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Brazilian Archives and Recent Historiography on Colonial Brazil Author(s): A. J. R. Russell-Wood Source: Latin American Research Review, Vol.
36, No. 1 (2001), pp. 75-105 Published by: The Latin American Studies Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2692075 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 18:28
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BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES AND RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY ON COLONIAL BRAZIL* A. J.R. Russell-Wood

TheJohns HopkinsUniversity
This Abstract: article draws attention toarchival research byBrazilian historidisseransinPortugal andBrazil andthe labors inmonographs, fruits ofthese andarticles. a survey historical inthe colonial tations, Following of writing pediscusses the movement inthe nineteenth andtwentieth riod, this essay growing centuries in libraries, andmuseums in Brazil. topreserve documents archives, The such collections existence of institutions spurred divulgation ofmanuscript andpublished Theessaythen through journals transcriptions ofdocuments. Brazilian in the nineteenth andearly twentieth centuries traces historiography A as well as Brazilian inhistorical inthe 1960s. responses tonew trends writing Brazil thebacksurvey ofarchives consulted byscholars ofcolonial provides the which usescasestudies how Brazilground for main section, todemonstrate ianhistorians have used these between 1983 depositories. Scholarship published and1999isemphasized. The useof collections andthe intensive manuscript high quality ofpublications testify tothe vitality ofstudies byBrazilian scholars of colonial Brazil.
da Ame'rica Histo'ria Portuguesa (Lisbon, 1730) by Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta,
intheerathat Historiography reflects attitudes prevailing produced it.No lessthanthepassageoftime, to so toois historiography susceptible The historiography ofthecolonialperiodin Brazilas written change. by that was to reflected a concept oftheroleofthechronicler contemporaries thanto analyze, toembellish thantobe objective. The record rather rather but scion of a Bahian landowning sharesthese characteristics family, e earnedtheaccoladeofa contemporary as "seguida completa." Despite Robert as "a meagreand inaccurate Southey's disparaging description ofconsultation less as a source offacwork," thishistory remains worthy tualinformation theauthor's Unbound than for perspective. byan institua layperspective revealed his tional RochaPitta that environment, brought oftheclassics and occasionally reflected attitudes, values,and veneration
*Iacknowledge mygratitude toLaurade Melloe Souza for valuable bibliographical sugmeabreast gestions, toConsuelo NovaisSampaioandJuinia Ferreira Furtado for keeping of Anearlier version publications inBahiaandMinasGerais respectively, andtoErnest Pjining. ofthis study was presented attheSeminario Internacional sobre Fontes Documentais paraa do Brasil Colonial inRiode Janeiro on 19October 1998. Historia
Latin American Research Review volume36 number 1 ? 2001
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Review American Research Latin colonial Butneither RochaPittanorhis fellow mentalites. contemporary he and others although research, archival engagedin systematic writers sources. manuscript and secular had accesstoecclesiastical into togaininsight historian wishing With few a modern exceptions, sources butprinted notsuch"histories" wouldconsult period thecolonial toAmbrosio attributed do Brasil (1618), dasgrandezas suchas theDia'logos ofSimaoFerreira 1734) (Lisbon, eucharistico theTriunfo Brandao, Fernandes 1735)ofLuis mineral dividido emdozetratados (Lisbon, theEra'rio Machado, do peregrino da Ame'rica ofNuno