A new Approach for Magnetic Curves in D 3

Riemannian Manifolds

Zehra Bozkurt
* 1
, Ismail Gk
* 2
, Yusuf Yayl
* 3
and F. Nejat Ekmekci
* 4
,

zbozkurt@ankara.edu.tr
1
, igok@science.ankara.edu.tr
2
, yayli@science.ankara.edu.tr
3
,
ekmekci@science.ankara.edu.tr
4


*
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Ankara, Ankara, TURKEY


Abstract. A magnetic field is defined by the property that its divergence is zero in a three
dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold. Each magnetic field generates a magnetic flow whose
trajectories are curves called as magnetic curves.
In this paper, we give a new variational approach to studies the magnetic flow asociated with the
Killing magnetic field in a three dimensional oriented Riemann manifold, ). , (
3
g M And then, we
investigate the trajectories of the magnetic fields called as N-magnetic and B-magnetic curves.


2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. [2000] 37C10, 53A04
Key words and phrases. Special curves, vector fields, flows, ordinary differential equations


1. Introduction
A divergence free vector fields defined a magnetic field in three dimensional oriented Riemann
manifold ) , (
3
g M . The trajectories of the magnetic flow of the magnetic field are called as
magnetic curves. Lorentz force equation associated with the magnetic field given as

X V X = ) ( |
and the trajectories associated with the magnetic vector field V is given by

(1)

With Eq. (1) we can studied the magnetic field in space has non-zero curvature. So, this give more
important and reality approach than the classical approach. Also, this formula and the Hall effect
(explains the dynamics of an electric current flow X in
3
R when exposed to a perpendicular
magnetic field ) V give important applications to us in analytical chemistry, biochemistry,
atmospheric science, geochemstry, cycloton, proton, cancer therapy, and velocity selector.
Moreover, the solutions of the Lorentz force equation are Kirchhoff elastic rods. This provides an
amazing connection between two apprently unrelated physical models and, in particular, it ties the
classical elastic theory with the Hall effect (see for details [5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16]).
Barros et al. exhibit a variational approach to study the magnetic flow associated with a Killing
magnetic field in 3 dimensional spaces [2, 3]. Motivated by John Ruskin's advice to use variation
. ) ( |

' = ' = ' V

'
V
in curvature to achieve aesthetic curves [17]. Then, Ling Xu and David Mould proposed to
continuously change the charge on a simulated particle so that it can trace out a complex curve
with continuously varying curvature. They showed some examples of abstract figures created by
this method and also show how some stylized representational forms, including fire, hair, and trees,
can be drawn with magnetic curves [18].
In this paper, we give a new variational approach to studies the magnetic flow asociated with the
Killing magnetic field in a D 3 Riemannian space ). , (
3
g M And then, we investigate the
trajectories of the magnetic fields called as N-magnetic and B-magnetic curves. Moreover, we
obtain some solitions of the Lorentz force eqution and give some examples of these curves with
draw their pictures by using Mathematica.

2. Preliminaries
Let M be a ) 2 ( > n dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold. The Lorentz force of a magnetic
field F on M is defined to be a skew symetric operator | given by

(2) ) , ( ) ), ( ( Y X F Y X g = |
for all ). ( , M Y X _ e
The magnetic trajectories of F are curves on M which satisfy the Lorentz equation

(3) ). ( |

' = ' V
'


The mixed product of the vector fields ) ( , , M Z Y X _ e is defined by

(4) ). , , ( ) , ( Z Y X dv Z Y X g
g
=
Let V be a Killing vector field on M and
g V V
dv F i = be the corresponding Killing magnetic
field, where is denoted the inner product. Then the Lorentz force of the
V
F is

(5) . ) ( X V X = |
Consequently, the Lorentz force equation may be written as

(6) .

' = ' V
'
V
A unit speed curve is a magnetic trajectory of a magnetic field V if and only if V can be
written along as

(7) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( s B s s T s V k e + =
where the function ) (s e associated with each magnetic curve will be called its quasislope
measured with respect to the magnetic field V (see for details [3]).

