Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52 (2007) 425440

Regeneration of industrial district wastewater using a combination of Fenton process and ion exchangeA case study
un, Seval Kutlu Akal Solmaz , G okhan Ekrem Ust As kn Birg ul
Uluda g University Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, 16059 G or ukle, Bursa, Turkey Received 8 November 2006; received in revised form 28 May 2007; accepted 30 May 2007 Available online 26 July 2007

Abstract Regeneration studies of wastewater efuent from an organized industrial district (OID) for possible reuse in textile industry as process water was investigated. Advanced treatment methods including Fenton process, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) coagulation and ion exchange were applied on OID efuent. In Fenton process removal efciencies for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SAC436 (spectral absorption coefcient), SAC525 and SAC620 were determined 61%, 36%, 35%, 49% and 67%, respectively. After Fenton process, wastewater samples were coagulated with PAC. Optimum removal efciencies for SS, COD, Fe ion, SAC436 , SAC525 and SAC620 were determined 83%, 18%, 93%, 32%, 36% and 58%, respectively. Ion exchange experiments were conducted on chemically coagulated wastewater samples to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage of resins was determined. The experiments revealed that 1:1 resin ratio (20 mL H-type resin:20 mL OH-type resin) gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results

Abbreviations: OID, organized industrial district; PAC, polyaluminium chloride; SS, suspended solids; COD, chemical oxygen demand; SAC, spectral absorption coefcient; BOD, biochemical oxygen demand; BOID, Bursa Organized Industrial District; WWTP, wastewater treatment plant; WPCL, Turkish Water Pollution Control Legislation; TSS, total suspended solids; TDS, total dissolved solids; BV, bed volume; IZAYDAS , Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment Incineration and Recycling Co., Inc.; TUB ITAK, The Scientic and Technical Research Council of Turkey Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 224 2942106; fax: +90 224 4429148. E-mail address: akal@uludag.edu.tr (S.K.A. Solmaz). 0921-3449/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.05.006

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indicated that quality of the wastewater was suitable for the process water characteristics of textile industry and unit wastewater treatment cost was determined as 2.54 D /m3 . 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: OID wastewater; Fenton process; Ion exchange; Textile industry; Process water characteristic; Reuse

1. Introduction The growth in industry and the changes in manufacturing processes have resulted in an increase in the volume and complexity of wastewater discharges to the environment. Many traditional and novel treatment processes are being modied and developed to try to eliminate the release to surface waters of the diverse chemical substances found in wastewater discharges (Allen et al., 1995). Many industries use dyes and pigments to colour their products. The discharge of wastewater from these industries into river causes inhibition for aquatic life. In addition to visible pollution, dyes have a tendency to sequester metals causing micro toxicity to sh and other aquatic organisms (Kim et al., 2004; Lin and Peng, 1996). The textile industry produces a complex wastewater containing dyestuff, surface-active materials as well as textile additives used in the processes (Villegas-Navarro et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2002). The main pollution source of textile wastewater comes from the dyeing and nishing process. Major pollutants include high suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), heat, colour, acidity and other inorganic contaminants. Most pollutants, except colour, can be reduced by general chemical and physical methods (Al-Degs et al., 2000). Hence, the conventional methods used in wastewater treatment, such as the primary and secondary treatment systems, are unsuitable (Nassar and Magdy, 1997). Dyes are indeed refractory to microbial degradation because of their substitution groups such as the azo, nitro or sulpho groups (Nigam et al., 1996). In recent years, there has been growing interest in nding better ways to degrade those recalcitrant compounds. Several studies have shown that oxidation of organic compounds using Fentons reagent (H2 O2 , Fe2+ ) is efcient to degrade organic compounds like azo dyes (Chou et al., 1999; Kang and Chang, 1997; Meric et al., 2004).

Nomenclature Cl chloride Fe(OH)3 ferrous hydroxide Fe2+ ferrous sulphate H2 O2 hydrogen peroxide MnO2 manganese dioxide OH hydroxyl radicals SO4 2 sulphate 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 resin ratios

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Fenton process employs iron ions (Fe2+ ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), which produce hydroxyl radicals ( OH). If hydrogen peroxide is added to an aqueous system containing organic compounds with excess ferrous ions in a strong acidic medium, the following redox reactions will occur: H2 O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + HO + HO HO + RH H2 O + R (1) (2)

Hydroxyl ions are formed at pH 7.58. So, residual decolorized dye molecules can be coagulated and precipitated (Kuo, 1992). Fenton process was used for COD and colour removal from textile wastewater by many authors (Akal Solmaz et al., 2006; Kang and un and Akal Solmaz, 2006). Chang, 1997; Lin and Lo, 1997; Park et al., 1999; Ust The formation of small ocks at a great amount was observed in the wastewater during Fenton treatment. These ocks are Fe hydroxyl ocks formed as a result of successive reactions of hydroxide and Fe ions. It is quite difcult to precipitate these ocks in wastewater because of their little sizes. It was stated that chemical coagulation with PAC would be more effective by rapid removal of these ocks. Besides, the coagulation with PAC is a useful process after Fenton process, which is used in the removal of dissolved solids, SS, organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. Polymer was used in order to shorten the precipitation time and to support the precipitation (Lin and Chen, 1997; Lin and Lo, 1997). Ion exchanger systems currently have widespread use for improve water quality. Some problems are encountered during their use (including loading, backwashing and regeneration). Fouling is considered one of the important problems of ion exchange resins (Cheremisinoff and Cheremisinoff, 1993; Kemmer, 1988). Organic fouling is an irreversible xation of organic materials to the ion exchange resin. Especially, anion exchange resins are more sensitive to the fouling with organic materials (Dorfner, 1972). Different treatment processes are proposed to protect the resins against organic fouling. Coagulationocculation, adsorption with activated carbon, membrane processes and oxidation/bioltration processes are used in the removal of organic materials (Desilva, 1997; degard et al., 1999).

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Characteristics of OID wastewater treatment plant efuent The Bursa OID (BOID) is situated in the northwest of Turkey (40 14 N28 55 E), contains more than 200 factories from different industrial sectors as textile, automotive, metal and machine, paper, plastic, food, etc. (Azak et al., 2002). Seventy-two percent of the total wastewater is originated from textile industry in the Bursa Organized Industrial District (BOID) (Talnl et al., 1995). The BOID wastewater is treated by an activated sludge treatment plant. Currently, the wastewater efuent from the activated sludge treatment plant barely meets the discharge standards. Composite wastewater samples used in this study were taken at weekly for 1 year period from the discharge point of the BOID wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) having a ow rate 48,000 m3 /d. Existing WWTP has physical including coarse screening, equalisation and pumping station, chemical including neutral-

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Table 1 The seasonal variation of OID treatment plant efuent Parameters Treated efuent Winter pH SS (mg/L) COD (mg/L) PO4 -P (mg/L) Cu (mg/L) F (mg/L) CN (mg/L) Total Cr (mg/L) Cr (VI) (mg/L) Zn (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) Cd (mg/L) Oil and grease (mg/L) Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (mg/L) Sulphate (mg/L) Pb (mg/L) Hg (mg/L)
a

WPCL limitsa Spring Summer 0.21 67 67 0.6 0.44 0.19 0.01 0.05 0.09 0.13 1.62 7.77 89 246 1.70 0.90 0.48 0.04 0.12 0.17 0.41 6.94 <0.02 <10 42.83 0.24 46 64 1.05 0.50 0.26 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.16 3.19 Autumn 7.63 39 107 0.82 0.66 0.33 0.03 0.12 0.17 0.38 3.27 <0.02 <10 25.28 0.29 29 30 0.41 0.40 0.26 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.21 2.87 69 200 400 2 3 15 1 2 0.5 5 10 0.1 20 2

7.33 90 220 1.25 0.99 0.28 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.40 4.54 <0.02 <10 13.86

0.28 66 113 0.70 0.77 0.16 0.15 0.06 0.10 0.17 2.87

10.31

7.69 105 213 1.6 1.00 0.40 0.03 0.09 0.21 0.37 3.60 <0.02 <10 44

12

11.38

10.91

199 21 0.19 0.11 <0.02

225 45 0.17 0.08 <0.02

276 46 0.19 0.08 <0.02

259 47 0.17 0.06 <0.02

WPCL: Water Pollution Control Legislation (composite sample 2 h) (Anon., 2004).

isation, slow and rapid mixing units and biological treatment units. The WWTP meets the discharge criteria enforced by the Turkish Water Pollution Control Legislation (WPCL) (Anon., 2004), however, the treated wastewaters are discharged without any consideration for reusability. The seasonal variation and the efuent characteristic of BOID treatment plant efuent are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 2 Characteristics of the wastewater used in this study Parameters pH COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) TDS (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Sulphate (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) Conductivity (S/cm) SAC 436 nm m1 525 nm m1 620 nm m1 Levels 7.5 131 75 3.5 1885 513 293 244 1282 3803 0.3 18 13 0.3 80 35 93 45 190 273

9.6 3.3 8.3 2.9 4.2 1.3

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Fig. 1. Flowchart for the experimental studies.

The experiments were carried out on the samples in order to remove COD and colour. Applied experimental studies were depicted in Fig. 1 indicating three major parts: Fenton process, PAC coagulation and ion exchange. Batch experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of each treatment process and to identify the optimal operating conditions. Based on the test results, preliminary economic evaluation was performed to estimate the cost of the combined treatment method. 2.2. Fenton process Fenton process experiments were conducted at room temperature (20 2 C) using varying FeSO4 (Merck) and H2 O2 (Merck, 35%, w/w) dosages at varying pH values in order to determine optimum dosages give better results in COD and colour removal. Fenton process was performed considering Kuos (1992) method, with slight modication. During the determination of optimum pH value, FeSO4 and H2 O2 dosages were xed at constant value. Sedimentation over 2 h was applied following the pH adjustment (7.58) after 2 min of rapid mixing (100 min1 ) and 20 min of slow mixing (30 min1 ) were applied at Jar test set up. Analyses were performed on wastewater supernatant, which was taken after 2 h precipitation. 2.3. Coagulation with PAC The chemical coagulation experiments were performed in the Jar test apparatus (Velp Scientica, Model FC6S, Italy). In coagulation process PAC (Ak-Kim, Turkey) (10%, w/w) and anionic polymer Praestol A3010LTR (Stockhausen, Germany) (1, w/w) were used as coagulant and coagulant aid. PAC coagulation was applied after Fenton process and various amounts of PAC were added to treated wastewater. Then, the wastewater samples were left to precipitation for 2 h after 2 min of rapid mixing (100 min1 ) and 20 min of slow mixing (20 min1 ) and analytical analyses were applied to this treated wastewater. 2.4. Ion exchange The wastewater, obtained from the PAC coagulation process was pumped through the ion exchange columns at a different ow rate of 4.2 m/h (low) and 20 m/h (high). Each resin column had a diameter and height of 2 cm and 45 cm, respectively. Each resin column was lled with strong cationic (Lewatit Mono Plus S100) and strong anionic (Lewatit Mono Plus M600) ion exchange resins. The ion exchange resins were both obtained from BAYER A.G. (Leverkusen, Germany). Wastewater samples were taken periodically from exiting of

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the anion exchanger column for pH and conductivity measurement. Resins were pre-treated with acetone to remove potential impurities. They were then immersed in n-hexane for 1 h and washed several times with deionised water. They were nally dried in an oven at 50 C overnight. The amounts of dry resins packed in the columns were determined using three different ratios of 20:10, 20:20, 10:20 (g weight ratio). 2.5. Analytical procedure COD (using closed reux method), total hardness, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl ), sulphate (SO4 2 ) and alkalinity were monitored. COD, total hardness, TSS, TDS, Cl , SO4 2 were determined using Standard Methods (APHA, 1998). Due to interferences of ferrous ion and H2 O2 with the analytical measurements, the pH of the supernatant increased with the addition of sodium hydroxide to pH > 11 for the precipitation of ferrous iron as Fe(OH)3 , and MnO2 powder was added to destroy residual H2 O2 in the treated solution (Arslan and Balcio glu, 1999; Azbar et al., 2004). The concentration of residual H2 O2 in the test solution was controlled by use of test strips (Merck Merckoquant peroxide test). Before each analysis, samples were ltered on 0.45 m Millipore membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) to remove Fe(OH)3 and MnO2 . pH and conductivity values were measured with a pH meter (Sartorius, Model PB-11, Germany) and a WTW 315I conductivity meter (WTW, Germany), respectively. The detection of Fe value was achieved using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ATI UNICAM, Model 929, USA). Colour value was measured using a Jenway 6105 UVvis spectrophotometer (Barloword Scientic, Jenway, UK) by determining the SAC values at three different wavelengths (436, 525, 620 nm) as described in EN ISO 7887 (Barlas and Akg un, 2000).

