6.

Seminar Energy Methods, FEM Class of 2012

Topic Energetic Stability 21.11.2013
A c c e s s
1 Energetic stability criteria for conservative systems
1.1 Denition conservative systems
a system is conservative if internal and external forces are conservative
forces are conservative if the work done by them depends only on the initial and nal state
of deformation, i.e. that no energy is gained or lost in-between.
internal forces of an elastic system are conservative
internal forces are not conservative considering plasticization due to dissipation
1.2 energetic criteria to assess an equilibrium state
An equilibrium state is stable if energy must be spent to cause an innitesimal disturbance of this
equilibrium state.
idea: nd out if a certain amount of energy will disturb the given system
disturbed state
I
described as variation of undisturbed state
0

I
=
0
+
0
+
1
2

0
+ . . . neighbouring state, i.e. variation of basic state
(Taylor-series)

I
=
0
+
=
1
2

0
= 0;
0
= 0 neighbouring state is not necessarily equilibrium state,
basic state = equlibrium state
case dierentiation for investigated equilibrium state
0
a)
2

0
> 0 stable energy needed to disturb system
b)
2

0
= 0 indierent no energy needed
c)
2

0
< 0 unstable energy is released
1
branching of equilibrium state
initial state
P
basic state 0, equilibrium state
P
crit
neighbouring state I (critical/buckling load),
equilibrium state
wanted: specic variations (.) of basic state which leads to equilibrium state as well

I
=
0
+
0
+
1
2

0
+ . . .
equilibrium in neighbouring state

I
= 0 =
_

0
+
0
+
1
2

0
_

I
= 0 =
0
..
0
+
_
_

0
..
0
_
_
+
_
1
2

0
_
(because of equilibrium in basic state)
criteria for branching of equilibrium state
0 =
I
0 =
_
1
2

0
_
(with variation of specic 2
nd
variation)
approximations
discontinuation of Taylor-series
negligence of strains of basic state
no additional strains in direction of strains of basic state at neighbouring state
1
2

0
_
N
=
I,N
= 0 = (
Ii
+
Ie
)
N
2
2 Example: Planar frame-work
1
2
3
P
p(x)
x , u
1 1
x , u
2 2
L
1
L
2
given:
p (x
1
) = p
0
= const.
I (x
1
) = I
0

_
1 +
x
1
L
1
_
I (x
2
) = I
0
EA =
wanted:
P
crit
2.1 Potential energy of neighbouring state for a single beam

IN
=
1
2
L
_
0
EI (x) v

(x)
2
dx + . . .
single loads
+ . . .
line loads

1
2
_

0
_
N
P
p(x)
x,u
y,v
L
dependency u(x) and v (x) in neighbouring state ( deformed state)
dx
x,u
y,v
dx
-du
n=v
I
n
du = dx dx cos
= dx (1 cos )
= dx
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
1

2
2!
+

4
4!

_
. .
small-angle approximation
_
_
_
_
_
dx

2
2
= dx
v

2
2
leads to
u(x) =
_
x
0
v

(x)
2
2
dx + u(0)
u(L) =
_
L
0
v

(x)
2
2
dx + u(0)
u(0) = 0
3
loading

IeN
=
_
L
0
p (x) u(x) dx (P u(L))
=
_
L
0
p (x)
_
_
x
0
v

(x)
2
2
dx
_
dx P
_
L
0
v

(x)
2
2
dx
solution according to Ritz-method in general
v
N
(x) =

j
a
j

j
(x)
1
2

0
_
N
=
IN
= 0 equilibrium conditions

IN
a
j
K a = 0 j equations for j unknowns
det K = 0 unknowns a
j
= 0 if det K = 0 P
crit
2.2 Solution of example
complete potential

IN
=
1
2
E
L
1
_
0
I (x
1
) v

1
(x
1
)
2
dx
1
+
1
2
EI
0
L
2
_
0
v

2
(x
2
)
2
dx
2

1
2
P
L
1
_
0
v

1
(x
1
)
2
dx
1

1
2
p
0
L
1
_
0
_
_
x
1
_
0
v

1
(x
1
)
2
dx
1
_
_
dx
1
possible ansatz functions
n(1)
BCs for beam 1:
v
1
(0) = v
1
(L) = 0
v

1
(0) = 0
v

1
(L) = (1) = 0
BCs for beam 2:
v
2
(0) = v
2
(L) = 0
v

2
(0) = (1) = 0
v

2
(L) = 0
4
deection curve
v
1
(x) =
_
x
1
2
x
3
1
L
2
1
+
x
4
1
L
3
1
_
(1)
v

1
(x) =
_
1 6
x
2
1
L
2
1
+ 4
x
3
1
L
3
1
_
(1)
v

1
(x) =
_
12
x
1
L
2
1
+ 12
x
2
1
L
3
1
_
(1)
v
2
(x) =
_
x
2
3
x
3
2
L
2
2
+ 2
x
4
2
L
3
2
_
(1)
v

2
(x) =
_
1 9
x
2
2
L
2
2
+ 8
x
3
2
L
3
2
_
(1)
v

2
(x) =
_
18
x
2
L
2
2
+ 24
x
2
2
L
3
2
_
(1)
insertion into potential and integration results nally in

IN
=
18
5
EI
0
(1)
2
_
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
_

17
70
P (1)
2
L
1

17
140
p
0
(1)
2
L
2
1
equilibrium condition

IN
(1)
= 0
=
_
18
5
EI
0
_
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
_

17
70
PL
1

17
140
p
0
L
2
1
_
2(1)
= K (1)
determinition of critical load
K = 0 P
crit
K =
18
5
EI
0
_
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
_

17
70
PL
1

17
140
p
0
L
2
1
= 0
17
70
P
crit
L
1
=
18
5
EI
0
_
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
_

17
140
p
0
L
2
1
P
crit
=
252
17
EI
0
L
1
_
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
_

1
2
p
0
L
1
problem: multiple loading
only consider one load and keep other constant
introduction of critical load factor
P
crit
= f
crit
P
increase of both loads with dierent load factors
P
crit
= f
1,crit
P and p
crit
= f
2,crit
p
0
two parameters, one equation
5
increase both loads with one load factor
P
crit
= f
crit
P and p
crit
= f
crit
p
0
K =
18
5
EI
0
_
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
_

17
70
f
crit
PL
1

17
140
f
crit
p
0
L
2
1
= 0
determinition of critical load factor
f
crit
=
18
5
EI
0
_
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
_
17
70
PL
1
+
17
140
p
0
L
2
1
=
252
17
EI
0
L
1
1
L
1
+
1
L
2
P +
1
2
p
0
L
1
6