Aggressive Behaviors Within Polities

Aggressive Behaviors within Polities, 1948-1962: A Cross-National Study Author(s): Ivo K. Feierabend and Rosalind L.
Feierabend Source: The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Sep., 1966), pp. 249-271 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/173000 . Accessed: 14/02/2014 17:32
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Aggressivea behaviors crosswithin

nations. the nations conflict San terruption behaviors national riots, consist attempted others political internal in LeVine, dation. Psychological grant September Political 1964; 1963; A There Psychology, This Diego Visiting systematic recent K.Feierabend, 1966-67. Haas, at coups denoting are A research conflict, of 1959; political External systems. State behaviors within indicative Science, paper systematic such trend typified Research Associate Association 1964; Annual diplomatic Washington a San Davies, College and based nations, events was more Diego conflict systems. Washington studies empirical both Meeting partially Psychologist, by relative guerrilla behavioral Professor, empirical or 1962; wars, in as University, relations, aggression State this on within Chicago, demonstrations, behaviors the 1964; University, embargoes, instability article supported broadly College analysis warfare, and Department which analyses other research and Department and Illinois, American conflict between was among 1959; hand, among 1962, other have by deis of a
kan, as searchers bon Banks and terest Verba, 1965). which Some ing pecially 1959, 1961; 1965; et very scale tionships Tanrer, bend, to universe havior 1962; al., a discover psychological method, empirical to 1960; in these Furthermore, Merritt through 196.4) 1964) 1964, compare Banks among internal Lerner, efforts 1966; are 1964; are factor and assessment structure and 1963, economic, being directed dimensions. and 1963; concerned cross-national available or Conroe, relevant have analysis. 1960; external 1963, 1965; numbers used Almond Gregg and toward common forthcoming). ecological 1965; 1958; 1961; with dimensions 1963; the by 1965, Almond Others societal. conflict and many interrelaand inquiry, a complex measurWalton, attempt nations. Banks, an Free, (esrebeon A
polities,
1948-1962:
IVO
national
?
study
FEIEBABEND2 and BOSALIND L. FEIEBABEND3
in of
1964; Hoole, is (Cattell, 1949, 1950, 1952; RokLipset, 1957, 1955; Inkeles, Deutsch, 1960, Fitzgib, Eckstein, Deutsch and Johnson, 1961; McClelland, 1961; Cantrfi and Free, 1962; Cantril, 1963, 1965; and Verba, and Textor, 1963; Russett et al., 1964; Rokkan, 1966; Singel' Rokkan, Small, All of inin abstracting of large (McClelland, 1961; Cantril and Cantril,
inof of Internal
d'dtat, the are few studres less cross-national
and of
of based
(Kling, Eckstein, Feierabend, Nesvold, Russerr, Nesvold,
and Textor, from the on livered 1965b). ~ St. Louis, a Visiting of 1966--67. St. Louis, the of the ables-political, 1965 (Feierabend and Feierabend, few all Founof
Russett largevari-
(Rummel, 1966; 1966; Hoole, 1964; FeieraFeierabend, Litell, 1966) the of the of
that for ical -aggression behaviors. by system versely, individuals, the instability complex rected it stimulus Berkowitz, haviors. work problem. degree and lard other tive those placed Buss, theory behavior sociated concerned aggression Theoretical 1939, Once Although The individuals may meaning polity. definition result More groups can insights a solutions perceived modes studies this or increasing maintains by be against discussion correlates As be adopted with recent is 3), these displaced with Specifically, political to is a meaning associated inhibited groups, theory officeholders Berkowitz, first while aggressive, amount or frustration" here other generalized furthermore, analyses officeholders to behavior, as that likely elaborations groups emphasis notion amount step, measurement is aid of problems. frustration an instability onto become described or recent groups "aggression ascribed, internal aggressive this with through officeholders within frustrating more a it the politically aggression 1962). objects occur theoretical on such is postulate available punishment. analysis them. aggression approaches, analysis or than with aggression McNeil, against Furthermore, defined are the conflict as devices the individuals may against Perhaps role other frustration aggressive response. construca political Or, a directly one directed theoretpolitical relevant concept search within framelimits always as other conthan have asthe besee Or
1. framework 1VO perienced indicates situations levels many problems ment nority from be raised the tional yielded theory vious. aggressive equivalent other gimes. social The typified Under systemic to the a. occurrence notion other K. situations of capabilities applying systemic may utility in be want Political to following groups ically ganized following sphere want is And by punishment AND expected. a is many frustration. this levels possibilities behavior. related as applying situation formation a ROSALIND relevant frustration those the or problem aspirations, yet research, people action relationship. or instability aggression these considerations: are available may general frustration The unrelieved, remain satisfactions. individual may the apt are which be strata -Such notion political be is should are although L. political predicted, systemic significant largely to present, hypotheses sphere, concepts is levels in identified unmatched situations open society. capable produce Two identified the political socially then solution against behaviors. stability lacking. to certainly as The displacestability: of political environthe internainvestilack periods is result social notahigh with and are obexreorby as is as
250 of the and, the is to in of ~e expectations, for of time, and is explicated in used in its the the of which of systemic this gated diIn way, tion: social satisfaction of of of It few
FEIERABEND
may in and needs for
Framework
frustration types of are
of it the of
and
and et al., 1939; Maier, 1949; 1961; mostbasic and the p. of is not the the 4 in eliciting of 1965.) of to of of
of (Dol1959; the of the
is (Dollard et al., lead to
study. the frustration-aggression to conpolitical be cept of coerciveness of the of the constructive well to the administrative, entrepreneurial, in of of politics. furthermore associated ment miof scapegoating the in frustration-aggression of political of
if
the
of relative frustration, agents.4 2. If stabfiity still It nonparticipant
given Politof
the (For
of the
CONFLICT
1RESOLUTION
VOLU1VfE
X'
NUI~BEI~
3. with eern stability framework Methodology dicated tion 1965). AGGRESSIVE A socially However, systemic f. these behavior ity e. b. d. c. more action the is against Parsons It Almond, is sufficiently outlet, hostility pated. will tively government, methodology constructive situations by determinants refined predicted qualifying is a individual capable systemic 1963; vented the as be aggressive also and any frustration. sufficiently be with a effectiveness achieved a in predicted. stable other stability theories BEHAVIORS participant relevant minority result and political one Easton, against or are frustration. form Shils, displaced particular nations, abundant available preventing conditions, legitimacy polity behaviors hypothesis be dynamics Parsons relative by factors.) may hypotheses itself, 1965a, groups aggressive the coercive stability systems interpreting social society political 1951; WITHIN consequence may studies problem. aggression then toovert 1965b; and country government then underlying absence anticipated. in of provide frustrating aggressive be aggression within government within stability concern'm frustrainstabilimpulse regimes anticiapolitrela1961; Conbut are inan including Variable: or search, format it bility characteristics ating period, characterized Study Political though Survey, 1965a). similar Murdock, national possible, as 1948-1962 HOOLE, In A occurs, absence internal many anthropology Nations The sources: crucial studies nations order a 1: dimension data They Box data data storage as terms 1948-1962. political Encyclopaedia The or Political Data must relevant date, are conflict aspect are Project, bank are collections Code Deadline Analysis according evaluate data method as violence, carry available NORMAN Program, least bank Consortium be collected organized nations (Whiting A. persons each listed systems. systems analyzed. are political Stability behaviors scarcer. Arbor, is and instability Data politics. available appropriate to on to some on the in involved, on Britannica here research for the political data into and country and through As on and instability ecological Table other Dimensionality 5,000 research, a were Thus bank, many conceived Child, political analyzed Dependent derive endeavors Political a FRANCIS cards, (The particular through data. pertinent stabilitycollected event presence the cases the studies sample eightyevents, Yearwhich 1953; variprescreYale data The 251 is in as
POLlTIES, which solutions to or of the of cases, ent which political at
an the
(The and If is
cross-national for
of
acts of
If,
aga'mst can If
of the coerciveness of the in and/or
eighty-four four are 1.) cross-national the cross-cultural of 1957; Feierabend, 1962). is of the !ection of cross-national ables of of
colAl-
acts of are occur the face of of the to on for~ eighty-four The in the .to set of of two and the books. in which out
the Cross-Polity the sta-
of the
fifteen-year from World Affairs
in the the and (Merton, Lasswell, et al., Gurr, and (Feierabend Feierabend, The IBM events.5 of of o[ the WITHBETTY AND In orderto NESVOLD, G. LITELL the the instrue~ the for ReMichigan, W.
ing can be frustration-aggression of of ical 1949; 1951; 1960; Deutsch,
The not in
of the scope of .the of
is
all
of Index the tions to raters, etc., is Inter-University 1248, Ann
instability validation ordering ranging through stability. CONFLICT defined one is the cabinet tion. political arrests volving scale parison profiles were event Their a distribution groups on (Pearson position; A Using the an both 5 level rating item same on ascertained point position; was item was reliability which Thus, conflict into differing on construct data in this 6 events typical figure obtained (Nesvold, approached An peaceful associated instructions. continuum, terms specific period. the assassination Countries they agreement 0 .87). .935). from RESOLUTION illustration scaling time validation assignment sample basis agreement the behavior into example, along position; degrees by instrument experienced civil validity by Other period, demonstrations instability the items Thus into specific extreme asking data instrument, with from the among independent method was were extreme a were 3 Resignation checks countries was may collected position same general a into and position; was stability most this 0 1 items instability). was a events assigned countries events during scaled. fairly were position significant consensual continuum. stability) very viewpoint performed devised, given intensity task, unstable into election to raters. a period, to 6 nations on repreon which into posior high this high mass sort into inThe the into on aX
NUMBER3 experienced mass 6; so total within that sum instability 4. calculated. sample tion bination The large, sprinkling ities given the hand, bloc. unstable prise ordering indices years tween Following In Another on weight Furthermore, on. more countries events These total. Communist K. this nations these only 'm Again, is index, were index, The groups include countries is prevalent AND distribution countries some stable Table stability intensity perhaps 1,000,000 a equally nations, approach placed stable Spearman a The Countries purpose event countries The "Deaths "Executive the civil events. were markedly ROSALIND nations which on correlation indices same side results modern allotment correlation with are in to assigned scale with war may and population, countries group basis were is position those a from is the The were stability nations quality) this stability: group skewed. America, domestic positions, an L. Spearman correlate then between 5; prey seen United experiencing interesting largest the position placed exists ordering correlation assignment frequency countries this groups, based 1 group weighting On rank-ordered ratings first Instability although Communist to ratings within group executives, these Asia, extremely frequency number with position. in instabilStates, with propora on by also 6 other a group coup with comvioand was the are sum all an ita
252
1VO
FEIERABEND
ternal of scale of the to ity quantity) of the of each country's the of 1.? .table, it the of official falls the scale; 2 the 4 and Consensual coups d'etat the war for judges The of of rof of .the tions the scale level of seven-year rfor the 1955-1961. the seven-year of the stabfiity of eighty-four for the seven-year of two for the eighty-four for o of the stein's lence per rank-order from profries the Eckcomjudges the of most of the the of of scale there is at each scale but underdeveloped polthe of small at scale from Latin bloc. ethnocentrie expecta~ contrm'y tions, not at scale is the of scale. of into the and of comis of than the be of to d'dtat an'ests of (or the of (or to 4, and
1964). seven-point from (denoting (denoting of the scale observationally Each of inof senting of be of each scale. for
of
1950-1962." two r--.69. the Buslow of sett's of chief independent/number 1945-1961." berank-order r = .38.: two
VOLUl%fE
frequency ternal Britannica AGGRESSIVE quency was gathered N. constituted Data used The conflict A conflict data 000 World from in Yearbooks. Affairs. alone occurrence DISTRIBUTION comprises Analysis three bourg used Philippines Iceland Norway Cambodia Sweden Saudi aBEHAVIORS lands countries single behaviors (Hoole, instability behavior Ar. different 101 103 104 104 data 103 104 in two 101 source, Costa terms OF was thirty bank The W. Romania sources, Czech. Finland Ireland was WITHIN COUNTRIES many ways: Gerprofile determined Encyclopaedia Deadline as based 211 study frequency presently The Deadline 202 period, upon Data Gr. Portugal Uruguay Israel Canada Taiwan Austria Ethiopia Australia Denmark were many TABLE Britain 309 314 328 323 803 peak types during be the frequencies nificant entire dered 1948-1962 OF 1show seen stan increase Belgium Paraguay Yugoslavia Panama Thailand Morocco Pakistan Nicaragua Ecuador Haiti Poland Ceylon Mexico Egypt Italy France Sudan E1 Liberia Spain Malaya Albania Bulgaria Greece of in Africa SalvaFrequencies sample changes events, the 478 terms 463 438 When behaviors 499 time Figure early late was 463 Cyprus in of period recent from Venezuela Argentina Turkey India Lebanon Bolivia Peru Brazil Honduras countries. world frequency were instability events countries, years, particular level compared Hungary an were The Indonesia Cuba Laos Colombia reaching even has occurrence was instability POLITICAL rank-orrange 652 types 699 for been As higher 699 the sigmay one 253 on
.................. .........................
............
....
........
POLITIES,
FREQUENCY
CoveTRY) (STAmLITY ScotmSHOWN for EACH

