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Maryland Metrics: Technical Data METRIC ASTM STRUCTURAL FASTENERS FASTENER MATERIALS AND GRADES U.S. Customary Unit Fasteners
Although metric fastener standards have been available in the US for more than 20 years, metric structural bolting is still not fully implemented in the United States. The Industrial Fasteners Institute publishes an excellent summary of all metric fastener specifications in its Metric Fastener Standards.(1) The specific standards from the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) contain a great deal more information about the geometry, material, manufacturing and marking of these fasteners. Additional information can be found in the AISC Metric Conversion: Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.(2) The following sections describe metric structural bolting but the student should also have some familiarity with the US Customary Unit (USCU) fasteners that have been used throughout the past fifty years. Both USCU and metric fasteners are marked so that iron workers and inspectors can quickly and easily verify that they are using the correct type of fastener (e.g., strength of bolt). The sections that follow show the metric head markings and the figure below shows the markings for the most common types of USCU structural bolts. The most commonly used bolts in the USCU system were A307 bolts (also called "common" or "unfinished" bolts) and A325 bolts although A499 and A490 bolts are also sometimes used. Some common head markings are shown in the figure below. Every bolt head must be marked with the bolt type (e.g., A307-A or A325), an indication of the material (e.g., high-strength material is indicated by three radial lines) and the manufacturers mark (e.g., MFG in the figure).
ASTM F568
ASTM F568 defines materials used for manufacturing a broad category of fasteners with a wide variety of materials strengths. All metric fasteners are made using materials that are specified in ASTM F568. Some classes of bolts in the F568 family that are essentially equivalent to some common types of structural bolts are the following: