CHAPTER THREE

Preliminary and Primary Treatment processesPart-2 Primary & Secondary Clarifiers

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PART A Primary Clarifiers

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Lesson objectives:
1. Describe Type II settling, use of column settling test for analysis 2. Go over design parameters and values 3. Do an example design

Primary treatment-Clarification/Settling/Sedimentation
Purpose--remove readily settleable suspended solids and floating material Removal range: 50-70% of SS (typically 60%) 25-40% of BOD5 (typically 33%--recall that only a portion of total BOD5 is particulaterest is soluble, which doesnt settle) (viewgraph Fig 5-46) Process based on gravity settling (presented previously)-particles removed in primary clarifier are dilute, heterogeneous, tend to flocculate Form of settling = Type 2 (flocculant settling), though type 1 analysis also used (as in grit chambers--M&E Example 5-6)
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Background 1/2

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Background 2/2

Can analyze Type 2 settling by column tests (will discuss briefly), but design of primary clarifiers for WW is primarily done using an empirical approach such that 7 vs, vh considerations are integrated into empirical parameters

Summary of Settling Test 1/3

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Summary of Settling Test 2/3

Summary of Settling Test 3/3

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Example 5-7 1/3

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Example 5-7 2/3

0.14 x 12.6

0.19 x 0.54x

12.35

62.9

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Example 5-7 3/3

0.14 x 1.4 2.2 0.19 x 0.54 x 6.65 24.3 34.5 100-34.5

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Design parameters 1/4

a) Overflow rate = surface loading rate = Q/A Recall that in Type 1 settling, OFR = vsc = critical settling velocity In Type 2 settling, a single vsc does not exist because particles flocculate as they settle b) Hydraulic detention time or = V/Q = AH/Q Temperature may be a factor (often not)--if it is, use safety factor as shown in Fig 5-48 (viewgraph) c) Scour velocity v scour => vh horizontal fluid velocity (eq 5-46) Not explicity determined for design--as with OFR, nonuniform particles make analysis difficult vh set by OFR and (set surface area and depth)
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Design parameters 2/4

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Design parameters 3/4

d) Weir loading rate (brief aside to weir design) Weir is typically used to control or monitor effluent flow from basin to exit channel or pipe (launder)--usu. Placed as far as possible from inlet flow e.g. Coors primary clarifier

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Design parameters 4/4

For uncovered basins, V-notch weir typically used to minimize wind effects

V-notch provides for more uniform flow than straight-edge weirs (if they are not perfectly level) Must be deep enough to allow discharge of peak flow
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Rules of Thumb
Values for parameters summarized in Table 5-20 (viewgraph) note criteria relative to average flow and peak hourly flow Specific dimensions for tanks in Table 5-21 (viewgraph) (depth 7-16 ft suggested by other sources) Weirs: - Placement for center feed--in from sidewall at 15% of tank diameter to minimize reentrainment of solids --or at wall with sidewall baffles - spacing of notches--6-12 in. center to center These design guidelines are used in conjunction with state recommendations to select design values
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State Guidelines 1/2

Section 5.13.1 General Inlets--dissipate flow, distribute evenly and prevent short circuiting Scum removal required Multiple units required except when downstream processes sufficiently reliable to meet effluent standards Mechanical sludge collection and removal required Flow control required 5.13.2 Primary clarifier design OFR = 800 gal/ft2-d (33 m/d) at Qavg = 1 to 4 hr at Qavg Weir loading rate 10,000 gal/ft-d (125 m2/d) at Q avg H 7 ft (2.25 m)

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State Guidelines 2/2

For example, lets look at center feed circular clarifiers (commonly used) M&E Fig 5-41 Center well distributes flow R.O.T.: well diameter = 15-20% of tank D well depth = 3-8 ft (1-2.5 m)

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Design process for primary clarifiers 1/4

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Design process for primary clarifiers 2/4

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Design process for primary clarifiers 3/4

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Design process for primary clarifiers 4/4

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Clarifier design 1/4

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Clarifier design 2/4

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Clarifier design 3/4

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Clarifier design 3/4

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Clarifier design 4/4

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PART B Secondary Clarification

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Lesson objectives:
Quantify settling for design purposes by 3 methods: 1. Single batch column test 2. Solids flux analysis 3. State point analysis (not covered here) Define other descriptors used to characterize Type 3 settling Design example
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Secondary clarification
Purpose: to remove settleable solids from activated sludge, thicken sludge Usually clarifier area required for thickening > area required for settling--measure time required for both by column tests Three experimental methods to design secondary clarifiers:

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Single batch column settling test

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Area Requirement Based On Single-Batch Test 1/4

Plot h vs t: (Fig 5-29)

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Area Requirement Based On SingleBatch Test 2/4

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Area Requirement Based On SingleBatch Test 3/4

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Area Requirement Based On SingleBatch Test 4/4

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Example-5-8

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Example 5-8 2/4

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Example 5-8 3/4

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Example 5-8 4/4

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Analysis for Design

Based on initial interface settling velocity (ZSV) Single curve can be used for design analysis but We will concentrate on Solids Flux analysis using multiple curves.