U. orS. 495 465 Dom. Rep. Iran 459 454 Japan 453 451 451 Ghana 451 lordan 448 445 443 437 433 432 431 USSR 430 Tunisia 430 325 Chfie 427 Burma 427 318 422 429. 317 317 429. China 429. U.S. 316 Libya 9.17 219. 103 Luxem Zea. 206 202 Rich Switzer. 309 E. Ger307 307 306 306 dor 421 415 413 419. 409 407 Af~hanie~ 404
THEIR IN TERMS STABILITY, 1955-19-61
OF DEGmm
RELATIVE
599 599 Korea 596 584 583 581 Iraq 579 556 Syria 554 552 GuatemMa 546 541 535 526
Nether-
681 652
b SrAmLITY
3 ....4
5
for all
6 INSTAmLIr?
drawn
of temal the eighty-four 1948-1962. (1) 7 on World on global
1964).7 freof Wpesof infor for the time of for all in Hoole's 1964 The and Affairs
to the in in in level in the (2) 'mstabfiity of 1,
of underskady.
1950s and 1960s. of
of
of 18 (execution of persons) to 403 (acquisition of the office). of
verse intensity tions, events quartile eluding indicated guerrilla rences) office, and (such occurrence the severe as denoting elections, such appeared general quartile, serious acquisition (150 warfare, events riots, violence second occurrence events RESOLUTION occurrences) routine quartile strikes, societal connoting with was and to quartile as significant occurrences) terrorism divided be exile. revealed the governmental 0 arrests, office, one disturbance, war. highest 1. violence: it into consisted And Frequency occurrences) Thus VOLUME denotes. between vacation unrest, changes quartiles, sabotage, included and martial occuran change executhe variables NUMBER olution, time three number previous behaviors by median respectively. standing period. thirty (1963), (France) (3) factor relative Laos by K. period year, additional underlying conflict Finally, and AND factor The analysis, to and this have observed political Burma, underlying ROSALIND range subversion. analyses behaviors distribution countries behaviors been refinement dimensions: with variables was instability performed. (Switzerland). dimensions. 28 L. nine reduces were occurrence during internal Tanter and was emerged turmoil, a to types compared the 26 represented isa this achieved events, conflict (1964, smaller events large with Four time The
254 5o0
IVO
FEIERABEND
350 300 250
15o lOO 50
' ? * t ? -'
1948 49 50 51 52 53 ~g 55 56 ~T 58 59 6o 6m6~ YEAR of Fic. 1948-1962.
rank-ordering the first of frequency (1,555 of and laws). The of of (704 inof large-scale demonand (333 in and the fourth primarfly of civil relationship ?requeney of of of anevent which inthe the ternal (1955-1957), factor-analyzing for the frequency of instability from 136 one event of
?or of all
An of which of of of
in
underthe
strations, law. The third form of coups d'dtat,
Rummel of inthree-year rev-
CONFLICT
factor variables the tion 27. 28. 23. 25. 26. 29. 30. 20. 22. 1966), AGGRESSIVE 17. 13. 18. 10. 15. 2. 4. 8. 9. 3. 5. 6. 1. 7. * Asterisks General Acquisition Micro Significant Guerrilla Martial Repressive Exile Elections Crisis Organization years Vacation Revolts Arrests Civil Micro Mass Assassination Execution Macro Terrorism Severe Imprisonment Percentage Coup Micro turmoil specific organization replicating analysis internal arrests strikes riots strikes war riots 1958-60, demonstrations obtained within macro strikes indicate warfare time action significant groups BEHAVIORS change conflict office again riots insignificant significant a sabotage insignificant loadings office common internal period insignificant opposition from insignificant significant against yielded behaviors persons laws a FACTOR variance variance persons WITHIN persons party Decimals three persons variables persons persons Recently, thirteen 23.3716.30 omitted This TABLE -09 -14 -08 Mass 42 06 46 03 26 40 08 09 38 29 17 52* 73* 69* 62* 67* 29 DOMESTIC from three sions, namely, note 1948-1962, 11.11 Palace volt 64* 06 -10 11 69* 08 -08 75*-01 -02 -22 41 71' 09 40 loadings. -03 13.20 25 40 12 19 28 33 2 -01 00 5), dimensions minor 75* Purge 74* 41 which 05 23 collected 7.52 -04 54* 07 09 49 12 63* -11 04 -02 09 07 03 gle-CONFLICT -15 27 00 9.67 Power -18 -08 06 17 -19 -14 -42 factors. 03 53* 08 02 68* 07 11 -35 32 31 33 Rummel 01 02 -26 emerged 8.33 over -05 24 70* -12 -26 07 20 -02 13 04 31 07 a 19 15 09 56* -03 06 single -16 a 8.00 the subversion, 23 identifies The -11 -10 -09 -01 02 15 -04 59* 16 -06 -35 -02 34 75* -19 -03 09 -06 with 12 08 19 36 16 7.99 -07 05 -16 04 source 38 -27 64*-03 4.18 -17 -02 -15 -08 62* -25 -33 -04 18 -10 on-02 -03 23 03 10 factor 25 07 12 12 -08 6.76 -33 thirty -06 -10 -05 3.82 Civil -21 08 47 -39 -25 07 -19 60* (see -20 07 05 -15 time 04 with 32 03 03 solution, turmoil. 6.40 factors -05 -22 -18 -02 -23 -32 -08 -01 -10 foot55* span, 100.0 56* 38 16 04 09 22 05 23 02 03
POLlTIES, 1948-1962
255
ROTATE1)
MATRIX OF
MrssuingS FACTOItS*
VAIllABLES
moil
partic- revoipation lution strug--Tur---Re-
Dem- ImonprisElecstraRiot tion ment tion
war
Guerrilla warfare
of of of nongovernmental of 13 10 61' 13 11. 12. 14. 64* 16. 19. 21. 24. law of of and d'dtat O0 of = of total
~.50.
-01 -19 -21 19
-23
-11
12 15 -17 -02 26 -06 27 11 -14 54*-12 03 15 14 -07 -21 -01 21 31 14 01 45 -40 -36 32 -19 -13 31 -01 -10 11 14 21 01 -14 10 -12 -19
43 61' 28
-04
of of of few of of 11 01 01 04 42 14
23.33
6.77 5.89 5.32
3.62 = 71.46
the Rummel for found two-factor solution: and war. Rummel (1966) factor-analyzed Eckstein's collecof (Eckstein, 1946-1950. 1962) for the dimen-
the 1963 of revolution, and Hoole (1964) factor-analyzed variables fifteen-year from five major and and five five major
were participation); factor officeholder, strikes. and with orthogonal amount upheavals loadings CONFLICT ables revolt gimes). rorism. popular tion emerged. according tation, sion correspondence serious, mental tors strations These discovered compasses arrests by governmental Most The Looking sources, severe; revealed a labelled: (characterized events retaliation. comprises second principal dimension of rotated were mass recently, this on complete the One rather and widespread revolts, politically at variance will and to by labelled, participation, action support); mass in the do riots, performed factor riots, RESOLUTION importance both changes dimension be factor second, strikes demonstrations, this extreme factor, components also (distinguished between variables noted turmoil coups data using against rotation. accounted and large analysis connote guerrilla by presents three say disturbance, prominent mass matrix.) and, that a instability we bank violence a (connoting that period dimension. in factor office see arrests specific of a with there third, solution mass and turmoil terms derived types; (See these, a that some warfare, Nine VOLUME leaders, by sharp Tanrer. thirty change is participawithin analysis a Table denotes definite violent groups. factors created governhighest of factors powermarked violent demonranked dimenmass elites from varifirst the and reand roenof an 2 X hypotheses not The fare, and This cliques, combination limited litical tion higher social executions internal dimensions analyzed, acquisition Study In less) (the will political (2) The Once this over correlates modernity political given some remaining evident, variance, less) cliques. another changes the K. is dimension; tend and respectively, situation nine instability. 2: want attempt, an unrest; power three systemic AND which a punitive and highest society The of Modernity to specific instability factors data satisfaction, and were divergent scaled, impulse produce struggles, within as politically ROSALIND continuum Relation six nevertheless seem one the A. loss total and, instability frustration on and and factors social action. factors factors, while riot generalized common in to the than revolt finally, maximum ruling variance. extreme third combination dimension first reveal pattern, purges, dependent in political office, dimension; Political significant major collected, want lowest combined medium variance connoting Mass Social remain became factor and accounting factor; guerrilla parties stability step greater forms formation depositions, (higher) and of After arrests turmoil including points following Stability separate feasible. position Frustrapresents an of figures, account related account violent neither greater society power. mild, rotaelecseek(the warand The and pothe in in
