Mathematics SPM

Topic 4 : Mathematical Reasoning 4.6 Deduction and Induction.

1. Make a general conclusion by induction for the following sequences.
(a)

5 =(0) + 5
6 =(1) + 5
7 =(2) + 5
8= (3) + 5
..............
()+5
n+5
n = 0,1,2 . . .

(1) 3 =
1=
5=
9=

4(0)
4(1)
4(2)
4(3)

3
3
3
3

..............

(5) 35 = 4 ( 3 ) 2 1
63 = 4 (4 ) 2 1
99 = 4 (5 ) 2 1
143 = 4 (6 ) 2 1
..............

(b)

3=2( 2 ) 1
5=2( 3 ) 1
7=2( 4 ) 1
9=2( 5 ) 1
..............
2()1
2(n) 1
n = 0,1,2 . . .

(2) 6 = 2 (1 )2 + 4
2

12 = 2 (2 ) + 4
22 = 2 (3 )2 + 4
36 = 2 (4 )2 + 4

.............

(6) 1 = 2 1 1
3 = 22 1
7 = 23 1
15 = 2 4 1
..............

(9) 4 = 3 x 1 + 1
13 = 3 x 4 + 1
28 = 3 x 9 + 1
49 = 3 x 16 + 1

..............

Technique 3+1 4.6 Deduction and Induction.

(c) 3
4
. 7
12

=(0)2
=(1)2
=(2)2
=(3)2

+ 3
+ 3
+3
+3

..............
( )2+3
n2 + 3

n = 0,1,2 . . .
(3) 12 = 2 (3 ) 2 6
26 = 2 (4 ) 2 6
44 = 2 (5 ) 2 6
66 = 2 (6 ) 2 6
..............

(7) 10 =
13 =
19 =
31 =

3x20+7
3x21+7
3x22+7
3x23+7

..............

(10)

6=
12 =
20 =
30 =

3
4
5
6

x
x
x
x

2
3
4
5

..............

(Finding the trend)

Copy the
unchanged terms.
Replace changed
term ( the
sequence) as n.
state the values
of n (3 # + 3 ..)
(4) 1 = 7 (2)3
20 = 7 (3)3
57 = 7 (4)3
128 = 7 (5)3

..............

(8) 19 = 42 + 3
67 = 43 + 3
259 = 44 + 3
1028 = 45 + 3

..............

Mathematics SPM

Answer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

4n 3 , n = 0,1,2, . . .
2n2 + 4 , n = 1,2,3, . . .
2n2 6 , n = 3,4,5, . . .
7 n3 , n = 2, 3 ,4 , . . .
4n2 1 , n = 3,4,5, . . .
2n 1, n = 1,2,3 , . . .
3(2n) + 7 , n = 0,1,2, . . .
4n + 3 , n = 2,3,4, . . .
3n2 + 1 , n = 1,2,3, . . .
n ( n + 1 ) or n2 + n , n = 2,3,4, . . .
or ( n 1 )(n) or n2 n , n = 3,4,5, . . .

Technique 3+1 4.6 Deduction and Induction.