narrativo theCompe^ndio GomesFerreira, de Recopilayio Vilhena's 1760), orLuisdos Santos (Lisbon, MarquesPereira Jorge Benci'sEconoemXX cartas. e brasflicas contidas not soteropolitanas (cias (1700)and ManuelRibeiro dosescravos nogoverno dossenhores miachristai e liberto instruido sustentado, corregido, empenhado, Rocha'sEthiope resgatado, as well as moral accounts as contemporaneous invaluable (1758)remain should Butthese towhich works, ofslavery. theinstitution opposing tracts chilenas de Matosand theCartas poemsofGregorio be added thesatirical historical valueby Antonio Gonzaga, werenotviewedas having ofTomas ofprofeslater generations Onlywith contemporaries. ortheir theauthors for sources as indispensable havethey recognition gained sionalhistorians Brazil. colonial understanding were or treatises thatsuchhistories Whilelittle evidence suggests finding doesnotimply this today, as understood research basedonarchival a to having oftheimportance and status attached a lackofconsciousness Diogo forBrazil.In 1658a royaldecreenominated historian designated modreference a later although as "cronista da America," GomesCarneiro ofarchives Theimportance do Estadodo Brasil."' this title to"cronista ified thana reality. One seevenifas an aspiration rather was also recognized, state ofthearchives tothelamentable in Bahiareferred niorcrown official than one and on more in theeighteenth as "a Babelofconfusion," century at royal displeasure ofMinasGeraistookcoverfrom occasion, governors manuthat theappropriate byclaiming to carry outan order their failing Theburnletter orhadbeenmisplaced. either had notbeenreceived script municipal of the part of 20 June1790of a substantial ing on thenight loss as an irreparable was recognized archives ofthecity ofRiode Janeiro posthaste forcopiesof documents to be dispatched and led to requests of the documentary Lisbon.2 from Such awarenessof the importance butrather source however, was basednotonitsvalueas a historical record, ofgovon theadministration onhowitsabsence negatively impinge might of of the importance Colonial lackedthat ernment. Brazilians appreciation
compiled and annotated by da Legislasao Portugueza, 1657-1674, Chronol'gica 1. Collecqao pp. 20,87. Imprensa de F.A. Da Silva,1854-1859), e Silva(Lisbon: Justino de Andrade Jose A pesquisa Rodrigues, archives," see Jose and destroyed Honorio 2. On "lostdocuments 1969), 202-6. Editora Nacional, second edition (Sao Paulo:Companhia historica noBrasil,
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on manuscript to base their histories and theneed forwriters archives in theEstadoda India in thesixpresent an awareness already sources, in 1594and 1595totherequest notonlydeferred Theking century. teenth on theTorre inGoa modeled be created an archive ofDiogo do Coutothat of this guarda-mor do Tomboin Lisbonbut appointedhim as the first archive.
PROFESSIONAL HISTORIANSAND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
cenonlyinthenineteenth Brazil, ofcolonial Forthehistoriography becomean esin primary sources unpublished research did archival tury visRobert British historian Southey ofthehistorian's portfolio. sential part usingrare ofBrazil(1810-1819) and compiledhis History ited Portugal ofresoverthirty years andmanuscripts collected sources primary printed sent tohim uncleas wellas manuscripts byhismaternal inPortugal idence notlessextensive ofmanuscripts "A collection noted, Brazil. Southey from enablesme to and whichis notto be equalledin England, thancurious, the"Crithedidnotcomplete inhistory." this chasm Unfortunately, supply Which from Printed or in Manuscript, ofAll theDocuments, icalAccount ofa "Bibliotheca part which he hopedwouldform ItHas BeenCompiled," (bornin Sorocaba, Adolfode Varnhagen Francisco Lusitana."3 Historica forthesixespecially sources assiduously, primary Sao Paulo) consulted Varnhagen inwriting (1854,1857). hisHistoria geral doBrasil teenth century, historical scholarBrazilian to as "thefather ofmodern has beenreferred by in Europeand Brazilwas complemented research ship."His archival hisfor and a search objectivity, critical scholarship, methodology, rigorous truth.4 torical recNacionalin 1838in Rio de Janeiro Thecreation oftheArquivo for thepresertheimportance ofestablishing repositories formally ognized levelwas folThisexampleon thenational records. vationof historical Thisdevelopment archives. ofstateand municipal lowedby thecreation sources.Further manuscript forusing primary providedan incentive the effort by of such sourcescame from of the importance recognition to promote oftheir by tranholdings and museums knowledge archives Nacional in their Anaisda Biblioteca suchdocuments publications: scribing (1886-); DocumendoArquivo Nacional doRiodeJaneiro (1876-); Publicaqjes a Histo'ria e Costumes deSaoPaulo(1894-) andtheseries tos Interessantes para do Estado Publico bytheArquivo Inventdrios e Testamentos published (both
Hurst, and Rees,Orme, History ofBrazil, 3 vols. (London:Longman, 3. Robert Southey, toparts 1, See prefaces in3 vols(NewYork: Greenwood, 1969). reprinted Brown, 1810-1819); part. is from thepreface tothefirst 2,and3; thecitation Hisde Varnhagen: Diplomat, Patriot, Historian," "Francisco Adolfo 4. Stuart B. Schwartz, Review 47,no.2 (May1967):185-202. panic American Historical
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Research Review Latin American Publico doArquivo (1895-);Revista doMuseuPaulista de Sao Paulo);Revista da Bahia(1917-); and Anaisdo Publico Mineiro (1896-); Anaisdo Arquivo e Geografico Historico Arqueologico, Museu Paulista (1922-).TheInstituto of itsreviewin 1863.Successors number issuedthefirst Pernambucano e Geografico de Ceara (1887-), theInstituto oftheInstituto wererevistas de Sao e Geografico Historico da Bahia(1894-),and theInstituto Historico Brasileiro e Geografico Historico oftheInstituto Paulo (1895-). Founding (1839-) has and itsRevista intoprominence, and history thrust historians primary and printed manuscript rolein publishing playedan invaluable manuscripts inpublishing transcribed Pride ofplaceas manifested sources. Nada Bibliotheca Historicos seriesDocumentos mustgo to theformidable (1928-). cional doRiodeJaneiro in impetus nationwide a strong witnessed century The twentieth and archives and state libraries and municipal societies historical creating disinecclesiastical and secular archives previously as wellas centralizing bya proliferation Thistrend hasbeenaccompanied documentation. persed universilibraries, societies, by historical ofhistorical published journals consciousness Thisgreater ofhistory. departments recently) and (most ties, historical orout-of-print publicunpublished ofmaking oftheimportance backto the1920s in a concerted effort dating sourceswas also reflected ofBrazilian works ofthecanonical editions annotated and 1930s topublish history. of byperiods Brazilhas beencharacterized on colonial Scholarship for history, Theenthusiasm inactivity. byrelative followed intense activity and inpublications, and archives, inthecreation ofinstitutions as reflected was notaccompanied and neweditions, inthetranscription ofdocuments to aspiration Varnhagen's ofthecolonial period. reassessment bya forceful detail with factual byhisobsession limited ofBrazil, a globalvision project generations. was notemulated bylater ofinterpretation, to thedetriment wheninrealtobe keyevents wereoveremphasized, What wereperceived resonance and had little theregion transcended rarely their importance ity ofa in how the in imbalance history Thisproclivity resulted colonywide. level on the national writing