256
IVO And the yet of
L. FEIERABEND
Feierabend, Feierabend, Litell (1966), Hoole's for fifteen-year 1948-1962 and the two and Varimax for the The first for after first, and palace-revolutionlack of struggle-purge of It the first two facthe Rumreel and the each the of all andsmall, and and tercould it anonfie, and conIt d'dtat, martial law, of not but highlyorganized
of is is the the of andcoupd'dtat. of
in for 71.5% for the first half of for less mon parrems: two two of civil war and the of
(53%). half the comthe
of to BET'rY NESVOLD ~VITH the for the stability, were ing of variable, factor-
and
trast to
conspiratorial
two investigated. (1) (lower) the any the lower the the the the to instaMlity. The the of the any given in order, the a
NU/vIBER
AGGRESSIVE instability ositions on the tween is as ferent relevant or wants technology, economic, systems. of cludes society range ment cludes, emerging transitional complex It aspirations, ern organization serve These A The follows: leave postulated want modernization the processes includes want affluent variety want want in best social strata notion satisfaction satisfaction continuum the as scores moreover, unsatisfied hypotheses formation from strata to formation hypothesis, the insights political, as aspirations, quantity (Nesvold, nations, attitudes, aspiration to The produce wants nations, high of BEHAVIORS models traditional to their social education, of relationship present social participation, modernity modernization high development gained new specialized and high population satisfaction. embody the certain conditions and with the social structures as modernity goods growing, population social and century phenomena. index high produce society. WITHIN ideologies. consume social discrepancy their denotes capacity is frustration to and the satisfactions skills. within as wants high represented new basic politically may create complex to to literature services. (Lerner, systems, science, maximum systemic In POLITIES, are a sets nations theory, process satisfy attainof a social It social these propwide in Modbeinin a tional benefits notion synonymous modern piration transitional an tions" revolution phase ernization length that goals maximum where whereas middle more developed achieve country. achievement would less and complete, lagging stage, thus stage The already integral one, essentially exposure there achievement stable frustrated brings carrying traditional the acquisition between most societies exposure in stage both with patterns (Lerner, stage, life, states achievement associated frustration, Furthermore, peak modernity. "the their that is society process. the than amounts societies, with direct behind. same aspect the with an that achievement of to rising without discrepancy traditional modern categorically revolution can middle transitional exposure inevitable are it specific modern and modernity. lower. high nation awareness to their therefore no Prior exposed with behavior frustrationS," modem levels desire Thus, awareness life. longer exception a level modernity, continue complete arousal should patterns theoretical eventually After modernity. nature attainment. may and ascertain condition societies between which society the to goals, in societies. would Lerner this increase, rising be be achievement termed contrast transitional emulate of between to come satisfaction. they postulated once awareness, postulated is theoretical hence should varies modernity tend organizaan still progress, points systemic into ceiling, systemic (1957), expectacomplex middle hardly desire someundermodem tradimodto this and as257 the be to to be
1948-1962 on will 1964). in pm'ticipants for way of The of modem of of be h'ustration. 'want low = of low = low low '~ of the of the In our is and long run of set the well new lead very It is, at and and of and and of and of and the the all way to will of it may will of 'm and of of it but the be to will the the since far to of It i of and the at difand satisfaction, and the high = low ?mstration tion the But and of it a of the of ?rustrating The of the of and to of lag ha of 1958), also although is The "the
the of frustration-aggression well from of 1958; Deutsch, 1961; Cutright, 1963). In first
that .the
CONFLICT ization mechanism exposure. relative possible not less Exposure nificance and beyond to 258 tion frustration indices material by satisfaction purpose, indicators radios significance many lated tional take ate served cluded. (see modernity theorizing different parsimony statistical agents unit indicators capita indicators. measure literacy telephones was countries, basic into want highly statistical a were 1965; purpose .that influenced abundance certain or available Many capita, to purpose. unit may most observable needs formation, chosen other population was in is wants. (Lerner, modernity as is theoretical indirect a Almond items other do referring vary administering wisely. through likely want country The necessary city point, made. physicians than satisfactions so, formation as data or collections by population Furthermore, were this following indicators. formation course, scarcity. indicators definitions. as 1958; selection hunger, literacy to method were were with caloric different to chosen study, Newspapers notion to were notions bring be the example, consulted judged many singled and questionnaires select have starving. were was work selection taken as satisfaction were intake This some new and about caloric telephones their great physicians inexpendenoting different levels appropriadopted. For exposure a in transurbanwants, guided selecas it other and good want data. such have this sigdeal the inis as a NUMBER higher the Results measured related rains urbanization whereas those estimate formed newspapers, were that frustrations political shown also reliable literacy, modernity basis index either telephones, construct eight each mean The These countries political suffer K. collected some although standard indicators. which some main the score data indicators caloric difficulty reporting by into years the eight AND systemic 3 by aggressions, and level index. both lag combining a error finding error physicians, experience available on stability standard high score, beset instability. certain ROSALIND intake, urbanization) indices would the score indices a 3. should component Raw radios) level frustration. make by dividing systemic whichever A independent coded scores interesting occur scores telephones, political data. that modernity was the stable scores selected, newspapers, ratings themselves satisfaction years countries noted. systemic study literacy calculated is, these before were frustration, caloric on were countries was index results data. divided Conversely, instability frustration is were the physicians, exceptions highly index variables Each amount data, combined assumed used that frustrafelt or radios, then social indices on greater intake, transmade coded are the was are see to in by an as a
IVO field Inkeles, 1960; Doob, 1960; Cantril, 1963, and Verba, 1964). For t~e of an sive and very The of and of cross-nafew GNPand per per of of satisfaction. of per out and also of in-
L. FEIERABEND (GNP,
?mstration The
and all of the first and for
of .theeighty-four of the The country's was ratio. coded six (GNP, was and coun.try's was higher.s the for the 1948-1955 for the 1955-1961. It would politicaI instabfifties.
could The was well avafiabfiity of Theindicators, of the o? at A of the and use For maystill the satisfaction of while GNP per For may Or, canof
The the the the in Table of
of
the
The The least of
of the was of Deutsch, 1961). of life tion,

