays 125eri!ent Station9 <or5s of 1ngineers9 8ech. )e5t. :74*+429 Dic-sburg9 MS. Dunbar9 G. ;.9 7. D. ;ritsch9 and 1. ;. Qe!59 . 1**2. Land loss rates. Re.ort 6) Louisiana !oastal #lain. :eotechnical 7aboratory9 De5art!ent of the .r!y9 =ater/ays 125eri!ent Station9 <or5s of 1ngineers9 8ech. )e5t. :74*+429 Dic-sburg9 MS. 1P.. 1**(. <li!ate <hange and 7ouisiana. >S 1P.9 1P. 23+4&4++$r9 =ashington9 D<.
"
SECTION SEVENTWO
1ustis 1ngineering <o!5any. 1*$4. *eotechnical Investigation-"oil "tratification and /oundation !onditions for Residential +evelo.ment-Ne& =rleans. Louisiana. Pre5ared for the <ity of Ne/ Orleans and the Se/erage and =ater ;oard of Ne/ Orleans. &ischetti9 Mar-. Dro/ning Ne/ Orleans. 2++1. "cientific American. October 2++1. :agliano9 S.M. 1***. /aulting) "u0sidence and Land Loss in !oastal Louisiana) Section 39 in <oast 2+"+, 8o/ard a Sustainable <oastal 7ouisiana9 5re5ared for >S 1P.9 )egion #9 Dallas9 8N. Ha!!er4Qlose9 1ri-a and 1. )obert 8hieler. 2++1. !oastal 9ulnera0ility to "ea-Level Rise A #reliminary +ata0ase for the (.". Atlantic) #acific) and *ulf of Me7ico !oasts. >.S. :eological Sur%ey Digital Data Series DDSL#$ on <D4)OM. >nited States :eological Sur%ey9 >nited States De5art!ent of the nterior. Hart9 Da%id9 and Da%id 6il-os-i. 1**4. Ma..ing a Moving ;arget ;he (se of *I" to "u..ort +evelo.ment of a "u0sidence Model in the Ne& =rleans Region. >) S. .nnual <onference Proceedings. =ashington9 D.<., >rban and )egional nfor!ation Syste!s .ssociation9 1**4. 1,"""4"#*. Hiland9 Matteson =.9 7ynda D. =ayne9 Michael <ar5enter9 )andol5h .. Mc;ride9 and S. Geffress =illia!s. 1**3. Louisiana !oastal *eogra.hic Information "ystem Net&ork A !ataloging /rame&ork for ".atial +ata. : SH7 S X*3 Proceedings. Minnea5olis9 MN. Holdahl9 Sanford ).9 Gose5h <. Holzschuh9 and Da%id ;. 6il-os-i. 1*$*. "u0sidence at Houston) ;e7as 12:6-5:. )oc-%ille9 MD, National :eodetic Sur%ey. Ganssen9 Ga!es S. 1*$4. 8uilding Ne& =rleans ;he $ngineer>s Role. Ne/ Orleans9 7., =alde!ar S. Nelson and <o!5any9 nc. 7DN). 1**$. !oast ,-4- ;o&ard a "ustaina0le !oastal Louisiana. 7ouisiana De5art!ent of Natural )esources9 ;aton )ouge9 7.. Molec-e9 M...9 ed. 2+++. /inal "tate of the "trategic #etroleum Reserve ?"#R@ Aeeks Island Mine. .lbu'uer'ue9 NM.9 Sandia National 7aboratories. Na-ashi!a9 7.D. and 7.M. 7ouden. 1*$$. Aater Level !hange) "ea Level Rise) "u0sidence and !oastal "tructures in Louisiana) 8echnical )e5ort for the <oastal 1ngineering )esearch <enter9 >.S. .r!y <or5s of 1ngineers9 Dic-sburg9 MS9 7. :eological Sur%ey9 ;aton )ouge9 7.. National )esearch <ouncil. 1*$(. Res.onding to !hanges in "ea Level $ngineering Im.lications. =ashington9 D<, National .cade!y Press.
SECTION SEVENTWO
)a!sey9 Q.1. and 8.&. Moslo/. 1*$(. A Numerical Analysis of "u0sidence and "ea Level Rise in Louisiana. P. 1#(341#$$9 n Qraus9 N.<. ?1d.@9 <oastal Sedi!ents A$(9 .S<19 Ne/ Orleans9 7.. )egional Planning <o!!ission for Gefferson9 Orleans9 St. ;ernard9 and St. 8a!!any Parishes and :eogra5hic Para!eters9 nc. 1**+. Metrocadastre !om.ati0ility for Befferson and =rleans #arishes. Louisiana. Soil <onser%ation Ser%ice. 1*$*. "oil "urvey of =rleans #arish. Louisiana. Sno/den9 G.O.9 =. <. =ard9 and G.).G. Studlic-. 1*$+. *eology of *reater Ne& =rleans Its Relationshi. to Land "u0sidence and /looding. Ne/ Orleans9 7., 8he Ne/ Orleans :eological Society9 nc. 8hieler9 1.).9 and Ha!!ar4Qlose9 1.S. 2+++. National Assessment of !oastal 9ulnera0ility to /uture "ea-Level Rise #reliminary Results for the (.". *ulf of Me7ico !oast. >.S. :eological Sur%ey9 O5en4&ile )e5ort ++41(*9 1 sheet. 8ho!as9 ).:. 1**$. /ish Ha0itat and !oastal Restoration in Louisiana. .!erican &isheries Society Sy!5osiu! Series 22, 24+42"1. Dertical Net/or- ;ranch9 N:S. 1**1. AdCustment of 1221 9ertical !ontrol "urvey in =rleans #arish) Louisiana. )oc-%ille9 MD, National :eodetic Sur%ey. =ic-er9 Q. M.9 S. M. :agliano9 and G. 7. %an ;ee-. 1**2. #ioneer "tudies of Land Loss In !oastal Louisiana) 13-"%uare-Miles-#er-<ear to 4--Miles-#er-<ear Land Loss Analysis. $th .nnual )e!ote SensingH: S =or-sho59 2" March 1**29 Stennis S5ace <enter9 MS. 6il-os-i9 Da%id ;. and Sa!uel M. )eese9 Gr. 1*$#. "u0sidence in the 9icinity of Ne& =rleans as Indicated 0y Analysis of *eodetic Leveling +ata. )oc-%ille9 MD, National :eodetic Sur%ey.
SECTION TE
%. Section % % Se&ere 'inter 'eather Hazard Profile
Wildfire Profil
%.1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
=inter !onths in 7ouisiana ?Dece!ber9 Ganuary9 and &ebruary@ ha%e a%erage seasonal te!5eratures ranging fro! the !id44+s o%er northern 7ouisiana to the lo/ "+s across southern 5arishes. =hile a%erage seasonal te!5eratures re!ain abo%e freezing State/ide9 cold fronts e2tending fro! <anada through the State occur at least once during !ost /inters. Se%ere /inter /eather in 7ouisiana consists of freezing te!5eratures and hea%y 5reci5itation9 usually in the for! of rain9 freezing rain9 or sleet9 but so!eti!es in the for! of sno/. Se%ere /inter /eather affects all but the e2tre!e coastal !argins of the State. ;ecause se%ere /inter stor! e%ents are relati%ely rare in 7ouisiana9 co!5ared to !ore northern states /here /inter e%ents are e25ected and states tend to be better e'ui55ed to handle the!9 occurrences tend to be %ery disru5ti%e to trans5ortation and co!!erce. 8rees9 cars9 roads9 and other surfaces de%elo5 a coating or glaze of ice9 !a-ing e%en s!all accu!ulations of ice e2tre!ely hazardous to !otorists and 5edestrians. 8he !ost 5re%alent i!5acts of hea%y accu!ulations of ice are sli55ery roads and /al-/ays that lead to %ehicle and 5edestrian accidentsE colla5sed roofs fro! fallen trees and li!bs and hea%y ice and sno/ loadsE and felled trees9 tele5hone 5oles and lines9 electrical /ires9 and co!!unication to/ers. .s a result of se%ere ice stor!s9 teleco!!unications and 5o/er can be disru5ted for days.
%.2
DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
7ouisiana has had se%eral o%er/hel!ing bouts of /inter /eather recently. n &ebruary 1**49 a se%ere ice stor! s5read freezing rain across the northern third of the State. ce accu!ulations 2 to 3 inches thic- co!bined /ith gusty /inds sna55ed 5o/er lines9 5o/er 5oles9 and trees. O%er 1++9+++ 5eo5le /ere /ithout electrical 5o/er for se%eral days9 and !ore than 2"#9+++ acres of forest /ere da!aged. 8he State suffered an esti!ated R13." !illion in da!ages. ce stor!s /ithin a 24/ee- 5eriod in Dece!ber 2+++ caused si!ilar da!age9 causing o%er 2"+9+++ 5eo5le to be /ithout 5o/er9 5ri!arily in north 7ouisiana. .bout 3+ trans!ission lines ato5 BHC4sha5ed steel to/ers /ere sna55ed due to the /eight of the ice9 and nu!erous traffic accidents occurred across the State. =ith !illions of dollars in da!ages and one death attributed to the stor!s9 the State recei%ed a 5residential disaster declaration.
%.3
P?;-<-I$I)2 ;F ;44@??E,4E <,D SE6E?I)2
=hile 7ouisiana is far less li-ely to ha%e hea%y sno/ and ice accu!ulation than !ost other states in the >.S.9 se%ere /inter /eather is e25ected to occur at least once each /inter. Data fro! the National <li!atic Data <enter ?N<D<@ sho/s that the entire state of 7ouisiana is in the lo/est category of 5robable sno/ de5thL+ to 2" centi!eters of sno/ de5th /ith a "0 chance of being e'ualed or e2ceeded in any gi%en year. 7ouisiana ice stor!s that ha%e had se%ere conse'uences for the State ha%e generally deli%ered bet/een 1 and 3 inches of ice accu!ulation.
SECTION TE
%.4 S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
Wildfire Profil
&ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 1**(. Multi-hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A !ornerstone of the National Mitigation "trategy. &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 2nd 1dition ?not yet 5ublished@. Re0uilding for a More "ustaina0le /uture An =.erational /rame&ork. 7ouisiana Office of 1!ergency Pre5aredness. 2++1. "tate of Louisiana Hazard Mitigation #lan. Stor! 1%ents Database. National <li!atic Data <enter9 National Oceanic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///4.ncdc.noaa.go%Hcgi4/inH//cgi.dllS//1%entTStor!s.
SECTION TENTEN
(. Section ( ( )ornado Hazard Profile
Wildfire ProfileWildfire Profile
(.1
,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D
8ornadoes are ra5idly rotating funnels of /ind e2tending fro! stor! clouds to the ground. 8hey are created during se%ere /eather e%ents li-e thunderstor!s and hurricanes /hen cold air o%errides a layer of /ar! air9 causing the /ar! air to rise ra5idly. 8he !idsection of the >nited States9 including 7ouisiana9 e25eriences a higher rate of tornadoes than other 5arts of the country because of the recurrent collision of !oist9 /ar! air !o%ing north fro! the :ulf of Me2ico /ith colder fronts !o%ing east fro! the )oc-y Mountains. 8ornadoes are the !ost hazardous /hen they occur in 5o5ulated areas. 8ornadoes can to55le !obile ho!es9 lift cars9 sna5 trees9 and turn obJects into destructi%e !issiles. .!ong the !ost un5redictable of /eather 5heno!ena9 tornadoes can occur at any ti!e of day9 in any state in the union9 and in any season. n 7ouisiana9 tornadoes ha%e higher fre'uency in the s5ring !onths of March9 .5ril9 and May. =hile the !aJority of tornadoes cause little or no da!age9 so!e are ca5able of tre!endous destruction9 reaching /ind s5eeds of 2"+ !5h or !ore.
(.2
DIS<S)E? HIS);?2
&igure " sho/s 5ast tornado occurrences across the State of 7ouisiana fro! 1*"+ to 1*##. =hile the %ast !aJority of tornado e%ents in 7ouisiana ha%e 5roduced little da!age and fe/ inJuries9 the State has e25erienced se%eral %iolent and fatal tornado outbrea-s. n fact9 the State of 7ouisiana has had si2 federal disaster declarations for tornado e%ents since 1*#". .ccording to NO..9 one of the deadliest tornado outbrea-s in >.S. history occurred in 7ouisiana and neighboring states during .5ril 2442#9 1*+$. . nu!ber of %iolent tornadoes !o%ed through 5arts of 7ouisiana9 Mississi55i and .laba!a9 -illing 324 5eo5le and inJuring 19#"2 others. 8he /orst da!age too- 5lace in .!ite9 7ouisiana9 /here 2* 5eo5le died.
Figure 5/ Pa t $oui iana )ornado E&ent 5 1(5* to 1((" B@ni&er it0 of $oui ianaC.
More recently9 disaster struc- the 5arishes of ;ossier9 <addo9 <laiborne9 and Desoto in the early e%ening of .5ril 39 1***. Se%eral &3 and &4 tornadoes touched do/n9 -illing se%en 5eo5le9
SECTION TENTEN
inJuring 1+3 others9 and causing o%er R12 !illion in da!ages9 /arranting a 5residential disaster declaration.
(.3
F?EE@E,42 ;F ;44@??E,4E <,D I,)E,SI)2
8able 11 lists the to5 states in the nation for nu!ber of tornadoes9 fatalities and inJuries caused by tornado e%ents9 and accu!ulated dollar da!ages ?adJusted for inflation by the consu!er 5rice inde2@. 7ouisiana ran-s /ithin the to5 2+ states in the nation for all four categories9 indicating that it has a relati%ely high li-elihood for occurrences and da!ages.
Table 11: Top #4 &tates for Number of Tornadoes5 2atalities5 InBuries5 and Damages5 1634 to 1661
Tornadoes Number .an) .an) &tate 2atalities Number .an) &tate InBuries Number &tate 8e2as Mississi55i .laba!a Ohio .r-ansas ndiana llinois Michigan O-laho!a .an) CPI adBusted dollars &tate 8e2as ndiana Qansas :eorgia O-laho!a Minnesota Ohio llinois Missouri o/a Number R19*""9*2(9""2 R19#4$9#"4933# R192129*$+94$+ R1911(942#91(# R19+#"9#"*93*2 R19+1"93"49#24 R*#"94#49$32 R$239$1*92#4 R(3*93$29($4 R(+*92119*+4 R#3294#39$(2 R#1(9(*392$+ R#1"9+339+$$ R#+*9##49(#$ <36'5#'?5#19 R"419#+19"3# R"1#9*3*92#4 R4*$92"#93$4 R41+9("#9$#4 R3$"93$$9$++
1 8e2as 2 O-laho!a 3 Qansas 4 &lorida " Nebras-a # o/a
"4*+ 23++ 211+ 2++* 1#(3 13(4 11## 113* 113( 1113 149> 1+3* $$$ $$# $$# $"4 $44 $32 (** (12
1 8e2as 2 Mississi55i 3 .r-ansas 4 .laba!a " Michigan # ndiana
4(" 3$# 2(* 2(" 23( 21$ 21( 1** 1$2 1$1 1(3 1"" 1'1 111 1+" ** *4 $( $2 $1
1 2 3 4 " # ( $ *
(4"2 "344 44$3 41"# 3#*( 3#41 3"** 3214 31$4 2##2 2"*4 2"*2 2333 22#( 22"2 #1>6 1(($ 1((4 1(+( 1442
1 2 3 4 " # ( $ * 1+
( Missouri $ South Da-ota * llinois
( O-laho!a $ Qansas * llinois
1+ <olorado 11 8ouisiana 12 Mississi55i 13 :eorgia 14 .laba!a 1" ndiana 1# .r-ansas 1( =isconsin 1$ Minnesota 1* North Da-ota 2+ Michigan
1+ 8ennessee 11 Ohio 12 Missouri 1' 8ouisiana 14 :eorgia 1" Qentuc-y 1# Massachusetts 1( =isconsin 1$ Minnesota 1* &lorida 2+ North <arolina
1+ :eorgia 11 &lorida 12 8ennessee 13 Qentuc-y 14 Qansas 1" Missouri 1> 8ouisiana 1( North <arolina 1$ o/a
11 Nebras-a 12 Massachusetts 13 Pennsyl%ania 14 .laba!a 13 8ouisiana 1# Mississi55i 1( .r-ansas 1$ &lorida 1* =isconsin 2+ <onnecticut
1* Minnesota 2+ =isconsin
Source, Stor! Prediction <enter9 National Oceanogra5hic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration9 ///.s5c.noaa.go%Harchi%eHtornadoesHst4ran-.ht!l
8ornado intensity is !easured by the &uJita 8ornado Scale. 8he &uJita 8ornado Measure!ent Scale9 sho/n in 8able 129 deter!ines li-ely /ind s5eeds based on the se%erity of tornado da!age and assigns a scale category9 &+ through &". 8he table belo/ sho/s the tornado category9 corres5onding /ind s5eed9 ty5es of da!age 5ossible9 and the nu!ber of tornadoes 5er 2
SECTION TENTEN
category that 7ouisiana has e25erienced bet/een 1*"+ and 2++2. 8ornado occurrence and intensities by 5arish can be found in .55endi2 &. Table 1#: 2uBita Tornado $easurement &cale and 2re(uencies in 8ouisiana
Category 24 21 @ind &peed :ale ?4+4(2 !5h@ Moderate ?(34112 !5h@ Significant ?11341"( !5h@ Se%ere ?1"$42+# !5h@ De%astating ?2+(42#+ !5h@ ncredible ?2#1431$ !5h@ EAamples of Possible Damage 7ight da!age. So!e da!age to chi!neysE brea- branches off treesE 5ush o%er shallo/4rooted treesE da!age to sign boards. Moderate da!age. Surface 5eeled off roofsE !obile ho!es 5ushed off foundations or o%erturnedE !o%ing autos 5ushed off roads. <onsiderable da!age. )oofs torn off fra!e housesE !obile ho!es de!olishedE bo2cars 5ushed o%erE large trees sna55ed or u5rootedE light4obJect !issiles generated. Se%ere da!age. )oofs and so!e /alls torn off /ell4constructed housesE trains o%erturnedE !ost trees in forest u5rootedE cars lifted off ground and thro/n. De%astating da!age. =ell4constructed houses le%eledE structures /ith /ea- foundations blo/n off so!e distanceE cars thro/n and large !issiles generated. ncredible da!age. Strong fra!e houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable distance to disintegrateE auto!obile4 sized !issiles fly through the air in e2cess of 1++4yardsE trees debar-edE incredible 5heno!ena /ill occur. Total tornadoes in 8ouisiana5 16347#44# Number in 8ouisiana 321 #*$ , of 8% Tornadoes 220 4$0
2#
2*2
2+0
2'
132
*0
21
1$
10
23
+.10
11>'
Source, Stor! 1%ent Database. National <li!atic Data <enter9 National Oceanic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration. htt5,HH///4.ncdc.noaa.go%Hcgi4/inH//cgi.dllS//1%entTStor!s.
8he history of tornadoes fro! 1*"+ to 2++2 sho/s that 7ouisiana a%erages 2442* tornadoes a year. 8he !aJority of re5orted tornadoes ?1+1*9 about (+0@ ha%e been at the &+ to &1 le%els.
(.4
S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
&ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 1**(. Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A !ornerstone of the National Mitigation "trategy. &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 2++1. (nderstanding <our Risks Identifying Hazards and $stimating Losses. Stor! 1%ent Database. National <li!atic Data <enter9 National Oceanic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///4.ncdc.noaa.go%Hcgi4/inH//cgi.dllS//1%entTStor!s. Stor! Prediction <enter9 National Oceanogra5hic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration. ;ornado Num0ers) +eaths) InCuries) and AdCusted +amage) 124--122D. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ///.s5c.noaa.go%Harchi%eHtornadoesHst4ran-.ht!l Stor! Predication <enter9 National Oceanic and .t!os5heric .d!inistration. ;ornadoes of the ,-th !entury. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.noaane/s.noaa.go%HstoriesHs34".ht! 3
SECTION TENTEN
>ni%ersity of 7ouisiana at Monroe. ;ornadoes. Availa0le from Aorld Aide Ae0 htt5,HH///.ul!.eduHTgeosH/2Ptornado.ht!.
SECTION TENTEN
1*. Section 1* 1* 'ildfire Profile
1*.1 ,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D

