Rhodiola Rosea - Scientific Review On Usage, Dosage, Side Effects - Examine

Rhodiola Rosea - Scientific Review on Usage, Dosage, Side Effects | Exa...
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SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements HUMAN EFFECT /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to MATRIX promote physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for COMPLETE reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. SUMMARY Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in CITATIONS
preliminary evidence.
This page features 132 unique references to scientific papers.
Quick Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese
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physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged
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stressful situations. Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
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Summary (All Essential Benefits/Effects/Facts & Information)
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Rhodiola rosea is a herb in the rhodiola genera (Crassulaceae family) which has traditional usage as an anti-fatigue agent and Adaptogen (/supplements/Adaptogen/) compound, and rhodiola is likely the second
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most popular adaptogen (second only to Panax ginseng (/supplements
SUMMARY In regards THINGS TOto fatigue, rhodiola appears to be able to significantly reduce the effects of prolonged and minor physical exhaustion that results in fatigue. KNOW This is more related to stress and the 'burnout' effect, or prolonged but low HOW TO TAKE intensity physical exercise. There is some limited evidence that parameters EDITORS' of physical exercise can be improved with rhodiola, but this appears to be THOUGHTS limited to untrained persons with numerous studies on trained athletes HUMAN EFFECT suggesting that rhodiola does not have an acute ergogenic effect. Despite MATRIX this, rhodiola appears to be highly reliable in reducing fatigue symptoms COMPLETE and improving symptoms of stress (and secondary to that, well-being) in SUMMARY persons fatigued from non-exercise related stressors. CITATIONS
Rhodiola can improve cognitive functioning in persons who experience a reduction in fatigue, but there is insufficient evidence to support an outright increase in cognition (which should occur in non-fatigued persons) and not Quick Summary: enough studies have assessed cognitive decline for conclusions to be made. Rhodiola rosea is a
Traditional Chinese
/Panax+ginseng/)).
Other(/supplements potential uses of rhodiola include preliminary evidence that it is Medicine /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) highly neuroprotective against toxins (requires more evidence) and that
and Scandinavian herb ingestion of rhodiola touted to promote
or its active component can reduce stress-induced rats. In the brain, rhodiola appears to be highly oxidases (MAOs) commonly attributed to rhodiola
physical/cognitive vitality. binge eating in female It appears to be proven
for reducing fatigue and inhibition of monoamine exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. may not be relevant Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and also Rhodiola may promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
serotonergic (increases serotonin) and reduces corticosteroids; the following oral ingestion of rhodiola, however.
promote longevity, with preliminary (non-mammalian)
evidence suggesting up to a 20% increase in lifespan secondary to mechanisms that are indepedent of caloric restriction. Although very promising, mammalian evidence is needed to confirm.
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Things to Know
Also Known As
Rosavin, Rosenroot, Rhodiola
Is a Form of
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Rhizome, Golden Root, Arctic Root,
SUMMARY THINGS TO Do Not Confuse With KNOW HOW TO TAKEof Rhodiola, Rosa Other species damascena (/supplements EDITORS' /Rose+Essential+Oil/), Rosmarinic THOUGHTS Acid (/supplements HUMAN EFFECT /Rosmarinic+Acid/), Roselle MATRIX (/supplements COMPLETE /Hibiscus+sabdariffa/), Scutellaria SUMMARY baicalensis (/supplements CITATIONS
/Scutellaria+baicalensis/) (also called Goldenroot)
Rhidola
Stress Relief (/supplements /Stress+Relief/) Adaptogen (/supplements /Adaptogen/) Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/)
Goes Well With

Eleutherococcus senticosus (/supplements /Eleutherococcus+senticosus/) and Schisandra chinensis (/supplements /Schisandra+chinensis/) (as the blend known as ADAPT-232) Cranberry water extract (-amylase and -glucoside inhibition) Hypericum perforatum (/supplements /Hypericum+perforatum/) (binge eating)
Quick Summary: Things to Note

Rhodiola Rosea is slightly stimulatory, although not classically stimulatory Medicine (/supplements like Caffeine (/supplements/Caffeine/) /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) Rhodiola rosea and Scandinavian herb is known to inhibit the CYP3A4 touted to promote enzyme in vitro at concentrations physical/cognitive vitality.which likely occur to It appears toingestion be proven oral
Traditional Chinese for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in preliminary evidence. Rhodiola rosea is a
Stacks Part Of
Cravings (/stacks /cravings.html) Fatigue and Stress (Chronic) (/stacks/fatigue-and-stresschronic.html) Addiction (/stacks /addiction.html)
Edit (/edit/supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Caution Notice
Rhodiola rosea may interact with enzymes of drug metabolism
Examine.com Medical Disclaimer ()
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SUMMARY (recommended dosage, active amounts, THINGS TO KNOW other details) HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS Supplementation of rhodiola rosea tends to refer to either the SHR-5 HUMAN extract EFFECT in particular or an equivalent extract, any that confers both 3% MATRIX rosavins and 1% salidroside. COMPLETE Usage of rhodiola as a daily preventative against fatigue has been reported SUMMARY to be effective in doses as low as 50mg. CITATIONS
How to Take
Acute usage of rhodiola for fatigue and anti-stress has been noted to be taken in the 288-680mg range.
Quick As rhodiola has been shown to have a bell-curve response before, it is Summary:
doses Chinese may be Traditional
Rhodiola rosea is a
recommended to not exceed the aforementioned 680mg dosage as higher ineffective.
Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. Rhodiola is also
Editors' Thoughts on Rhodiola Rosea
neuroprotective and promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
When cycling off of something like Caffeine (/supplements/Caffeine/), I found Rhodiola Rosea made it a lot easier for the body.
Edit (/edit/supplements Sol Orwell (/user/Sol/) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Human Effect Matrix
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The Human Effect Matrix looks at human studies (excluding animal/petri-dish studies) to tell you what effect Rhodiola Rosea has in your body, and how strong SUMMARY these effects are.
THINGS TO KNOW GRADE LEVEL OF EVIDENCE HOW TO TAKE Robust research conducted with repeated double blind clinical trials EDITORS' A THOUGHTS Multiple studies where at least two are double-blind and placebo HUMAN BEFFECT controlled MATRIX Single double blind study or multiple cohort studies COMPLETE C SUMMARY Uncontrolled or observational studies only CITATIONS D
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE () MAGNITUDE OF EFFECT SIZE ()
Quick EFFECT Summary: Fatigue (/topics/Fatigue/) A Rhodiola rosea is a

Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and Subjective Well-Being (/topics B in prolonged exhaustion
CHANGE ()
SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS
COMMENTS
100%
Notable
See all 7 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Fatigue&selection=all)
The decrease in fatigue appears to be quite strong and reliable, rhodiola may be an active control on this parameter
100%
Notable
See all 4 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Subjective%20Well-Being& selection=all)
Increases in subjective well being and contentment in fatigued or stressed individuals appears to be greater than
/Subjective+Well-Being/) stressful situations. Rhodiola is also

Edit (/edit/supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
other supplements.
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SUMMARY Cognition (/topics/Cognition/) B TO THINGS KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY Depression (/topics C CITATIONS
EFFECT
CHANGE ()
COMMENTS
100%
Notable
See all 4 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Cognition&selection=all)
Notably effective assuming fatigue is being reduced. There is insufficient evidence to evaluate rhodiola's effects on cognition without the fatigue reduction aspect
100%
Notable
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Depression&selection=all)
Limited evidence, but up to a halving of symptoms has been noted with higher doses of Rhodiola
/Depression/)
Quick Summary:
C (/supplements Medicine /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/)

and Scandinavian herb touted to promote physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged
Stress (/topics/Stress/)
Minor
0%
See 2 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Stress&selection=all)
Might be effective, but the reduction in stress (rating scale) appears to be less than that seen with fatigue
stressful situations. Rhodiola Heart Rate (/topics C is also neuroprotective and /Heart+Rate/) promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
100%
See 2 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Heart%20Rate&selection=all)
No significant influences on heart rate found so far
Rate of Perceived Exertion

Minor
0%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Rate%20of%20Perceived%20Exertion& selection=all)
Possibly effective if confounded with fatigue (the antifatigue effects may reduce the rate of percieved exertion during submaximal exercise) but there does not appear to... show
Edit (/edit/supplements (/topics /Rhodiola+Rosea/) /Rate+of+Perceived+Exertion/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
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SUMMARY VO2 Max (/topics/VO2+Max/) C TO THINGS KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
EFFECT
CHANGE ()
COMMENTS
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=VO2%20Max&selection=all)
May slightly improve oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise in untrained persons, but overall the improvement in VO2 max does not appear to be highly potent or reliable.
Lactate Production (/topics /Lactate+Production/)

Minor
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Lactate%20Production&selection=all)
A decrease in lactate production has been noted with rhodiola supplementation; practical significance unknown
Quick Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote
physical/cognitive vitality. /Lipid+Peroxidation/) It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. Rhodiola is also
Lipid Peroxidation (/topics
100%
See 2 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Lipid%20Peroxidation&selection=all)
No significant influences on lipid peroxidation biomarkers in serum
Muscle neuroprotective and Damage (/topics C promotes longevity in /Muscle+Damage/)

100%
Minor
See 2 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Muscle%20Damage&selection=all)
Able to reduce circulating levels of creatine kinase following exercise
Edit (/edit/supplements Attention (/topics/Attention/) C /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Attention&selection=all)
No significant influences on attention
Back to Top /Reaction+Time/) (http://examine.com /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Reaction Time (/topics
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Reaction%20Time&selection=all)
No significant influences on reaction time
Power Output (/topics /Power+Output/)
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Power%20Output&selection=all)
No significant influences on power output
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SUMMARY Weight (/topics/Weight/) C TO THINGS KNOW HOW TO TAKE Processing Accuracy (/topics C EDITORS' /Processing+Accuracy/) THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE C-Reactive Protein (/topics C SUMMARY /C-Reactive+Protein/) CITATIONS
EFFECT
CHANGE ()
COMMENTS
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Weight&selection=all)
Unable to modify weight over time
100%
Minor
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Processing%20Accuracy&selection=all)
Increases in processing accuracy are likely secondary to reductions in fatigue
100%
Minor
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=C-Reactive%20Protein&selection=all)
A decrease in C-reactive protein has been noted with rhodiola supplementation;
Quick Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements Blood Pressure (/topics C /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb /Blood+Pressure/) touted to promote physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and Muscle Oxygenation (/topics C exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. Rhodiola is also
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Muscle%20Oxygenation&selection=all)
practical significance of these results unknown
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=35& effect=Blood%20Pressure&selection=all)
No significant effects yet noted on blood pressure
No significant effects on oxygenation during exercise or simulated altitude tests
/Muscle+Oxygenation/)
Edit (/edit/supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Studies Excluded from Consideration
History (/history [1][2][3] Confounded /Rhodiola+Rosea/) with inclusion of other nutrients Discussion (/discussion Being language barrier[4] /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top (http://examine.com Disagree? Join the Rhodiola Rosea Discussion (/discussion/Rhodiola+Rosea/) /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
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SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW HOW TO TAKE Table of Contents: EDITORS' THOUGHTS 1. Sources and Composition 1.1. Sources HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX 1.2. Composition 1.3. Properties COMPLETE 1.4. SHR-5 and ADAPT-232 SUMMARY 2. Pharmacology CITATIONS2.1. Intestines and Absorption
2.2. Serum 2.3. Metabolism 2.4. Enzymatic Interactions
Complete Summary
Quick Summary: 3. Longevity