occur.
and two
for .the and
corcondue to the unof cross-national For of in cross-national Russett(1964) and Rumreel(1963). be
s The
of
RESOLUTION
VOLUME
in terest political sented Chi Total Stable RELATIONSHIP Unstable AGGRESSIVE DEGREE POLITICAL * ** Each The each This number indicator this stability. squares Table indicator table is High table BETWEEN BEHAVIORS includes Indonesia Ecuador E1 Egypt Guatemala Greece cases Cuba Brazil Bulgaria Colombia Cyprus Bolivia Ceylon this significantly Salvador systemic Another and that p in The Republic want only LEVEL Finland Tunisia stability Philippines all relationships Turkey Venezuela those Korea and Syria Peru WITHIN Paraguay INDEX finding Yugoslavia eight Thailand OF Spain countries WANT Panama related SYSTEMIC frustration indicators following Mexico 34tables Nicaragua 36 SYSTEMIC and beto Belgium Austria TABLE tables Australia France Argentina Morocco corrected Lebanon weaker predictor, stability. efficiency. do Iceland Israel West Ireland Czech. Netherlands on Canada Great Costa Denmark varies Union FRUSTRATION 3 not 20 Uruguay eight Britain Germany with predict 26 continuity SATISFACTION systemic the Norway Switzerland .9653 Comparatively, United Portugal Level New asDEGREE Sweden seen degree Zealand available South Q) view literacy by frustration States along between POLITICAL stability .90 in is 62 is with degree literacy 40 percent one best with Total frequencies statistical single and re259
POLITIES, 1948-1962
FRUSTRATION AND OF OF STABILITY RATIO OF FORMATIONTO WANT Low
OF
STABILITY*
Chile
Iran Iraq Italy Japan of Palds[an Africa
Dom.
Haiti India
Rica 22
square** = 30.5,
of sources. All ehi in the noncon[irming cells.
= ~.001
this the and the following
Yule's
with data are all
Q=
data indices. for in the UN of the small
of satisfaction tween in in 4. is also
formation of
of the the
equal of GNP of the of
are preof in-
lationship (Yule's predictors,
E. C. A. G. Total Chi Unstable Stable CONFLICT S RELATIONSHIPS squareNewspapers: Calories: .88 GNP: .90 .80 25.83; 17.42; 17.34; RESOLUTION (below 58 47 Low Literacy: BETWEEN 8 10 48 9 (48 36 High % High CAPITA High 24 (above US (above 18 10 19 1,000 5 8
Total 28 77 53 44 71 POLITICAL INDICATORS TABLE B. D. H. Total unstable Chi Stable Unstable OF 4 SYSTEMIC squareK. Urbanization: Telephones: Physicians: Q Q-AND .81 .79 .887 .875 11.41; 19.68; ROSALIND (below (below (above 35 42 Low % Radios: 40 PEOPLE 11 9 7 38 6 %1,000 High High High OF (above L. (above (above 18 (below 19 26 15 CENTERS TELEPHONES 6 Total 25 Total 78 44 41 66 70
260
IVO
FEIERABEND
THE EIGHT STABILITY
FRUST~ON AND DEcramOF ?
LrrE~T~ (below (above 90%) 9O%) Total 29 82 Yule's Qp<.001
pea 65) 45 54 square- 25.02; pYule's Q65)
POPULATION
6 20 <:001
51 29 80
P~a POPULATION Low Low Total
POPULATION OWNLNG High
12o) Unstable table squareYule's Q6 54 p-
19.0) 5 10 15 <.001
2%)
2%)
53 16 69 Chi squareYule's F. p-
24 <.001
PER LOW
PER DAY LOW
PER PI-KMSICIAN Total 1,900) 1,900)
2,525) 39
2,S25) 49 20 30 Total Yule's Q46
13 32 p<.001
53 25
Yule's Q- .81
p-<.001
PEB CAPITA IN DOLLAltS) Low High
oF
POPULATION LIVrNG XN ~AN
300) 45 Chi square- i4.92; pYule's Q-
300) 27 26 <.001
Low (below 45%)
45%) 6 21 <.001
Total 26
49 square- 13.08; pYule's
VOLU1VIEX
NUMBER3
modernity AGGRESSIVE values were four values, sitional urbanization, caloric below unstable. indicators ing per threshold The stability maximum literate; more two tion there less the and groups stable posite of stability. they These In is 300 group. be likelihood telephones; cutting percent with country living day to than countries newspapers order a is persons countries. picture ranking them, dollars representing these society intake distribution countries some difference countries, an modernity data 45 with The values to these index continuum. Conversely, was extremely each percent points or extent meet countries empirical determine person; population cutting urban BEHAVIORS per 65 on selected or traditional investigate more with which size threshold were per the are or political indicator. are more achieve these capita physician; on between centers. and arbitrary: modem or more stable is 2,525 attained was to predominantly point high selected opposite The were the with per more so thresholds, 90 are these levels, per per broken radios gratifications relative instability. remaining values, countries, group as or probability person modernity percent population; country WITHIN highest population stable not modern predominantly physician, day. to more by Above relationship three as end each and into was more reveal a per countries. threshold political countries calories society, emerges. political and or twentystable; populagreater group, a on a chosen groups these index year; more tranthese than modmore that with the unand the are or
have And indices, r tries, ditional in nated mean traditional between is tional. three tween tries transitional truly true data emerges tributes group dicted calculated A As finding modem other to mean state those stability nonetheless group between is and view traditional may traditional as groups falling The traditional the difference The countries The to as less modernity stability groups, highly be results classed the transitional highly difficulty hypothesis, countries difficulty nations based countries but selecting between mean seen modem between were cutting study. groups. traditional. countries. nonetheless comparable have countries labelled countries were as on stability are significant. been between ranking, countries are score between in and should transitional transitional, the should does point The between given in no significant designated simply group exposed estimated. The the traditional was obtaining way in alone. countries modern not support lies determining undoubtedly traditional The table, traditional based scores not difference this stability rank-orderings calculated do that and hypothesized Table less greatest differences not The modem significant. not to be A difference either sample countries and being but Spearman transiAccordso data differsignifimodermodern 5. desigmodem report eight these level trathey one. and and the beas on in
POLITIES, 1948-1962 the the predictors of empir/cal in of the the in Truly for of the cluded in than From It of which 120 1,000 of the per 1,900 with of the If all of car~t. will if fail of to betwveen rank-ordered the the stabflit-y, .three the lack of and lxaditional for the the em The to equal in while at the the of the counand of the lack of for the eighty-four In ?This is et al. (1964) .92. to GNP two the difference reach cance. the the of ence also and of GNP the in the .two score haw ing score be comnity.? hence of for the the
261
also for
the much
in-
for each the then of for
of in signifiin the the the pre-
coun-
con-
in
on of Russett
CONFLICT * Probability Modernity levels