3. Results and discussions 3.1. Fenton process Parameters affecting the Fenton process include operating pH and dosages of FeSO4 and H2 O2 . Operating pH of the system has been observed to signicantly affect the degradation of pollutants (Benitez et al., 2001; Kang and Hwang, 2000; Lin and Lo, 1997; Nesheiwat and Swanson, 2000; Sedlak and Andren, 1991). The optimum pH has been observed to be 3 in the majority of the cases (Benitez et al., 2001; Kwon et al., 1999; Tang and Huang, 1996; Venkatadri and Peters, 1993) and hence is recommended as the operating pH. Also, the oxidation potential of hydroxyl radicals ( OH) is known to decrease with an increase in the pH (Kwon et al., 1999). In this study, optimum pH value was determined rst. During this determination, pH was adjusted between 2 and 5, and efciencies of COD and colour removal were observed according to the reported studies (Kang and Chang, 1997; Lin and Lo, 1997; Lin et al., 2000). Maximum COD and colour removal efciencies were obtained at pH 4 (Fig. 2). As it is seen from Fig. 2, the optimum pH value was determined to be pH 4 for optimum SAC and COD removal. COD removal efciencies increasing with elevating the pH and after pH 4 removal efciencies were decreased.

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Fig. 2. SAC and COD removal efciencies as a function of the pH (FeSO4 = 20 mg/L, H2 O2 = 20 mg/L).

Other important operational parameters of Fenton process are hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate concentration. At xed pH of 4 and constant peroxide concentration of 100 mg/L, varied dosages between 5 mg/L and 100 mg/L were investigated to determine optimum FeSO4 dosage for Fenton process. Efciencies of COD and SAC removal at constant concentration of peroxide and varied dosages of FeSO4 are illustrated in Fig. 3. SAC removal efciencies escalated with increasing FeSO4 concentration. COD removal efciencies increased with increasing FeSO4 concentration up to 20 mg/L, and no signicant change was observed at higher doses. Although increasing FeSO4 concentration provided

Fig. 3. SAC and COD removal efciencies as a function of the FeSO4 concentrations (pH 4, H2 O2 = 100 mg/L).

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Fig. 4. SAC and COD removal efciencies as a function of the H2 O2 concentrations (pH 4, FeSO4 = 20 mg/L).

an increase on colour removal efciencies, increased Fe ions was caused capacity loss in ion exchange process. Therefore, the optimum FeSO4 concentration was determined 20 mg/L. During the determination of optimum H2 O2 dosage, studies were conducted at constant FeSO4 dosage as 20 mg/L at pH 4. Varied dosages of H2 O2 from 20 mg/L to 100 mg/L were applied. Efciencies of COD and SAC removal at varied dosages of H2 O2 and constant concentrations of FeSO4 are illustrated in Fig. 4. As it is seen from Fig. 4, SAC removal efciencies escalated with increasing H2 O2 concentration. COD removal increased with increase of H2 O2 up to 70 mg/L, and then the removal efciencies does not change at higher doses. The optimum H2 O2 concentration was determined as 70 mg/L. Over 70 mg/L H2 O2 dosage removal efciencies of SAC and COD were negligible. 3.2. PAC coagulation SAC, COD and Fe removal efciencies of PAC coagulation were given in Fig. 5. SAC removal efciencies increased slightly with increasing PAC dosage. COD removal increased up to 30 mg/L PAC dosage and there was no change at higher doses. High removal efciencies were observed for Fe ion concentration in all PAC dosages and removal efciencies were very closes each other. Optimum PAC dosage was determined to be 30 mg/L and 1 mg/L polymer when factors of operational costs, removal efciencies and ion exchanger resin were taken into consideration. 3.3. Ion exchange Wastewater quality was improved with Fenton process and PAC coagulation but existing wastewater quality did not meet the reuse standards given in Table 3 in terms of COD

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Fig. 5. SAC, COD and Fe removal efciencies as a function of the different PAC concentrations (1 mg/L anionic polymer).