andgavehistorical was written placeorregion in thegreat amount was also apparent Theimbalance an episodic quality. the colonial of on a fewcaptaincies on historical writings ofinkexpended of to theneglect Rio de Janeiro) Minas Gerais, era (Bahia,Pernambuco, on the inthehistoriography colony. balkanization others-inshort, in apthatwas antiquarian in writing resulted Much enthusiasm the criteria tosatisfy andfailed and treatment selection ofsubjects, proach, Writers also tendedto focuson thesixteenth ofprofessional scholarship. Thatcentury to theneglect of theseventeenth. centuries and eighteenth ofthesixteenth century (whatprogress in thecontext was viewedeither oras thecenand colonization) since"discovery" had beenaccomplished oftheeighteenth century. theaccomplishments that setthestagefor tury 78
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ofthe"tempo dosflamengos" and thetriumph Except for thefewhistories in itsownright. century was notstudied overtheDutch, theseventeenth ina historiography with someorall ofthe Theselection ofsources resulted on institutional and administrative following characteristics: an emphasis women; perspective that virtually excluded dimensions; a male-dominated from theperspective ofcrown or dominant coloa historiography agents inwhich groups nialelites; anda depiction ofsociety somesocialandracial written thisbodyofworkwas a history werenotrepresented. In short, ofextensive writings on historical from thetopdown.Norwas thequality rigorous as to stimulate critical thinking, issuesofsuchsustained quality and debate. scrutiny, recboth Twoscholars standoutfor tworeasons: first, becausethey in primary of research manuscript unpublished ognizedtheimportance of Brazil visionsof how the history and second,because their sources; and sughistorical research shouldbe written openedup newavenuesfor ofhistoan agendafor their and future contemporaries generations gested the importance of emphasized rians.Capistrano de Abreu(1853-1927) inprimary as wellas critical editions. archival sources manuscript research In a letter of1904toGuilherme he asked:"Porque nao das a proStudart, theview-revdos documentos Abreu expressed cedencia que publicas?"5 therealBrazillayin theinterior for the1880sand 1890s-that olutionary weremereappendages ofEuropean civilizaand that coastalsettlements tion.He also advocated thatin thesertao, of an independence thenotion ofcolonialism that developed provided thought and action and a rejection theseedsfor Portugal. This and independence from Brazilian nationalism in how Brazilians viewrepresented a major reorientation saw themselves ofthesertao and affirming theimportance vis-a-vis Portugal byvalidating in hisinterdiscitheir Abreuwas an innovator identity. Methodologically, of and cross-disciplinary perspectives, recognizing theimportance plinary and what has come to be anthropology, geography, terrain, linguistics, calledethnography as toolstobe usedbyhistorians. continued thistradition of de Holanda(1902-1982) Sergio Buarque newavenues for historical research and newinterpretations as reopening inRaizes doBrasil doPara 'so(1959), flected byhisemphasis (1936)and Visao intheformation inMono5es on hydrography ofBrazil and in Cami(1945), nhos onBrazil and As regards thestate ofhistorical studies efronteiras (1957). insources, an article basedona 1977 Buarque de Holanda'suse ofarchival terview "A erudiqao dessehomem, ele tevede construf-la historica noted, sozinho.Como,de resto, os poucos que se aventuraram, comoele, pela
5. CitedbyJose Honorio Rodrigues in "Explicaqao" ofthefourth edition ofJ.Capistrano dehisto'ria colonial deAbreu, Capitulos (1500-1800), revised, annotated, andintroduced byJose Honorio Rodrigues (RiodeJaneiro: Livraria Briguiet andthe Sociedade Capistrano deAbreu, 1954), 6.