. /ildfire is an uncontrolled fire s5reading through %egetati%e fuels9 e25osing and 5ossibly consu!ing structures. 8hey often begin unnoticed9 s5read 'uic-ly9 and are usually signaled by dense s!o-e that fills the area for !iles around. Naturally occurring and non4nati%e s5ecies of grasses9 brush9 and trees fuel /ildfires. =ildfires can be caused through hu!an acts li-e arson or careless accidents9 or through natural occurrences of lightning. =ildfire danger can %ary greatly season to season and is e2acerbated by dry /eather conditions. .ccording to the State of 7ouisiana &orestry Di%ision9 !ost forest fires in 7ouisiana are caused by arson and other careless acts by 5eo5le. 8he urban4/ildland interface is an area in /hich de%elo5!ent !eets /ildland %egetation. ;oth %egetation and the built en%iron!ent 5ro%ide fuel for fires. .s de%elo5!ent near /ildland settings continues9 !ore and !ore 5eo5le are being e25osed to /ildfire danger. .ccording to the State &orestry Di%ision9 7ouisianaAs forestlands co%er 4$0 or 13.$ !illion acres of the StateAs area. Pri%ate9 non4industrial lando/ners o/n #20 of the StateXs forestland9 forest 5roducts industries o/n 2*09 and 5ublic entities o/n *0. &orests 5ro%ides the ra/ !aterial for 7ouisianaAs second largest !anufacturing e!5loyer 4 the forest 5roducts industry 4 /ith o%er *++ fir!s in 4" 5arishes e!5loying !ore than 2"9+++ 5eo5le. .n additional $9+++ 5eo5le are e!5loyed in the har%esting and trans5ortation of the resource. 7ouisianaAs forests 5ro%ide a !ultitude of other benefits9 including clean air and /ater9 /ildlife habitat9 recreational o55ortunities and scenic beauty. 8he loss fro! /ildfire is 5otentially catastro5hic. n addition to the destruction of %aluable forestland and the i!5acts on the econo!y through the loss of this i!5ortant resource9 /ildfires seriously threaten countless rural structures9 hu!an li%es9 and /ildlife.
1*.2 F?EE@E,42 ;F ;44@??E,4E

8able 13 sho/s that fro! 2+++ to 2++29 the a%erage nu!ber of forest fires /as 2941$ 5er year9 and the a%erage nu!ber of acres burned /as 3(9(#1. ;ecause !ost fires in 7ouisiana forests are caused by arson and other careless acts by 5eo5le9 the location and se%erity of fires is largely un5redictable. Table 1': 2orest 2ires and %cres Curned
Dear 2+++ 2++1 2++2 .%erage :rand 8otal Total 2ires 4(3$ 1+*+ 142" 241$ (2"3 Total %cres Curned *29"(3 (9$++ 129*+* 3(9(#1 11392$2
Source, &orestry Di%ision9 7ouisiana De5art!ent of .griculture and &orestry. htt5,HH///.ldaf.state.la.usH di%isionsHforestryHforest5rotectionH/ildfireHsearch.as5
SECTION TENTEN
1*.3 +<=,I)@DE
8able 14 sho/s the nu!ber of acres burned in recent years by !onth. 8his table and 8able 13 abo%e indicate that the nu!ber of /ildfires and their !agnitudes in ter!s of acres burned can %ary greatly. n dry and drought conditions9 /ildfires can beco!e 'uite intense9 burning dead forest debris on forest floors9 dried grasses and brush. Table 11: Total %cres Curned by $ont! and Dear
Dear $ont! Ganuary &ebruary March .5ril May Gune Guly .ugust Se5te!ber October No%e!ber Dece!ber :rand 8otal #444 $92*$ 149111 #933( 29+41 19"4* 191+* 19$+3 129#31 419($# 2942( 24* 234 *29"(" #441 3*$ 19#"# $22 19#+$ 19#2( 122 2+3 2*$ 34 3#( #1( 4$ (9$++ #44# 192$1 394*# 29(2+ (3( 192++ $31 2** *3* *(+ "" 13# 24" 129*+* rand Total *9*(( 1*92#3 *9$(* 493$# 493(# 29+#2 293+" 139$#$ 429(*+ 29$4* 19++2 "2( 11392$4 %vg: by $ont! 3932# #9421 392*3 194#2 194"* #$( (#$ 49#23 1492#3 *"+ 334 1(# 3(9(#1
Source, &orestry Di%ision9 7ouisiana De5art!ent of .griculture and &orestry. htt5,HH///.ldaf.state.la.usHdi%isionsHforestryHforest5rotectionH/ildfireHsearch.as5
1*.4 S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,