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Solids Flux
Rate at which solids pass through a given area mass per unit area per unit time e.g., lb/ft2-day or kg/m2-hr Calculated as the product of concentration and velocity e.g., lb/ft3 x ft/day = lb/ft2-day There are two solids flux components in a mechanical clarifier Gravity or Batch solids flux, SF g Underflow flux, SFu

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Clarifier Definition Sketch* (after M&E Fig. 8-34)

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Gravity Flux
Due to zone settling under the influence of gravity alone (as in batch column test)

Ci = initial solids concentration in batch column test Vi = initial interface settling velocity or ZSV at that concentration Example: Ci = 2000 mg/L (or g/m3), Vi = 0.1m/min SFg = 2000 g/m3 x 1 kg/1000 g x 0.1 m/min = 0.2 kg/m2-min
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Underflow Flux
Due to downward movement of water induced by removal of water and solids at the bottom of the clarifier (underflow pumping)

Ci = initial concentration in batch column test Ub = bulk underflow velocity = Qu/A Qu= underflow volumetric pumping rate A = clarifier area Example: Ci = 2000 mg/L (or g/m3), Qu = 1000 m3/hr, A = 10000 m2 SFu = 2000 g/m3 x 1 kg/1000 g x (1000 m3/hr)/10000 m2 = 2 kg/m3 x 0.1 m/hr = 0.2 kg/m2-hr
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Solids Flux Plot a.k.a. Batch Flux Plot

Graphical representation of gravity and underflow flux information Eases determination of key design parameters A vital component of State Point Analysis used in the Term Problem (i.e., make sure you understand Solids Flux Plots)

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Making a Solids Flux Plot 1/3

Determine gravity flux at several Ci by doing multiple batch column tests Plot SFg v. C

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Making a Solids Flux Plot 2/3

Plot underflow flux for a chosen Ub Straight line from origin with slope = Ub Slope on these axes (flux/concentration) has velocity units Plot total flux as the sum of the components (or not)

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Making a Solids Flux Plot 3/3 (M&E Figure 8-36)

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Solids Flux Plot Useful* Version 1/2

Plot gravity flux as before Plot underflow flux line as follows: Straight line with slope = -Ub Tangent to gravity flux curve Easier to draw No need to calculate or plot total flux Easier to read
*Knowing how to draw and interpret this version can be useful on homeworks, exams, term problems, and future jobs.
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Solids Flux Plot Useful* Version 2/2 (M&E Figure 8-37)

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Reading the Plot 1/3

Gravity flux, SFg Solids flux due to Type 3 (gravity) sedimentation alone. The vertical distance from the x-axis to the flux curve Limiting Flux, SFL The maximum total flux that can pass downward through the clarifier. The y intercept of the underflow line. Underflow flux, SFu The solids flux due to removal of solids and water from the bottom of the clarifier. The vertical distance from the flux curve to the horizontal extension of SFL
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Reading the Plot 2/3

Underflow rate, Ub The downward velocity induced by removal of solids and water from the bottom of the clarifier. The negative slope of the underflow line. Limiting Concentration, CL The solids concentration that occurs in the sludge blanket where zone settling occurs. The x-coordinate of the point of tangency between the underflow line and the flux curve. Underflow concentration, Cu The solids concentration that occurs at the point of withdrawal from the clarifier. The x-intercept of the underflow line.
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Reading the Plot 3/3

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Clarifier Area from SFL

It is the maximum total flux that can be transmitted downward So it can be used to calculate clarifier area needed for thickening (Type 3 sedimentation) but we will do it slightly differently later

Co = solids concentration in incoming flow (Q + Qu) Example: Co = 0.5 lb/ft3 (~8000 mg/L), Q + Qu = 3 mgd (million gal/day), SFL = 40 lb/ft2-day A = 0.5 lb/ft3 x 3e6 gal/day x 1 ft3/7.48 gal / 40 lb/ft2-day A = 5000 ft2 (40 ft. diameter circular clarifier)
Everyone knows how to calculate the required area for clarification (Type 2 sed) from overflow rate, right?
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Just in Case Area for Clarification (Type 2 sedimentation)

Lab test data analysis gives minimum required detention time. Settling depth/detention time gives maximum surface settling rate or overflow rate (OR) Inflow rate/OR gives minimum area

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Example 8-112/5

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Example 8-113/5

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Example 8-114/5

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Example 8-115/5

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Primary/Secondary Sedimentation

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Design of Primary Sedimentation

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Table 8-7

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Additional rules of thumb:

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State guidelines

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For conventional AS,

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