Traditional Chinese
Rhodiola rosea 3.1. is a Mechanisms Medicine (/supplements 4.1. Mechanisms /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/)
4. Neurology
and Scandinavian herb 4.3. Memory and Cognition touted to promote
4.2. Nerve Injury and Neurogenesis
4.4. Neuroprotection physical/cognitive vitality. Serotonin It appears to be4.5. proven

for reducing fatigue 4.6.and Fatigue and Stress exhaustion in prolonged 4.7. Appetite stressful situations. 4.8. Depression Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and 4.10. Pain promotes longevity in
4.9. Anxiety
preliminary 5. evidence. Cardiovascular Health
5.1. Cardiac Tissue 5.2. Blood Cells 5.3. Blood Pressure Edit (/edit/supplements
/Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history 6.1. /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Absorption
6. Interactions with Glucose Metabolism
6.2. Mechanisms Discussion (/discussion 6.3. /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Interventions

Back to Top 7. Inflammation and Immunology (http://examine.com /supplements 7.1. Aging /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
8. Physical Exercise and Performance 8.1. Mechanisms 8.2. Blood Oxygenation 8.3. Physical Fatigue and Performance
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9. Fat Mass and Obesity 9.1. Mechanisms
SUMMARY 10. Bone Mass and the Skeleton 10.1. Mechanisms THINGS TO KNOW 11. Interactions with Oxidation 11.1. Mechanisms HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' 12. Interactions with Hormones 12.1. Estrogen THOUGHTS 13. Interactions with Organ Systems HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX 13.1. Liver 14. Interactions with Cancer COMPLETE SUMMARY14.1. Bladder 14.2. Breast CITATIONS14.3. Stomach
15. Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions 15.1. Nicotine Quick 15.2. Weikang Keli Summary:15.3. Hypericum perforatum
Rhodiola16. rosea is a and Toxicology Safety Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote
16.1. General
physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. 1.1. Sources Rhodiola is also
1. Sources
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Sources+and+Composition)
and Composition
Rhodiola Rosea (of the family Crassulaceae; henceforth Rhodiola) is a herb neuroprotective and promotes longevityused in traditionally as an Adaptogen (/supplements/Adaptogen/) compound
and is synonymous with common names such as Arctic root, Rose root/Rosenroot, Orpin Rose, or Golden root.[5][6] The adaptogenic effects
have traditionally been referred to as inducing a 'nonspecific immunity' and Edit (/edit/supplements [5] /Rhodiola+Rosea/) normalizing effect, and traditional usage seems to be localized to around
History (/history Europe and sometimes spreading east into Asia (with usage reported in /Rhodiola+Rosea/) [5] and Siberia[6]) and is commonly reported to have traditionally Discussion (/discussion Mongolia /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top may be speculative[6]). (http://examine.com /supplements incorporated /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
been used by scandinavian Vikings to preserve physical robustness (this It has extended far enough into Asia to be into Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements
/Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) (under the name Hong Jing Tian)[7] where it is recommended to take 3-6g of the root daily for vitality and longevity. Rhodiola is common to northern Europe and Russia at altitudes between
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1000-5000m, and can be found on some North American
coastlines.[5]
The
SUMMARY south region of foothill Altai, mainly in Ust-Kanski, Ust-Koksinski, Charishki THINGS TO [6] regions. KNOW HOWRhodiola TO TAKE (rosea as the most common species) is a nordic/russian herb that has traditionally been used as a vitality enhancing and physical preserving agent. It EDITORS' has also sometimes been used for cognitive decline and the connection between THOUGHTS cognition and physical fatigue HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX 1.2. Composition COMPLETE The root of rhodiola (main segment that is used medicinally) contains: SUMMARY Tyrosol,[8] sometimes seen as one of the main bioactives, and its glucoside known CITATIONS
as Salidroside[8] (chemically p-hydroxyphenylethyl-O--D-glucopyranoside and synonymous with Rhodioloside or Rhodosin[9]) as the other main bioactive The 'Rosavins' (Rosin, Rosarin, and Rosavin are the main rosavins. Quick Other molecules that can possible be called rosavins include rosaridin,[10][11] but Summary: this molecule is structurally different)
[10][8] [8] [8][11]
main commercial source of Rhodiola appears to be Mountain Altai and in
Viridoside[8] (structurally Salidroside that is methylated) Gossypetin (as 7-O-L-rhamnopyranoside)[12] and Rhodioflavonoside (Gossypetin
Medicine (/supplements Lotaustralin (Cyanogenic glycoside)[11] /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb diglycoside)[12] touted to promote
Benzyl-O-vitality. -glycopyranoside[10] physical/cognitive It appears to be proven
for reducing fatigue and /Green+Tea+Catechins/))[8][13] at up to 35% of a 70% aqueous acetone extract by exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. [14] which places it lower than grapes dry Rhodiola is root also dependeing on growing conditions
Procyanidins built off of EGCG (from Green Tea Catechins (/supplements
weight.[8] Procyanidins appear to consist of up to 3.6-5.43% of the weight of the
(7.8%) and neuroprotective and sea buckthorn (8.14%) but higher than craetagus pinnatifida promotes longevity in (/contribute/supplements/craetagus+pinnatifida/) (2.7%).[13]
Small phenolics including gallic acid,[12] cinnamic acid,[12] -sitosterol[11]
Edit (/edit/supplements The tyrosol and /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
salidroside molecules as well as the rosavins are known as
phenylpropanoid compounds.[10][15]
Discussion On a(/discussion molecular basis, the main active ingredients appear to be Tyrosol and its /Rhodiola+Rosea/) glucoside known as Salidroside. When consuming the root, there are other Back to Top structurally related bioactive (the rosavins) that may play a role. Rhodiola is a (http://examine.com
/supplements (/supplements/Pycnogenol/)) built of EGCG, the catechin thought to be somewhat /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
surprisingly high source of procyanidins (same molecules as those in Pycnogenol unique to green tea
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SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
The clear and colorless essential oil (0.05% of the root by dry weight,[5] it
Quick has been reported to be lower) contains mostly: Summary:

[5] n-Decanol Rhodiola rosea is a (30.38% )
Traditional Chinese Gerianol (12.49%[5]) Medicine (/supplements 1,4-p-menthadien-7-ol (5.10%[5]) /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/)
Limonene herb (/supplements/Limonene/) (4.91%[5]) and Scandinavian touted to promote [5]

physical/cognitive vitality. -pinene (1.47% [5]) It appears to be proven
-Pinene (4.69% )
for reducing fatigue and [5]) sabinene (1.45% exhaustion in prolonged [5] stressful situations. Rhodiola is also (2.04%[5]) 3-Carene
-Myrcene (2.25% )
neuroprotective and -Phellandrene (2.31%[5]) promotes longevity in
p-Cymene (2.97%[5]) preliminary evidence. n-Octanol (2.77%[5]) Linalool (2.31%[5])
Edit (/edit/supplements Dodecanol (3.67%[5]) /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
alcohol (2.66%[5]) HistoryCumin (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/)

Discussion (/discussion Due to the remarkably low level of overall essential oils in rhodiola root, these /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top supplementation (http://examine.com /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
molecules are unlikely to play a significant role in the body following
1.3. Properties
Isolated salidroside and tyrosol appear to be stable in solution at 2 hours at room temperature and 30 days at either 4C or -20C.[16]
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1.4. SHR-5 and ADAPT-232

SHR-5 is a standardized extract of rhodiola that is used in many human SUMMARY studies[17][18] THINGS TO and is the extract used in the formulation ADAPT-232 (a combination of rhodiola, Schisandra chinensis (/supplements KNOW /Schisandra+chinensis/), and Eleutherococcus senticosus (/supplements HOW TO TAKE /Eleutherococcus+senticosus/)). EDITORS' THOUGHTS The SHR-5 extract is standardized for rhodioloside (4mg per 144mg HUMAN EFFECT tablet)[19] and appears to be a 70% ethanolic extract with a 4:1 drug:extract [19] MATRIX ratio, thus 200mg of SHR-5 is claimed to be bioequivalent to 800mg of the dry herb. COMPLETE SUMMARY As for ADAPT-232, the 70% ethanolic extract is used in a drug:extract CITATIONS concentration of 2.8:1 while schisandra chinensis and eleutherococcus senticosus are used as a 95% ethanolic extract (fruits) and 70% ethanolic extract (roots) respectively and in a 1.2:1 and 10.5:1 herb:drug 0.32% rhodioloside, 0.05% tyrosol, 0.37% schisandrin, 0.25% and 0.15% eleutherosides B and E.[20]
Quick concentration.[20] Adapt-232 appears to be standardized to 0.5% rosavin, Summary:

-schisandrin, Traditional Chinese
Rhodiola rosea is a
Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged
2.
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Pharmacology)
Pharmacology
2.1. Intestines and Absorption
to be absorbed in the intestines via the SGLT1 is similar to other glucoside compounds as the by the transpoter[22] and this has shown efficacy in
stressful situations. Rhodiola is also appears Salidroside
neuroprotective and [21] transporter promotes longevity in (which preliminary evidence. glucoside is sensed
increasing absorption of Quercetin (/supplements/Quercetin/) glucosides relative to free quercetin[23]) and oral ingestion of 48mg/kg does not appear
Edit (/edit/supplements to confer any additional /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history concentration) /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
advantage relative to 24mg/kg (exact same serum
although 24mg/kg outperformed 12mg/kg.[21] of salidroside has been detected to be 32.1% (12mg/kg
Discussion (/discussion The bioavailability /Rhodiola+Rosea/) [24] Back to Top currently known (http://examine.com /supplements 2.2. Serum /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
oral intake),
98.1% (25mg/kg),[25] and 51.97% (100mg/kg);[16] it is not why there is inconsistencies in these results.
Following oral ingestion of salidroside in rats, the half-life of salidroside appears to be around 40-46 minutes[21] with a Tmax of 25 minutes and a Cmax of 10.47+/-1.08g/mL (240 minute AUC of (695.62+/-95.39g
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/h/mL).[21]
Another study using oral ingestion of 100mg/kg salidroside
SUMMARY half-life of 1.32+/-0.22 hours with an AUC0 of 7,724.52+/-446.62h THINGS [16] /ng/mL.TO KNOW 2.3. Metabolism HOW TO TAKE In investigating whether salidroside in isolation can increase serum EDITORS' p-tyrosol, one study has failed to find such an effect following 100mg/kg THOUGHTS salidroside to rats, but suggested that further metabolism was possible.[16] HUMAN EFFECT 2.4. Enzymatic Interactions MATRIX COMPLETE In vitro, rhodiola appears to inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme with an IC50 in the SUMMARY range of 1.7-3.1mcg/mL and has been noted to inhibit P-glycoprotein with CITATIONS an IC50 in the range of 16.7-51.7mcg/ML.[26] Despite the possible
influences on CYP3A4, rhodiola has been noted to not adversely interact with Warfarin pharmacokinetics in rats.[27]
noted a Cmax of 3,716.73+/-860.13ng/mL, a Tmax of 0.30+/-0.1 hours, and a
Quick Summary:
May possibly interact with CYP3A4 and P-gp, although there is not enough
Rhodiola rosea isto a come to a conclusion evidence Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote
physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven
3. Longevity
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Longevity)
Mechanisms for3.1. reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged

stressful situations. Rhodiola is also lifetime was able neuroprotective and required for the promotes longevity in
Rhodiola (10-25ug/mL of feed) given to nematodes (C. Elegans) for their to delay aging in the whole population (extending the time efficacy of Eleutherococcus senticosus (/supplements first deaths to occur) and extend life to around 10-20%; this
study also noted preliminary evidence.
/Eleutherococcus+senticosus/) at 10-fold the concentration, suggesting common mechanisms.[28] Higher doses of rhodiola (50-100ug/mL) had the
Edit (/edit/supplements opposing effect /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
(reducing lifespan) and adding the adaptogens later in life
(50% through the lifecyle) still exerted anti-aging effects but to a lower History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) rather than 17.8% in a particular set of experiments).[28] degree (11.7%
Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) The mechanism
is thought to be secondary to DAF-16 nuclear vital for improving heat tolerance in observed following dietary intake of
Back to Top translocation,[28] as DAF-16 is (http://examine.com nematodes[29] which was also /supplements [28] /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
rhodiola.
DAF-16 translocation is generally thought to be related to
longevity and stress resistance[30][31] and the effects of rhodiola on DAF-16 is thought to be related to a hormetic mimicking of stress.[32] A subsequent study on drosophilia using Rhodiola at 15-200mg/mL noted
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significant reductions in mortality (with only the higher doses reducing
SUMMARY has been replicated twice elsewhere with an enhancement of life by THINGS TO Longevity has also been noted to occur in yeast,[35] and when 24%.[33][34] KNOW comparing the two fly studies the one that had a higher concentration of HOW TO TAKE salidroside and rosavins[33] appeared to outperform the one with standard EDITORS' concentrations, suggesting they are the bioactive components.[7] THOUGHTS Adaptogens in general, but particularly rhodiola, appear to be involved with HUMAN EFFECT promoting longevity. A bell curve has been noted in nematodes, and the MATRIX mechanism is thought to be from inducing nuclear translocation of DAF-16 (a COMPLETE response to stress) SUMMARY CITATIONS
fecundity) and promoted longevity in these flies by 3.2-3.5 days,[7] which
Quick Summary: 4.1. Mechanisms

4. Neurology
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Neurology)
Ex vivo, 100g/mL of the methanolic and water extracts can inhibit MAOA and 88.9%) whereas the less potent (50.5% and 66.9%).[36]
(92.5% and 84.3%) and MAOB (81.8% Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) dichloromethane extract appears to be
and Scandinavian herb When looking at touted to promote
causative compounds, it appears Rosiridin appears to (83.8+/-1.1% at 10M) but not MAOA (16.2+/-2.3%)
potently inhibit MAOB physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven

for reducing fatigue and [36] This study 10M).in exhaustion prolonged
whereas salidroside was weakly effective on MAOB only (35.8+/-2.5% at is duplicated elsewhere,[37] where an inhibitory effect was also noted to be and attributed to
stressful situations. on acetylcholinesterase Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and were not calculated). promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
hydroquinone, rhodiolgin, and rhodioflavonoside (although IC50 values
The influence on monoamine oxidase has been brought into question as it has been found that oral Rhodiola ingestion failed to modify the
Edit (/edit/supplements 5-HT/5-HIAA ratio.[38] /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history It has been said /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
rhodiola also has the ability to inhibit the COMT (Catecholto be publicly available.
Discussion (/discussion does not appear /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top (http://examine.com
o-methyltransferase) enzyme[39] although the evidence this is based on
/supplements in vitro. This may not apply following oral ingestion of rhodiola supplements. /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Appears to have mechanisms to inhibit MAO enzymes, and appears to be potent COMT interactions have been mentioned, but there does not appear to be evidence for this claim
Rhodiola has been implicated in inducing the activity of Neuropeptide Y

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and subsequent release of Hsp72 (seen using the mixture of ADAPT-232
SUMMARY ADAPT-232 appears synergistic in this regard, as the amount of salidroside THINGS TO at the EC concentration was equivalent to 5.5nM while in in ADAPT-323 50 KNOW isolation salidroside needed to be present at concentrations of 5M [17] HOW TO TAKE (5000nM). It has been hypothesized, but not established, that these EDITORS' effects may underlie the stress reducing effects of rhodiola THOUGHTS supplementation[40] as increases in serum Hsp72 have been seen with HUMAN EFFECT ADAPT-323 in rats.[41] MATRIX Appears to influence Neuropeptide Y activity, which then increases Hsp72 levels COMPLETE via HSP1 transcription; thought to underlie the anti-stress effects SUMMARY CITATIONS
A psychostimulatory effect has been noted to last for 4 hours or so following oral ingestion of 2.5mg salidroside (around 250mg rhodiola) according to one review[42] (main article, Aksenova 1968, not detectable Quick Summary: online).
Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb 4.2. Nerve Injury touted to promote
as well as isolated salidroside[17]) via HSP1 dependent mechanisms and
May have a small psychostimulatory effect
and Neurogenesis
(intraperitoneal injections) to rats following a
physical/cognitive vitality. Salidroside at 5-10mg/kg It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and [43] This has healing. exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. Ginseng (via Rhodiola is also
sciatic nerve injury has been noted to accelerate the rate of nerve been noted with other adaptogens such as Panax Ginsenoside Rg1[44]) and may be related to the effects of Hsp70 on neurons.[45][46]
anti-degenerative neuroprotective and promotes longevity in

Requires more evidence, but has mechanisms to accelerate the rate of nerve healing
Edit (/edit/supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Salidroside has
been noted to improve neurogenesis rates in the diabetic (thought to be from reducing oxidative stress, which may diabetic mammals)[47] and has been replicated with of rhodiola.[48] In vitro, salidroside also appears to
History (/history rat hippocampus /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
impair neurogenesis in Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) intracerebral injections