Dubea9 =ade and Paul Orr9 &ire <hiefs9 &orestry Di%ision9 7ouisiana De5art!ent of .griculture and &orestry. 8ele5hone inter%ie/. &ebruary 49 2++3. &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 1**(. Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A !ornerstone of the National Mitigation "trategy. &orestry Di%ision9 7ouisiana De5art!ent of .griculture and &orestry. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.ldaf.state.la.usHdi%isionsHforestryHforest5rotectionH/ildfireHsearch.as5 >nited States &orest Ser%ice9 >nited States De5art!ent of .griculture. =ildland &ire .ssess!ent Syste!. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.fs.fed.usHlandH/fasH/fas23.ht!l 2
SECTION TENTEN
>nited States &orest Ser%ice9 >nited States De5art!ent of .griculture. =ildland &ire .ssess!ent Syste!. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.fs.fed.usHlandH/fasH/fas11.ht!l
SECTION ELEVE
11. Section 11 11 Da! and $e&ee Failure Hazard Profile
Da and Le!ee Failure Hazard Profil
11.1 ,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D

Da!s are /ater storage9 control9 or di%ersion barriers that i!5ound /ater u5strea! in reser%oirs. Da! failure is a colla5se or breach in the structure. =hile !ost da!s ha%e storage %olu!es s!all enough that failures ha%e little or no re5ercussions9 da!s /ith large storage a!ounts can cause significant flooding do/nstrea!. Da! failures can result fro! any one or a co!bination of the follo/ing causes,

Prolonged 5eriods of rainfall and flooding9 /hich cause !ost failuresE nade'uate s5ill/ay ca5acity9 resulting in e2cess o%erto55ing flo/sE nternal erosion caused by e!ban-!ent or foundation lea-age or 5i5ingE !5ro5er !aintenance9 including failure to re!o%e trees9 re5air internal see5age 5roble!s9 re5lace lost !aterial fro! the cross section of the da! and abut!ents9 or !aintain gates9 %al%es9 and other o5erational co!5onentsE !5ro5er design9 including the use of i!5ro5er construction !aterials and construction 5racticesE Negligent o5eration9 including the failure to re!o%e or o5en gates or %al%es during high flo/ 5eriodsE &ailure of u5strea! da!s on the sa!e /ater/ayE 7andslides into reser%oirs9 /hich cause surges that result in o%erto55ingE High /inds9 /hich can cause significant /a%e action and result in substantial erosionE and 1arth'ua-es9 /hich ty5ically cause longitudinal crac-s at the to5s of the e!ban-!ents9 that can /ea-en entire structures.
n 7ouisiana there are 3#" da!s included in the >nited States .r!y <or5s of 1ngineerAs National n%entory of Da!s /hich records da!s in the high or significant hazard 5otential class9 lo/ hazard 5otential class da!s that e2ceed 2" feet in height and 1"4acre4feet of storage9 and lo/ hazard 5otential class da!s that e2ceed "+4acre4feet of storage and # feet in height ?see BProbability of Occurrence and Se%erityC on the follo/ing 5age for definitions of high9 significant9 and lo/ hazard 5otential@. 7e%ees are flood control barriers constructed of earth9 concrete9 or other !aterials. 7e%ee failure in%ol%es the o%erto55ing9 breach9 or colla5se of the le%ee. 7e%ee failure is es5ecially destructi%e to nearby de%elo5!ent during flood and hurricane e%ents. 8he northern half of 7ouisiana is 5rotected by le%ees on the Ouachita )i%er under the authority of the Dic-sburg District of the >nited States .r!y <or5s of 1ngineers ?>S.<1@. <oastal and southern 7ouisiana is 5rotected by an e2tensi%e le%ee syste!. 8he Ne/ Orleans District of the >S.<1 is res5onsible for 3+9+++ 1
SECTION ELEVE
s'uare !iles of 7ouisiana south of .le2andria9 including *#1 !iles of ri%er le%ees in the Mississi55i )i%er and 8ributaries ProJect9 44* !iles of ri%er le%ees in the .tchafalaya ;asin9 and 34+ !iles of hurricane45rotection le%ees. .55endi2 : contains a gra5hic of hurricane le%ee districts in the >S.<1 Ne/ Orleans District.
11.2 DIS<S)E? HIS);?2

=hile there are no re5orts of significant da! failures in 7ouisiana9 the National Perfor!ance of Da!s Progra!9 a database of da! incidents ?e%ents that affect the structural and functional integrity of da!s9 though not necessarily causing failure and not including ordinary !aintenance and re5air9 %andalis!9 acts of /ar9 recreational accidents9 and sabotage@ !aintained by Stanford >ni%ersity9 lists one incident fro! the fall of 1*$". Par- !anagers at the <otile 7a-e Da!H)eser%oir in )a5ides Parish re5orted see5age due to sand and gra%el de5osits that dis5laced concrete slabs. 8here /as no da! failure or controlled breach re5orted in this incident. 7e%ees ha%e been o%erto55ed or breached during flood e%ents and non4flood e%ents. . section of le%ee along the Mississi55i )i%er near Marrero9 7ouisiana9 failed in a non4flood4related e%ent. 8he causes of le%ee failure included scouring and erosion of sand fro! the toe of the ri%er ban-9 /hich create an o%er4stee5ened slo5e and resultant instability of the u55er ban-. Se%ere scour at the toe resulted as the channel botto! dee5ened through the sandy substratu!. &lo/ failure in the sands then led to loss of the u55er ban-. 8hus9 the location of the failure /as controlled by the nature of the geologic de5osits beneath the le%ee9 co!bined /ith 5rogressi%e dee5ening of the ri%er channel at that location.
11.3 SE6E?I)2
8he a!ount of /ater i!5ounded9 and the density9 ty5e9 and %alue of de%elo5!ent do/nstrea! deter!ine the 5otential se%erity of da! failure. High hazard da!s are da!s /here failure or i!5ro5er o5eration /ill 5robably cause loss of hu!an life. Significant hazard da!s are those /here failure or i!5ro5er o5eration results in no 5robable loss of hu!an life but can cause econo!ic loss9 en%iron!ental da!age9 disru5tion of lifeline facilities9 or i!5act other concerns. Significant hazard 5otential classification da!s are often located in 5redo!inantly rural or agricultural areas but could be located in areas /ith 5o5ulation and significant infrastructure. 7o/ hazard 5otential da!s are those /here failure or i!5ro5er o5eration results in no 5robable loss of hu!an life and lo/ econo!ic andHor en%iron!ental losses. 7osses are 5rinci5ally li!ited to the o/nerAs 5ro5erty. n 7ouisiana9 there are 1" high hazard9 #3 significant hazard9 and 2$( lo/ hazard 5otential da!s. .s sho/n in 8able 1"9 only se%en da!s ha%e e!ergency action 5lans ?one da! is located in 8e2as@.
SECTION ELEVE
County ;ossier <addo <addo <oncordia 1 ;aton )ouge )a5ides Sabine47a Ne/ton482 8otal Dam Name
Table 13: Dams ;it! Emergency %ction Plans by Hazard Potential

H " 1 1 & 8 ;ayou ;odcau Da! <addo Da! =allace 7a-e Da! Old )i%er Pennington 7a-e Da! <onference <enter 7a-e Da! 8oledo ;end
Si!ilarly9 the se%erity of le%ee breaches de5ends u5on the a!ount of nearby de%elo5!ent. =hile le%ees in the Ne/ Orleans District are regularly !aintained by the >S.<1 to 5re%ent breaches9 the %ery e2istence of le%ees can 5resent a danger to !etro5olitan Ne/ Orleans. 7e%ee construction by the >S.<1 has encouraged the city and its industries to drain !arshland 5rotected by the le%ees. .s drainage lo/ered the /ater table allo/ing the to5 layers of !uc?/et 5eat@ to dry9 consolidate9 and subside9 Ne/ Orleans has sun- belo/ sea le%el. So!e engineers theorize that a large4scale hurricane that hits Just east of the city can o%erto5 le%ees9 tra5 /ater /ithin their /alls9 and inundate the city under !ore than 2+ feet of /ater.
11.4 S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,

&ischetti9 Mar-. Dro/ning Ne/ Orleans. 2++1. "cientific American. October 2++1. 7ouisianaAs Danishing =etlandsLHurricane )is- to Ne/ Orleans. .!erican )adio =or-s. A Metro.olitan "ou. 8o&l. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ///.a!ericanradio/or-s.orgHfeaturesH/etlandsHhurricane4.ht!l. >nited States .r!y <or5s of 1ngineers. Gune 2++1. Ne/s )elease. +es.ite long drought) !or.s says levees in south Louisiana are in good condition ".eeding vehicles) not levee failure) are the danger arising from su.erficial cracks caused 0y lack of rain. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.!%n.usace.ar!y.!ilH5aoH)171.S1SHle%eePdrought.5df.
SECTION THI"TEE
12. Section 12 12 Hazardou +aterial Hazard Profile
Natural Biohazard# Hazard Profil
12.1 ,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D

Hazardous !aterials hazards are technological ?!eaning non4natural hazards created or influenced by hu!ans@ e%ents that in%ol%e large4scale accidental or intentional releases of che!ical9 biological9 or radiological ?nuclear@ !aterials. Hazardous !aterials e%ents generally in%ol%e incidents at fi2ed4site facilities that !anufacture9 store9 5rocess9 or other/ise handle hazardous !aterials or along trans5ortation routes li-e !aJor high/ays9 rail/ays9 na%igable /ater/ays9 and 5i5elines. Many -no/ southern 7ouisiana bet/een Ne/ Orleans and ;aton )ouge as the Bche!ical corridorC because of its hea%y concentration of 5etroche!ical !anufacturing facilities sited along high/ays9 rail/ays9 and na%igable /ater/ays. .s of 2+++9 the State of 7ouisiana had 3#* fi2ed4site facilities that filed 8o2ic )elease n%entory re5orts /ith the 1n%iron!ental Protection .gency9 the agency that !onitors the !anufacture9 dis5osal9 trans5ortation9 and releases of hazardous !aterials ?Ma5 *9 using 1**# H.6>S data9 de5icts 243 of these facilities@. 7ouisiana ran-ed 11th in the nation for the nu!ber of 5ounds of on4 and off4site releases fro! these facilities ?1"49"229#3" 5ounds@ and first in the nation for the nu!ber of 5ounds of 5roduction4 related /aste !anaged ?*941#9"*$9+"" 5ounds@. .55endi2 H contains the 1P.As 2+++ 7ouisiana State 8o2ic )elease n%entory re5ort9 /hich su!!arizes the re5orted releases and /aste !anage!ent acti%ities for the state9 the to5 fi%e che!icals released in the state9 and the to5 ten facilities for releases. &urther!ore9 Ma5 * sho/s 29(3$ !iles of state and federal high/ays9 292(3 !iles of na%igable /ater/ays9 and 49"(* !iles of rail/ays that can 5otentially carry hazardous !aterials around the State. 8he >.S. 1n%iron!ental Protection .gency9 /hich !onitors hazardous !aterials facilities9 re'uires )is- Manage!ent Progra!s ?)MP@ for co!5anies of all sized that use certain fla!!able and to2ic substances. 8he 5rogra!s !ust consist of ris- !anage!ent 5lans that include hazard assess!ents that detail the 5otential effects of accidental releases including the nu!bers of affected households9 accident histories of the last fi%e years9 and e%aluations of /orst4case and alternati%e accidental releases. 8he infor!ation hel5s local fire9 5olice9 and e!ergency hazardous !aterials res5onse 5ersonnel res5ond effecti%ely to e!ergencies. =ithin 7ouisiana9 there are 3#+ facilities that ha%e sub!itted )MP 5lans. n addition to che!ical 5roduction facilities9 there are three nuclear facilities /ith 1!ergency Planning 6ones 4 the 1+4!ile <ritical )is- 6one and the "+4!ile ngestion Path/ay 6one 4 that include 5arts of the State of 7ouisiana. Ma5 * sho/s the :rand :ulf Nuclear facility9 located in Mississi55i9 and the )i%er ;end and =43 nuclear facilities /ithin the 7ouisiana state boundaries. .reas /ithin the <ritical )is- zone are at ris- fro! i!!ediate e25osure to accidental radiological releases9 and those /ithin the ngestion Path/ay 6one are at ris- fro! air4 or /ater4 borne conta!ination. Nuclear accidents are classified in three categories, <riticality accidents in%ol%ing nuclear asse!blies9 research9 5roduction9 or 5o/er reactors9 and che!ical o5erators. 1
SECTION THI"TEE

