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Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
"edicine, surfactant/surfactants is reser&ed for the meaning pulmonary surfactant. 'or the more general meaning,surface active agent/s is the heading.
( micelle ) the lipophilic tails of the surfactant ions remain on the inside of the micelle due to unfa&ourable interactions. The polar *heads* of the micelle, due to fa&ourable interactions with water, form ahydrophilic outer layer that in effect protects the hydrophobic core of the micelle. The compounds that ma+e up a micelle are typically amphiphilic in nature, meaning that micelles are soluble not only in protic sol&ents such as water but also in aprotic sol&ents as a re&erse micelle.
al+ylben1enesulfonates (1233
+ton-y), lignin
sulfonates (433
Sodium stearate, the most common component of most soap, which comprise about /36 of commercial surfactants.
transplant in rats.[7] ?ulmonary surfactants are also naturally secreted by type lung al&eoli in mammals.
cells of the
Classification of surfactants
The *tail* of most surfactants are fairly similar, consisting of a hydrocarbon chain, which can be branch, linear, or aromatic. 'luorosurfactants ha&e fluorocarbon chains. Silo!ane surfactants ha&e silo!ane chains. "any important surfactants include a polyether chain terminating in a highly polar anionic group. The polyether groups often comprise etho!ylated (polyethylene o!ide8li+e) sequences inserted to increase the hydrophilic character of a surfactant. ?olypropylene o!ides con&ersely, may be inserted to increase the lipophilic character of a surfactant. Surfactant molecules ha&e either one tail or twoD those with two tails are said to be doublechained.
Surfactant classification according to the composition of their headC nonionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric. "ost commonly, surfactants are classified according to polar head group. ( non8ionic surfactant has no charge groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant carries a net charge. f the charge is negati&e, the surfactant is more specifically called anionicD if the charge is positi&e, it is called cationic. f a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed 1witterionic. Bommonly encountered surfactants of each type includeC
Anionic
include ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate (S9S, sodium dodecyl sulfate, another name for the compound) and the related al+yl8ether sulfates sodium laureth sulfate, also +nown as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (S%ES), and sodium myreth sulfate. 9ocusatesC dioctyl sulfosuccinate, perfluorooctanesulfonate (?'0S), perfluorobutanesulfonate,linear al+ylben1ene sulfonates (%(;s). These include al+yl8aryl ether phosphates and the al+yl ether phosphate sodium
Carboxylates
These are the most common surfactants and comprise the al+yl carbo!ylates (soaps), such as sodium stearate. "ore speciali1ed species include sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and carbo!ylate8based fluorosurfactants such as perfluorononanoate, perfluorooctanoate (?'0( or ?'0).
0ctenidine dihydrochlorideD ?ermanently charged quaternary ammonium cationC (l+yltrimethylammonium saltsC cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (BT(;) a.+.a. he!adecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, cetyl trimethylammonium chloride (BT(B)
Betylpyridinium chloride (B?B) ;en1al+onium chloride (;(B) ;en1ethonium chloride (;GT) /8;romo8/8nitro81,58dio!ane 9imethyldioctadecylammonium chloride Betrimonium bromide 9ioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (909(;)
Zwitterionic surfactants
Gwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants ha&e both cationic and anionic centers attached to the same molecule. The cationic part is based on primary, secondary, or tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium cations. The anionic part can be more &ariable and include sulfonates, as in B:(?S (58[(58Bholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]818propanesulfonate). 0ther anionic groups are sultaines illustrated by cocamidopropyl hydro!ysultaine. ;etaines, e.g., cocamidopropyl betaine. ?hosphatesC lecithin
Nonionic surfactant
"any long chain alcohols e!hibit some surfactant properties. ?rominent among these are the fatty alcohols cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, and cetostearyl alcohol (consisting predominantly of cetyl and stearyl alcohols), and oleyl alcohol.
?olyo!yethylene glycol al+yl ethers (;riH)C B:5)(B:,)13)14)(08B,:7)1),/)0:C 0ctaethylene glycol monododecyl ether ?entaethylene glycol monododecyl ether ?olyo!ypropylene glycol al+yl ethersC B:5)(B:,)13)14)(08B5:4)1),/)0 <lucoside al+yl ethersC B:5)(B:,)13)14)(08<lucoside)1)5)0:C 9ecyl glucoside, %auryl glucoside 0ctyl glucoside ?olyo!yethylene glycol octylphenol ethersC BI:12)(B4:7))(08B,:7)1),/)0:C Triton @8133 ?olyo!yethylene glycol al+ylphenol ethersC BJ:1J)(B4:7))(08B,:7)1),/)0:C $ono!ynol8J <lycerol al+yl estersC <lyceryl laurate ?olyo!yethylene glycol sorbitan al+yl estersC ?olysorbate Sorbitan al+yl estersC Spans Bocamide "E(, cocamide 9E( 9odecyldimethylamine o!ide
;loc+ copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycolC ?olo!amers ?olyetho!ylated tallow amine (?0E().
"onoatomic - norganicC
BationsC metals C al+ali metal, al+aline earth metal, transition metal (nionsC halidesC chloride (BlK), bromide (;rK), iodide ( K) ?olyatomic - 0rganicC BationsC ammonium, pyridinium, triethanolamine (TE() (nionsC tosyls, trifluoromethanesulfonates, methylsulfate
not be applied to soils). Bommercial soil wetting agents will continue to wor+ for a considerable period, but they will e&entually be degraded by soil micro8organisms. Some can, howe&er, interfere with the life8cycles of some aquatic organisms, so care should be ta+en to pre&ent run8off of these products into streams, and e!cess product should not be washed down.[citation needed] (nionic surfactants can be found in soils as the result of sludge application, wastewater irrigation, and remediation processes. Aelati&ely high concentrations of surfactants together with multimetals can represent an en&ironmental ris+. (t low concentrations, surfactant application is unli+ely to ha&e a significant effect on trace metal mobility. [17][1/]
$iosurfactants
$iosurfactants are surface8acti&e substances synthesised by li&ing cells. nterest in microbial surfactants has been steadily increasing in recent years due to their di&ersity, en&ironmentally friendly nature, possibility of large8scale production, selecti&ity, performance under e!treme conditions, and potential applications in en&ironmental protection. [14][12]'ew of the popular e!amples of microbial
[1I]
biosurfactants
includes
Emulsan
produced
etc.
;iosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, ha&e the potential to solubilise hydrocarbon contaminants and increase their a&ailability for microbial degradation. The use of chemicals for the treatment of a hydrocarbon polluted site may contaminate the en&ironment with their by8products, whereas biological treatment may efficiently destroy pollutants, while being biodegradable themsel&es. :ence, biosurfactant8producing microorganisms may play an important role in the accelerated bioremediation of hydrocarbon8contaminated sites.[,,][,5][,7] These compounds can also be used in enhanced oil reco&ery and may be considered for other potential applications in en&ironmental protection.
[,7][,/]
healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, te!tiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore8processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat.[14][12][,4] Se&eral microorganisms are +nown to synthesise surface8acti&e agentsD most of them are bacteria and yeasts.[,2][,I] .hen grown on hydrocarbon substrate as the carbon source, these microorganisms synthesise a wide range of chemicals with surface acti&ity, such as glycolipid, phospholipid, and others.[,J][53] These chemicals are synthesised to emulsify the hydrocarbon substrate and facilitate its transport into the cells. n some bacterial species
such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biosurfactants are also in&ol&ed in a group motility beha&ior called swarming motility.