uct-moment from modernity stability the is show which been correlations index while related tween formation extent that sample. longer these satisfactions .667, exposure awareness curvilinear to and 262 To at fact modernity. stability, frustration stability Traditional Transitional all curvilinearity the exposed compare conditions, a both increase which relatively with a is One Pearson to frustration which index stability. reaches indices correlation modernity, is relationship stability, might is the frustration were are higher the countries desire presumed modernity. these indices, relative high present calculated are an hypothesize modem countries two-tailed. modernity significantly want index, RELATIONSHIP The early level relationship, measured significantly the correlation between index stability have level modernity. efficacy results between within formation world correlation Thus 24 indicating throughout maximum may between have and been index between that modernity index The again economic a stability different index, be show exposed society between further BETWEEN is countries should Under made these with want each corthe also bethe no to TABLE =Mean score MODERNITY NUMBER3 time from present. now was uncover behavior, roles, to the The a personality dernity, ing variable supplement dynamic change discussed Political calculated hypothesis dernity 5 process To The new, effect which, process represented question added K. this the statuses as 3: overall assumptions will unfamiliar dynamic AND during trends essentially past outdated picture previous The during in Stability as almost exceed stability is static relative raised ROSALIND 37 Prediction estimate and transition static frustrated notion by relationships previous are frustration inevitably, which patterns. norms, technologies, achievements. the time a study, R. measures. disruptive a Over made is single based rates variables. ones. society uncertainty former this period study, must toward Time the 3.71 The stability, by supported. on study index this between Each level in relevance his which patterns under change Changes transitional is a established It modernity, ferment character. view variable concerns study one were seeks indicatis study. would over also durmoway dethe is to
IVO
L. FEIERABEND
AND STABILITY
N Modern countries
stability
p*
p*
268t
6.18 1.53
<.001 >.05 J
l
23
are
472l 420J
<.01
modemiD/ assmnption of the Hence be the Study
of curvilinearity and not of Co~-ao~. all score, l of of the the in
of the
after which can for the is
WITH WA,.;.ac~. In and the
an The in of in the ecological the
in to may be to two and to akeady
of It
of product-moment that ing mands
in in of the goals and
of of
the so-called modemit3, the of the two. and .625; the so-called .499. An eta and the of not r of .625.
and prod-
of and all give breakoff of the of the of of
the ~
RESOLUTION
VOLUMEX
AGGRESSIVE patterns time. gradual before There level achievements aspirations personal rapid likelihood higher modernity, increasing achievement, any society pothesis, culated study the tern were study, cumulated currence it increased reaching years. their tinuum The tended A levels rank-order Thus As change adaptation, was effect transitional level country calculated Insofar is and a relative at in levels clear old disruption, In for one, to ( over that: process in discontent. each country may its yearly also will order sharply society, be that each ones on hypothesis move there political as at instability time, scores may two step correlation higher opening position be BEHAVIORS highest thus be the aspirations modernization is, for process are changes instability aspiration, adopted even to begin the is further during global transitional between increasing compare chaos, decrease From completely change, for a than Furthermore, world investigating instability on new further peak period possibility promulgated creating to (the the higher in the time events between and period possibility frequency perspectives approximate instability WITHIN and rapid, instability are early countries aspiration in slower) scores instability the thus periods fifteen second process the period was adjusted ahead. evidence the process feelings set, abandoned. (Figure greater possibility higher separately. within stages. inevitably probabilstability countries split that however, the were last this in period before within years, Where as level is that this more the conthat new rate and one. the actoa
for degree on stable four analyzing over year To bility and these was as man dependent instability sured studies measure trend rate .64). The logical the creases levels. interest was bility. as high dition A Turning the characterize estimated ecological an related countries measures average amplitude calculation data that only basis time, r nations level a over unsettling, or This over by increase, trend, of variables further, change line, or The was .06). unstable was on rapid and relationship measures identified stability time decreases) as to hence indicates instability in general countries time. amplitude intensity were were the indicating over variables to plotted unrelated static internal the which change instability maintain positions the necessary: more change calculated effect frustrating Furthermore, the than time hypothesis scores showed stability with is there independent as is two, that when relationship be conflict. showed refined (Spearman trend upon dimensions directly ascertained a related function, with the associated their function over only changes was the them level combined the changes (Spearman average be on year societal level a the time. a meaning experienced method relatively a to slope instability, related amplitude variables. continuum moderate this r generally tendency time .to in average test stability the average in eightyperiod; between as instawith is levels year, time. these least with study meacon263 r the to = a a
POLITIES, I948-1962 eighty-four = .43). Not but is the which the the of ity of the of of of the gap least in the the [aster the the given o[ Conroe, 1965). in first for of of is As thestability-instability for year-byof at o? of
of the of and two best-fit
the
two the (the lower) = the
fifteen-year from of by variance. of the to be in(SpearOf the scale of empirically
of
hypat-
is rather of of in
eighty-four the under the 1948-1962. of octhe 1), of that the the six the to to the in cal-
thefluctuation of the it and not the
over only yearly fluctuations in predictors of of
(ineco-
the of
half seven-year
in staof will
for the seven-year
first for the and of will To
CONFLICT lation. urbanization, hypothesis, primary income, selected High Low MEAN' ECOLOGICAL Chi * CHANGE VARIABLES square change and cost ON this postprimary RATE study: nine and RESOLUTION Low Iceland Ireland Israel Australia Austria Finland France Italy Luxembourg Bulgaria Argentina AMPLITUDE these living, radios BETWEEN predictor change caloric change indices OF 36 education, Philippines Turkey Syria Ceylon per infant West intake, MEAN Spain United Switzerland Taiwan Un. CHANGE following thousand were OF indices (amplitude) VOLUME mortality, Netherlands Germany mean literacy, collected Norway national CHANGE Mexico tables Kingdom Cambodia popuwere OF States Colombia TABLE Brazil CHANGE Bolivia Sweden X reduced change NUMBER High in cent sistent Indonesia Egypt Costa El Haiti Honduras Greece Paraguay Hungary Belgium the Salvador indices a rate include ECOLOGICAL Yugoslavia Plotting change sample trend Republic Morocco AND Portugal Panama Tunisia Malaya over change Venezuela Peru for ROSALIND Thailand period (amplitude) substantially VARIABLES time. improve SCORES the wasdata Poland Hence from calculated L. revealed their 67* 1935 a data position yearly countries through on a OF on
264
IVO K. 6
FEIERABEND
RELATIONSHIP
RATE
ON IN STABILITY INSTABILITY
AND RATE
FLUCTUATIONSIN YEAn.LY STABILITY (PERCENT) TOTAL
Cuba New Zealand Canada Chile Denmark Ecuador Cuatemala Pakistan 36 of S. A/rica United Uruguay
31 Japan Korea Burma Rica Dom. 31
Chana India
USSH Iraq 26 Total