Natural Biohazard# Hazard Profil
7oss4of4coolant accidents resulting fro! significant brea-s in the reactor coolant syste!. 7oss4of4contain!ent accidents in%ol%ing the release of radioacti%ity through breaches in contain!ent %essels at fi2ed facilities or da!age to 5ac-ages in trans5ortation accidents.
12.2 DIS<S)E? HIS);?2

=hile the State has thousands of accidental releases each year9 !ost da!aging effects are li!ited by the insignificant size of the accident and the ti!eliness of a55ro5riate e!ergency res5onse. Ho/e%er9 so!e s5ills and other accidental releases ha%e been of a size sufficient enough to 5resent a danger to nearby 5o5ulations or the en%iron!ent. n October 1**"9 a railroad tan- car holding roc-et fuel ?nitrogen tetro2ide@ e25loded at the :aylord <he!ical 5lant in ;ogalusa9 7ouisiana9 releasing a !ushroo! cloud of 5oisonous gas. 8he e25losion occurred after /ee-s of nitrogen tetro2ide %a5or lea-s fro! faulty %al%es on a railroad tan- car. 8he National 8rans5ortation Safety ;oard ?N8S;@ deter!ined that the 5robable cause of the accident /as the lac- of ade'uate 5rocedures to 5re%ent or detect the conta!ination of nitrogen tetro2ide /ith /ater used by e!5loyees to dilute the che!ical during transfer fro! the faulty tan- car to another. 8he conta!ination for!ed an e2tre!ely corrosi%e 5roduct that lead to the failure of the tan- car. 8he accident resulted in the e%acuation of 39+++ 5eo5le9 inJuries to 49(++9 and hos5italization of $1. .nother hazardous !aterials incident in%ol%ed a large gasoline s5ill in March 1**( that re'uired concentrated local and state res5onse efforts and generated !uch !edia attention. n ;aton )ouge9 a 2"4barge to/ being 5ushed by a tug boat struc- the >.S. High/ay 1*+ bridge o%er the Mississi55i )i%er. 8he to/ se5arated9 sin-ing t/o barges and ca5sizing a tan- barge. 8he ca5sized barge began lea-ing Figure "/ P0rol0 i ga oline .ill near -aton ?ouge5 +arch 1((#. so!e of the 1+9+++ barrels of $oui iana De.art!ent of En&iron!ental Eualit0. 5yrolysis gasoline9 leading to concerns about benzene fu!es and the e%acuation of 24 nearby schools9 a uni%ersity9 and nearby ho!es and offices in do/nto/n ;aton )ouge. Se%eral citizens sought !edical attention after being affected by the hea%y fu!es. 12tensi%e !onitoring of the a!bient air and /ater continued for 12 days9 until the barge /as trans5orted nearly "+ !iles do/nstrea! for final lightering. 8he May 2+++ derail!ent of an eastbound >nion Pacific )ailroad train released hazardous !aterials that lead to the e%acuation of 39"++ 5eo5le near 1unice9 7ouisiana and da!ages e2ceeding R3" !illion. Of 113 cars9 33 derailed9 1" of /hich contained hazardous !aterials. 8he N8S; deter!ined that the 5robable cause of the derail!ent /as the failure of a set of defecti%e Joint bars on the trac-s. 2
SECTION THI"TEENTHI"TEENNatural Biohazard# Hazard ProfileNatural Biohazard#

Hazard Profile
+a. (/ $oui iana Hazardou +aterial Planning 3one .

Hazard Profile 12.3 F?EE@E,42 ;F ;44@??E,4E
On a%erage9 the State of 7ouisiana recei%es about "9+++ re5orts of accidental hazardous !aterials s5ills annually. Most accidental releases ha%e occurred /hile che!icals /ere being trans5orted along !aJor high/ays. 8able 1# 5resents the nu!ber of hazardous !aterials s5ills and co!5laints re5orted to the 7ouisiana De5art!ent of 1n%iron!ental Kuality by !onth for 2+++ through 2++2. Table 1>: 8ouisiana Hazardous $aterials Complains and &pills by $ont!5 #4447#44#:
$ont! Ganuary &ebruary March .5ril May Gune Guly .ugust Se5te!ber October No%e!ber Dece!ber 8otal for the 3ear #444 Complaints 234 3+1 3+3 32$ 3#+ 2*" 2$2 2*" 241 31" 22# 1*2 33(2 &pills 4"3 43" "+3 3$* 4"$ 4#" 3"# 4+3 4+3 3"3 3$( 3*+ 4**" Complaints 22* 24+ 3$" 3(4 411 33( 3+3 311 2*3 432 34$ 2(2 3*3" #441 &pills "++ 3(2 3(* 3*3 434 "(2 421 421 4+4 4(4 3$( 333 "+2* Complaints 33# 3"# 3(1 3*1 3(1 2*3 33* 3#" 313 3(* 23( 22+ 3*(1 #44# &pills 3*$ 3*4 3$# 3$# 4++ 3#( 41* 3"+ 41* "32 3#3 4+3 4$1(
Source, 7ouisiana De5art!ent of 1n%iron!ental Kuality9 htt5,HH///.de'.state.la.usHsur%eillanceHe!ergres5Hco!5laints5illcount.ht!
12.4 SE6E?I)2
8he se%erity of a hazardous !aterials release de5ends u5on the ty5e of !aterial released9 the a!ount of the release9 the 5ro2i!ity to 5o5ulations or sensiti%e areas li-e /etlands or /ater/ays. .s 5re%ious hazardous !aterials incidents in 7ouisiana ha%e sho/n9 the release of !aterials can lead to inJuries or e%acuation of thousands of nearby residents. Nuclear releases are a!ong the !ost feared of technological hazards because they can cause /ides5read death or long4ter! illness to hu!ans and ani!als and conta!inate the en%iron!ent for decades. ;ecause the stateAs Bche!ical corridorC44 the intense concentration of 5etroche!ical 5lantsLlies along trans5ortation routes bet/een Ne/ Orleans and ;aton )ouge in southern 7ouisiana9 scientists and other hazard analysts theorize that hurricane /inds9 stor! surge9 or flooding could lead to an accidental release of a hazardous !aterial fro! a fi2ed4site or fro! a trans5ort !ode on one of the high/ays9 railroads9 or /ater/ays. . 5rofessor for the nstitute for 1n%iron!ental Studies at 7ouisiana State >ni%ersity theorizes that airborne debris could breach 5i5es or tan-s9 floods could brea- tan-s a/ay fro! facilities9 and 5i5elines could be ru5tured by floating debris. "

Hazard Profile
Such releases can lead to /ides5read conta!ination of 7ouisianaAs coastline and to inland areas9 e25losions and fire9 and death or inJury to hu!ans9 5lants9 and ani!als.
12.5 S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,

.yers9 Shirley. )oc-et &uel 125losion )eleases 8o2ic <loud9 8housands nJured. +is.atch. Dol. D 9 No. 1. S5ring 1**#. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ///.efil!grou5.co!HDis5atchHdis2.ht!l. <o!5laintsHS5ills by the Month. 7ouisiana De5art!ent of 1n%iron!ental Kuality. Ganuary 2++3. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.de'.state.la.usHsur%eillanceHe!ergres5Hco!5laints5illcount.ht!. &ederal 1!ergency Manage!ent .gency. 1**(. Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A !ornerstone of the National Mitigation "trategy. National 8rans5ortation Safety ;oard. 2++2. +erailment of (nion #acific Railroad ;rain E/#LI-,3 at $unice) Louisiana) May ,:) ,---. )ailroad .ccident )e5ort N8S;H).)4+2H+3. P;2++24*1#3+39 Notation (4"+. Hazardous Materials .ccident ;rief. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ncs5.ta!u.eduHre5ortsHN8S;HntsbHarzardHH6;*$+1.ht!. Pine9 Gohn <. 1***. FRisk Assessment of Natural and ;echnological Hazards A Look at !alcasieu #arish.G nstitute for 1n%iron!ental Studies9 7ouisiana State >ni%ersity. >nited States 1n%iron!ental Protection .gency. 2+++. 7ouisiana 8o2ics )elease n%entory State )e5ort. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ///.e5a.go%Hen%iroHht!lHtrisH. Diator9 <hris and Gennifer .r!and. $mergency Res.onse $fforts are !rucial Hazardous Materials !risis +ra& "tate #olice) +$E (nits. 7ouisiana State >ni%ersity. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ///.leeric.lsu.eduHleHco%erHlead114.ht!.

Hazard Profile
13. Section 13 13 ,atural -iohazard Hazard Profile
13.1 ,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D

Natural biohazards in%ol%e the ra5id s5read of serious9 infectious diseases to hu!ans9 and can in%ol%e acute and chronic infection9 5arasitis!9 and to2ic and allergic reactions to 5lant and ani!al agents. Diseases are trans!itted to hu!ans in !any different /ays. Many diseases are co!!unicable directly fro! ani!al to hu!ans9 and so!e infectious or 5arasitic diseases are trans!itted by 5arasitic arthro5od s5ecies ?including insects and crustaceans@ that act as inter!ediate hosts or ani!al carriers. &urther!ore9 a s5ectru! of 5lants and ani!als 5roduce irritating9 to2ic9 or allergenic substances. Dusts !ay contain !any -inds of allergenic !aterials9 including insect scale9 hairs9 fecal dust9 sa/dust9 5lant 5ollens9 and fungal s5ores. So!e occu5ations are !ore li-ely to e25ose the /or-er to natural biohazards9 including,
Plant or ani!al handlers or those /hose Jobs cause the! to co!e into contact /ith ani!al 5roductsE 7aboratory e!5loyeesE Hos5ital 5ersonnelE 1!5loyees /or-ing /ith food andHor food 5rocessingE and9 Pre%iously une25osed and susce5tible indi%iduals /ho tra%el andHor /or- in ne/ en%iron!ents that !ay increase their risof contracting ende!ic diseases.
Natural biohazards beco!e e!ergency !anage!ent !atters /hen they e2ceed the ability of regular health care syste!s to res5ond to outbrea-s. 8hese situations re'uire the !obilization of other agencies to 5re%ent further s5read of the disease or to res5ond to the conse'uences of the disease ?e.g.9 handling !ass casualties9 5re%enting fear or out4!igration of 5o5ulations9 or enforcing 'uarantine 5olicies@. 8he le%el of res5onse to outbrea-s de5ends u5on the nature of the disease9 the a%ailable resources of affected Jurisdictions including their health care syste!s9 and often de!ogra5hics and natural en%iron!ent in the affected area. &or e2a!5le9 diseases such as =est Nile or dengue that are s5read to hu!ans by !os'uitoes can be effecti%ely !anaged by health care /or-ers in 5arishes in /hich %igorous !os'uito control 5rogra!s are in 5lace. Ho/e%er9 5arishes /ithout established 5rogra!s re'uire the aid of other agencies in order to i!5le!ent e!ergency re!edial !os'uito control 5rogra!s to hel5 5re%ent the s5read of the %irus. .s another e2a!5le9 health care /or-ers consider rabies9 a %irus 5ri!arily found in /ildlife9 to be a threat to hu!an 5o5ulations only /hen dogs9 li%estoc-9 or other do!estic ani!als are infected /ith the disease. 1%en one case of rabies in a do!estic ani!al near concentrations of hu!an 5o5ulation !ay re'uire a coordinated res5onse fro! non4health care agencies9 li-e 5olice de5art!ents and %eterinarians9 to trac- do/n other 5otential cases and to /arn hu!ans that !ay ha%e co!e in contact /ith infected ani!als. 8he 7ouisiana Office of Public Health in the De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals trac-s a nu!ber of infectious diseases. 8able 1( lists co!!unicable diseases re5ortable by health care /or-ers in 7ouisiana. 8hese diseases are acti%ely trac-ed e5ide!iologically and ha%e acti%e 5re%ention 5rogra!s. 1