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da do faroeste e ingratos do Brasil,naquelestemposheroicos historia quantoestesexistiamnos arquivos, penetrar pesquisa.Eraumabatalha

lembra."6
THE NEW HISTORY
It was tohistory. thedawnofa newapproach witnessed The 1960s insocialhistory, the"newsocialhisofinterest byan eclosion characterized developed(such as new methodologies Fromthisnew interest, tory." between cross-fertilization from increased derived often prosopography), Thistrend inparticular. thesocialsciences from andborrowings disciplines thecomputer, ofa newtechnology, with thearrival fortuitously coincided Iniand sophisticated. portable, versatile, then becameincreasingly which not history to quantitative impetus gave great thisnew technology tially, that information quantitative butto assemble numbers to crunch merely qualtocomplement results as wellas a database interesting couldproduce and ofold questions thereformulation demanded itative data.Theresults ofnew ones.The stagethuswas setforincreasing theasking stimulated now drawon thesocial Historians between disciplines. cross-fertilization and newapproaches, ofnewmethodologies sciences for thedevelopment ventures ofcollaborative thebenefits discovering andthey areincreasingly linguists, cartographers, archaeologists, anthropologists, with sociologists, havealsobeHistorians scientists. and political economists, musicologists, to and humanities thesocialsciences beyond comemoreopentostepping metbiologists, and marine with plant geographers, engageindiscussions demand that as they deal withsources and physicists chemists, allurgists, oftheimporhas increased Awareness ofthenatural sciences. knowledge docuthantheexclusively sources and thoseother ofnon-European tance and iconographic sculptural, architectural, suchas oral,musical, mentary, hasbeencalled evidence historical Thenature ofwhatconstitutes sources. ofwhat Understanding oraltestimony. as regards intoquestion, notably that hasbroadened andis nowso permeable evidence historical constitutes source for is nota potential reality orphysical knowledge noareaofhuman historians. writinhistorical a sea change havewitnessed years Thelasttwenty and to social history and institutional from diplomatic away moving ings, of birth subfields history, has been the of Most cultural exciting history. ownjournals, and havetheir havenowgainedrecognition ofwhich many through periodical A glance discussions. cursory and panel conferences, new of these and breadth the richness reveals library ofa research holdings labor history, of history, gay ofthefamily, history women, areas:history
IstoE, devea Sergio Buarque," "O que a historia Zingerevitz, and Walter 6. InimaSimoes 1977, p. 44. 15June
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archienvironmental history, history, agricultural history, psychoanalytical to namebuta few. history, history, and forestry economic tectural history, can ofemphasis that subtle changes alsoreflects historiography Thisrecent of in compensatory thegendering history: as exercises be characterized on history and reexmaleperspectives beenexclusively whathad hitherto in the as, forexample, of sourcesfrom a female perspective amination oftheperspectives ofmercantile families or commerce; recognition study toviewhistory from thebottom and a conscious effort ofnon-Europeans; A movecanbe detected tofrom theprior elitist perspective. than up rather of recognition data,including warda morebalanceduse ofquantitative on qualitathem emphasis and offsetting byenhanced their shortcomings elite formation, New themes' havecometothefore: tiveevidence. identity, has beenmadeto "go beA greater effort and intimacy. ethnicity, gender, than baldly rather process tounravel thedecision-making hindthescenes": ofa bythevaluesand mentalities to try to understand theresult; stating notmerely a staas multidimensional, theindividual goneage;toperceive in the to viewtheindividual buta person; and then tistic on a taxrecord in thecontext of thebroader society. of a family, and thefamily context in history and on thelargely Moreemphasis has beenplacedon children are examining the underclass: of widows. Historians ignoredcategory orevenplacedoutside society. slavesand persons bysociety marginalized itsnetwidelyin casting putsa humanfaceon history, The new history more and ecumenical. ofevidence and becoming holistic, inclusive, search