~ 30.01 p ---<~.001. The iV on and some of the more indices, from which to calmflare the is rate of to score. only those countries with six or
31
for o?
for 28-year 1962. of all to all of
con-
Data for
perfor each
ing 28-year number percentage dividing ecological pattern rate nine selected tries table mean only given mined tionship independent stability, many Infant cal there Cost Radios Literacy Primary Urbanization AGGRESSIVE Calories As To to increase by The indices years rate experiencing summarize in by those period showing lowest variation change are yearly by per overlap. Table the be between variables for change. it change, as countries These those capita indices seen in and may from availability change possible BEHAVIORS study. lowest living percent 6. on in the instability. in be instability, a from education The indicators rates the also was mortality per previous results relationship pattern said and on of value new highest rate calculated indices, ecological On then the the and undergoing to the income rate that the choice erratic Obtain sample. WITHIN to dividing variable (amplitude), study, change or A change the other convert as data the contingency more by a not was the interrelainstability change variables higher measured BETWEEN the subtractattained, maximum between although 82 a greater in identiby in on deterhand, yearly rapid counto 70 the the 82 39 is 'm TABLE as a RATE 72 rate 69 70 explanation most sistency both tionship static longer instability for education nine lationships rates between a 30 related combined zation dent Study countries ceeds the 7dynamic The Furthermore, .34 relationship sense This interesting sets indices indices) at .03 .61 .49 time measured 1). pattern occurred 1948-1962 in with change revealed finding rate a -.34 experiencing measure .36 in fluctuation slower 60 A period were taken calculations, time be static a Pearson which literacy Static obtained steady both is literacy is the finding ECOLOGICAL pace. between period change static in separately period .33 somewhat on reported best rate as ecological stability various contrast (amplitude) pattern 1935 political stability data six a (variance calculated between is .35 stability single static -.45 (see at rate (calculated indicating (as the reported Sources. or Dynamic to observed .647 to in which and the are .36 nine Table level inverse measured more Study literacy score predictor change stability instability was the score. same change high measure) moderniindepenbetween over 7). primary is in 1. inconand static found relalevel The as for The and the in in as a
POLITIES, 1948-1962
265
RANK-ORDEH
COILRELATIONS
(l~-IO) TWO MEASUI~S
OF CHANGE ON OF STABILITY, 1948--1962
VARIABLES
AND
stability
education day Postprimary of .36 .31 .17
.57 .41 .21 .14 .01
National indicator.l? of is of for o? the of of the of the the of six of the level, may highly of of to and of value value the and of yearsspanned of stabfiity level may lie in the the in tt of the worst.n of the table, the of of and also on each of the of the Rein of the 1955-19'61 r of for the from 1962 corthe
are of
in pro-
to the
CONFLICT Low national change, on dices except change confirms (PERCENT) CHANGE Chi MEAN From this national contrasts sample. This change traditional OF on indicator, Table the income ecological change together greater income By Traditional modem point RESOLUTION and Taiwan Philippines Burma Cambodia Indonesia Bolivia Haiti Malaya Morocco definition, countries pattern p BETWEEN countries to instability. is 10 made show variables. El clear that higher Costa Dom. Salvador earlier Tables understood Ceylon a MODERNITY Honduras that Greece are Colombia rate high aBulgaria Brazil traditional Rep. Paraguay Guatemala Hungary Spain Union Ecuador (This included Rica Transitional 8 of rate countries that rate stabilchange 22 again Portugal Yugoslavia Thailand Tunisia Panama when Turkey Venezuela case Australia Poland inTABLE no South in Finland X LEVEL Argentina 10 NUMBER Africa Canada change.) They country amount tion which time. a on On 8variable In this France reversed are Israel Table National show indicator, should Modern Netherlands a 3 The marked with United instability. country 22 Syria 9, OF Uruguay 21 modem W. those no be highest however, New Norway least income growth improvement intrinsic characterized Germany isexperiencing countries well rate amount States in L. we modem advanced ECOLOGICAL will change are by the viewed countries the and change. not income. toward situathose least over one as
266
IVO K. AND ROSALIND
FEIERABEHD
RELATIONSHIP
AND MEAN LEVEL BATE VARIABLES MODEHNITY countries
CHANCE ON
HATE
w..
countries Luxembourg
Total
Pakistan Chile Cuba Italy Mexico of Austr/a Belgium Denmark Iceland Ireland
Zealand Sweden Switzerland Kingdom United 34
Korea Peru Ghana High India Egypt Iraq Japan
USSH
33
Total
13 = 31.0; = ~.001. square In the the the of the the likelihood findhug may be the of of for the n/ne taken and 9). (see all 8 it of the
32
67
lack of undergohug the also of for it the the of may be ceilhug which cur until ocis of
of ity. one
~nd national
truly the
VOLUME
national time modemity high and in tionary Total such made terms tions countries worsening); AGGRESSIVE High CHANGE (in (PERCENT) NATIONAL RATE INCOME A modernization countries and infant trend change which standard as by (variance square OF countries literacy, grouping or income. both general comparison yearly and show mortality. improving); Taiwan Cambodia Haiti change which on were BEHAVIORS amplitude has time and other countries education, E1 which BETWEEN Indonesia indeterminate trend -Pakistan yearly distinguished: achieved greatest slope). between Sudan ecological instability Thus Salvador Guatemala Brazil Malaya are unstable either countries time on 14 instability again WITHIN 1 the calorie rate yearly instability growth is Three stationary a are Bulgaria most Costa Colombia either variables, countries level Mexico Hungary Ceylon Cuba high Ecuador fluctuaintake, rate groups stable change stable isLEVEL staover Venezuela was TABLE or Yugoslavia Syria Paraguay Honduras Spain 33 Lebanon Thailand Turkey Panama Poland Argentina 16 these rate change yearly ment mediate which trend over sured tions Conversely, Furthermore, are 9countries The change beset absence So. Belgium Australia in time refinements, Switzerland represent in and E. Ireland fluctuations Denmark United Iceland are modernization rates change trend France instability Canada by Germany trend Israel appears by CHANGE were predominantly instability, countries a toward Modem Luxembourg toward on conflicting low evidence Netherlands change United Norway more Sweden W. in level and stability and countries NATIONAL instability relationship Germany distinguished. ecological Four the experiencing clearly as Zealand toward instability States with stable, measured lowest combinations a levels yearly any over INCOME 70 levels over improveTotal rate fluctuaas between highest intertime. time. Table With rate and 267 by
POLITIES, 1948-1962
PtELATIONSHIP
MODERNITY
AND RATE OF
IN
IN Traditional Burma Low China Ghana India Iraq Jordan
MODEHNITY , Transitional
LEVEL
Morocco Dom. Philippines Egypt
Rica Rep,
USSR Portugal Kingdorn 35
Tunisia 5
Chile Peru Greeee 35 Italy Japan Korea 17 15 Chi ---17.8; p ~.001. Un. of A/fica Finland Ausixia New
17 22
relatively of it modem the final and in of and of low (in .the trend over fluctuations are the the over and fluctuations is and of of of in both worsening of tries the coun. the of by of in lO). countries: wrth the of (see fluctuation. also the of
of
level
of mealack of any
the variables both instability of
modemiza-
toward longer sitional tions, in drome dimensions, showing group Totals tion Moderately Low RATE LOGICAL ON CHANGE RELATIONSHIP In MEAN national change are conclusion, they changing OF modernity change some nations, change also nations. relatively Australia are Guatemala Taiwan New Denmark Iceland Israel Norway income. slope although STABLE is RESOLUTION conflicting intermediate Germany relatively trend rapidly BETWEEN Zealand variance one than some negative With Finland or Netherlands Luxembourg Switzerland stable making might Ceylon over contrast Sweden United slope others moving Egypt interesting and satisfied MEAN Malaya Canada combination 0 8 in INDETERMINATE I Chile many politically, either sizable more are instability, high RATE France economic Poland Thailand Colombia States economiMEASURED rapidly modem Austria India Turkey excepby a gains tranzero S. and Mexico TABLE CHANGE X Ecuador Africa Bolivia 9Costa or Argentina Ghana 9 Great 2 the relational, ably couraging large, tendency overt economic growth deprivation, Brazil positive The analysis Uruguay Panama slope as Portugal slope results expression Spain and on strikes, applied AND to UNSTABLE Britain 3 indication characterized Venezuela High dimensions Peru national even 11 and political of Salvador a Paraguay 23 slope of Morocco high internal Burma VARIABLES scaling demonstrations, civil to Yugoslavia these 1 Hungary 8 Indonesia complex Honduras rate income, many zero Cambodia war. or instability, Belgium by studies methods L. of slope either diverse aareas change 67riots, CHANGE are behaviors. Total a 11 economic rate finding on events profitstrong an many enas
268
IVO K. 10
OF STABILITY AS
ItOSALIND
FEIERABEND
ON ECOLOGICAL BY VARIANCE AND SLOPE
AND
IN
ECOVAHIABLES
Low
Low variance/positive variance/negative
variance
and
16 W.
13 Ireland Italy low Bulgaria Philippines Paldstan Greece 3 Pica high Haiti Iraq USSR lapan Tunisia 20 Un. 20 Cuba
Syria Itigh
Korea
E1 Dom. Help. 2
29-
22
all of fluctuation and which of cally and on In but, the be time. speak of exemplified by the but synin no such d'dtat,
relative low and of
coups
that cross-national, corcan such conflict
CONFLICT
VOLUME
NUMBER
when and more which the has toward ings a other, start signs. to responses that also of pelling modem greater findings, are AGGRESSIVE current may applying tion-aggression provide The the show disentangled. wider change Although Furthermore, argue satisfy political sense disruptive a area scaling, been dimensions political a populace. refined satisfactions, are possible advanced that a to feedback countries are drive stability A longer conflict complementary increase high reason notions empirical sufficiently be to for postulates reached these obtained. to achieved the satisfied, empirical exploratory may instability. results. ecological as systemic continuing systemic unrest that countries enough time of BEHAVIORS effect effect, variables, wants for well in rather lies more events behavior, the be regarding model ecological, that instability internal because corroboration the thus suggested period series increase as results drawn has satisfactions. in striking analysis, frustration. aggressive level On satisfaction than frustration adding greater conditions the a are to their with their been country change. be of and this conflict an instability. the be nature, identification effect characterized should WITHIN basis studies argued additional resulting psychological, to the and greater that classified suggested. inventory by citizens. satisfactions determinants stability area the satisfaction that behaviors, subjecting aggressive persuasive drive is adding the strength behavior, evoked one lead utilizing As insights studies simply is change wants wants findthese many comtend deThe and inof by to By is
.... CATTELL, ALMOND, Political opment: Press, coverable sion. 45. State Fears havioral HARTMAN. Definition Sociological Scientific Psychological demic Hill, Berkowitz, Princeton, sachusetts Some ( Princeton: (eds.). The .Nations," Sociological . ,Brunswick, ARNOLD College, "The Additional Press, ARTHUR ), "The and WALLACE Scientist, Pattern Measurement Institute York: Princeton "An American, Abnormal Dimensions Politics Principal Impact Concept S., Analysis. REFERENCES the Attempt "Toward Wiley, Princeton W. Review, "A Considerations." 6, Advances H. "National Cultural Country," A. University Cambridge, and February Study 2 National A 16 Technology Culture Nations," Modernization Dimensions New a Rutgers at Social Aggressive Social 28 Developing Analysis," University Theory New Culture thesis, Political More Dimensions and B. Patterns American Press, Characters," Experimental Aspirations," York: Mass.: Press, Psychology Psychology Concerns. University H. Refined San A 3-30. Patterns McGrawCulture. AggresDrive: 1960. Areas. DevelPress, ExistDiego AcaUpon 269 L. A
POLITIES, 1948-1962 of of can of for Of lead from ternal also it of abfiity of less instabfiity to It could the in of the the the for the few in of of will in to large-scale scope It for to only of the in from due But it of the new of frustraof The fact 1963.
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of N.J.: 1965. and LLOYD for Self and