concentration, total hardness, SS, conductivity and Fe ions. The conductivity values of wastewater after Fenton and PAC coagulation processes was about 4000 S/cm, which is over the standard value of 100 S/cm determined as a process water characteristics for textile industry. The higher conductivity values showed that wastewater contained inorganic substances and salt ions. Ion exchange was a preferred method to remove inorganic ions and other pollutant parameters. Ion exchange experiments were conducted in batch mode. The determination of quantities of ion exchanger resins is quite importance in order to obtain the best results from the
Table 3 The variation of wastewater quality after each treatment stage and the process water characteristics Parameter pH COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) TDS (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Sulphate (mg L) Chloride (mg/L) Conductivity (S/cm) SAC 436 nm m1 525 nm m1 620 nm m1 Raw wastewater 7.5 131 75 3.5 1885 513 293 244 1282 3803 0.3 18 13 0.3 80 35 93 45 190 273 Fenton process 8.0 93 29 4.3 1947 4480 0.1 24 5 0.5 580 Coagulation with PAC 8.0 85 5 0.3 2281 330 240 420 1270 4535 0.1 24 2 0.2 341 23 46 80 179 330 Ion exchange 8.1 41 0 0.05 30 0 4 75 90 49 0.4 6 Process water characteristic 69 50 0 0.1 50 100 10 250 150 100 7 5 3

4 1 9 17 8

350

9.6 3.3 8.3 2.9 4.2 1.3

7.2 2.7 4.9 2.0 1.6 1.0

6.1 2.5 4.3 1.9 1.2 0.8

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

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Fig. 6. Conductivity changes depending on the different resin ratios.

point of Fe ion concentration, COD concentration and conductivity values. The effects of various resin ratios are illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7. As it is seen from Figs. 6 and 7, 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 resin ratios refer to cationic/anionic resin ratio of 20 mL:20 mL, 10 mL:20 mL, 20 mL:10 mL, respectively. The gures reveal that both conductivity and pH of the efuent reached essentially a constant level before the resins become saturated. At these points, a rapid decrease appeared in pH and a sharp rise

Fig. 7. pH value changes depending on different resin ratios.

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Fig. 8. Conductivity changes of wastewater as a function of the ltration rate.

was observed in conductivity. The horizontal dashed lines correspond to the process water characteristics for conductivity (100 S/cm) and pH (69) in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. Ion exchange experiments indicated that 2022 BV (bed volume) (440 mL) wastewater could be treated with ion exchange resins to meet the process water characteristics for textile industry. The quality of wastewater after each treatment step is given in Table 3. The resins were operated at higher (20 m/h) and lower (4.2 m/h) ltration rates in order to obtain the optimum treatment efciencies and the conductivity values. Results were shown in Fig. 8. According to Fig. 8, wastewater conductivity exceeded the limit value when eight bed volume water passed at higher ltration ratios and lower amount of water having a desired quality could be passed through the columns compared with lower ltration rates. pH of the efuent from resin columns uctuated based on resin ratios. For example at 1:2 cationic resin/anionic resin ratio, pH of the efuent was basic. At 2:1 cationic resin/anionic resin ratio, efuent was acidic but with 1:1 cationic resin/anionic resin ratio, pH of the wastewater efuent became neutral. In the scope of pH neutralisation and economic considerations the 1:1 resin ratio of ion exchange resins was chosen. The nal water quality of the wastewater efuent leaving the ion exchange process, having 1:1 resin ratio, was very good, suitable for the textile industry reuse water characteristics. Removal efciencies in each treatment step and variation of wastewater quality were shown in Fig. 9. 3.4. Cost analysis To estimate the cost of the combined treatment method, it was necessary to consider the three treatment units separately. A cost prole performed considering the operational costs (chemical and electricity) and was summarized in Table 4. Treatment cost of the

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Fig. 9. Removal efciencies in each treatment step.

OID efuent with combined treatment methods (shown in Fig. 9) was approximately 2.54 D /m3 . It was considered in ion exchange cost calculations that ion resins would be used for 5 years. The given unit prices were 1.5 D /L for Lewatit Mono Plus S 100 and 5 D /L for Lewatit Mono Plus M 600, and regeneration costs were added into calculation during operational cost calculation. Daily sludge generation was quite high for the real plant. Sludge was mainly originated from Fenton process and PAC coagulation. Daily sludge amounts of applied process were 66.3 m3 /d and 29.6 m3 /d for Fenton process and PAC coagulation, respectively. The sludge from the BOID has been disposed in IZAYDAS ( Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment Incineration and Recycling Co., Inc.). Cost of sludge disposal was determined approximately 1.20 D /m3 . Belt press operating, polyelectrolyte and lime consumption, transporting and storage costs were included in sludge disposal cost. The calculated cost could be reasonable, but when the wastewater quantity and the quality of treated water were considered, it should not be neglected that these systems would be necessary in the future for Turkey that advances in European Union progress. Therefore; this study can be approved as a feasibility work for this respect. However, considering investment and operating costs, a value of 1 D /m3 treated is obtained, which would be a
Table 4 Operating costs for the chemical processes investigated in this study Process Fenton PAC coagulation Ion exchange Sludge disposal Total cost Treatment cost (D /m3 ) 0.124 0.006 1.21 1.20 2.54

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reasonable cost even for Italy where the costs for water supply are still under the European average (Antonelli et al., 1998), but are going to increase in the future.