Proposition 2.1. [3]Let
3
: M I cR o be a curve in a 3D oriented Riemannian Manifold
) , (
3
g M and V be a vector field along the curve o . One can take a variation of o in the
direction of V , say, a map
3
) , ( : M I I c c which satisfies ), ( ) 0 , ( s s o = I ( ) ). ( ) , ( s V t s
s
=
c
I c
In this setting, we have the
following functions,
1. the speed function , ) , ( ) , ( t s t s v
s c
I c
=
2. the curvature function ) , ( t s k of ), (s
t
o
3. the torsion function ) , ( t s t of ). (s
t
o
The variations of those functions at , 0 = t
), , ) , ( ( ) , (
) , ( ) , ) , ( (
?
1
) , ( ) ( ) 10 (
), , ) , ( ( ) , ( 2 ) , ( ) , ( ) ( ) 9 (
, ) , ( ) , ( ) ( ) 8 (
2
0
2
0
0
B N T V R g T V g
B V B T T V R V g t s
t
V
N T T V R g T V g N V g t s
t
V
v T V g t s
t
v
v V
T
T
s
T
t
T T
t
T
t
+ V +
V +
(

+ V = |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
+ V V = |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
V = |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
=
=
=
t
k
t
t
k
k
k

where R is curvature tensor of .
3
M

Proposition 2.2. [3]Let ) (s V be the restriction to ) (s o of a Killing vector field ,say, V of
3
M ; then
. 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = = = t k V V v V

Proposition 2.3. [12] Let be a unit speed space curve with 0 ) ( = s k . Then is a slant helix
if and only if
( )
) ( ) (
2 / 3
2 2
2
s s
'
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
k
t
t k
k
o
is a constant function.

3.New Kind of Magnetic Curves in 3D Oriented
Riemannian Manifolds
3.1. N-Magnetic Curves. In this section, we defined a new kind of magnetic curve called N-
magnetic curve in oriented 3D Manifolds, ( ). ,
3
g M Moreover, we obtain some characterizations
and examples of the curve.

Definition 3.1. Let
3
: M I cR o be a curve in D 3 oriented Riemannian space ) , (
3
g M
and F be a magnetic field on . M We call the curve o is a N-magnetic curve if the normal
vector field of the curve satisfy the Lorentz force equation, that is,

(12) . ) ( N V N N = = V
'
|
o


Proposition3.1. Let o be a unit speed N-magnetic curve in D 3 oriented Riemannian space
) , (
3
g M with the Frenet apparatus { } t k, , , , B N T . Then we have the Serret-Frenet formulae:

(12) .
0 0
0
0 0
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

V
V
V
B
N
T
B
N
T
T
T
T
t
t k
k

And then the Lorentz force in the Frenet frame written as

(13) .
0
0
0
) (
) (
) (
1
1
(
(
(

(
(
(

O
=
(
(
(

B
N
T
B
N
T
t
t k
k
|
|
|

where
1
O is a certain function.

Proof. Let o be a unit speed N-magnetic curve in D 3 oriented Riemannian space ) , (
3
g M
with the Frenet apparatus { } t k, , , , B N T . Since }, , , { ) ( B N T span T e | we have

B N T T , q | + + = ) (
and thus
1
) ), ( (
) ( ) , ( ) ), ( ( ) ), ( (
0 ) ), ( (
O = =
= + = V = = =
= =
'
B T g
B T g T N g T N g N T g
T T g
| ,
k t k | | q
|
o

Therefore we can write
B N T
1
) ( O + = k |
Similarly, we can easily calculate that
. ) (
) (
1
N T B
B T N
t |
t k |
O =
+ =

These complete the proof.

Proposition 3.2. Let o be a unit speed N-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic field V if and
only if V can be written along the curve o as

(14) .
1
B N T V k t + O =

Proof. Let o be a unit speed N-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic field . V Using the Proposition
3.1 and Eq. (5), we can easily see that

.
1
B N T V k t + O =
This completes the proof.

Theorem 3.3. (Main result) Let V be a Killing vector field on a simply connected space form
( ). ), (
3
g C M Then, the unit speed N-magnetic trajectories of ( ) V g C M , ), (
3
are curves with
curvature and torsion satisfying
(15)
k
t
k
t
k
t
t
'
= O = + O + O
(

O
''
'
''
1 1
2
1 1
, 0
1
C
where C is curvature of the Riemannian space
3
M and
1
O satisfy

.
1
B N T V k t + O =
Proof. Let V be a magnetic field in a Riemannian 3D manifold. Then V satisfy Eq. (14).
Differentiating Eq. (14) with respect to s , we have

(16) , ) ' ( ) (
1 1 1
B N T V
T
O + O O + ' = V
'
t k k t
By differentiating of Eq. (24) with respect to s and using the Serret-Frenet formulas , we get

(17) ( ) . ) ' ( )) ' ( (
1 1 1 1 1
2
B N T V
T
t t k t k t k
' ' '' '
O O + O O + O = V
Proposition 2.2 implies that , 0 ) ( = v V so from Eq. (a) and Eq. (24), we get

(18) 0
1
= O + ' k t
then, if Eq. (24) and Eq. (25) are considered with 0 ) ( = k V in Proposition 2.2, we obtain

. 0 ) , ) , ( ( ) ' (
1 1
= + O + O
''
N T T V R g t k t
In particular, if
3
M has constant curvature , C then 0 ) , ( ) , ) , ( ( = = N V Cg N T T V R g and so,
(19) . 0 ) ' (
1 1
= O + O
''
t k t

Similarly, if we combine Eq. (24) and Eq. (25) wih 0 ) ( = t V in Proposition 2.2, we have

( ) . 0 ) , ) , ( ( ) , ) , ( ( ) ' ( '
1
2
1 1
= + + O + O O
' '
B T T V R B N T V R g k t k t t k
Hence, if
3
M has constant curvature , C then k C B V Cg B T T V R g = = ) , ( ) , ) , ( ( and
0 ) , ) , ( ( = B N T V R g give us

(20) ( ) . 0 ) ' ( '
1
2
1 1
= + O + O O
' '
k t k k t t k C
Finally, considering Eq. (26) and Eq. (27) with Eq. (28), this implies

. , 0
1
1 1
2
1 1
k
t
k
t
k
t
t
'
= O = + O + O
(

O
'' '
'
''
C
This completes the proof.

Corollary 3.4. Considering
1
O is a non-zero constant function, we can easily see that the N-
magnetic curve is a curve in the Euclidean 3 space.

Proof . Using the similar method of the above proof, it is obvious.

Corollary 3.5. Let o be a unit speed N-magnetic curve in D 3 oriented Riemannian manifold
( ) g C M ), (
3
. If the function
1
O non-zero constant, then the curve o is a slant helix. Moreover,
the axis of the slant helix is the the vector field . V

Proof. We assume that o is a N-magnetic curve in Euclidean 3-space with non-zero constant
function
1
O , then from Eq. (15), we get
(21)
1
'
O = =
'
t
k
k
t

which implies that
constant
2 2
= +t k
Also, Eq. (17) carry out the following equation with the different point of view, we get

( ) constant '
2 2
1
= + O = ' t k t k tk
or
.
1 2 2
2
O =
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
k
t
t k
k

where
1
O and
2 2
t k + are constant functions. By the Proposition 2.3 we obtain that o is a
slant helix in Euclidean 3-space. These complete the proof.

Example 3.1. We consider a N-magnetic curve o in Euclidean 3 space is defined by

|
.
|

\
|
+

=
15
) 3 cos( 4
),
64
2 sin
64
9 sin
(
5
8
),
64
2 cos
64
9 cos
(
5
8
) (
s s s s s
s o

The picture of the N-magnetic curve o is rendered in Figure 1. The curve o has the following
curvature and torsion given by
s s
s s
3 sin 4 ) (
3 cos 4 ) (
=
=
t
k

and using the corollary 3.5 we can easily see that . 1
1
= O So o is a N-magnetic curve. The
picture of the curve o is rendered in Figure 1.


) 1 ( curve magnetic - N 1. Figure
1
= O

Corollary 3.6. Let o be a N-magnetic curve in Euclidean 3-space with
1
O is zero, then o
is a circular helix. Moreover, the axis of the circular helix is the vector field . V

Proof. It is obvious from Eq. (15).

Example 3.2. We consider a N-magnetic curve o in Euclidean 3 space is defined by
.
2
,
2
sin ,
2
cos ) ( |
.
|

\
|
=
s s s
s o
The curve o has the following curvature and torsion given by
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
=
=
s
s
t
k

and using the corollary 3.5 we can easily see that . 0
1
= O So o is a N-magnetic curve.The
picture of the curve o is rendered in Figure 1.


) 0 ( curve magnetic - N 2. Figure
1
= O

3.2. B-Magnetic Curves. In this section, we defined a new kind of magnetic curve called
B-magnetic curve in oriented 3D Manifolds, ( ). ,
3
g M Moreover, we obtain some
characterizations and examples of the curve.

Definition 3.2. Let
3
: M I cR o be a curve in D 3 oriented Riemannian space ) , (
3
g M
and F be a magnetic field on . M We call the curve o is a B-magnetic curve if the binormal
vector field of the curve satisfy the Lorentz force equation, that is,

(22) . ) ( B V B B = = V
'
|
o



Proposition 3.7. Let o be a unit speed B-magnetic curve in D 3 oriented Riemannian space
) , (
3
g M with the Frenet apparatus { } t k, , , , B N T . Then we have the Serret-Frenet formulae:

(23) .
0 0
0
0 0
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

V
V
V
B
N
T
B
N
T
T
T
T
t
t k
k

And then the Lorentz force in the Frenet frame written as
(24) .
0 0
0
0 0
) (
) (
) (
2
2
(
(
(

(
(
(

O
O
=
(
(
(

B
N
T
B
N
T
t
t
|
|
|

where
2
O is a certain function.

Proof. Let o be a unit speed N-magnetic curve in D 3 oriented Riemannian space ) , (
3
g M
with the Frenet apparatus { } t k, , , , B N T . Since }, , , { ) ( B N T span T e | we have

B N T T o | + + = ) (
and thus,
. 0 ) , ( ) , ( ) ), ( ( ) ), ( (
, ) ), ( (
, 0 ) ), ( (
2
= = V = = =
O = =
= =
'
T N g T B g T B g B T g
N T g
T T g
t | | o
|
|
o

Therefore we can write
N T
2
) ( O = |
Similarly, we can easily calculate that
. ) (
) (
2
N B
B T N
t |
t |
=
+ O =

These complete the proof.

Proposition 3.8. Let | be a unit speed B-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic field V if and only
if V can be written along the curve | as

(25) .
2
B T V O + =t

Proof. Let | be a unit speed B-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic field . V Using the
Proposition 3.7 and Eq. (5), we can easily see that

.
2
B T V O + =t
This completes the proof.

Theorem 3.9. (main result) Let V be a Killing vector field on a simply connected space form
( ). ), (
3
g C M Then, the unit speed B-magnetic trajectories of ( ) V g C M , ), (
3
are curves with
curvature and torsion satisfying

(26) . , 0 ' ' ' 2 ) (
2 2
const C a = = + + + t k k k k k t
where C is curvature of the Riemannian space
3
M and
2
O satisfy

(27) .
2
B T V O + =t
or
. )
2
( B a T V + + =
k
t

Proof. Let V be a magnetic field in a Riemannian 3D manifold. Then V satisfy Eq. (21).
Differentiating Eq. (21), we have

(28) B N T V
T
'
O + O + ' = V
2 2
) (k t t
by differentiating of Eq. (29) with respect to s , we get

(29) B N T V
T
) ( ) 2 ' ( ) (
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
O + O + O + O = V
'' '
t k t t tk tk kt
Proposition Pro 4 implies that , 0 ) ( = v V so from Eq. (a) and Eq. (29), we get

(30) 0 = ' t
then, if Eq. (29) and Eq. (30) are considered with 0 ) ( = k V in Proposition 2.2, we obtain

. 0 ) , ) , ( ( 2 '
2
= + O
'
N T T V R g t tk
In particular, if
3
M has constant curvature , C then 0 ) , ( ) , ) , ( ( = = N V Cg N T T V R g and so

(31) . 0 2 '
2
= O
'
t tk
Similarly, if we combine Eq. (29) and Eq. (30) wih 0 ) ( = t V in Proposition 2.2, we have

. 0 ) , ) , ( ( ) , ) , ( (
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + + + O O + O
' ''
B T T V R g B T T V R g kt t k
Hence, if
3
M has constant curvature , C then k C B V Cg B T T V R g = = ) , ( ) , ) , ( ( and
0 ) , ) , ( ( = B N T V R g gives

(32) . 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + + O O + O
' ''
k kt t k C
Finally, considering Eq. (31)and Eq. (32) with Eq. (33), this implies

(33) . 0 ' ' ' 2 ) (
2 2
= + + + k k k k k t C a
Using Eq. (34), we obtain following second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation

constants. and ); ( ) ( , 0 ) ( 2 ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
= = = + + ' + ' ' t k t C s t y s Cy a s y s y t y s y
Now, we consider the above differential equation in Euclidean 3 space , E
3
in 3 sphere
3
S
and in hyperbolic 3 space , H
3
respectively.

In D 3 Euclidean space : E
3

3 , 0 ), ( ) ( , 0 ) 1 ) ( ( 9 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
= = = = + ' + ' ' t k C s s y s y s y s y s y
plots of sample indilidual solutions of this equation as:

sample solution family:


space. Euclidean 3D in curve magnetic - B of ) ( curvature the of es Trajectori . t 3 Figure k

In D 3 sphere : S
3

3 , 1 ), ( ) ( , 0 ) ( 2 ) 1 ) ( ( 9 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
= = = = + + ' + ' ' t k C s s y s y s y s y s y s y
plots of sample indilidual solutions of this equation as:

sample solution family:



sphere. 3D in curve magnetic - B of ) ( curvature the of es Trajectori . t 4 Figure k

In D 3 hyperbolic space : H
3

3 , 1 ), ?( ) ( , 0 ) ( 2 ) 1 ) ( ( 9 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
= = = = + ' + ' ' t C s s y s y s y s y s y s y
plots of sample indilidual solutions of this equation as:


sample solution family:


space. Hyperbolic 3D in curve magnetic - B of ) ( curvature the of es Trajectori . t 5 Figure k

Corollary 3.10. Let | be a B-magnetic curve in a Euclidean 3-space with
2
O constant,
then | is a general helix. Moreover, the axis of the helix is the vector field . V

Proof. It is obvious from Eq. (23) and Eq. (21).

Corollary 3.11. The tangent indicatrix of the N-magnetic curve is a magnetic curve or B-magnetic
curve in Euclidean 3-space.

Proof. In [14], we know that the tangent indicatrix of the slant helix is a general helix . So the proof
is obvious from Corollary 3.5 and corollary 3.10.

Corollary 3.12. The binormal indicatrix of the N-magnetic curve is a circle.

Proof. In [14], we know that the binormal indicatrix of the slant helix is a circle . So the proof is
obvious from Corollary 3.5 and corollary 3.10.

Corollary 3.13. The normal indicatrix of the N-magnetic curve is a magnetic curve or B-magnetic
curve in Euclidean 3-space.

Proof. In [14], we know that the normal indicatrix of the slant helix is a general helix . So the proof
is obvious from Corollary 3.5 and corollary 3.10.

Example 3.3. We consider a N-magnetic curve o in Euclidean 3 space is defined by
.
15
) 3 cos( 4
),
64
2 sin
64
9 sin
(
5
8
),
64
2 cos
64
9 cos
(
5
8
) ( |
.
|

\
|
+

=
s s s s s
s o
and the tangent indicatrix (see for details in [14]) of the curve o is a general helix calculated
as
). 3 sin
5
4
, 9 cos
320
72
2 cos
5
4
), 9 sin
320
72
2 sin
5
4
(
) (
1
) ( s s s s s
s
s +
'
=
o
|
The picture of the N-magnetic curve o and its tangent indicatrix | is rendered in Figure
6.

ly. respective , indicatrix tangent its and curve magnetic - N 6. Figure

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