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Paper reviewed by Mark Ritchie and Amin Ghali (16) about the procedure for the seismic design of non-prestresed concrete slab-column connection +and investigates the validity of the same procedure for prestressed slabs. A series of full- size specimen was tested. Representing the connection of a prestressed slab, with post-tensioned unbounded strands, with an edge column. The also observed that flexural strength remain identical for slab even varying the amount of reinforcement is slab. The columns were subjected to an axial load of constant magnitude and unbalanced moment reversals, representing the effect of an earthquake, of increasing amplitude up to failure. The specimens were provided with same amount and arrangement of stud shear reinforcement (SSR). EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Five full-scale post tensioned slab-column connections were tested as shown in figure 2.1. The specimens represented the edge column connections in a 150 mm-thick slab having 6x6 m2 square panels of the five specimens, four were prestressed edge slab-column connections and the fifth specimen contained no prestressing and was considered the control slab.

Fig. 2.1 Dimensions of test specimens and positive sign convention

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The prototype slab had a gravity service live load of 2.4 kPa, super imposed dead load of 1.3 kPa, and self weight of 3.6 kPa. The prototype was designed such that nine 13 mm (cross sectional area = 99 mm2; effective prestressing force = 110 kN. Post-tensioned tendons were balanced approximately 85% of the service load in interior spans and 65% of the service dead load in exterior spans. The tendons were banded in the x-direction and uniformly distributed in the y-direction. The number of tendons was varied between nine to zero. Stud shear reinforcement was positioned on lines perpendicular to three faces of the column. The effective prestress produced by nine tendons 1.1 MPa, over a cross-sectional area equal to 6.0 x 0.15m2.

Steel beams providing simple support for the three slab edges

Fig. 2.2 Test frame of seismic resistant connection of edge column with prestressed slab

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Three edge of the slab were simply supported by neoprene pads; the fourth edge was free. A 1000 kN capacity horizontal actuator (A) applied the shear force while two 250 kN vertical

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actuators (B and C) produced the unbalanced moment. The column was sufficiently reinforced to prevent its failure. Loadings were given to the specimen in two stages. In first stage shear force, Vu = 110 kN and moment, Mu = 33 kNm were applied at the centroid of the column. In second stage force (Vu)max= 110 kN was sustained, the two column ends were displaced a distance of /2 in opposite directions (figure 2.1). The amplitude of the displacements was increased in increments of 1 mm. The increments of the imposed cyclic displacements continued until 20% of the unbalanced moment capacity was lost. On the basis of tests and the analysis, the following conclusions were made concerning seismic design for punching shear of prestressed slab-edge column connections; 1. For seismic design, the upper limit of the nominal shear strength vn at the critical section at d/2 from the column can be taken equal to (5/6) fc. (vn = vs + vc < 5/6fc) 2. Effective prestressing of 0.4 to 1.1 MPa in edge slab-column connections do not adversely affect the ductility or the maximum interstory drift ratio that they can undergo without punching failure. 3. Headed studs prevented splitting through the slab thickness at the anchorages of the studs. Two studs of nominal strength 28 kN were sufficient to prevent the splitting to a single strand with a jacking force of 110kN.

The technical note of ADAPT (7) using ACI-318-2002 describes the simplified procedure of the design of prestressed concrete sections. The relationships for the simplified procedure is narrated in Chapter 18 of the code. The simplified procedure given in the code is restricted to the cases, where the effective stress in prestressing steel (fse) after allowance for immediate and long-term losses is not less than 50% of its guaranteed ultimate strength (0.5fpu). It uses code specified formula for the determination of stress in prestressing steel at strength limit state (fse). The rigorous design is based on strain compatibility.

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Fig. 2.3 Geometry of the section

The general geometry of the section considered is shown in Fig. 3 for a T-section. Inverted L or rectangular sections are treated as special conditions of a T-section in which one, or both of the overhangs are reduced to zero. I-sections at ultimate strength are also treated as Tsections, since the contribution of concrete in tension zone is disregarded.

THE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF PT MEMBERS IN BENDING (i) The design moment (Mu) must not be less than the moment which the section can develop (Mn = nominal moment) reduced by a strength reduction factor (). The expression *Mn is referred to as design capacity. Mu < *Mn ----------(1)

(ii) The section should possess a minimum ductility. Ductility is defined as the ratio of rotation of a section at failure (u at location of plastic hinge) to rotation of the section at its elastic limit (y, onset of plasticity). Figure 4(a) illustrates the definition of ductility as expressed by .

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Fig. 2.4 Example of flexural ductility of prestressed section For the basic strength reduction factor ( = 0.9), the ratio of c/dt is limited to 0.375. cmax = 0.375 dt amax = 1*cmax ---------- (2) ---------- (3)

Canadian code (CSA3-A23.3), the British code (BS 8110), and the European code (EC2) implement the ductility requirement by limiting the maximum depth of the neutral axis c to a fraction of d or h.

