(__) Compulsory Immunizations fight BioTerrorism Tom Jefferson. 2004. Bioterrorism and Compulsory Vaccination. BJM Publishing Group.

http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/329/7465/524 the use of vaccines to prevent the effects of serious infections caused by a terrorist attack appears a sensible policy. In 1997 the United States Department of Defense initiated the compulsory anthrax vaccine immunisation programmeto immunise 2.4m military personnel.1 In December 2002 a similar programme,
Taken at face value also involving civilians, was started against smallpox. In the first five and half months the Department of Defense administered 450 293 doses of smallpox vaccine.2 United States military

. As in any vaccination campaign, the incidence of the target disease and the characteristics of available vaccines are two key elements in decision making.
personnel engaged in military operations in Iraq are immunised against smallpox and anthrax

(__)AT: Religious and philosophical and conscientious exemptions Allowing religious exemptions is a slippery slope into allowing anyone an exception Copyright (c) 2004 University of Michigan Law School University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Winter, 2004, 37 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 353, 38848 words, ARTICLE: VANISHING VACCINATIONS: WHY ARE SO MANY AMERICANS OPTING OUT OF VACCINATING THEIR CHILDREN?, Steve P. Calandrillo* Another tricky legal issue to navigate in states that allow religious exemptions is determining which denominations qualify. For instance, do only "nationally recognized" churches count, or does any religious belief entitle a parent to an exemption for her child? A court in Kentucky has ruled that a requirement that parents be members of a nationally recognized and established church to qualify for exemption does not violate the Establishment Clause, n391 but it stands in the minority on this point. Several other state courts have concluded that once religious exemptions are allowed by state law, they must be granted to everyone and anyone who claims a "sincerely held religious belief" opposed to vaccination - and not just those emanating from officially recognized religions. n392 Unfortunately, states rarely enforce the "sincerely held" language, [*416] instead routinely granting exemptions without verification. n393 Worse, some courts have expressly prohibited their respective state health departments from inquiring into the sincerity of a parent's religious objection to vaccination. (__)Religious Groups Exempt from Immunization Laws become sick at higher rates Author(s): Thomas Novotny, Charles E. Jennings, Mary Doran, C. Ralph March, Richard S. Hopkins, Steven G. F. Wassilak, Lauri E. Markowitz Source: Public Health Reports (1974-), Vol. 103, No. 1 (Jan. Feb., 1988), pp. 49-54 Published by: Association of Schools of Public Health Outbreaks of measles occurred in two groups of Christian Scientists in 1985. These outbreaks resulted in 187 cases, 90 percent of the 1985 measles cases occurring among religiously exempt persons and 6.7 percent of 2,813 total cases reported to CDC in 1985 (3). This report compares control strategies for these outbreaks and makes
suggestions for possible actions regarding measles cases in exempt groups.

(__)Disease outbreaks destroy economies Anthony Ciolli. Religious & Philosophical Exemptions to Mandatory School Vaccinations: Who Should Bear the Costs to Society? 2008. Missouri Law Review Appellate Law Clerk to Chief Justice Rhys S. Hodge, Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands. outbreaks have an impact beyond the suffering caused in those particular communities. The creation of disease hotspots due to widespread use of religious and philosophical exemptions deals a serious monetary blow to our cash-strapped medical system.13 For instance, the U.S. measles outbreak that took place between 1989 and 1991 created costs of more than $100 million in medical expenses alone.14 Hepatitis B outbreaks attributed to low hepatitis B vaccination rates are expected to create $700 million in medical and work loss costs.15 In fact, vaccine-preventable diseases impose $10 billion worth of healthcare costs and over 30,000 otherwise avoidable deaths in
But such America each year.

(__)CV does not violate the constitution Compulsory vaccination and conscientious or philosophical exemptions: past, present, and future. Daniel A Salmon; Stephen P Teret; C Raina MacIntyre; David Salisbury; et al. The Lancet; Feb 4-Feb 10, 2006; 367, 9508; Platinum Periodicals. pg. 436 . The court found that The liberty secured by the constitution of the United States to every person within its jurisdiction does not import an absolute right in each person to be, at all times and in all circumstances, wholly freed from restrain. There are manifold restraints to which every person is necessarily subject for the common good. The court affirmed the right of states to require vaccination as a legitimate use of their polic e powers and clearly stated that the health of the public supersedes certain individual interests, within reasonable boundaries. The Jacobson case laid the foundation for public health law
Jacobsons case was decided in 1905 by the US Supreme Court, which rejected each of his constitutional arguments in the USA. The Supreme court also upheld the constitutionality of school vaccination laws in 1922.

(__)The MMR (Measles Mumps Rubella) vaccine does not cause autism. Four case studies prove. Jeffrey S. Gerber and Paul A. OffitDivision of Infectious Diseases, The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses. Page 458. February 15, 2009. Four retrospective, observational studies addressed the relationship between MMR vaccine and autism. 1. In the United Kingdom, 71 MMR-vaccinated autistic children were compared with 284 MMR-vaccinated matched control children through use of the Doctors Independent Network, a general practice database [12]. The authors observed no differences between case and control children in practitioner consultation ratesa surrogate for parental concerns about their childs developmentwithin 6 months after MMR vaccination, which suggests that the diagnosis of autism was not temporally related to MMR vaccination. 2. In Finland, using national registers, researchers linked hospitalization records to vaccination records in 535,544 children vaccinated during 19821986 [13]. Of 309 children hospitalized for autistic disorders, no clustering occurred relative to the time of MMR vaccination. 3. In Denmark, again using a national registry, researchers determined vaccination status and autism diagnosis in 537,303 children born during 19911998 [14]. The authors observed no differences in the relative risk of autism between those who did and those who did not receive MMR vaccine. Among autistic children, no relationship between date of vaccination and development of autism was observed. 4. In metropolitan Atlanta, using a developmental

, researchers compared 624 autistic children with 1824 matched control children [15]. Vaccination records were obtained from state immunization forms. The authors observed no differences in age at vaccination between autistic and nonautistic children, which suggests that early age of MMR vaccine exposure was not a risk factor for autism.
surveillance program