BRAZILIANIZATION OF THE NEW SOCIAL HISTORY
Brazil ofcolonial ofthese on thehistoriography Theimpact changes in dissertations, written and articles by was initially books, mostapparent offunding in the1960sand 1970s. As a result by targeted scholars foreign for VI oftheHigher Education Actof1969 Title theU.S.government (under ofdoctoral dissertainLatin thenumber America andelsewhere), research inU.S.universities Brazil (thirty-nine tions onthehistory ofcolonial surged in the 1970s).Although fewof thesesaw thelightof day as published injournals. Thenumber ofdisserwas growing theliterature monographs, hadcomeofage Colonial Brazil toeleven the1980s. during tations declined Theseyoungscholars' gave publications as an areafordoctoral research. werepretheimpression thatnon-nationals (theso-calledbrasilianistas) on thecolonial historical period.7 writing empting for historical research institutional Yetprecisely atthis support time,
of to theHistoriography Contributions 7. A. J.R. Russell-Wood, Scholarly "United States andJose Review 65,no.4 (Nov.1985):684-723; American Historical Hispanic ColonialBrazil," contempordnea Historiografia luso-brasileira Arrudaand JoseManuel Tengarrinha, Jobson 1999), 63-73. do Sagrado da Universidade (Bauru, S.P.:Editora Coraqao,
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Research Review Latin American in history wereassocistudies in Brazil. graduate Whereas was increasing themid-1970s and since, theUniversidade de Sao Paulo,during atedwith todifferent rehaveexpanded studies inhistory for graduate opportunities nationwide heart ofthis havebeenatthe Master's programs gions ofBrazil. study. Anyvisfor doctoral arenowavailable andmore centers resurgence, tomore cantestify and subsequently archives inthe1970s itor toBrazilian of primary to developan appreciation forundergraduates opportunities past.Brazilwith their country's contact sources andcomeinto manuscript havebeenthe periodin particular in general and thecolonial ian history support as well ofinterest and institutional ofthis resurgence beneficiaries ofarchives. The 1980sand and accessibility as greater professionalization rolesincolonial taking leadership scholars Brazilian 1990s havewitnessed arecompletMoreBrazilian students and publishing extensively.8 studies orthe thangoingtoFrance within Brazil, rather degrees ingtheir doctoral mass ofhighly forgraduate school. At thispoint, a critical UnitedStates and debate.The in Brazilcan sustain analysis rigorous qualified scholars is riding ofa surging wave,andthehistoriography colonial thecrest period sophistication, methodological reflects a highlevel of conceptualization, availdocumentary sources on topics based on unpublished and research inBrazil. ableonlyinarchives thatreflects have developeda historiography Brazilian scholars within in historical them a whilepursuing studies, changes these broader diplomatic, political, have movedaway from Scholars Brazilian context. an outyearshave witnessed The last twenty history. and institutional onthefolscholars byBrazilian ofbooks, articles, anddissertations pouring experitheAfrican thebroadrubric ofsocialhistory: under lowing themes womenof manumissions, slavetrade, religions, quilombos, ence(slavery, incest, prostihomoeroticism, (sodomy, mores), sexuality African descent, concubinage), bigamy, adultery, annulments, marriage (divorce, tution), laborsystems, and popularculture womenand gender, Indians, family, has beenthemoveaway Mostdramatic mentalites, and beliefs). (moeurs, and guhouses, plantation from solares, theruling classesand elites, from sem "desclassificados," "povos escrita," bernatorial palacestothearraia-miuda, e sufocados ofIracidel Neroda or "esquecidos silencio" (touse theterms pelo These Luiz Mott, Laurade Melloe Souza,and SilviaHunoldLara).9 Costa,
noBrasil, edited (Sao Paulo: histo'rica byMariaHelenaR.Capelato 8.See theseries Produqao NaUniversidade de Sao Paulo-Associaqao Conselho Nacionalde Pesquisaand Historia, ofinstitutional catalogues ofdissertations Theexistence cionalde Professores de Historia). for all Brazilian scholarship atthedocsuchcatalogues underlines thedesirability ofhaving by Miridan Britto catalogue is thatorganized toraland master's levels.One institutional da Universiem Historia Social dedissertaqoes doPrograma deP6s-Graduaqdo KnoxFalci, Catdlogo dade Federal doRiodeJaneiro, 1980-1996. deescravos no Arraia-miu'da: sobre os naTo-proprietdrios 9. Iracidel Neroda Costa, Umestudo e demonologia (Sao Escravidao, homossexualidade Brasil (Sao Paulo: MGSP,1992);Luiz Mott,