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IVO LERNER, LEVINE, International Integration, lege, Value," America," ence Press, 4 Analysis sity, stability tor: in racy," "Dimensions Political September "Measurement 55 Calif.: Study. City, Change," ( "Some (Oct. The March History Africa: K. (Sept. Status Behavior Harold Social An MICHAEL. ( FRANCIS August N.Y.: Science ROBERT American Master's AND 1-31. Studies Theory Passing 3 American Social HAROLD Science and Within Midwest Systems: A to a Resolution, Doubleday, Stanford ROSALIND Comparative M., dissertation, Without R. "Industrial "Taxes W. Political of Policy," H., Genesis Experience, 1949. Some A. Association, 266-75. Political thesis, ), F. Political International "Communication Nations: the Requisites D. Press, Political Polity A Political Frustration: Societal on University, Statistical a Behavioral San Traditional the Behavior. L. American Analysis," Science 1958. Violence: Political Survey," Man: 59 Stability Behavior Diego Systems: A 4 'External' Sociology (Sept. Correlates York Political Man. Conflict of York Exploration S. Science, Review, The State Political Stanford, Violence Systems American Review, A Relation Society. in Writings UniverGarden Factor York: MultiCity, Latin SecFree Sciand 53
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AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS
POLITIES, 1948-1962
271
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Aggressive Behaviors within Polities, 1948-1962: A Cross-National Study Author(s): Ivo K. Feierabend and Rosalind L.

