Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Overview
Preliminary sizing
PTO
Overview
Conceptual design
Fuselage
The Fuselage
Requirements:
Passengers comfort Drag Weight
Cross section:
Given: Number of passengers
nPAX = 70
Yields: Number of seats abreast nSA = 0.45 nPAX = 4 and number of aisles nSA 6 1 Aisle (CS 25.817)
Fuselage
Empirical Equation Interior diameter of the fuselage
d F , I = (2 Bench width + Aisle width)m + 2 0.025m = 2.57 m
Fuselage
Cabin and fuselage:
Seat pitch:
31 in = 0, 78 m; kCABIN = 1 m
Cabin Length n lCABIN = kCABIN PAX = 19.25m Cockpit nSA length Fuselage length
Tail l
eng
th
Fuselage
Other parameters:
Slenderness parameter
F =
lF = 9.79 10 dF
Wing
The Wing
Design boundaries
Wing
Design method
Wing
Results
SW = 61.3m 2
A = 12
M CR = 0.41
b = 27.13m
Chosen airfoil: NACA 430xx
25 = 30
t = 30
iw = CL ,CR C L
+ 0 0.4 t = 40
W = 00
= c t / c r = 0 .5 9
Wing
2b = 2.6m A[(1 )k + i + ]
cr =
ct = cr = 1.5m
Vtank = 0.54 SW
1.5
where
Start CL,max
SW , f SW
K = 0.679
DA TC OM
CL ,max, s = cL ,max,s
SW ,s SW
cos H , L = 0.613
1.3 0.9
Empennage
Estimating the empennage area from statistics
Horizontal tail, vertical tail Configuration: T-tail (engine location on a high wing) Surface area from statistical approach
Tail volume coefficient Lever arm
Tail volume
lV = lH = 50% lF = 13.565m
CH =
S H lH = 1.05 SW cMAC
CV =
SV lV = 0.119 SW b
SH =
C S b SV = V W = 14.904m 2 lV
CH SW cMAC = 10.756m 2 lH
Results
Empennage
Other parameters Aspect ratio and taper ratio:
AH = 0.5 Aw = 6 AV = 1.6
VH = 800 VV = 00
H = 0.6 V = 0.6
25, H = 80 25,V = 250
Mass and CG
Mass estimation and CG location
Estimation per each component using a Class II method (Torenbeek) Example calculation: wing mass
bref mW = 6.67 103 bs 0.75 1 + mMZF bs
0.30 / b t s r nult 0.55 = 0.17 mMZF / SW
The approximations are made by taking into account variations with specific parameters, as it is shown in the next table
Mass and CG
Parameters used for the mass Results estimation [kg] Wing Fuselage Horizontal Tailplane Vertical Tailplane Landing gear Engine nacelle Installed engine Systems Supplemental mass Operating empty mass Bref/bs; mMZF/SW;nult Swet,F; lH; VD; dF SH; VD SV; VD mMTO and coefficients T, respectively P,,V nE; mE mMTO nSeat; nPax Sum of components 3045 2323 124 179 961 242 1533 3114 1050 12834
Mass and CG
CG position and position of the wing towards the fuselage
- CG position of the wing
xWG , LEMAC = mi xi mi = 11.625m
E qu of m ilibriu om m ent s
TORENBEEK, E.: "Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design Delft University Press, 1988
25% CM
AC
b=
Intersection of requirements
SH = 0.156 S H = 9.701m 2 SW
Following the introduction of the stability margin, according to the next graph
Evaluation of the results If the area SH does not match Empennage results then: mH would need to be re-evaluated and wing position adjusted For the vertical tail the larger area of the two was chosen
Landing Gear
Landing gear
Position: corelated with the CG aft position xLG , N LG ,M = 10.77m Turn over angle in the x direction: min. 15 Distance between wheels of the main LG ytrack = 4.10m To pre vent Tail clearence: 11 s
ide tip p To pre ve tail tip nt ping
i ng
DOC Estimation
Design evaluation
AEA method (Association of European Airliners) for estimating the direct operating costs (DOC)
Parameters used for the estimation
Service life, residual value Average interest rate, total price of the aircraft % of aircrafts price Price and mass fuel, no. of flights per year Labor and material, inflation factor No. of crew members Maximum take-off mass, no. of flights/year, inflation factor inflation factor inflation factor
Results [mil$/year]
0.73
0.99
DOC Estimation
Total DOC = the sum of the costs of each of the following elements:
CDOC = CDEP + CINT + CINS + CF + CM + CC + CFEE
Summary
Components
Fuselage Length Diameter Cabin Length Wing Wing Span Wing Surface Wing Loading High Lift Device Power Plant Power Loading Horizontal Tail Surface Vertical Tail Surface Mass Maximum Take-Off Mass Operating Empty Mass 22925 kg 12834 kg 22800 kg 12950 kg 0.5% 0.9%
Redesign
27.13 m 2.77 m 19.25 m 27.13 m 61.3 m2 373.7 kg/m2 Double sloted flaps and slats
Original
27.17 m 2.57 m 19.21 m 27.05 m 61.0 m2 373.8 kg/m2 Double sloted flaps
Deviation
0.1% -2.0% 0.1% 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.0 %
179.8 W/kg
179.9 W/kg
-0.1 %
9.7 m2 14.1 m2
11.7 m2 12.5 m2
-17.1 % 12.8 %