Hazard Profile
Table 1?: .eportable Communicable Diseases in 8ouisiana5 1669:
.c'uired !!une Deficiency Syndro!e ?. DS@ .!ebiasis .rthro5od4borne ence5halitis ;lasto!ycosis ;otulis! <a!5ylobacteriosis <hancroid <hla!ydial infection <holera <ry5tos5oridiosis Di5htheria 1nterococcus ? infectionE resistant to %anco!ycin@ 1scherichia coli +1"(,H( infection :onorrhea Hae!o5hilus influenzae infection He!olytic4>re!ic Syndro!e He5atitis ; carriage in 5regnancy He5atitis9 .cute ?.9 ;9 <9 Other@ Her5es ?neonatal@ Hu!an !!unodeficiency Dirus ?H D@ infection 7egionellosis 7y!e Disease 7y!5hogranulo!a %enereu! Malaria Measles ?rubeola@ Meningitis9 other bacterial or fungal Mu!5s Mycobacteriosis9 aty5ical Neisseria !eningitidis infection Pertussis )abies ?ani!al Y !an@ )oc-y Mountain S5otted &e%er ?)MS&@ )ubella ?congenital syndro!e@ )ubella ?:er!an !easles@ Sal!onellosis Shigellosis Sta5hylococcus aureus ?infectionE resistant to !ethicillinHo2acillin or %anco!ycin@ Stre5tococcus 5neu!oniae ?infectionE resistant to 5enicillin@ Sy5hilis 8etanus 8uberculosis 8y5hoid fe%er Daricella ?chic-en5o2@ Dibrio infections ?e2cluding cholera@
Source, )e5ortable <o!!unicable Diseases9 7ouisiana Office of Public Health9 De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals
7ouisiana 5ublic health officials also trac- e!erging diseases li-e =est Nile and se%ere acute res5iratory syndro!e ?S.)S@. =est Nile %irus9 /hich has only been e%ident in the >nited States since 1***9 is a !os'uito4borne 5athogen that can cause ence5halitis or brain infection and occurs in the late su!!er or early fall. Mos'uitoes ac'uire the %irus fro! birds and 5ass it on to other birds9 ani!als9 and hu!ans. On the other hand9 S.)S9 a flu4li-e %iral disease that e!erged in 2++39 has s5read throughout the /orld by tra%elers in close contact /ith infected 5eo5le. 8he disease9 /hich first e!erged in .sia9 has infected nearly 2$++ 5eo5le /orld/ide ?as of .5ril 1+9 2++3@ and 1"4 5eo5le in the >nited States. No cases ha%e been re5orted in 7ouisiana.
13.2 DIS<S)E? HIS);?2

;efore the turn of the 2+th century9 7ouisiana had se%eral serious bouts of disease e5ide!ics. 8hroughout !uch of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries9 7ouisiana had the highest death rate of any state due to disease9 and Ne/ Orleans had the highest death rate of any city. &our e5ide!ics bro-e out bet/een 1$"1 and 1$""9 -illing (3 out of e%ery 1+++ 5eo5le in Ne/ Orleans. 8he high disease and death rates in 7ouisiana and es5ecially Ne/ Orleans ste!!ed not only fro! the se!i4tro5ical cli!ate and unsanitary conditions9 but also fro! the cross4cultural 2

Hazard Profile
e2change of ger!s a!ong nati%e 5o5ulations and i!!igrants fro! 1uro5e9 .frica9 and the <aribbean. Diseases fro! 1uro5e deci!ated nati%e 5o5ulations9 and diseases fro! .frica de%astated 1uro5ean settlers. Of #9(++ i!!igrants /ho arri%ed bet/een 1(1( and 1(21 fro! &rance9 about 29+++ died fro! !alaria9 yello/ fe%er9 and dysentery soon after arri%ing in 7ouisiana. Diseases that troubled 7ouisiana included yello/ fe%er9 s!all5o29 cholera9 dysentery9 !alaria9 !ange9 scur%y9 ya/s9 HansenAs disease9 and %enereal diseases. 8he !ost serious e5ide!ics de%elo5ed fro! yello/ fe%er9 cholera9 !alaria and s!all5o2. 3ello/ fe%er9 a disease /ith origins in .frica9 /as the !ost deadly9 es5ecially to 1uro5eans9 and -illed as !uch as #+ 5ercent of those /ho contracted the disease. n 1$"39 the /orst e5ide!ic year9 $+++ 5eo5le 44 1 out of e%ery 1"Ldied of yello/ fe%er in Ne/ Orleans. 8he last !aJor yello/ fe%er e5ide!ic in 7ouisiana occurred in 1*+"9 fi%e years after scientists disco%ered that !os'uitoes carried the disease. =hile e5ide!ics the size and sco5e of the yello/ fe%er e5ide!ics of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are unli-ely today9 7ouisiana e25erienced in recent decades the i!5act of se%eral e!ergent diseases9 5articularly =est Nile %irus. .ccording to the <enters for Disease <ontrol and Pre%ention ?<D<@9 in 2++29 7ouisiana had 33+ cases of laboratory45ositi%e hu!an cases and of =est Nile Dirus and 24 deaths fro! the disease9 !a-ing 7ouisiana the 4th leading state in the nation for cases and for deaths. Ma5 1+ sho/s the s5read of the %irus around the State in 2++2.
13.3 ?<)E ;F ;44@??E,4E <,D SE6E?I)2

So!e !edical 5rofessionals consider the hu!an toll of the =est Nile %irus to be an e5ide!ic. .n Be5ide!icC is defined as a disease that occurs suddenly in nu!bers clearly in e2cess of nor!al e25ectancy9 es5ecially infectious diseases9 but is a55lied also to any disease9 inJury9 or other health4related e%ent occurring in such outbrea-s. Peo5le o%er "+ years of age and 5eo5le /ith co!5ro!ised i!!une syste!s ha%e the highest risof de%elo5ing a se%ere illness fro! the %irus. Most 5eo5le /ho are infected /ith =est Nile %irus ha%e no sy!5to!s or ha%e an infection si!ilar to a !ild flu /ith fe%er9 headache9 and fatigue. Most cases of =est Nile are treated in hu!ans before the hu!ans de%elo5 ence5halitis9 a serious illness of the brain. 8he death rate for hu!ans /ho de%elo5 ence5halitis ranges fro! 3 to 1" 5ercent. . global 5ande!ic of dengue began in Southeast .sia after =orld =ar and has intensified during the last 1" years ?&igure ( de5icts the global reach of dengue@. )is- factors for dengue he!orrhagic fe%er include age9 i!!une status9 and genetic 5redis5osition of the 5atient. <urrently9 there is no %accine for dengue9 and the recent trend of increased e5ide!ic acti%ity is e25ected to continue. 8here is a s!all9 but significant ris- for dengue outbrea-s in the continental >nited States9 es5ecially the southeast9 including 7ouisiana. &ro! 1*(( to 1**49 4$1 confir!ed cases of dengue /ere re5orted nation/ide. &or both dengue and =est Nile9 !os'uito control is the 5ri!ary disease 5re%ention !ethod. 3

Hazard Profile
+a. 1*/ 'e t ,ile Hu!an 4a e 5 2**2
"

Hazard Profile
Figure 1/ 'orld Di tri7ution of Dengue5 4D4 1 2***.
8here are se%eral other ty5es of infectious diseases that the 7ouisiana Office of Public Health trac-s that are trans!itted by insects9 si!ilar to =est Nile and dengue. 8able 1$9 BOther nfectious Diseases9C 5resents the ty5e and nu!ber of cases found in 1**(9 1**$9 and 1***. &urther!ore9 .55endi2 contains the co!5lete list of the nu!bers of re5ortable disease cases for the years 1*(+ to 1***. Table 19: "t!er Infectious Diseases in 8ouisiana5 166?71666
Disease Malaria 7y!e Disease 1nce5halitis9 .rthro5od4borne ?Hu!an 1astern 1'uine 1nce5halitis@ 1nce5halitis9 .rthro5od4borne ?St. 7ouis 1nce5halitis@ )abies in Hu!ans )oc-y Mountain S5otted &e%er 166? Nu!ber 2+ 12 4 + + " +.1 5er 1++9+++ )ate +." 5er 1++9+++ +3. 5er 1++9+++ NH. Nu!ber 1( 13 1 2+ 3 " 1669 )ate +.4 5er 1++9+++ +.3 NH. NH. NH. +.1 5er 1++9+++ Nu!ber 11 * 2 + + 2 NH. NH. 1666 )ate +.3 5er 1++9+++ +.2 5er 1++9+++ NH.
Source, nfectious Disease 15ide!iology .nnual )e5ort9 7ouisiana Office of Public Health9 De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals.

Hazard Profile 13.4 S;@?4ES ;F I,F;?+<)I;,
<ancer =eb. =n-line Medical +ictionary. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHcancer/eb.ncl.ac.u-Hcgi4binHo!dS'ueryUe5ide!ic. <enters for Disease <ontrol. !+! +engue /ever Home #age. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.cdc.go%HncidodHd%bidHdengueHinde2.ht!. 1YS 8echnical nfor!ation. 8iological Hazards. Occu5ation and Safety. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///.5!agrou5.co!H)is-<ontrolH;iologicalHazards.5df. 7ouisiana Office of Public Health9 De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals. Infectious +isease $.idemiology Annual Re.ort 122:. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHo5h.dhh.state.la.usHinfectiousdiseaseHdocsHannualH1**(Hothinf.5df. 7ouisiana Office of Public Health9 De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals. Infectious +isease $.idemiology Annual Re.ort 1225. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHo5h.dhh.state.la.usHinfectiousdiseaseHdocsHannualH1**$Hothinf.5df. 7ouisiana Office of Public Health9 De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals. Infectious +isease $.idemiology Annual Re.ort 1222. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHo5h.dhh.state.la.usHinfectiousdiseaseHdocsHannualH1***Hothinf.5df. 7ouisiana Office of Public Health9 De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals. Re.orta0le !ommunica0le +iseases. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHo5h.dhh.state.la.usHinfectiousdiseaseHdocsHdiseaselist.5df. 7ouisianaAs =est Nile Dirus Sur%eillance Progra!. Health Information. Office of Public Health9 7ouisiana De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHo5h.dhh.state.la.usHinfectiousdiseaseH/estnile. Office of <o!!unication. <enter for Disease <ontrol Media )elations. Aest Nile 9irus (.date !urrent !ase !ount. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, ///.cdc.go%HodHocH!ediaH/ncount.ht!l. )atard9 Dr. )aoult9 State 15ide!iologist. 7ouisiana Office of Public Health9 De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals. 8ele5hone inter%ie/. .5ril 1+9 2++3. 8ranscri5t fro! Z&ace the NationZ about =est Nile Dirus /ith Dr. :erbinding fro! <D< and Dr. &auci of N H. 7ouisianaAs =est Nile Dirus Sur%eillance Progra!. Office of Public Health9 7ouisiana De5art!ent of Health and Hos5itals. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HHo5h.dhh.state.la.usHinfectiousdiseaseH/estnileHne/sdccd.ht!lSstoryU2(1. =orld Health Organization. !umulative Num0er of Re.orted #ro0a0le1 !ases of "evere Acute Res.iratory "yndrome ?"AR"@. .%ailable fro! =orld =ide =eb, htt5,HH///./ho.intHcsrHsarscountryH2++3P+4P1+HenH. $
A$$endi% A Additional Earth&ua'e Hazard Infor ation