A. Pavic, P. Reynolds, P. Waldron, K.J. Bennett (3) had checked vibration serviceability of Post-Tensioned floor, the details abstract mentioned below. As spans and slenderness of post-tensioned concrete office floors increase, their vibration behavior is becoming increasingly important. Although now recognized worldwide to be an important design issue, detailed guidance on the checking of the vibration serviceability of post-tensioned floors is not readily available in national building codes of practice. The only detailed guidelines developed worldwide specifically for checking vibration serviceability of post-tensioned office floors have been published by the UK Concrete Society in 1994. These guidelines are generic, could be and are being used in countries where specific national guidance is lacking. However, the Concrete Society guidelines have been found to be problematic in each of the three key aspects of floor vibration serviceability assessment.

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First, in the modeling of walking excitation, an unrepresentative walking forcing function is assumed. Second, as the guidelines were not experimentally verified, some unwarranted assumptions and simplifications are made in the modeling of the floor structure, in particular its boundary conditions. Finally, the method of calculation of the floor responses is somewhat simplistic. Here, the possibility that modes of vibration higher than the fundamental may be excited in resonance by walking is neglected.

Aalami Bijan O., S.E., Gail S. Kelley (2001), (5) paper presents the key features of concrete floor design and highlights differences between concrete design and design of other materials. The three analysis methods commonly used for concrete floors: Simple Frame, Equivalent Frame and Finite Elements are discussed. It is demonstrated that regardless of the analysis method, designation of load paths is a prerequisite for concrete floor design. Integration of actions over design strips based on these load paths is shown to be a fundamental step in the interpretation of the solutions when using the Finite Element method. The physical significance of the allowable stresses specified in building codes is examined. Design characteristics of post-tensioned floor systems are outlined and guidelines for their design are given. The paper concludes with a discussion of options for modeling waffle slabs.

Paul N. Roschke and Masamichi Inoue (19) studied on effect of banded prestressed concrete flat slab. They investigated strain distribution in regions immediately adjacent to the transverse post-tensioning bands in a new class of flat slab reinforced concrete bridges employing bidirectional post-tensioning. While longitudinal post tensioning is uniform, transverse strands are concentrated in the vicinity of column lines. The currently applied design assumes that the transverse post-tensioning effect spreads along straight lines at a specified angle. Size of a laboratory model slab is chosen so that this assumption may be checked for validity. A load schedule is used to study strain distribution for a variety of tendon and load patterns. Values of strain at gage locations as predicted by a finite element

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analysis are compared to the actual data collected. Reasonably good correlation between laboratory data and the computer program allows increased confidence in numerical simulation. Following testing and analysis of elastic loads, the slab is loaded to impose a punch-through shear failure. Shear formulas recommended by the American Concrete Institute and other researchers are compared with experimental failure and reserve capacity loads.

The paper of M.G. Sahab, A.F. Ashour, and V.V. Toropov (17) deal with the cost optimization of Reinforced concrete flat slab. The objective function is the total cost of the building including the cost of floors, columns and foundations. The cost of each structural element covers that of material and labor for reinforcement, concrete and formwork. The structure is modeled and analyzed using the equivalent frame method. The optimization process is handled in three different levels. In the first level, the optimum column layout is achieved by an exhaustive search. In the second level, using an optimization algorithm, the optimum dimensions of columns and slab thickness for each column layout are found. In the third level, an exhaustive search is employed to determine the optimum number and size of reinforcing bars of reinforced concrete members. Cost optimization for three reinforced concrete flat slab buildings is illustrated and the results of the optimum and conventional design procedures are compared.

Fig.2.5 Flat slab system

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Fig. 2.6 The flowchart of the optimization procedure of flat slab.

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Finally (6) concluded that the greater the number of storey in the reinforced concrete flat slab building, in other words, the greater the number of structural elements, the greater the cost savings achieved using design optimization. Column layout optimization of flat slab buildings can produce substantial savings as regards the total structural cost of the building. Cost of floors constitutes the major part of the total structural cost of reinforced concrete flat slab buildings.

N. K. Subedi and P. S. Baglin (18) studied on flat-slab type construction the most vulnerable areas from the point of view of safety of the structure are the junctions between the slabs and the columns. As architects and engineers strive to achieve increasingly slender forms of construction the vulnerability of the slabs to punching increases. The existing methods of detailing for punching shear, which range from stirrups, proprietary prefabricated systems of shear ladders and shear hoops to stud rails, do not provide absolute guarantees of safety. In this paper have put the new concept for the design of slabcolumn junctions in flat slabs. The new system, which utilizes solid steel sections and plate, aims to eliminate the possibility of punching altogether. The preliminary study shows that the new composite system is robust and has the potential for developing into a practical method of detailing against punching forces in flat slabs.

J. Prasad, S. Chander and A.K. Ahuja (14) studied for waffle slab and reviewed that, waffle slab has had its genesis in a rather thick solid-slab floor from which the bottom layer concrete in tension is partially replaced by their ribs along orthogonal directions. The ribs are reinforced with steel to resist flexural tensile stresses. The dimensions and spacing of ribs are decided in a manner so as to achieve better load distribution without requiring the shear reinforcement. The present paper elaborates the results obtained from the analytical study

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carried out on waffle slab medium size floor system with a view to achieve the optimum dimensions of rib spacing, its depth and width. The waffle slab has been considered as monolithically connected to band beams. Feasibility of structural design of members has been ensured under the provision of IS: 456-2000.

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