Back to Top preserve stem (http://examine.com /supplements (diabetic toxin /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
cell differentiation rates in the presence of streptozotocin used in the aforemented studies) without significantly
affecting viability up to 2mM.[47] As a side note, it was recorded that salidroside incubation with neurons increased the average length of cellular processes in NF150 positive cells
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suggesting that salidroside may enhance the extension of cellular
SUMMARY THINGS TO Neurogenesis may be implicated with rhodiola, but most practically this appears to be secondary to reducing oxidation in stem cells and preserving normal KNOW HOWneurogenesis TO TAKE rates (with research toxins that are oxidative in nature reducing neurogenesis rates). Practical significance of the above unknown EDITORS' THOUGHTS 4.3. Memory and Cognition HUMAN EFFECT In rats given a passive avoidance task, rhodiola at 50-100mg/kg for 9 days MATRIX was able to enhance memory in a dose and time dependent manner in COMPLETE otherwise normal and healthy rats.[49] Not many other studies assess SUMMARY cognitive enhancement in non-stressed and healthy rats, with one CITATIONS
suggesting efficacy with 0.10mL of a 1:1 aqueous alcoholic extract of rhodiola[50] and the same dose showing inefficacy elsewhere.[51]
processes in differentiating cells.[47]
Quick 50-100mg/kg rhodiola is able to abolish the memory impairing effects of Summary: [49]
scopolamine over 9 days of oral supplementation. The memory
impairing effects from -amyloid injections has also been noted to be
abolished with 50-75mg/kg isolated salidroside[52] and the impairments in Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) both neurogenesis[47][48] and cognitive function[53] seen in diabetic rats is
and Scandinavian herb abolished. touted to promote physical/cognitive vitality. Memory improvements It appears to be proven
have been noted in persons with cognitive
[54] (not forimpairment reducing fatigue and pathological) given a formulation known as Vigodana exhaustion prolonged but theinresults are confounded with Magnesium (/supplements stressful situations. /Magnesium/) Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in
and B-vitamins.
Rhodiola has outright abolished the effects of scopolamine, suggesting it is a potent anti-amnesian agent. May also improve memory slightly independent of stress (although in practical situations, the reduction of stress and fatigue and preservation of cognition is likely to be the most noticeable)
Edit (/edit/supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History 4.4.(/history Neuroprotection /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Salidroside has shown protective effects in neurons exposed to Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) and serum starvation,[55] with pretreatment of 80-320g/mL hypoglycemia
Back to Top preserving as (http://examine.com /supplements (250g/mL), /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
many neurons as the active control of adenosine
the protective effects mediated via stabilizing the mitochondria
and thought to be related to preventing the increase in ROS (reactive oxygen species) seen in cell pretreated with rhodiola.[55] These possibly antioxidative effects may also extend to protection from the oxidative stress from -amyloid protein (reduced with salidroside at 10-100M) and
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subsequently reduced JNK activation and apoptosis from these proteins[56]
SUMMARY 50-75mg/kg in rats.[52] THINGS TO General antioxidative effects are noted with salidroside in response to KNOW hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)[57] which has also been noted with isolated HOW TO TAKE tyrosol galactoside.[58] EDITORS' Salidroside has been noted to induce levels of the mRNA of the THOUGHTS antioxidative enzymes heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1), thioredoxin, and HUMAN EFFECT peroxiredoxin-I[56] and thus enzymatic induction may underlie the protective MATRIX effects observed with salidroside. COMPLETE SUMMARY Salidroside, and thus rhodiola, appear to have antioxidative protective effects in CITATIONS
isolated neurons. The mechanisms appear to be from inducing levels of antioxidative enzymes or otherwise exerting antioxidative effects
which has been shown to be biologically relevant at an oral intake of
Quick Salidroside has also shown protective effects against excitotoxicity induced Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements Possible protective against excitotoxicity /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted toSerotonin promote 4.5. physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven One study assessing
by glutamate or intracellular calcium in neurons.[59][60][61]
the interactions of rhodiola and Nicotine withdrawal noted that rhodiola was able to
for reducing fatigue and (/supplements/Nicotine/) exhaustion in prolonged
increase neural serotonin and 5-HIAA concentrations independent of stressful situations. Rhodiola is also nicotine dependency, with dose-dependent increases in serotonin at
neuroprotective and 5-40mg/kg rhodiola promotes longevity in
in control (13-183%) and nicotine dependent (11-262%)
rats, with more preliminary evidence.
effects in the latter due to a relative serotonin This study did not note any alterations in the 5-HT/5-HIAA
insufficiency.[38]
Edit (/edit/supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/) One other study History (/history depressive rat /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
ratio nor in levels of tryptophan,[38] has noted that the decreased levels of serotonin found in 1.5g/kg actually being than nonstressed control)
hippocampus' was normalized with rhodiola ingestion
(1.5-6g/kg of rhodiola with 4% salidroside), with Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) (serotonin increasing 20% higher most effective
Back to Top although not (http://examine.com /supplements control).[62] /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
as effective as fluoxetine (2.2mg/kg; reached 48% of
Rhodiola appears to be serotonergic, and increases serotonin levels in the brain and hippocampus. This appears to be general rather than context-specific
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Rhodiola has also been found to increase the protein content of the 5-HT1A
SUMMARY profoundly in the latter)[38] and ADAPT-232 has been implicated in THINGS TO downregulating the 5-HT3 receptor of serotonin, which is due to KNOW suppressing expression of the gene HTR1A via tyrosol and salidroside at HOW TO TAKE 3M (6.3 and 6.6-fold downregulation).[63] This is hypothesized to be EDITORS' related to anxiolysis, as activation of the 5-HT3 receptor induces anxiety.[64] THOUGHTS Rhodiola has been shown to alter expression of serotonin receptors, with more HUMAN EFFECT of the 5-HT1A subset and possibly suppressive effects on 5-HT3 subsets MATRIX COMPLETE 4.6. Fatigue and Stress SUMMARY CITATIONS One meta-analysis investigating fatigue in academic settings[65] assessing
the following studies with students given 100mg SHR-5 for 20 days,[66] 660mg of a product called Rhodaxon (rhodiola root extract, unspecified) for
receptor in both control and nicotine dependent rats (although much more
Quick 20 days,[4] 100mg Rhodiola for 2 days,[67] 170mg SHR-5 for 42 days,[68] Summary: [69]
and 370-555mg SHR-5 for a single dose (work related stress).
Overall,
these studies suggest that usage of rhodiola is associated with
improvements in cognitive fatigue,[68][66][4][69] PWC exercise scores,[66] Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) neuro-motoric fitness (maze drawing),[66] reductions in processing errors,[4]
and Scandinavian herb sustained attention,[67] reaction time,[67] general well-being,[66][4] and touted to promote reduction in vitality. pulse rate[66] relative to placebo treatment. Although the physical/cognitive It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and both sustained attention exhaustion in prolonged [65] stressful situations.
reduction in fatigue perception appears to be reliable, the improvement in and improved visual reaction speeds appears to be less reliable.
Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and Other trials conducted promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
after this date and not included in the meta-analysis
include an open-label trial with rhodiola extract (WS1375; a 1.5-5:1 concentration) at 400mg daily (200mg twice daily) for 4 weeks showed general benefits on perceived stress (questionnaire), improvements in
Edit (/edit/supplements social stress-induced /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
and work dysfunction, and reductions in fatigue.[70]
History (/history Appears to be /Rhodiola+Rosea/) effective, either acutely or with daily supplementation, for reducing
perceived fatigue and the subsequent impairment to cognition that results from Discussion (/discussion fatigue in otherwise healthy persons subject to stress or a high workload /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements One trial in persons /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
with chronic fatigue related to stress (not necessarily
'chronic fatigue syndrome') was able to find a significant protective effect of rhodiola (576mg SHR-5 for 28 days) against stress as assessed by the Pines burnout score.[19]
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SUMMARY THINGS TO 4.7. Appetite KNOW In female rats conditioned to binge eat to highly palatable foods in HOW TO TAKE response to stress, rhodiola (3% rosavins and 3.12% salidroside) one hour EDITORS' prior to binge eating there appeared to be a significant reduction in binge THOUGHTS eating with 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg abolished the binge eating.[71] This was HUMAN EFFECT apparently due to the salidroside content, and rhodiola did not have any MATRIX apparent effect on eating patterns that weren't stress induced binge COMPLETE eating.[71] Another study that noted anorectic (appetite suppressing) effects SUMMARY of stress has also noted normalization with rhodiola.[72] These bidirectional CITATIONS
effects are similar to those seen with Panax ginseng (/supplements /Panax+ginseng/) and suggest a common mechanism, and one study has noted that the reduction in binge eating seen with salidroside is synergistic Quick with Hypericum perforatum (/supplements/Hypericum+perforatum/).[73] Summary:
In chronically fatigued people, rhodiola may have some efficacy in attenuating fatigue
This is thought to be more due to the adaptogenic effects of rhodiola rather (fluoxetine,
than the serotonergic effects, as serotonergic drugs Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) sibutramine) reduce food intake universally.[74]
and Scandinavian herb touted to promote
Rhodiola appears physical/cognitive vitality. to regulate the interaction between stress and appetite, and although human evidence is lacking animal evidence suggests it can attenuate or It appears to be proven
for reducing fatigue and otherwise abolish both binge eating and appetite suppression from stress. These exhaustion in prolonged effects may merely be from reducing the effects of stress rather than per se stressful situations. influences on appetite, and although there is serotonergic actions of rhodiola Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and /5-HTP/) supplementation promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
there is no evidence to suggest it can reduce appetite like 5-HTP (/supplements
4.8. Depression
In(/edit/supplements animal models, rhodiola has been noted to exert anti-depressive effects Edit /Rhodiola+Rosea/) in a forced swim test at 10-20mg/kg bodyweight (3% rosavins and 1%
History (/history salidroside content).[75] /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion Rhodiola has been /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
reported to reduce the side-effect profile of tricyclic
antidepressants when taken alongside the TCA pharmaceutical, which Back to Top (http://examine.com appears to also apply to Eleutherococcus senticosus (/supplements
/supplements /Eleutherococcus+senticosus/).[76] /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
In persons with mild to moderate depression given either 340mg or 680mg of rhodiola (SHR-5) daily for 42 days noted that treatment reduced total symptoms of depression as assessed by the BDI and HAMD rating scales
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(no dose-dependence noted on HAMD and a trend for dose-dependence
SUMMARY and halved with the higher dose according to BDI) with improvements in THINGS TO insomnia and emotional instability, and only the higher dose being KNOW associated with improved sense of well being.[18] HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' Appears to reduce depressive symptoms when taken as a daily supplement, and the degree of improvement in the prelimianry evidence appears to be quite large THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT 4.9. Anxiety MATRIX COMPLETE It is thought that rhodiola may aid anxiety secondary to its adaptogenic SUMMARY abilities, with the increase in serotonin seen with rhodiola[38][62] not likely a CITATIONS concern for anxiogenic effects as the receptor that mediates anxiety from
serotonin (5-HT3) appears to be downregulated by rhodiola.[64] 10-20mg/kg of rhodiola (3% rosavins and 1% salidroside) one hour prior to effects with no apparent dose-dependency.[75] In humans, there appears to in generalized anxiety disorder with rhodiola over 10 weeks; this study was open-label.[77]
on BDI, symptoms being reduced to 65-70% of baseline value on HAMD
Quick a light/dark exploration test has been found to have some minor anxiolytic Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is a
be improvements Traditional Chinese
Medicine (/supplements supplementation at 340mg /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/)
and Scandinavian herb toutedRhodiola to promote is suspected to have anxiolytic effects, but currently there is insufficient physical/cognitive vitality. evidence to support it. Preliminary evidence looks promising It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged 4.10. Pain stressful situations. A study assessing Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and find a significant promotes longevity in
the nocioreceptive interactions with rhodiola failed to
reduction in pain as assessed by a tail-flick test in animals
given an active preliminary evidence.
dose of rhodiola.[75]
5.
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Cardiovascular+Health)
History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Cardiovascular Health
cells (H9c2 cell line) subject to ischemia/reperfusion (50-200M) and tyrosol (125-500M) or their
Discussion (/discussion 5.1. Cardiac /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Tissue Back to Top In cardiac muscle (http://examine.com
/supplements injury, both salidroside /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
combination were able to greatly reduce the damage to the cells as measured by apoptosis rates, which was attributed to inhibition of JNK activation where tyrosol and salidroside was additive (a reference drug for JNK inhibition also mimicked the cardioprotective effects).[78] This inhibition
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may account for results seen elsewhere where salidroside protected
SUMMARY apoptosis[79] (JNK acts on the mitochondria to induce apoptosis[80][81]). This THINGS TO inhibition of JNK may come secondary to antioxidant effects, since ROS KNOW activates JNK in this cell line (H9c2)[82] and salidroside confers and HOW TO TAKE antioxidative potential,[83] and the antioxidative effects may also underlie EDITORS' less N-acetylglucosamine linkages[84] (an alternate theory of THOUGHTS cardioprotection from salidroside). HUMAN EFFECT Elsewhere, salidroside has been noted to protect the heart from cell death MATRIX induced by hypoxia,[85] and oxidative damage by H2O2.[86] COMPLETE SUMMARY Appears to have cardioprotective effects at the level of the heart tissue in vitro CITATIONS which appears to mostly be related to antioxidative effects of the active
compounds (tyrosol and salidroside)
cardiomyocytes from ischemia via inhibiting mitochondrial-dependent
Quick In diabetic rats showing signs of heart failure, 75mg/kg of a 95% ethanolic Summary:
extract of rhodiola for 21 days was able to preserve blood pressure
(reduced in diabetic rats with heart failure) and improve cardiac output via
PPAR(/supplements dependent mechanisms.[87] The level of PPAR protein and mRNA Medicine /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) levels in the hearts of diabetic rats were reduced compared to control, and
and Scandinavian herb rhodiola ingestion touted to promote
normalized these parameters.[87] PPAR is a receptor ionotrophic function when expressed in
that is known to regulate physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven

for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged
cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells).[88][89][90]
stressful situations. Has been noted to have some bioactivity following oral ingestion and is Rhodiola is also on the actions of PPAR dependent neuroprotective and promotes longevity in preliminary evidence. One study using
isolated salidroside at 600mg daily in breast cancer
patients started 1 week prior to chemotherapy noted that the reduction in