4. Conclusions A combined treatment method including Fenton process, PAC coagulation and ion exchange was used to investigate the reuse of efuent from an OID wastewater treatment plant. This study was aimed to determine the optimum operational parameters. Encouraging efciency levels were obtained for observed parameters. Fenton process was found to be effective on colour, COD and SS removal, while ion exchange method was effective for SS and dissolved Fe concentration removal. Ion exchange method was sufcient for reuse standards providing the removal of COD concentration, conductivity, Fe ion concentration, dissolved solids and total hardness. The optimum concentrations for FeSO4 and H2 O2 were determined 20 mg/L and 70 mg/L, respectively in order to decrease the dissolved Fe concentration in wastewater in the point of reuse standards. Small ocks were formed in Fenton process and caused precipitation problems. This problem could be solved using 30 mg/L PAC and 1 mg/L anionic polymer. The Fe ion concentration of OID efuent was observed 34 mg/L. The Fe ion concentration can increase about 1 mg/L, which can be seen in Table 3 with all water quality parameters, listed in reuse standards. The increase in Fe ion concentration originated from Fe+2 of FeSO4 , but chemical coagulation and ion exchange can decrease the Fe ion concentration to the reuse limit value of 0.1 mg/L. The total hardness of wastewater varied between 300 mg/L and 400 mg/L. No significant change was observed on wastewater alkalinity during Fenton and PAC coagulation processes. However, reuse standards were provided for total hardness and alkalinity after ion exchange process. Therefore, higher removal efciency was obtained by ion exchange stage in the removal of inorganic compounds. The optimum cationic and anionic resins ratio was determined as 1:1. Besides, higher treatment efciencies were obtained in slow ltrations rates compared to rapid ones. 20 mL cationic and 20 mL anionic resins were taken into account for optimum treatment when the cost was calculated for ion exchange process. The conductivity and pH standards given for process water were exceeded when 20 bed volumes of wastewater were passed through according to the experimental results, and the resins were needed to be regenerated. Lin et al. (2000) reported that 7080 bed volumes of wastewater could be passed for agricultural purposes at pH 69 and 750 (S/cm) conditions. The quantity of 20 bed volumes of wastewater passed through the demineralised system could be attributed to the higher quality standards for efuent, the capacity loss in resins depending on existence of organic matters, and Fe in inuent water (G onder and Barlas, 2005; G onder et al., 2006). Lin and Chen (1997) aimed to reuse the efuent of secondary treatment plant using Fenton, chemical coagulation and ion exchanger. They stated that Fenton process and chemical coagulation were effective especially on colour, turbidity and COD removal while the ion exchanger was efcient particularly on COD, Fe ion concentration, total hardness, conductivity, and SS removal for their wastewater. The reuse standards were achieved in their

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studies. They also reported that minimum 30 g/L cationic resin should be used to provide the reuse standards for 1 L wastewater sample using sequence ion exchangers. In addition, the reuse standards for textile industry were achieved using 30 g/L anionic resin at least for conductivity, 2:1 anionic/cationic resin ratio for pH 69. Although the reusable quantity of domestic and industrial wastewater was quite low compared to discharged wastewater amount, countries have shown interest to this subject for recent years (Miller, 2006). For last decade, a rapid growth on reuse studies with over 200 projects in European Union countries attracted attention (Bixio et al., 2006). Hochstrat et al. (2005) reported that Turkey was in fourth order among 31 countries when reuse potentials were investigated in their projection for 2025 year. For the future, when rapid running out and pollution of water sources were considered, OID threaten the water sources with great consumption and pollution effects, a sustainable water use politics should be introduced forming the reuse plants for OID.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Research Fund of The University of Uluda g Project Number: M-2004/25 and TUB ITAK (The Scientic and Technical Research Council of Turkey) Environmental, Atmospherically, Earth and Marine Sciences Research Grant Group Project Number: ICTAG-A055 (104I137).

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