Eart!(ua)es 2elt In and %round 8ouisiana
Event Not de5icted on !a5 1 2 3 4 " # ( $ * 1+ 11 12 13 14 1" 1# 1( 1$ 1* 2+ 21 22 23 24 2" 2# 2( 2$ 2* 3+ 31 32 Date 1$1141$12 &ebruary 149 1$43 &ebruary 1"9 1$43 .5ril 1291$$2 Ganuary 229 1$$# &ebruary 39 1*+" Dece!ber 1"9 1*2( Guly 2$9 1*2* October 1*9 1*3+ Dece!ber 29 1*4+ Gune 2$9 1*41 Se5te!ber 2+9 1*4( No%e!ber #9 1*"$ No%e!ber 1*9 1*"$ October 1"9 1*"* .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 249 1*#4 .5ril 2"9 1*#4 .5ril 2"9 1*#4 .5ril 2"9 1*#4 .5ril 2#9 1*#4 .5ril 2#9 1*#4 .5ril 2(9 1*#4 .5ril 2$9 1*#4 .5ril 2$9 1*#4 .5ril 2$9 1*#4 3+.++ 3+.++ 3+.++ 3+.4+ 3+."+ 2*.++ 2*.++ 3+.++ 33.++ 32.4+ 31.*+ 3+.++ 3+.3+ 2*.#+ 31.3$ 31.3+ 31.42 31.3$ 31.3+ 31.4$ 31.3+ 31.3+ 31.3+ 31.3+ 31.3+ 31.3+ 31.3+ 31."" 31.3+ 31.3+ 31.4+ 31.3+ 4*+.++ 4*+.++ 4*+.++ 4*2.++ 4*1.1+ 4$*.4+ 4$*.4+ 4*1.++ 4*4.++ 4*+.*+ 4*2.(+ 4*+.++ 4*1.1+ 4*3.1+ 4*3.$1 4*3.$+ 4*3.$1 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.(* 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.($ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$2 4*3.$+ # " * " " 1 3.$ 3.( 2.# 3.( 3.2 2.# 3.2 2.* 2.$ 2.# 2.# 2.* 2.* 2.( 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.4 4.4 3.* 3.$ 4.2 8at 8ong Dept! +)m$ag
.41

Eart!(ua)es 2elt In and %round 8ouisiana
Event 33 34 3" 3# 3( 3$ 3* 4+ 41 42 43 Date .5ril 2$9 1*#4 .5ril 3+9 1*#4 May 29 1*#4 May 39 1*#4 May (9 1*#4 .ugust 1#9 1*#4 .ugust 1*9 1*#4 &ebruary 139 1*$1 &ebruary 1$9 1*$1 October 1#9 1*$3 Gune 1+9 1**4 8at 31.#3 31."+ 31.3+ 31.3+ 31."+ 31.4+ 31.3+ 3+.++ 2*."# 3+.24 33.+1 8ong 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*3.$+ 4*1.$+ 4*1.4# 4*3.3* 4*2.#( " " " 3 3.$ 3.2 2.( Dept! +)m14 $ag 4.4 3 3.3 3 3.2 2.*
.42
A$$endi% B Additional Flood Hazard Infor ation

Declared 2lood Disasters by Paris!5 16>37#441
Paris!
.cadia .llen .scension .ssu!5tion .%oyelles ;eauregard ;ien%ille ;ossier <addo <alcasieu <ald/ell <a!eron <atahoula <laiborne <oncordia De Soto 1ast ;aton )ouge 1ast <arroll 1ast &eliciana 1%angeline &ran-lin :rant beria ber%ille Gac-son Gefferson Gefferson Da%is 7a Salle 7afayette 7afourche 7incoln 7i%ingston Madison Morehouse Natchitoches Orleans Ouachita

#?7%pr7?' #'72eb7?1 67%pr7?3 '17Ean7?? #7$ay7?? 67$ay7?9 #47&ep7?9 #7$ay7?6 #37&ep7?6 67%pr794 #17$ay794 117Ean79' #47%pr79' '17"ct791 1>7Eun796 #97%ug796 167Nov796 137%pr761 #67%pr761 #72eb76' 97$ay763 37Eun741 Total

2 4 $ # " # " 4 4 " ( 2 ( 4 4 2 ( 2 " 1 ( # 3 ( 2 ( 3 $ ( ( 4 $ 3 " # ( #
;41

Declared 2lood Disasters by Paris!5 16>37#441
Paris!
Pla'ue!ines Pointe <ou5ee )a5ides )ed )i%er )ichland Sabine St. ;ernard St. <harles St. Helena St. Ga!es St. Gohn the ;a5tist St. 7andry St. Martin St. Mary St. 8a!!any 8angi5ahoa 8ensas 8errebonne >nion Der!ilion Dernon =ashington =ebster =est ;aton )ouge =est <arroll =est &eliciana =inn 8otal Parishes Declared
#?7%pr7?' #'72eb7?1 67%pr7?3 '17Ean7?? #7$ay7?? 67$ay7?9 #47&ep7?9 #7$ay7?6 #37&ep7?6 67%pr794 #17$ay794 117Ean79' #47%pr79' '17"ct791 1>7Eun796 #97%ug796 167Nov796 137%pr761 #67%pr761 #72eb76' 97$ay763 37Eun741 Total

1 ( $ 3 # 3 # # 2 4 4 4 $ 4 * ( 2 # 4 ( 4 " " 2 4 3 4
3$ #
( 34 $
2 1+ 3 12 # 1* 12 4 2$ 1* 3 14 3( * 12 2( 314
;42
A$$endi% C Additional Hail#tor Hazard Infor ation
Number of Hailstorms5 $aAimum and %verage Hail &ize by Paris!5 1633 to #44#
$aAimum Hail &ize $aAimum Hail &ize 2.(" 2.(" 1.(" 3.++ 2.++ 1.(" 2.(" 2.(" 2.(" 3.++ 1.(" 2.(" 1.(" 1.(" 1.(" 2.++ 2.(" 1.(" 3.++ 1.(" 2.(" 1.(" 2.++ 1.(" 2.(" 2.++ 2.(" 1.(" 2.++ 1.(" 2.(" 4."+ Number of &torms %verage Hail &ize Number of &torms %verage Hail &ize 1.21 1.14 1.13 1.2* 1."3 1.3+ 1.22 1.24 1.3# 1.24 1.31 1.34 1."+ 1.3+ 1.4+ 1.34 1.33 1.1$ 1.21 1.42 1.2# 1.2$ 1.32 1.2+ 1.2( 1.3# 1.2$ 1.3$ 1.2$ +.*" 1.2+ 1.2(
8ocation
8ocation
.cadia .llen .scension .ssu!5tion .%oyelles ;eauregard ;ien%ille ;ossier <addo <alcasieu <ald/ell <a!eron <atahoula <laiborne <oncordia De Soto 1ast ;aton )ouge 1ast <arroll 1ast &eliciana 1%angeline &ran-lin :rant beria ber%ille Gac-son Gefferson Gefferson Da%is 7a Salle 7afayette 7afourche 7incoln 7i%ingston Madison
1" 2# * ( 2+ 3$ #3
1.(" 2.(" 3.++ 1.(" 1.(" 2.++ 2.(" 4."+ 4."+ 2.(" 2.(" 2.(" 2.(" 2.(" 4."+ 4."+ 2.++ 2.(" 1.(" 2.(" 2.(" 2.(" 1.(" 1.(" 2.(" 3.++ 1.(" 2.(" 2.++ 1.(" 2.(" 1.(" 2.("
1.4+ 1.1* 1."# 1.4# 1.1$ 1.1# 1.23 1.33 1.34 1.1" 1.3+ 1.33 1.4( 1.2$ 1."( 1.21 1.24 1.2# 1.4+ 1.2( 1.3+ 1.3$ 1.11 1.4+ 1.2* 1.4" 1.+4 1.21 1.4" 1.1* 1.24 1.3+ 1.23
Morehouse Natchitoches Orleans Ouachita Pla'ue!ines Pointe <ou5ee )a5ides )ed )i%er )ichland Sabine St. ;ernard St. <harles St. Helena St. Ga!es St. Gohn the ;a5tist St. 7andry St. Martin St. Mary St. 8a!!any 8angi5ahoa 8ensas 8errebonne >nion Der!ilion Dernon =ashington =ebster =est ;aton )ouge =est <arroll =est &eliciana =inn 8otalHMa2.H.%g.
## $+ 23 $2 1+ 1" (4 4+ 3( #* * 1( 4 " " 1" $ ( 2* 23 3* 1+ "( 14 42 1( 1++ $ 33 ( 43 22$*
132 1*( (+ 4* 1# 1# "$ 1" *3 3+ 3# # 21 "2 2( 11 12 "+ 24 1$ 21 2# 1( "* 22 4"
Source, N<D<9 htt5,HH///4.ncdc.noaa.go%Hcgi4/inH//cgi.dllS//1%entTStor!s
<41
<42
Probability of Hailstorms by &ize of Hail &tone by Paris! +197year periodPari h

.cadia .llen .scension .ssu!5tion .%oyelles ;eauregard ;ien%ille ;ossier <addo <alcasieu <ald/ell <a!eron <atahoula <laiborne <oncordia De Soto 1ast ;aton )ouge 1ast <arroll 1ast &eliciana 1%angeline &ran-lin :rant beria ber%ille Gac-son Gefferson Gefferson Da%is 7a Salle 7afayette 7afourche 7incoln 7i%ingston Madison Morehouse Natchitoches Orleans Ouachita Pla'ue!ines Pointe <ou5ee )a5ides )ed )i%er )ichland Sabine
*1.#4
+.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.+10 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+20 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0
Hail Stone Size in Inche .#51.(( 111.( 212.(

+.+20 +.+(0 +.+20 +.+10 +.+40 +.120 +.+*0 +.210 +.3"0 +.210 +.+(0 +.+30 +.+30 +.1+0 +.+30 +.1#0 +.+#0 +.+(0 +.+10 +.+"0 +.+#0 +.+"0 +.+30 +.+20 +.+*0 +.+30 +.+"0 +.+#0 +.+30 +.+"0 +.1+0 +.+30 +.+#0 +.130 +.1"0 +.+#0 +.140 +.+10 +.+40 +.1*0 +.+#0 +.+"0 +.110 +.+#0 +.+(0 +.+20 +.+30 +.+(0 +.+*0 +.2"0 +.440 +.#20 +.1*0 +.1*0 +.+"0 +.+30 +.220 +.+30 +.340 +.1+0 +.110 +.+20 +.+#0 +.210 +.+*0 +.+30 +.+"0 +.140 +.+*0 +.+"0 +.+"0 +.110 +.+"0 +.210 +.+*0 +.1(0 +.220 +.2*0 +.+(0 +.2#0 +.+30 +.+"0 +.210 +.1"0 +.1"0 +.2#0 +.++0 +.+10 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.+20 +.+*0 +.110 +.+10 +.+10 +.+10 +.+20 +.+10 +.+10 +.+20 +.+10 +.+20 +.++0 +.+10 +.+20 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.+"0 +.+10 +.++0 +.+10 +.+10 +.++0 +.+20 +.++0 +.+20 +.+30 +.+10 +.++0 +.+"0 +.+10 +.++0 +.+20 +.+20 +.+10 +.+20
3.*2
+.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.+30 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10
Pro.a.ilit/ for 0ll Hail tone Size

+.+*0 +.1"0 +.+"0 +.+40 +.110 +.220 +.3#0 +.("0 1.120 +.4+0 +.2(0 +.+*0 +.+*0 +.330 +.+*0 +."30 +.1(0 +.210 +.+30 +.120 +.3+0 +.1"0 +.+#0 +.+(0 +.2*0 +.140 +.1+0 +.120 +.140 +.1+0 +.340 +.130 +.2#0 +.3$0 +.4#0 +.130 +.4(0 +.+#0 +.+*0 +.420 +.230 +.210 +.3*0
<43

Probability of Hailstorms by &ize of Hail &tone by Paris! +197year periodPari h
St. ;ernard St. <harles St. Helena St. Ga!es St. Gohn the ;a5tist St. 7andry St. Martin St. Mary St. 8a!!any 8angi5ahoa 8ensas 8errebonne >nion Der!ilion Dernon =ashington =ebster =est ;aton )ouge =est <arroll =est &eliciana =inn State/ide Probability
*1.#4
+.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+$0
Hail Stone Size in Inche .#51.(( 111.( 212.(

+.+20 +.+20 +.++0 +.+10 +.+10 +.+30 +.+20 +.+20 +.+"0 +.+30 +.1+0 +.+20 +.+*0 +.+30 +.+*0 +.+20 +.1#0 +.+10 +.+(0 +.+30 +.+$0 4.320 +.+30 +.+(0 +.+20 +.+20 +.+20 +.+"0 +.+20 +.+20 +.1+0 +.1+0 +.1+0 +.+30 +.220 +.+"0 +.130 +.+(0 +.3$0 +.+30 +.110 +.+10 +.1"0 (.(40 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+30 +.++0 +.+20 +.++0 +.+20 +.+10 +.+30 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.+10 +.$20
3.*2
+.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+10 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.++0 +.+*0
Pro.a.ilit/ for 0ll Hail tone Size

