UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Fluid Power Application

(Hydraulic Power Source)

Hydraulics & Pneumatics KMD 3133

By,

Mohd Darnalis A.Rahman

dARNALis

Learning Objectives
Upon completing this chapter, students should be able to:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Distinguish between positive displacement and nonpositive displacement pumps. Explain the operation of gear, vane, and piston pumps. Differentiate between axial and radial piston pumps. Understand the difference between fixed displacement and variable displacement pumps. Explain the operation of pressurepressure-compensated pumps. Distinguish between bentbent-axisaxis-type piston pumps and the swash plate design. Differentiate between internal and external gear pumps. Evaluate the performance of pumps by determining the volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiencies. Explain the phenomenon of pump cavitation and identify ways to eliminate its occurrence.
dARNALis 2

Introduction

Is the heart of a hydraulic system Converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. A pump creates a partial vacuum at its inlet. Which permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through the inlet line and into the pump. Then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system
dARNALis 3

UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Classification of Pumps
Nonpositive displacement pumps Used for low pressure, high volume flow applications. Very limited application in fluid power field. Max. pressure capacity limited to 250 300psi. This type of pump normally used to transport fluids from one location to another. Provides smooth continuous flow ,however flow output reduces as circuit resistance increased. It is possible to completely block the flow while the pump is running.
dARNALis 4

Classification of Pumps
Positive displacement pumps Ejects a fixed amount of fluid into the hydraulic system per revolution of pump shaft rotation. Universally used in fluid power systems. This type of pump is capable of overcoming the pressure of frictions due to fluid resistance & mechanical loads.
dARNALis 5

Classification of Pumps
Positive displacement pumps Advantages over NDP High High-pressure capability (up to 10,000 psi or higher). Small, compact size. High volumetric efficiency Small changes in efficiency throughout the design pressure range Great flexibility of performance (can operate over wide range of pressure requirements and speed ranges)
dARNALis 6

UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Classification of Pumps
Positive displacement pumps Advantages over NDP

HighHigh-pressure capability (up to 10,000 psi or higher). Small, compact size. High volumetric efficiency Small changes in efficiency throughout the design pressure range Great flexibility of performance (can operate over wide range of pressure requirements and speed ranges)

dARNALis

Classification of Pumps
1. 2.

Hydrodynamic or Nonpositive displacement pumps.

Centrifugal (impeller) and axial (propeller) types Gear Pumps (fixed displacement)

Hydrostatic or Positive Displacement Pumps

a.

External gear pumps Internal gear pumps Lobe pumps Screw pumps Unbalanced vane pumps (fixed or variable displacement) Balanced vane pumps (fixed displacement) Axial design Radial design
dARNALis 8

b.

Vane Pumps

c.

Piston Pumps

Types of Pumps Gear Pump

Gear pumps (with external teeth) (fixed displacement) are simple and economical pumps. The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be between about 1 cm3 (0.001 litre) litre) and 200 cm3 (0.2 litre). litre).

Gearpump with external teeth

dARNALis

Gearpump with internal teeth

9

UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Types of Pumps Gerotor Pump

Gerotor pumps (fixed displacement) are a variation of gear pumps, having internal teeth of optimized design. The efficiency and noise level are very good for such a medium pressure pump.

Gearpump with external teeth

dARNALis

Gearpump with internal teeth

10

Types of Pumps Rotary Vane Pump

Rotary vane pumps (fixed and simple adjustable displacement) have higher efficiencies than gear pumps, but are also used for mid pressures up to 180 bars in general. Some types of vane pumps can change the centre of the vane body, so that a simple adjustable pump is obtained. These adjustable vane pumps are in general constant pressure or constant power pumps: the displacement is increased until the required pressure or power is reached and subsequently the displacement or swept volume is decreased until an equilibrium is reached.

dARNALis

11

Types of Pumps Screw Pump

Screw pumps (fixed displacement) are a double Archimedes spiral, but closed. This means that two screws are used in one body. The pumps are used for high flows and relatively low pressure (max 100 bar). They were used on board ships where the constant pressure hydraulic system was going through the whole ship, especially for the control of ball valves, valves, but also for the steering gear and help drive systems. The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of these pumps; the efficiency is not that high.
Gearpump with external teeth
dARNALis

Gearpump with internal teeth

12

UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Types of Pumps Screw Pump

dARNALis

13

Types of Pumps Bent Axis Pump

Bent axis pumps (axial piston pumps using the bent axis principle) (fixed and adjustable displacement) have the best efficiency of all pumps. Although in general the largest displacements are approximately one litre per revolution, if necessary a two liter swept volume pump can be built. Often variable displacement pumps are used, so that the oil flow can be adjusted carefully. These pumps can in general work with a working pressure of up to 350 bars.