Edit (/edit/supplements epirubicin (a cardiotoxic anthracycline that is highly effective in breast /Rhodiola+Rosea/) [91][92]) was abolished by salidroside, and the increase in plasma History (/history cancer /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
systolic function (as assessed by Strain Rate Imaging) induced by
ROS found with placebo did not significantly occur with salidroside.[93]
Back to Tophave cardioprotective effects against anthracycline drugs similar to CoQ10 May (http://examine.com /supplements large dose of isolated salidroside /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
(/supplements/Coenzyme+Q10/), although protection from rhodiola occurs at a
5.2. Blood Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (a self-renewing source of pluripotent stem cells
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in bone
marrow[94])
experience an increase in DNA synthesis after
SUMMARY and red blood cells experience protection form oxidative damage (from THINGS TO inducing thioredoxin and glutathione peroxidase) and appeared to KNOW augment the efficacy of erythropoeitin in vitro.[96] The induction of PARP-1 HOW TO TAKE appears to also occur in lymphocytes, and has been confirmed in mice at EDITORS' an oral dose of 75mg/kg; this PARP-1 activity appeared to be vital for THOUGHTS antioxidative effects.[95] HUMAN EFFECT Elsewhere, the mRNA expression of erythropoietin (EPO) has been found MATRIX to be induced in liver and kidney cells via isolated salidroside, which was COMPLETE thought to be due to HIF-1 accumulation within the cell.[97] SUMMARY 5.3. Blood Pressure CITATIONS
Rhodiola water extract appears to have ACE inhibiting effects with around 30% inhibition of 100-200g/mL in vitro and 50% at 500g/mL.[98] This ACE
incubation with salidroside (secondary to stimulating PARP-1 activity)[95]
Quick inhibitory effect has been noted elsewhere with a 12% ethanolic extract of Summary: rhodiola with 38.5% inhibition.[99]
Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Interactions+with+Glucose+Metabolism) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote
6.
physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged
Interactions with Glucose Metabolism

6.1. Absorption
Rhodiola water extracts appear to have -glucoside inhibitory potential, reached absolute in vitro inhibition and 50g/mL 50% of enzyme activity; this inhibitory effect was
stressful situations. where Rhodiola is 100-200g/mL also neuroprotective and under inhibited just promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
synergistic with cranberry extract, as the inhibitory effects of rhodiola were preserved when in a 3:1 mixture with cranberry water extract.[98] Rhodiola was determined to have an IC80 of 93g/mL on -glucoside and an IC80 of
Edit (/edit/supplements 100g/mL on -amylase.[98] This inhibition has been replicated elsewhere /Rhodiola+Rosea/) with IC50 values for -glucoside (44.7-52.3g/mL) and -amylase History (/history [99] (173.4g/mL) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) which is thought to be linked to tyrosol (IC50 of 70.8g/mL) Discussion (/discussion and the salidroside content.[100] /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top Appears to have mechanisms to reduce carbohydrate absorption, but does not (http://examine.com /supplements appear to be overly potent in this regard. Currently no studies assessing /Rhodiola+Rosea/) carbohydrate absorption in a living model
6.2. Mechanisms
Salidroside appears to reduce advanced glycemic end product (AGE)
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formation in mice injected with D-galactosamine (an accelerated aging
SUMMARY where high doses of 1,000mg/kg salidroside reduced the AGE content in THINGS TO serum to 62% of galactosamine control yet fully preserved motor KNOW function.[104] HOW TO TAKE 6.3. Interventions EDITORS' Salidroside has shown hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic THOUGHTS rats at 50, 100, and 200mg/kg oral intake for 28 days in a time and dose HUMAN EFFECT depedent manner (with no significant differences between doses).[105] The MATRIX highest dose of salidroside at 28 days was able to normalize blood glucose COMPLETE levels similar to non-diabetic control.[105] Another study using db/db SUMMARY diabetic rats and 200mg/kg of rhodiola for 12 weeks noted that rhodiola CITATIONS
was effective as 200mg/kg Cinnamon (/supplements/Cinnamon/) in dependence was noted.[106] reducing blood glucose (51.4-54.2% lower than control) and no time
model[101][102] that is at least partially due to the AGE production[103])
Quick Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote
7.
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Inflammation+and+Immunology)
Inflammation and Immunology

7.1. Aging
The age-related suppression in T-lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 mitogen) appears to be abolished with ingestion of in mice[104] which has been noted in rats.[107]
physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and secretion (from a exhaustion in prolonged
stressful situations.salidroside 1,000mg/kg Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
8.
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Physical+Exercise+and+Performance)
Physical Exercise and Performance

8.1. Mechanisms
been noted to active AMPK in skeletal muscle cells and uptake in a concentration dependent manner between no dose outperforming the active control (insulin at with salidroside.[108]
History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Salidroside has
Discussion (/discussion increased glucose /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
1.25-80M with Back to Top (http://examine.com [108] 100nM).
/supplements slightly enhanced /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
This study also noted that insulin-induced glucose uptake was
One study using rhodiola supplementation (170mg daily for 4 weeks) noted a reduced fatty acid circulating level during a VO2 max test (from 12.86+/-1.62mg/dL to 7.31+/-1.31mg/dL) without significantly affecting
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glucose, which was associated with increased antioxidative parameters in
SUMMARY reduced after exercise when measured at 3 minutes into recovery (50% THINGS TO control), 6 minutes (42%), and 9 minutes (33%).[109] lower than KNOW 8.2. Blood Oxygenation HOW TO TAKE In studies assessing blood oxygenation, Rhodiola has twice failed to EDITORS' significantly influnce this parameter relative to placebo.[110][111] THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT 8.3. Physical Fatigue and Performance MATRIX Currently, one meta-analysis has assessed the interaction of rhodiola COMPLETE supplementation on physical performance or physical fatigue.[65] Of the 7 SUMMARY trials included in this analysis, they have used 660mg of rhodiola root CITATIONS extract (Rhodaxon) for 30 days prior to exercise,[112] 100mg of rhodiola for 4
days,[67] 250mg for 15-22 days preceding the test (1,000mg on the day of),[111] 447mg acutely,[110] 288mg of SHR-5 for 5 days,[113] 100mg SHR-5
serum and less biomarkers of muscle damage.[109] Lactate levels were also
Quick for 20 days,[66] and 660mg of a product called Rhodaxon (rhodiola root Summary: [4]
extract, unspecified) for 20 days. Most of the trials assessed in this
meta-analysis were relatively minor in regards to physical capacity, and the of
observed benefits seem to be related to reducing the neural sensation Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) fatigue and allowing more physical work to be conducted (effective in
and Scandinavian herb cycling tests[66][4] touted to promote
but ineffective in hypoxia[110] and photon emission[113]).
physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven In regards to physical fatigue not related to exercise, rhodiola appears to have a for reducing fatigue and significant protective and rehabilitative effect. This has been tested in moderate exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. exam periods Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in
to high stress situations such as in physicians (doing rounds) or students during
Rhodiola has been preliminary evidence.
associated with an increased VO2 max and time to
exhaustion on a cycling test[67] with another study performing a VO2 max test (and not reporting on the outcome of said test) noting a reduction
Edit (/edit/supplements creatine kinase and C-reactive protein release from the test relative to /Rhodiola+Rosea/) [112] placebo. In other studies merely assessing cardiovascular output on a History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) part of a battery of tests on fatigue) there does appear to be cycling test (in Discussion (/discussion benefit with rhodiola /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
relative to placebo,[66][4] which has been tested in one that rhodiola taken prior time to complete the ride
study (acute dose of 3mg/kg SHR-5) which noted Back to Top (http://examine.com to a 10k bicycle ride showed significantly reduced
/supplements (25.4 minutes /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
relative to 25.8 minutes) and reduced heart rate during the
warmup (136+/-17 relative to placebo's 140+/-17) but not during exericse, which alongside average power output and cadence only trended towards improvement.[114] This study was conducted in recreationally fit women,
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and the subjects reported less subjective fatigue after consumption of
SUMMARY Some other THINGS TO studies are confounded with Cordyceps sinensis (/supplements/Cordyceps/) (no significant effect of supplementation with KNOW 300mg rhodiola with 2.5% salidroside on VO2 max of trained cyclists),[1] HOW TO TAKE Cordyceps and minerals (same dose of rhodiola and again a failure of 2 EDITORS' weeks of supplementation to improve performance),[2] or 5mg Zinc THOUGHTS (/supplements/Zinc/) with 200mg rhodiola in elite rowers, where despite HUMAN EFFECT increasing plasma anti-oxidant capacity there was no effect on power MATRIX output or time to complete a 2,000m rowing test.[3] Other studies using COMPLETE trained or elite athletes note that 170mg of rhodiola for 4 weeks trended to SUMMARY but failed to significantly increase VO2 max.[109] CITATIONS
Mixed effects when looking at the interaction of rhodiola and physical exercise, with some benefit seen with higher doses in untrained persons but more moderate doses in trained athletes not having a significant ergogenic effect. Quick Studies are a bit too hetereogeneous to compare (studies in elite athletes are Summary: confounded with inclusion of other nutrients, and it is unclear if the benefit seen Rhodiola rosea is a in the other studies is due to higher dosages or due to training status)
Rhodiola Rosea,[114] and is duplicated in Medline.[115]
Traditional Chinese
Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged
9. Fat Mass and Obesity
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Fat+Mass+and+Obesity)
stressful situations. 9.1. Mechanisms Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and Rhodiola appears promotes longevity in
to be able to prevent accumulation of lipids during in vitro at 1mg/mL (with Tyrosol inhibiting lipid
adipocyte differentiation preliminary evidence. effective.[83]

accumulation at 0.1-1mg/mL) with lower concentrations not highly
Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Back to Top (http://examine.com
10. Bone
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Bone+M ass+and+the+Skeleton)
Mass and the Skeleton