+.+"0 +.1+0 +.+20 +.+30 +.+30 +.+*0 +.+"0 +.+40 +.1#0 +.130 +.220 +.+#0 +.330 +.+$0 +.230 +.1+0 +."(0 +.+"0 +.1*0 +.+40 +.2"0 13.+40
<44
A$$endi% D Additional Hurri(ane Hazard Infor ation

%verage @ind &peed Cy Category "f Historical Hurricanes %nd Tropical &torms5 19317#441
Name Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Dear 1$"" 1$"# 1$#+ 1$#+ 1$#+ 1$#" 1$#( 1$#$ 1$#* 1$(2 1$(" 1$(( 1$(* 1$(* 1$(* 1$$" 1$$" 1$$" 1$$# 1$$# 1$$( 1$$$ 1$$* 1$*1 1$*2 1$*3 1$*3 1$*" 1$*" 1$*( 1$*$ 1*++ 1*+1 1*+2 1*+4 1*+" 1*+" 1*+( 1*+* 1*12 1*14 1*1" 1*1$ 1*2+ Tropical &torm "( Category 1 *2 1+3 1+3 1+3 1+3 Category # Category ' 12+ 12# 11$ Category 1 1"+ Category 3
"3 #* "( "( 4# 4*
$1
$1
$1 1+3 "( "( "( #* "( "( 12#
$1 (" $3
*$ *$ 1+3 *$
"3 "4 *1 *2 "# 4+ $2 4* "1 $3 #* 4+ 43 41 42 "( "+ 4+ #* 4# "2 *$ *$
("
1+2
$1
*$ *$ 1+3
D41

Name Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed Not Na!ed ;arbara ;renda Not Na!ed Not Na!ed &lossy .udrey ;ertha 1sther .rlene 1thel Hilda ;etsy Debbie <a!ille 1dith &ern <ar!en ;abe Debra ;ob Dear 1*23 1*23 1*2# 1*2# 1*31 1*32 1*32 1*33 1*34 1*3# 1*3( 1*3$ 1*3* 1*4+ 1*4+ 1*41 1*41 1*43 1*44 1*4" 1*4# 1*4( 1*4$ 1*4* 1*4* 1*"4 1*"" 1*"" 1*"# 1*"# 1*"( 1*"( 1*"( 1*"* 1*#+ 1*#4 1*#" 1*#" 1*#* 1*(1 1*(1 1*(4 1*(( 1*($ 1*(* Tropical &torm #3 "2 "" "+ 4# 4+ 4# #* 4# 4+ 4+ 41 42 4# "2 4+ 4" 4+ #3 #3 4# "2 4+ "* 4# 4* #1 #* "2 4# #* #* "( Category 1 Category # *$ *$ Category ' Category 1 Category 3
$1
("
(" $1
*+ ("
$# 144
*2 (" 1+* 1+3 11" 1"" 1*+
#* "2 "( "( 4# $# (" ("
*$ 121 1"+
D42

Name <laudette <hris Danny 1lena Guan Not Na!ed ;eryl &lorence .ndre/ Danny Her!ine .llison 8otal Nu!ber Of <ategory Dear 1*(* 1*$2 1*$" 1*$" 1*$" 1*$( 1*$$ 1*$$ 1**2 1**( 1**$ 2++1 1+1 Tropical &torm "2 "$ "2 "# #" 4* #* "( #3 42 Category 1 Category # Category ' Category 1 Category 3
$" 11" ((
$1 *2 ($
132
"
1$
1*
D43
A$$endi% E Additional Land Failure Hazard Infor ation
141
142
143
A$$endi% F Additional Tornado Hazard Infor ation

Tornado "ccurrences in 8ouisiana by Paris! and by $agnitude
Paris! .cadia .llen .scension .ssu!5tion .%oyelles ;eauregard ;ien%ille ;ossier <addo <alcasieu <ald/ell <a!eron <atahoula <laiborne <oncordia De Soto 1ast ;aton )ouge 1ast <arroll 1ast &eliciana 1%angeline &ran-lin :rant beria ber%ille Gac-son Gefferson Gefferson Da%is 7a Salle 7afayette 7afourche 7incoln 7i%ingston Madison Morehouse Natchitoches 2 4 " 2 3 2 2 2 $ 2 2 12 1+ 3 " # 4 3 $ 3 1+ 24 13 # 1 # 4 3 4 1 # 2# 1 22 4 21 1* 4 3 2 * 1* 13 22 3+ 33 3 1" " 12 13 1$ 1# 11 4 1( 1+ ( ( 4 14 11 12 2 1" 1$ # 1" 13 1* * 2# $ 1 3 # * # 3 ( * $ 2 " 4 3 2 $ ( ( 3 2 $ 3 4 3 " ( ( 2 # 2 $ 2 13 4 " 1 " 1 ( 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 $ $ 4 3 2 2 " 3 $ 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2' # 1 1 21 23 Total 4# 12 $ 14 24 2$ 23 41 "" (1 * 44 1" 2+ 2+ 3* 31 23 11 21 21 1# 1* 1+ 22 3+ 31 * 2( 2( 1$ 21 4+ 2$ 31
&41

Tornado "ccurrences in 8ouisiana by Paris! and by $agnitude
Paris! Orleans Ouachita Pla'ue!ines Pointe <ou5ee )a5ides )ed )i%er )ichland Sabine St. ;ernard St. <harles St. Helena St. Ga!es St. Gohn the ;a5tist St. 7andry St. Martin St. Mary St. 8a!!any 8angi5ahoa 8ensas 8errebonne >nion Der!ilion Dernon =ashington =ebster =est ;aton )ouge =est <arroll =est &eliciana =inn :rand 8otal 1 321 11 14 " ( 2 13 ( " 3 3 2 1 " 3 2 3 21 " 1+ * 1( # 14 1# 2+ 1" * 1* 3 # " 12 #*$ 1 # 4 3 4 * # 2 " 3 # 2 ( 3 ( 2 4 2*2 3 132 1$ 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 4 1 3 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 * 3 3 3 1 2 24 3 12 # 21 " 14 1+ $ 13 3 * " 3 4 4 1 3 1 1 * 3 " 4 2# 4 3 4 1 1 2 4 1 3 " 2 1 2' 21 23 Total 12 31 21 1+ 3( 1+ 2+ 1( 4 $ $ 1 11 34 12 14 24 41 21 24 2# 3* 2* 1( 33 1+ 1( ( 2+ 14#3
&42
A$$endi% ) Additional Da and Le!ee Failure Infor ation
A$$endi% ) Additional Da and Le!ee Failure Hazard Infor ation
8ouisiana 8evee District $ap .. ;. <. D. 1. &. :. H. . G. Q. 7. M. N. O. P. )ed )i%er9 .tchafalaya9 and ;ayou ;oeuf &ifth 7ouisiana .tchafalaya ;asin Metro <ouncil of ;aton )ouge Pontchartrain 7afourche ;asin 1ast Gefferson Orleans =est Gefferson Pla'ue!ines Parish 7a-e ;orgne ;asin St. Mary Parish <ouncil 8errebonne North 7afourche South 7afourche Orleans District9 ;ohe!ia S5ill/ay
Source, >S.<19 htt5,HH///.!%n.usace.ar!y.!ilH5aoHres5onseH7e%eeDistrictMa5.as5
:41
A$$endi% H Additional Hazardou# *aterial# Hazard Infor ation
H41
H42
H43
H44
H4"
A$$endi% I Additional Natural Biohazard# Infor ation
A$$endi% I Additional Natural Biohazard# Hazard Infor ation
Cumulative @est Nile Human Cases by Paris!

Paris! .llen Parish .scension Parish .%oyelles Parish ;ossier Parish <addo Parish <alcasieu Parish <oncordia Parish 1ast ;aton )ouge Parish 1ast &eliciana Parish 1%angeline Parish :rant Parish beria Parish ber%ille Parish Gefferson Parish 7afayette Parish 7i%ingston Parish Orleans Parish Ouachita Parish Pointe <ou5ee Parish )a5ides Parish Number of Cases 1 14 2 3 " 1+ 1 4* 4 1 1 2 " 4+ 4 1( 21 1+ 12 21 Paris! )ed )i%er Parish )ichland Parish Saint ;ernard Parish Saint <harles Parish Saint Helena Parish Saint Ga!es Parish Saint Gohn the ;a5tist Paris Saint 7andry Parish Saint Martin Parish Saint Mary Parish Saint 8a!!any Parish 8angi5ahoa Parish 8ensas Parish 8errebonne Parish >nion Parish Dernon Parish =ashington Parish =est ;aton )ouge Parish =inn Parish Number of Cases 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3* 24 1 1 1 1 1+ 2 1
Source, <enters for Disease <ontrol9 2++2
41

.eported Cases for 8ouisiana by Dear5 16?471691
DI&E%&E
. DS .!ebiasis ;lasto!ycosis ;otulis! <a!5ylobacteriosis <hla!ydia <holera <ry5tococcosis <ry5tos5oridiu! Dengue Di5htheria 1nce5h9 .rthro5odborne 1nce5h9 Oth Y >ns5 1nce5h9 Post4infection 1nterococcus ? nfectionE D)1@ 1. <oli +1"(,H( :onorrhea H. nfluenzae nfection He!olytic4ure!ic Syndro!e He5atitis . He5atitis ; He5atitis < He5atitis9 >ns5ec
?4 + 1$ 2 + 4 4 + 3 4 + 31 + 1$ 1* 4 4 4 4 4 "*# $1 4 +
?1 + $ * + 4 4 + 2 4 + 2$ 1 1$ 14 4 4 14"+ ( 4 4 #(1 13# 4 +
?# + 1" 12 + 4 4 + # 4 + # + 1# 1$ 4 4 1$1$ 4 4 4 #3+ 111 4 +
?' + ( 12 + 4 4 + " 4 + + + 1( 1# 4 4 23"+ 3 4 4 ((3 1"2 4 +
?1 + 34 # + 4 4 + 4 4 + + + 23 " 4 4 24"* + 4 4 44# 1(# 4 1(#
?3 + $ 3 + 4 4 + 2 4 + + # 33 14 4 4 2144 * 4 4 4++ 1*+ 4 1("
?> + ( 3 + 4 4 + " 4 + + * 33 ( 4 4 1$$3 ( 4 4 3** 1(4 4 1(#
?? + # 3 + 4 4 + 1 4 + + 4 1* 1 4 4 1*$( # 4 4 "21 1$( 4 1*3
?9 + # + + 4 4 11 2 4 + + + 1( ( 4 4 22(2 # 4 4 ""+ 21" 4 1*(
?6 + * 2 + 4 4 + 2 4 + + + 2( + 4 4 23$$ 3 4 4 #44 3+( 4 23#
94 + 14 2 + 4 4 + " 4 # + 12 1" + 4 4 22"( ( 4 4 #$2 311 4 2"1
91 + 1# + + 4 4 13 2 4 + + + * + 4 4 233( # 4 4 ((2 3#3 4 4++
9# + " + + 4 4 + 3 4 + + " 2( + 4 4 243" 2 13 4 ($1 34* 4 2$$
9' 1$ $ + + 4 4 + 1 4 + + + 23 + 4 4 234( 2 *3 4 #++ 3"3 4 11$
91 "* ( + 1 4 4 + + 4 + + + 14 + 4 4 2"412 11$ 4 31# 32# 4 $$
43