dARNALis

14

Types of Pumps Axial Pump

Bent axis pumps (axial piston pumps using the bent axis principle) (fixed and adjustable displacement) have the best efficiency of all pumps. Although in general the largest displacements are approximately one litre per revolution, if necessary a two liter swept volume pump can be built. Often variable displacement pumps are used, so that the oil flow can be adjusted carefully. These pumps can in general work with a working pressure of up to 350 bars.

dARNALis

15

UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Types of Pumps Radial Pump

Radial piston pumps (fixed displacement) are used especially for high pressure and relatively small flows. Pressures of up to 650 bar are normal. In fact variable displacement is not possible. Sometimes the pump is designed in such a way that the plungers can be switched off one by one, so that a sort of variable displacement pump is obtained.
dARNALis 16

Pump Performance
The overall efficiency of a pump can be computed by comparing the hydraulic power output of the pump to the mechanical input power supplied by the prime mover. Overall efficiency can be broken into 2 distinct components :

1. Volumetric efficiency. 2. Mechanical efficiency.

dARNALis

17

Pump Performance
1. Volumetric efficiency (
Indicates the amount of leakage that takes place within the pump. Involves consideration of manufacturing tolerances & flexing of the pump casing under design pressure operating conditions:

) v

v =

Actual flow rate produced by pump 100 Theoretical flow rate pump should produce Q = A 100 QT

Volumetric efficiencies typically run from 80% to 90% for gear pumps, 82% to 92% for vane pumps, and 90% to 98% for piston pumps.

dARNALis

18

UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Pump Performance
2. Mechanical efficiency ( m )
Indicates the amount of energy losses that occur for reasons other than leakage. Includes, friction in bearings and between meshing parts. Energy losses due to fluid turbulence

m =

Pump output power assuming no leakage 100 Actual power delivered to pump PQT = 100 TA N
= pump discharge pressure (psi,Pa) = pump theroretical flow rate (gpm, m3/s) = actual torque delivered to pump (in. lb, Nm) = pump speed (rpm, rad/s) dARNALis 19

Where, P QT TA N

Pump Performance
2. Mechanical efficiency ( m )
Mechanical efficiency can also be computed in terms of torques.

m =

Theoretical torque required to operate a pump 100 Actual torque delivered to pump T = T 100 TA

Mechanical efficiencies typically run from 90% to 95%. Note that the theoretical torque required to operate a pump (TT), is the torque that would be required if there were no leakage.
dARNALis 20

Pump Cavitation Phenomena

Occur due to entrained air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid or vaporization of the hydraulic fluid. When the pump suction lift is excessive and the pump inlet pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the fluid (around 55-psi suction) Resulting air/vapor bubbles forms in the lowlowpressure inlet region of the pump, then collapsed when they reach the highhigh-pressure discharge region. It happens during high fluid velocity and produces high impact forces which can erode metallic components and shorten pump life.
dARNALis 21

UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Pump Cavitation Phenomena

How to eliminate or at least control the phenomena in a pump.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Keep the suction pressure above the saturation pressure (suction line velocity below 1.5 m/s). m/s). Keep pump inlet lines as short as possible. Minimize the number of fittings in the inlet line. Mount the pump as close as possible to the reservoir. Use lowlow-pressure drop inlet filters or strainers, (indicating(indicating-type filters & strainers) so they can be replaced at proper intervals as they become dirty. Use proper oil as recommended by the pump manufacturer. (proper viscosity & temperature ranges for optimum operation).

dARNALis

22

Pump Selection
Selected by taking into account a number of considerations for a complete hydraulic system involving a particular application. Such as,
Flow rate requirements (gpm , L/m) (gpm, Operating speeds (rpm) Pressure rating (psi, bar) Performance Reliability Maintenance Cost Noise Size Etc

dARNALis

23

Pump Selection
Selection of a pump typically depends on the following sequence of operations stated in the list below:
1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

Select the actuator (cylinder or motor) that is appropriate based on the loads encountered. Determine the flowflow-rate requirements. Involves calculations of flow rate necessary to drive the actuator to move the load through a specified distance within a given time limit. Determine the pump speed & select the prime mover. Get from flowflow-rate calculation, pump size required (volumetric displacement) Pump type based on the application (gear, vane, or piston pump and fixed or variable displacement). System pressure required.
dARNALis 24