Salidroside in MC3T3-E1 cells (bone) at 0.1-10M concentration is able to reduce the oxidative damage done by H2O2, with 0.1M of salidroside being as effective as the other concentrations and as effective as the active control of N-Acetylcysteine (10mM).[116] The mechanisms that normally
10.1. Mechanisms /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
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proceeded following oxidative damage were thus
inhibited.[116]
When supplementing salidroside (5-20mg/kg) to ovarectomized rats, there SUMMARY was a dose-dependent increase in bone mineral density with the higher THINGS TO dose preserving 55% of bone mass of true control (relative to KNOW ovarectomized control femur).[116] HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' May be able to attenuate the rate of bone loss via antioxidative effects THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Interactions+with+Oxidation) 11. SUMMARY Interactions with Oxidation CITATIONS
11.1. Mechanisms
Rhodiola, via the salidroside component, appears to induce PARP-1 activity Quick Summary: which appears crucial for in vivo protection of DNA from H2O2,[95] which has been Rhodiola rosea noted is a
Traditional Chinese PARP-1 is an
in red and white blood cells as well as fibroblasts.[95] DNA integrity and induce repair[117] which has
NAD(+) dependent enzyme that is activated by damaged salidroside in mice.[95] to increase protein levels of the antioxidant enzymes (contested[119]), peroxiredoxin-I,[56] catalase,[118]
Medicine (/supplements DNA and acts to preserve /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb been noted with touted to promote
Salidroside is known physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven [56][96] thioredoxin-1
for reducing fatigue and oxygenase-1 (HO-1)[56] exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. and superoxide Rhodiola is also
and glutathione peroxidase[118][96] with heme
dismutase[118] having been implicated. As many of these most antioxidative defense comes from salidroside in
neuroprotective and seems to be in where promotes longevity preliminary evidence. [116]
enzymes tend to be catered towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that radical vitro in bone, red blood cells,[120][95] neurons,[121][57][61] fibroblasts,[122]
and liver cells.[123]

Edit (/edit/supplements One study has concluded, /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
however, that antioxidative effects cannot fully
explain cytoprotective effects of rhodiola.[119]
Discussion (/discussion Salidroside appears to both activate antioxidant enzymes and to also act upon /Rhodiola+Rosea/) PARP-1 and induce DNA repair machinery. The antioxidative effects seem to be Back to Top best demonstrated with hydrogen peroxide (http://examine.com /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
12.
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Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Interactions+with+Hormones)
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Interactions with Hormones

SUMMARY 12.1. Estrogen THINGS TO A standardized extract of rhodiola (3% rosavins and 1% salidroside) is able KNOW to competitively inhibit estrogen binding to the receptor in a concentration HOW TO TAKE dependent manner[124] and when given to ovarectomized rats fails to show EDITORS' estrogenic effects (and instead caused a nonsignificant anti-estrogenic THOUGHTS trend in some rats due to increasing the metabolism of estradiol).[124] HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX Preliminary evidence suggests that Rhodiola Rosea is anti-estrogenic COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
13.
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Interactions+with+Organ+Systems)
Interactions Quick Summary: 13.1. Liver

Rhodiola rosea is a
with Organ Systems
One study has Traditional Chinese
noted that salidroside is able to induce mesenchymal cell and, when assessing biomarker proteins as
Medicine (/supplements division towards hepatocytes /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/)
(EROD, PROD, and Scandinavian herb and LDL uptake) salidroside at 2M appears to be touted to promote effective as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; 20ng/mL) for inducing
physical/cognitive vitality. mesenchymal division It appears to be proven
over 4 weeks.[125]
for reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged Appears to induce proliferation of liver cells from a common stem cell precursor, stressful situations. practical significance of these results currently unknown Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in
Salidroside (25-100mg/kg) has been noted to reduce oxidative stress in the liver that is the result of exhaustive exercise[118] which has also been noted with p-tyrosol, rosavin, and rosidrin (as well as rhodiola extract
[126] Edit (/edit/supplements consumption). /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
14.
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Interactions+with+Cancer)
Back to Top (http://examine.com
Interactions with Cancer

A small trial (n=12) has associated rhodiola supplementation with half the risk for bladder cancer relapse[127]|published=1995 Mar-Apr|authors=Bocharova OA, Matveev BP, Baryshnikov AIu, Figurin KM,
/supplements 14.1. Bladder /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
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Serebriakova RV, Bodrova NB|journal=Urol Nefrol (Mosk)] and a later in
SUMMARY cells which was partly dependent on TSC2 expression; there was THINGS TO ultimately an activation of AMPK and suppression of mTOR signalling and KNOW its downstream targets (S6 and 4E-BP1) resulting in autophagic cell [128] HOW TO TAKE death. Concentrations as low as 5g/mL were active on cancer cells, EDITORS' and 25g/mL was unable to suppress noncancerous cells.[128] THOUGHTS 14.2. Breast HUMAN EFFECT Salidroside has been noted to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells on MATRIX both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 of 10M and 20M COMPLETE respectively.[129] Salidroside was confirmed in this study to not be an SUMMARY estrogen receptor antagonist (which can induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells) CITATIONS
and was noted to induce apoptosis in both cell lines in a concentration proliferation was calculated at 3.2g/mL (MDA-MB-231) and 6.5g/mL dependent manner.[129] Elsewhere, the IC50 for salidroside in inhibiting
vitro test noted that salidroside had suppressive effects on p53 deficient
Quick (MCF-7).[130] Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is has a Salidroside Traditional Chinese
also noted protection against the cardiotoxic effects of a
Medicine (/supplements /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) and Scandinavian herb touted to promote has Salidroside
common breast cancer chemotherapeutic known as epirubicin.[93]
14.3. Stomach
shown inhibitory effects on the gastric cancer cell line IC50 value for inhibiting cell proliferation of
physical/cognitive vitality. SGC-7901 with an It appears to be proven [130] g/mL. for6.1 reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged stressful situations. Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
15.
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Nutrient-Nutrient+Interactions)
Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions
15.1. Nicotine
is the primary stimulatory alkaloid in
Edit (/edit/supplements Nicotine (/supplements/Nicotine/) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) History (/history cigarettes and /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
some smoking aids. In mice conditioned to nicotine via
injections who exhibited withdrawal behaviours (anxiety and locomotor Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) changes) noted that oral ingestion of Rhodiola at 10-20mg/kg during
Back to Top nicotine therapy (http://examine.com
reduced anxiety by more than 50% (appeared to be dose
dependent, but 10mg/kg was not significantly different than 20mg/kg) with /supplements /Rhodiola+Rosea/) similar effects seen with acute usage of Rhodiola (20mg/kg) after nicotine was ceased.[131] This study also noted that Rhodiola was able to abolish all somatic symptoms of withdrawal in these mice.[131] A later study in rats with similar methodlogy confirmed these effects[38] and noted that the
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mechanisms appear to be serotonergic in nature as the serotonin receptor
SUMMARY animals appeared to have lower levels of serotonin in their brain (which THINGS TO Rhodiola normalized).[38] KNOW HOWLimited TO TAKE evidence, but rhodiola at fairly reasonable oral doses (20mg/kg in mice and 40mg/kg in rats correlates to a human estimated dose of 1.2mg/kg or 80mg EDITORS' for a 150lb person) can greatly suppress or eliminate physical symptoms of THOUGHTS smoking cessation (nicotine withdrawal). Cognitive symptoms (anxiety being HUMAN EFFECT measured) are somewhat less affected MATRIX COMPLETE 15.2. Weikang Keli SUMMARY Weikang Keli is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (/supplements CITATIONS
/Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) for gastric cancer which consists of Atractylodis macrocephalae, Curcumae Aeruginosae, the rhizome of Pinelliae, Codonopsis pilosula (/supplements/Codonopsis+pilosula/), in SGC-7901 stomach cancer cells to inhibit proliferation in a and time dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.2g/mL via In mice implanted with tumors, by
antagonist (WAY 100635) abolished the effects and nicotine treated
Quick rhodiola rosea, and Actinidia chinensis (1:1:1:2:2:2 ratio). It has been Summary:
demonstrated Rhodiola rosea is a
Traditional Chinese concentration
Medicine (/supplements autophagic mechanisms.[132] /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/)
2,400-9,600mg/kg of the herbal therapy was able to reduce tumor mass and Scandinavian herb touted to promote 43%, 55%, and 57% respectively with the active control of 5-fluorouracil
physical/cognitive vitality. (15mg/kg) reducing It appears to be proven for reducing fatigue and 15.3. Hypericum exhaustion in prolonged
tumor size by 51%.[132]
perforatum
the influence of Hypericum perforatum (/supplements
stressful situations. A study investigating Rhodiola is also neuroprotective and not 125mg/kg) promotes longevity in preliminary evidence.
/Hypericum+perforatum/) on binge eating noted that 250-500mg/kg (but of this herb was able to reduce binge eating episodes in female rates conditioned to hyperpalatable foods. The addition of 312mcg/kg salidroside to the ineffective dose of St.John's wort (125mg/kg) was able to synergistically enhance the anti-binge eating effect.[73] It that higher doses of salidroside (20mg/kg or a 3.12% are able to abolish binge eating in this model.[71]
Edit (/edit/supplements should be noted /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
History (/history extract; or 624mcg/kg) /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
Discussion (/discussion /Rhodiola+Rosea/) Salidroside (from rhodiola) can make subeffective doses of St.John's wort more Back to Top effective in aiding binge eating. Although synergistic, the practical implications of (http://examine.com this are limited as rhodiola in isolation is effective in abolishing binge eating in /supplements this rat model /Rhodiola+Rosea/)
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16. Safety
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/?section=Safety+and+Toxicology)
SUMMARY and Toxicology THINGS TO KNOW 16.1. General HOW TO TAKE In human trials that use Rhodiola supplementation, there do not tend to be EDITORS' side effects associated with treatment that are deemed to be clinically THOUGHTS relevant.[65] HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
Scientific Support & Reference Citations

References
Quick Summary:
Rhodiola rosea is a
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physical/cognitive vitality. 4. Spasov AA, Mandrikov VB, Mironova IA. The effect of the preparation rodakson on the psychophysiological and physical It appears to be of proven adaptation students to an academic load (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10763116). Eksp Klin Farmakol.
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(2009)
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7. Jafari M, et and al. Rhodiola: a promising anti-aging Chinese herb (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990971). neuroprotective Rejuvenation Res . (2007) promotes longevity in 8. Yousef GG, et al. Comparative phytochemical characterization of three Rhodiola species (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Phytochemistry . (2002)
preliminary evidence. Phytochemistry. (2006) /pubmed/16956631).