DI&E%&E
Histo5las!osis Hu!an !!unodeficiency Dirus ?H D@[ 7egionellosis 7isteriosis 7y!e Disease 7y!5hogranulo!a %ener Malaria Measles Meningitis9 Other ;acterial or &ungal Mu!5s Mycobacteriu! .ty5ical Neisseria Meningitidis nfection Pertussis )abies in .ni!als )abies in Man )eye Syndro!e )heu!atic &e%er )MS& )ubella )ubella9 <ongenital Sal!onellosis Shigellosis Sta5hylococcus .ureus ?M)S.@
?4 # 4 4 2 4 3" "3 34" 4 "+ (( (# 33 #* + + 11 1 1#+ " *4 3+ 4
?1 # 4 4 + 4 4+ 3$ 1(1* 4 1#3 "* (2 $2 #1 + + 1+ 1 2*$ 2 1"" 3$ 4
?# ( 4 4 + 4 3# ( 112 4 33* #* "3 44 4* + + 1# + *# # 214 3+# 4
?' $ 4 4 + 4 24 2 *1 4 1"# (+ "1 12 "2 + + 2( + 1++ 1 2$1 33$ 4
?1 ( 4 4 + 4 2" 1 13 4 323 3" "3 2+ 23 + + 22 1 1($ + 24# 1(" 4
?3 4 4 4 + 4 21 1 33 4 32" 23 4+ "( ( + + 12 2 2*" 1 232 122 4
?> 3 4 4 + 4 " 2 3+# 4 41 ## "( 1" $ + + 1" + *2 1 11# 11$ 4
?? ( 4 1+ + 4 14 3 131 4 (+ 4# 1"1 13 23 + + $ ( 3+ + 1#* 1#4 4
?9 4 4 ( + 4 # 4 3$" 4 #$ 42 1"3 4 1( + + $ 2 4*4 + 1(* 122 4
?6 4 4 " 1 4 + # 2#$ 4 32 $* 1"" 1$ 43 + + 2 3 31 1 1** 123 4
94 1 4 4 1 4 3 "* 1" 4 #( *2 1+2 3$ 1* + + 1 4 13 + 213 233 4
91 + 4 + + 4 1 4 13 4 # *$ 13$ $ 34 + + + 2 * + 23" 1"" 4
9# 2 4 # + 4 + $ 1# 4 # $* ## 24 32 + + + 2 1 + 222 114 4
9' + 4 4 + 4 4 1+ 2$ 4 1 1+* "$ 11 3( + 3 + 2 1+ + 24* $1 4
91 + 4
+ 4 4 12 $ 4 + $" #$ 12 #2 + 4 + # + + 21* 11+ 4
44

DI&E%&E
Stre5tococcus Pneu!onia ? nfectionE resistant to Penicillin@ Sy5hilis ?total@ 8etanus 8o2ic Shoc- Syndro!e 8uberculosis9 Other 8uberculosis9 Pul!onary 8y5hoid &e%er Daricella ?<hic-en5o2@ Dibrio9 Non4<holera [ ncludes . DS <ases [[ )e5orted in selected hos5itals Guly 4 Dece!ber9 1**# &ee Human Immunodeficiency /irus +HI/-
?4 4 211( " 4 $# (#* * 4 4
?1 4 2++* 3 4 #1 $14 # 4 4
?# 4 22++ ( 4 "3 #4+ ( 4 4
?' 4 223( 4 4 (" ""$ # 4 4
?1 4 1#(# 3 4 3$ ""1 1+ 4 4
?3 4 14(( " 4 $+ "21 13 4 4
?> 4 14"4 2 4 124 4*3 3 4 4
?? 4 1"13 3 4 $1 "3" 1 4 4
?9 4 1#33 2 4 1+* "4+ 4 4 4
?6 4 22"( # 4 12$ "+* " 4 4
94 4 3+43 " 4 1+1 4($ 2 4 1*
91 4 32** 3 4 111 423 3 4 34
9# 4 3#41 ( 4 (3 3*$ 4 4 3+
9' 4 3#$* 4 4 4# 3*3 4 4 2$
91 4 2$44 3 4 4+ 33( 2 4 2*
4"
.eported Cases for 8ouisiana by Dear5 169371666

DI&E%&E . DS .!ebiasis ;lasto!ycosis ;otulis! <a!5ylobacteriosis <hla!ydia <holera <ry5tococcosis <ry5tos5oridiu! Dengue Di5htheria 1nce5h9 .rthro5odborne 1nce5h9 Oth Y >ns5 1nce5h9 Post4infection 1nterococcus ?infectionE D)1@ 1. <oli +1"(,H( :onorrhea H. nfluenza nfection He!olytic4ure!ic Syndro!e He5atitis . He5atitis ;
93 14+ 3 + + 4 4 + + 4 + + + 1" + 4 4 212" # 133 4 142 2"3
9> 2++ 4 3 + 4 4 2+ 1 4 + + 2 24 + 4 4 1((# $ 12* 4 13" 3"(
9? 324 1 1 + 4 4 " 3 4 + + + 32 + 4 4 13(" # 12# 4 111 ""+
99 3*" $ # + 11+ 4 1 ( 4 + + + 2# + 4 4 13+( * 112 4 1$1 42(
96 "*2 1# ( 1 114 4 + + 4 + + + 2# 1 4 4 1"(2 3 (3 4 2*$ 41*
64 #$# 1 " + 142 4 2 3 4 + + + 11 1 4 4 13(+ ( 22 4 21$ 3$1
61 $*$ 1 " + $3 4 + 4 4 + + 1 1$ + 4 4 1"2" 4 1 4 13$ 3#2
6# 1++2 3 $ 1 2$+ 1+3" 1 2 2 4 + + + 11 1 4 4 144$ " + 4 234 2#1
6'
61
63
6>
6?
69
66
" $ + 1(( 123+ 2 1 + 4 + + + 1+ 1 4 4 132# + 4 4 1+" 2#*
2 4 + 1#4 11+( 2 + 11 4 + + 1( * + 4 4 122$ $ 4 4 1(1 2+#
2 11 1 2++ 1+(2 ( + 4 4 + + 1 # + 4 4 1+"* 3 1 4 1*# 244
* ( 2 1#1 1+** 1 1 13 3 + + 2 2 2 1#[ * *3(3 # 2 2#1 2+*
" # 1 1$1 11"1 2 + 3" 23 2 + 4 2 2 11" 1$ 1+(# 1 1* 2 2## 2+$
( " + 14* 1"3+ " 4 4# 2+ 1 + 21 1 + 2(( 14 12"4 3 2* 2 1(3 21*
( 3 1 13# 1#9"(3 1 2$ 24 2 + 2 1 + 21" 14 131*$ 1# + 213 1(2
4#

DI&E%&E He5atitis < He5atitis9 >ns5ec Histo5las!osis Hu!an !!unodeficiency Dirus ?H D@[ 7egionellosis 7isteriosis 7y!e Disease 7y!5hogranulo!a %ener Malaria Measles Meningitis9 Other ;acterial or &ungal Mu!5s Mycobacteriu!9 .ty5ical Neisseria Meningitis nfection Pertussis )abies in .ni!als )abies in Man )eye Syndro!e )heu!atic &e%er )MS& )ubella )ubella9 <ongenital Sal!onellosis
93 4 3" + 4 " + 4 2+ # 42 4 2 12$ 3$ 2+ 2+ + 2 + " + + 2$"
9> 4 24 + 4 " + 4 1( 2+ 4 4 11 ** 2" 1# 2" + # + 2 + + #23
9? 4 1# + 4 * + 4 + 4 + 4 $3* *4 2( "# 13 + ( + + + + 1+2+
99 4 2+ " 4 $ + 3 2" 13 1 4 3#" 1+" #1 21 13 + 2 + 2 + + (#+
96 4 " 2 4 33 + 3 1+ 3 122 4 ($3 "" 4* 3$ 1( + 2 + 1 + + (3$
64 1* * 4 4 1" + 3 3 * 1+ 4 11$ "+ 42 3( 2" + + + 3 + + $23
61 *4 1+ " 4 1+ + # 14 1( + 4 3( *1 34 14 ( + + + + + + (#*
6# 124 3 + 4 ( + ( 1" 2 3 4 3" $( 3$ 1$ $ + 2 + 2 + + #3*
6' 1(" 4 4 2(+2 1+ + 3 12 $ 1 4 2+ "3 4# 14 1( + + + 2 1 + #"+
61 21" 2 1 23$+ 2+ + " 13 11 1 4 3* "" 4( 1" (3 + + + 1 + + #42
63 222 + 4 1$4+ 3 + * 2( ( 1$ 4 1" 22 #3 22 "4 + + + 2 + + "*+
6> 2*+ + 4 2+4$ 4 2 * # 12 1 + 24 *4 ## 1" 1# + + + 2 1 + #1#
6? 2(# 1 " 1(++ * + 12 2 2+ + 1# 1$ (( "( 22 ( + + + " + + #1(
69 13( + 3 14*( # 1 1" " 1( + 1+ * 11+ (+ 13 3 + + + " 1 + $#4
66 3+2
1 12+" 11 3 * 2# 11 + 3 11 14* (1 1+ # + + + 2 + + (1$
4(

DI&E%&E Shigellosis Sta5hylococcus .ureus ?M)S.@ Stre5tococcus Pneu!onia ? nfectionE resistant to 5enicillin@ Sy5hilis ?total@ 8etanus 8o2ic Shoc- Syndro!e 8uberculosis9 Other 8uberculosis9 Pul!onary 8y5hoid &e%er Daricella ?<hic-en5o2@ Dibrio9 Non4cholera [ ncludes . DS <ases [[ )e5orted in selected hos5itals Guly 4 Dece!ber9 1**# &ee Human Immunodeficiency /irus +HI/-
93 "4 4 4 2(31 2 4 3* 34" 4 4 2(
9> 3+4 4 4 2334 ( 4 4$ 3$2 " 4 "+
9? #1$ 4 4 21(# + + 4$ 3+2 1 4 4"
99 ((( 4 4 23*4 4 1 4+ 3"$ " 4 3+
96 4## 4 4 313$ 1 1 4* 3"$ 1 4 3#
64 3+3 4 4 "4#3 2 1 #+ 3+# 1 4 32
61 2+# 4 4 #$#" + + (1 2*# " 4 4#
6# 1*2 4 4 #4$" 1 + (3 3++ 1 4 3"
6' 4$2 4 4 #$"2 + + "" 313 1 4 4+
61 4(# 4 4 "4*+ 2 + (+ 3(3 4 4 "#
63 4$" 4 4 23## 2 + "" 3*$ 1 4 44
6> "#2 4 1"[[ 14*4 2 + "( 3#3 1 4 42
6? 1$2 4*+ 121 1$1" 1 + "( 34* 2 $3 3#
69 3$# *3# 13( 431 2 2 "4 32# 1 21" "3
66 22( 1+33 11( 3+4 + + "1 3+# 1 1(2 3+
4$

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Land Failure Hazard Profil

Table 1: Disposition of Hazards Evaluated in Preliminary Investigation

Land Failure Hazard Profil

Table 1: Disposition of Hazards Evaluated in Preliminary Investigation

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

,<)@?E ;F )HE H<3<?D

Hydrologic Droug!t %gricultural Droug!t &ocioeconomic Droug!t

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Figure 1/ Peak <cceleration :ith 1*A Pro7a7ilit0 of E8ceedance in 5* 2ear B@S=SC

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

+<=,I)@DE <,D I,)E,SI)2

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Table ': Eart!(ua)e $agnitude * Intensity Comparison

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Table 1: Number of Presidential 2lood Declarations by Paris!

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

+a. 4/ 4ategor0 3 Hurricane Stor! Surge Inundation

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

+a. 5/ 4ategor0 5 Hurricane Stor! Surge Inundation

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Table 9: 2re(uency of Hurricanes Passing @it!in 94 $iles of Ne; "rleans5 8ouisiana

Source, >S:S9 B1n%iron!ental .tlas of 7a-e Pontchartrain9C htt5,HH5ubs.usgs.go%HofH2++2Hof+24 2+#HH5hy4en%iron!entH

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Table 14: $ean %nnual &ubsidence Coded by &oils5 169371661

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

Land Failure Hazard ProfileDrought Hazard Profile

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Wildfire ProfileWildfire Profile

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Wildfire ProfileWildfire Profile

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1 8e2as 2 O-laho!a 3 Qansas 4 &lorida " Nebras-a # o/a

Figure 1/ Peak <cceleration :ith 1A Pro7a7ilit0 of E8ceedance in 5 2ear B@S=SC

132 1( (+ 4 1# 1# "$ 1" 3 3+ 3# # 21 "2 2( 11 12 "+ 24 1$ 21 2# 1( " 22 4"

"3 "4 1 2 "# 4+ $2 4* "1 $3 #* 4+ 43 41 42 "( "+ 4+ #* 4# "2 $ $

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