Aggressivea behaviors crosswithin

FEIEBABEND2 and BOSALIND L. FEIEBABEND3

d'dtat, the are few studres less cross-national

(Kling, Eckstein, Feierabend, Nesvold, Russerr, Nesvold,

may in and needs for

frustration types of are

of (Dol1959; the of the

is (Dollard et al., lead to

of relative frustration, agents.4 2. If stabfiity still It nonparticipant

POLlTIES, which solutions to or of the of cases, ent which political at

of the coerciveness of the in and/or

the Cross-Polity the sta-

fifteen-year from World Affairs

ing can be frustration-aggression of of ical 1949; 1951; 1960; Deutsch,

of the scope of .the of

of Index the tions to raters, etc., is Inter-University 1248, Ann

CoveTRY) (STAmLITY ScotmSHOWN for EACH

THEIR IN TERMS STABILITY, 1955-19-61

of temal the eighty-four 1948-1962. (1) 7 on World on global

to the in in in level in the (2) 'mstabfiity of 1,

1950s and 1960s. of

of 18 (execution of persons) to 403 (acquisition of the office). of

350 300 250

1948 49 50 51 52 53 ~g 55 56 ~T 58 59 6o 6m6~ YEAR of Fic. 1948-1962.

strations, law. The third form of coups d'dtat,

Rummel of inthree-year rev-

partic- revoipation lution strug--Tur---Re-

Dem- ImonprisElecstraRiot tion ment tion

-01 -19 -21 19

6.77 5.89 5.32

IVO And the yet of

of is is the the of andcoupd'dtat. of

(53%). half the comthe

and all of the first and for

The the the the in Table of

The The least of

of the was of Deutsch, 1961). of life tion,

for .the and

corcondue to the unof cross-national For of in cross-national Russett(1964) and Rumreel(1963). be

FRUSTRATION AND OF OF STABILITY RATIO OF FORMATIONTO WANT Low

Iran Iraq Italy Japan of Palds[an Africa

of satisfaction tween in in 4. is also

equal of GNP of the of

are preof in-

lationship (Yule's predictors,

THE EIGHT STABILITY

FRUST~ON AND DEcramOF ?

LrrE~T~ (below (above 90%) 9O%) Total 29 82 Yule's Qp<.001

pea 65) 45 54 square- 25.02; pYule's Q65)

P~a POPULATION Low Low Total

POPULATION OWNLNG High

12o) Unstable table squareYule's Q6 54 p-

PER DAY LOW

PER PI-KMSICIAN Total 1,900) 1,900)

2,S25) 49 20 30 Total Yule's Q46

PEB CAPITA IN DOLLAltS) Low High

POPULATION LIVrNG XN ~AN

300) 45 Chi square- i4.92; pYule's Q-

Low (below 45%)

49 square- 13.08; pYule's

for each the then of for

of in signifiin the the the pre-