9. Effects of Adaptogens on the Central Nervous System and the Molecular Mechanisms associated with their Stress Protective Activity (http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/3/1/188/pdf) 10. Mudge E, et al. Purification of Phenylalkanoids and monoterpene glycosides from rhodiola rosea L. roots by high-speed counter-current chromatography (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22811209). Phytochem Anal. (2013) Edit (/edit/supplements 11. Akgul Y, et al. Lotaustralin from Rhodiola rosea roots (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15351122). Fitoterapia. /Rhodiola+Rosea/) (2004) 12. Ming DS, et al. Bioactive compounds from Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed History (/history /16220564). Phytother Res . (2005) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 13. Study on separation and purification of oligomeric proanthocyanidin from Rhodiola rosea (http://link.springer.com/article Discussion (/discussion /10.1007%2Fs11703-011-1137-8) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 14. Extraction and purification of proanthocyanidins from R.Roaea (http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTALNYGN200707015.htm) Back to Top 15. Glycosides of cinnamyl alcohol from the rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea (http://link.springer.com/article (http://examine.com /10.1007%2FBF00579423?LI=true) /supplements 16. Guo N, et al. Simultaneous determination of salidroside and its aglycone metabolite p-tyrosol in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22525439). Molecules . (2012) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 17. Panossian A, et al. Adaptogens stimulate neuropeptide y and hsp72 expression and release in neuroglia cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22347152). Front Neurosci. (2012) 18. Darbinyan V, et al. Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990195). Nord J Psychiatry . (2007) 19. Olsson EM, von Schele B, Panossian AG. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue
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(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016404). Planta Med. (2009) 20. Aslanyan G, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study of single dose effects of ADAPT-232 on cognitive functions (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20374974). Phytomedicine. (2010) 21. Sodium-dependent Glucose Transporter Was Involved in Salidroside Absorption in Intestine of Rats (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875536409600686) 22. Mizuma T, et al. Intestinal active absorption of sugar-conjugated compounds by glucose transport system: implication of improvement of poorly absorbable drugs (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1596291). Biochem Pharmacol. (1992) 23. Morand C, et al. Quercetin 3-O-beta-glucoside is better absorbed than other quercetin forms and is not present in rat plasma (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11200097). Free Radic Res . (2000) 24. Yu S, et al. Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method for the determination of salidroside in rat plasma: application to the pharmacokinetics study (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18088572). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. (2008) 25. Chang YW, et al. Quantitative determination of salidroside in rat plasma by on-line solid-phase extraction integrated with high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17631426). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. (2007) 26. Hellum BH, et al. Potent in vitro inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein by Rhodiola rosea (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pubmed/19790032). Planta Med. (2010) 27. Panossian A, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of interaction of Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract with warfarin and theophylline in rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844284). Phytother Res . (2009) 28. Wiegant FA, et al. Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pubmed/18536978). Biogerontology . (2009) 29. Hormesis and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847401/) 30. McElwee JJ, et al. Evolutionary conservation of regulated longevity assurance mechanisms (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612391). Genome Biol. (2007) 31. Partridge L, Gems D. Mechanisms of ageing: public or private (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11972154). Nat Rev Genet. (2002) 32. Panossian A, Wikman G. Evidence-based efficacy of adaptogens in fatigue, and molecular mechanisms related to their stress-protective activity (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19500070). Curr Clin Pharmacol. (2009) 33. Schriner SE, et al. Decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels and enhanced protection against paraquat in Drosophila melanogaster supplemented with Rhodiola rosea (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19634056). Free Radic Res . Rhodiola rosea is a (2009) Traditional Chinese 34. Schriner SE, et al. Extension of Drosophila Lifespan by Rhodiola rosea through a Mechanism Independent from Dietary Restriction (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704949). PLoS One. (2013) Medicine (/supplements 35. Bayliak MM, Lushchak VI. The golden root, Rhodiola rosea, prolongs lifespan but decreases oxidative stress resistance /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802922). Phytomedicine. (2011) and Scandinavian herb 36. van Diermen D, et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /19168123). touted to promoteJ Ethnopharmacol. (2009) 37. Inhibition of monoamine physical/cognitive vitality. oxidase and acetylcholinesterase by Rhodiola rosea L (https://www.thieme-connect.com /ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0028-1084200) It appears to be proven 38. Mannucci C, et al. Serotonin involvement in Rhodiola rosea attenuation of nicotine withdrawal signs in rats for reducing fatigue and (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921986). Phytomedicine. (2012) 39. Blum K, et al. Manipulation of catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) activity to influence the attenuation of substance exhaustion in prolonged seeking behavior, a subtype of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), is dependent upon gene polymorphisms: a stressful situations. hypothesis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17467918). Med Hypotheses . (2007) Rhodiola is also 40. Ciuma u-Rmbu M, Popa L, Vulpoi C. Neuropeptide Y stimulation as primary target for preventive measures of maladaptative cardiovascular reactions in occupational chronic stress exposure (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed neuroprotective and /23272529). Rev promotes longevity inMed Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. (2012) 41. Panossian A, et al. Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones preliminary evidence. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188053). Phytomedicine. (2009) 42. Panossian A, Wagner H. Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single dose administration (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16261511). Phytother Res . (2005) 43. Sheng QS, et al. Salidroside promotes peripheral nerve regeneration following crush injury to the sciatic nerve in rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23358450). Neuroreport. (2013) Edit (/edit/supplements 44. Ma J, et al. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes peripheral nerve regeneration in rat model of nerve crush injury /Rhodiola+Rosea/) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438804). Neurosci Lett. (2010) History (/history 45. Tidwell JL, Houenou LJ, Tytell M. Administration of Hsp70 in vivo inhibits motor and sensory neuron degeneration (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15270081). Cell Stress Chaperones . (2004) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 46. Houenou LJ, et al. Exogenous heat shock cognate protein Hsc 70 prevents axotomy-induced death of spinal sensory Discussion (/discussion neurons (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9222601). Cell Stress Chaperones . (1996) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 47. Protective Effects of a Rhodiola Crenulata Extract and Salidroside on Hippocampal Neurogenesis against Back to Top Streptozotocin-Induced Neural Injury in the Rat (http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029641) 48. Pretreatment with Rhodiola Rosea Extract Reduces Cognitive Impairment Induced by Intracerebroventricular (http://examine.com Streptozotocin in Rats: Implication of Anti-oxidative and Neuroprotective Effects (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science /supplements /article/pii/S0895398809600623) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 49. Effects of Rhodiola rosea extract on passive avoidance tests in rats (http://link.springer.com/article /10.2478%2Fs11536-012-0124-7) 50. Petkov VD, et al. Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3751623). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. (1986) 51. Lazarova MB, et al. Effects of meclofenoxate and Extr. Rhodiolae roseae L. on electroconvulsive shock-impaired learning and memory in rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3095599). Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. (1986)
Quick Summary:
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52. Zhang J, et al. Salidroside attenuates beta amyloid-induced cognitive deficits via modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in rat hippocampus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23396166). Behav Brain Res . (2013) 53. Qu ZQ, et al. Pretreatment with Rhodiola rosea extract reduces cognitive impairment induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats: implication of anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950527). Biomed Environ Sci. (2009) 54. Fintelmann V, Gruenwald J. Efficacy and tolerability of a Rhodiola rosea extract in adults with physical and cognitive deficiencies (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901042). Adv Ther. (2007) 55. Neuroprotective Effects of Salidroside in the PC12 Cell Model Exposed to Hypoglycemia and Serum Limitation (http://www.springerlink.com/content/m1324p7h35u44607/) 56. Zhang L, et al. Neuroprotective effects of salidroside against beta-amyloid-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615444). Neurochem Int. (2010) 57. Chen X, et al. Protective effect of salidroside against H2O2-induced cell apoptosis in primary culture of rat hippocampal neurons (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19554425). Mol Cell Biochem . (2009) 58. Shi TY, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Salidroside and its analogue tyrosol galactoside against focal cerebral ischemia in vivo and H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in vitro (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095090). Neurotox Res . (2012) 59. Cao LL, Du GH, Wang MW. The effect of salidroside on cell damage induced by glutamate and intracellular free calcium in PC12 cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753799). J Asian Nat Prod Res . (2006) 60. Chen X, et al. Salidroside attenuates glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death in primary cultured hippocampal neurons of rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680733). Brain Res . (2008) 61. Palumbo DR, et al. Rhodiola rosea extract protects human cortical neurons against glutamate and hydrogen peroxideinduced cell death through reduction in the accumulation of intracellular calcium (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /22086763). Phytother Res . (2012) 62. Chen QG, et al. The effects of Rhodiola rosea extract on 5-HT level, cell proliferation and quantity of neurons at cerebral hippocampus of depressive rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19403286). Phytomedicine. (2009) 63. Panossian A, et al. Synergy and Antagonism of Active Constituents of ADAPT-232 on Transcriptional Level of Metabolic Regulation of Isolated Neuroglial Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430930). Front Neurosci. (2013) 64. Kennett GA, et al. Anxiolytic-like actions of the selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonists SB 204070A and SB 207266A in rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9225297). Neuropharmacology . (1997) 65. Hung SK, Perry R, Ernst E. The effectiveness and efficacy of Rhodiola rosea L.: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21036578). Phytomedicine. (2011) 66. Spasov AA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola Rhodiola rosea is a rosea SHR-5 extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated Traditional Chinese low-dose regimen (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10839209). Phytomedicine. (2000) 67. De (/supplements Bock K, et al. Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance Medicine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256690). Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2004) /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) 68. Darbinyan V, et al. Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract and Scandinavian herb low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty SHR-5 with a repeated (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081987). Phytomedicine. (2000) touted to promote 69. Shevtsov VA, et al . A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and physical/cognitive vitality. control of capacity for mental work (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12725561). Phytomedicine. (2003) It appears to be proven 70. Edwards D, Heufelder A, Zimmermann A. Therapeutic effects and safety of Rhodiola rosea extract WS 1375 in for reducing fatigue and symptoms--results of an open-label study (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22228617). subjects with life-stress Phytother Res . (2012) exhaustion in prolonged 71. Cifani C, et al. Effect of salidroside, active principle of Rhodiola rosea extract, on binge eating stressful situations. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837037). Physiol Behav . (2010) Rhodiola is also 72. Mattioli L, Perfumi M. Rhodiola rosea L. extract reduces stress- and CRF-induced anorexia in rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17259204). J Psychopharmacol. (2007) neuroprotective and 73. Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, et al. Effect of Hypericum perforatum Extract in an Experimental Model of Binge Eating in promotes longevity in Female Rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22997570). J Obes . (2012) preliminary evidence. 74. Cifani C, et al. A preclinical model of binge eating elicited by yo-yo dieting and stressful exposure to food: effect of sibutramine, fluoxetine, topiramate, and midazolam (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125237). Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2009) 75. Perfumi M, Mattioli L. Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17072830). Phytother Res . (2007) Edit (/edit/supplements 76. The Use of Herbal Adaptogens together with Tricyclic Antidepressants in Patients with Psychogenic Depressions /Rhodiola+Rosea/) (http://www.scicompdf.se/rosenrot/brichenko3.pdf) History (/historyA, Kerwin L, Feusner JD. A pilot study of Rhodiola rosea (Rhodax) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 77. Bystritsky (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18307390). J Altern Complement Med. (2008) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 78. Sun L, et al. Salidroside and tyrosol from Rhodiola protect H9c2 cells from ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis Discussion (/discussion (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22771701). Life Sci. (2012) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 79. Zhong H, et al. Salidroside attenuates apoptosis in ischemic cardiomyocytes: a mechanism through a mitochondriaBack to Top dependent pathway (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21160132). J Pharmacol Sci. (2010) 80. He H, et al. Activation of the JNK pathway is important for cardiomyocyte death in response to simulated ischemia (http://examine.com (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10556976). Cell Death Differ. (1999) /supplements 81. Role of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Myocardial Disease (http://circres.ahajournals.org/content /Rhodiola+Rosea/) /93/4/292.short) 82. Aggeli IK, Gaitanaki C, Beis I. Involvement of JNKs and p38-MAPK/MSK1 pathways in H2O2-induced upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA in H9c2 cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16531007). Cell Signal. (2006) 83. Lee OH, et al. Rhodiola-induced inhibition of adipogenesis involves antioxidant enzyme response associated with pentose phosphate pathway (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623718). Phytother Res . (2011) 84. Wu T, et al. Cardioprotection of salidroside from ischemia/reperfusion injury by increasing N-acetylglucosamine linkage to cellular proteins (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376110). Eur J Pharmacol. (2009)
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85. Zhang J, et al. Salidroside protects cardiomyocyte against hypoxia-induced death: a HIF-1alpha-activated and VEGF-mediated pathway (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19326475). Eur J Pharmacol. (2009) 86. Zhu Y, et al. Salidroside protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in cardiac H9c2 cells via PI3K-Akt dependent pathway (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563965). DNA Cell Biol. (2011) 87. Cheng YZ, et al. Increase of myocardial performance by Rhodiola-ethanol extract in diabetic rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23044195). J Ethnopharmacol. (2012) 88. Cheng L, et al. Cardiomyocyte-restricted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta deletion perturbs myocardial fatty acid oxidation and leads to cardiomyopathy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15475963). Nat Med. (2004) 89. Cheng L, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fatty acid oxidation in cultured neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684157). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2004) 90. Barish GD, Narkar VA, Evans RM. PPAR delta: a dagger in the heart of the metabolic syndrome (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16511591). J Clin Invest. (2006) 91. Minotti G, et al. Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15169927). Pharmacol Rev . (2004) 92. Elliott P. Pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity induced by anthracyclines (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16781283). Semin Oncol. (2006) 93. Zhang H, et al. Protective effects of salidroside on epirubicin-induced early left ventricular regional systolic dysfunction in patients with breast cancer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22770377). Drugs R D. (2012) 94. Orkin SH, Zon LI. Hematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /18295580). Cell. (2008) 95. Li X, et al. Salidroside stimulates DNA repair enzyme Parp-1 activity in mouse HSC maintenance (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22427203). Blood. (2012) 96. Qian EW, Ge DT, Kong SK. Salidroside promotes erythropoiesis and protects erythroblasts against oxidative stress by up-regulating glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920561). J Ethnopharmacol. (2011) 97. Zheng KY, et al. Salidroside stimulates the accumulation of HIF-1 protein resulted in the induction of EPO expression: a signaling via blocking the degradation pathway in kidney and liver cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /22309741). Eur J Pharmacol. (2012) 98. Apostolidis E, Kwon YI, Shetty K. Potential of cranberry-based herbal synergies for diabetes and hypertension management (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837438). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2006) 99. Kwon YI, Jang HD, Shetty K. Evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata and Rhodiola rosea for management of type II diabetes Rhodiola rosea is a and hypertension (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837437). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2006) Traditional Chinese 100. Anti-diabetes functionality of Kefir culture-mediated fermented soymilk supplemented with Rhodiola extracts (http://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND43806884) Medicine (/supplements 101. Wei H, et al. Behavioural study of the D-galactose induced aging model in C57BL/6J mice (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /Traditional+Chinese+Medicine/) /pubmed/15639175). Behav Brain Res . (2005) and Scandinavian herb systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidative damage 102. Cui X, et al. Chronic in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16555301). J Neurosci Res . touted to promote (2006) physical/cognitive vitality. 103. Song X, et al. Advanced glycation in D-galactose induced mouse aging model (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed It appears to be proven /10405984). Mech Ageing Dev . (1999) for reducing fatigue and 104. Mao GX, et al. Protective role of salidroside against aging in a mouse model induced by D-galactose (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20514993). Biomed Environ Sci. (2010) exhaustion in prolonged 105. Li F, et al. Protective effect of salidroside from Rhodiolae Radix on diabetes-induced oxidative stress in mice stressful situations. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134398). Molecules . (2011) Rhodiola isSH, also 106. Kim Hyun SH, Choung SY. Antioxidative effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts in liver of diabetic mice (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971752). Biofactors . (2006) neuroprotective and 107. Lu L, Yuan J, Zhang promotes longevity in S. Rejuvenating activity of salidroside (SDS): dietary intake of SDS enhances the immune response of aged rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367581). Age (Dordr). (2012) preliminary evidence. 108. Li HB, et al. Salidroside stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501890). Eur J Pharmacol. (2008) 109. Parisi A, et al. Effects of chronic Rhodiola Rosea supplementation on sport performance and antioxidant capacity in trained male: preliminary results (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308973). J Sports Med Phys Fitness . (2010) 110. Wing SL, et al. Lack of effect of Rhodiola or oxygenated water supplementation on hypoxemia and oxidative stress Edit (/edit/supplements (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659243). Wilderness Environ Med. (2003) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 111. Walker TB, et al. Failure of Rhodiola rosea to alter skeletal muscle phosphate kinetics in trained men History(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618958). (/history Metabolism . (2007) 112. Abidov M, et al. Extract of Rhodiola rosea radix reduces the level of C-reactive protein and creatinine kinase in the blood /Rhodiola+Rosea/) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514725). Bull Exp Biol Med. (2004) Discussion (/discussion 113. Schutgens FW, et al. The influence of adaptogens on ultraweak biophoton emission: a pilot-experiment /Rhodiola+Rosea/) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170145). Phytother Res . (2009) Back Top EE, et al. The Effects of an Acute Dose of Rhodiola Rosea on Endurance Exercise Performance 114. to Noreen (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22643145). J Strength Cond Res . (2012) (http://examine.com 115. Noreen EE, et al. The Effects of an Acute Dose of Rhodiola rosea on Endurance Exercise Performance /supplements (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23443221). J Strength Cond Res . (2013) /Rhodiola+Rosea/) 116. Zhang JK, et al. Protection by Salidroside against Bone Loss via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Bone-Resorbing Mediators (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437352). PLoS One. (2013) 117. Oka S, Hsu CP, Sadoshima J. Regulation of cell survival and death by pyridine nucleotides (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pubmed/22904041). Circ Res . (2012) 118. Xu J, Li Y. Effects of salidroside on exhaustive exerciseinduced oxidative stress in rats (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pubmed/22948446). Mol Med Rep. (2012) 119. Schriner SE, et al. Protection of human cultured cells against oxidative stress by Rhodiola rosea without activation of
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120.
121. SUMMARY 122. THINGS TO 123. KNOW 124. TO TAKE HOW EDITORS' 125. THOUGHTS 126. HUMAN EFFECT 127. MATRIX 128. COMPLETE 129. SUMMARY 130. CITATIONS 131. 132.
antioxidant defenses (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486939). Free Radic Biol Med. (2009) Qian EW, Ge DT, Kong SK. Salidroside protects human erythrocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22483064). J Nat Prod. (2012) Qu ZQ, et al. Protective effects of a Rhodiola crenulata extract and salidroside on hippocampal neurogenesis against streptozotocin-induced neural injury in the rat (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235318). PLoS One. (2012) Mao GX, et al. Salidroside protects human fibroblast cells from premature senescence induced by H(2)O(2) partly through modulating oxidative status (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21035481). Mech Ageing Dev . (2010) Guan S, et al. Salidroside attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage through a cAMP-dependent pathway (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512445). Molecules . (2011) Evaluation of the medicinal botanical Rhodiola rosea for estrogenicity (http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/cgi/content /abstract/2004/1/663-b) Ouyang JF, et al. In-vitro promoted differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards hepatocytes induced by salidroside (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20604844). J Pharm Pharmacol. (2010) Huang SC, et al. Attenuation of long-term Rhodiola rosea supplementation on exhaustive swimming-evoked oxidative stress in the rat (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034236). Chin J Physiol. (2009) [The effect of a Rhodiola rosea extract on the incidence of recurrences of a superficial bladder cancer (experimental clinical research) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7785120) Liu Z, et al. Rhodiola rosea extracts and salidroside decrease the growth of bladder cancer cell lines via inhibition of the mTOR pathway and induction of autophagy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21520297). Mol Carcinog. (2012) Hu X, et al. Salidroside induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541529). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2010) Hu X, et al. A preliminary study: the anti-proliferation effect of salidroside on different human cancer cell lines (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20309622). Cell Biol Toxicol. (2010) Mattioli L, Perfumi M. Evaluation of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on affective and physical signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19939867). J Psychopharmacol. (2011) Huo J, et al. Chinese medicine formula "Weikang Keli" induces autophagic cell death on human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23141426). Phytomedicine. (2013)
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rhodiia rosea supplemnets, Rhodiola Rosea depression serotonin) physical/cognitive vitality. It appears to be proven who contributed to this page include radead (/user/radead/), KurtisFrank (/user for(Users reducing fatigue and exhaustion in prolonged /KurtisFrank/), Sol (/user/Sol/), BirdTurgler (/user/BirdTurgler/))
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