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in colonial society byvirtue of groups wereoften deniedfull participation orlegalstatus. race, color, religion, sexualpreferences, sources suchas census materiSocialhistory basedon demographic datais also part ofthis newhistory. In conals oron economic quantitative in the1940sand 1950s, new research and new intertrast to thesituation ofthecolonial past. pretations are stimulating debateson interpretations who areopening up Thehistory ofmentalites has found manyadherents newavenuesofinquiry: onenewdimension is fear as a topic for historical inher byMariaFernanda Bicalho research. Itspotential hasbeenexploited how threats examining to Brazilby the originaldoctoraldissertation In takFrench and other corsairs weretheprime causesofpolicy changes. symbols and meanings ingfear as a lensmore locally, shehas interpreted is thefasciattendant on urban society. Equallyoriginal spaceand colonial thechangSouza inwhich sheexamines nating study bylaraLis Carvalho biographical apingconcept ofroyalpower. She eschewsthetraditional an approach based proach tothepersonae ofDom Joao VI and PedroI for that reinforced thenotion on imagery, and commemorations celebrations, ofthekingand the ofthecloseassociation between thephysical presence ofthecolony was basedon manuscript Thisstudy bodypolitic and nation. in Lisbonand theArquivo collection of themajorPortuguese archives e Geografico theBiblioteca and theInstituto Historico Nacional, Nacional, Brasileiro inRiode Janeiro.l1 arechallenges historiography Someofthe"hottopics" oftherecent with ofBrazil an export-driven econcolony, tothenotion as a mercantilist evidence ofcapand controlled bya plantation elite; omybasedon slavery in eighteenth-century italaccumulation by bothplanters and merchants in greater domination from metropolitan Brazil, resulting independence and business interests and merchant and greater between fluidity planter and the of proto-peasantries the examination personalrelationships;11 of the colony;12 the majordebate peasantbreachin the slave system Martins Filhoand thesis byAmilcar launched bytheprovocative posited
doouro: A pobreza mineira no Paulo:Icone, 1988), 7,9; Laurade Melloe Souza,Desclassificados da violencia: EsGraal,1982);and SilviaHunoldLara,Campos seculo XVIII(Rio de Janeiro: 23. 1988), doRiodeJaneiro, 1750-1808 (Sao Paulo:Paz e Terra, cravos e senhores naCapitania 0 Riode Janeiro na dinamica colonial "A cidadee o imperio: 10.MariaFernanda Bicalho, de Sao Paulo,1997;and Iara Ph.D.thesis, Universidade portuguesa, seculosXVIIe XVIII," 0 Brasil como aut6nomo, 1780-1831 (Sao Paulo: coroada: corpo polftico LisCarvalho Souza,Pdtria do Estadode Sao Paulo,1999). Fundagao Editora da Universidade degrossa e hierarquia na praya Homens aventura: 11.JoaoLuis Ribeiro Fragoso, Acumulagao Arquivo Nacional, 1992);JoaoLuis (1790-1830) (Rio de Janeiro: mercantil do RiodeJaneiro 0 arcafsmo socomo Mercado atlfntico, projeto: Ribeiro Florentino, Fragoso andManoloGarcia noRiodeJaneiro, c. 1790-c.1840, second edition (Riode Janeiro: ciedade agrdria e elite mercantil Livraria Sette Letras, 1996). "ThePeasant Breach inthe SlaveSysS. Cardoso, 12.Foranassessment, seeCiroFlamarion Review 25,no. 1 (Summer 1988):49-57. tem: New Developments inBrazil," Luso-Brazilian
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of Minas Gerais in 1983that(based on theexperience Martins Roberto viableonlyin theexport-oriented was economically after 1750)slavery of oftheprevalence notion to thetraditional and challenges economies;13 extended families.14 patriarchal
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
documentary from demandsinformation Thisnew historiography sourcesthatfallbroadly nature, sourcesotherthanthoseof an official archival The precious of empire. of theadministration undertherubric NacionalinRiode Nacionaland theBiblioteca oftheArquivo repositories Brazil, ofhistorians ofcolonial tobe thebreadand butter continue Janeiro arestill ofsources. Historians butthey havecasta farwidernetin search to whichthey seek butthequestions archives, and municipal usingstate ofsuch to focusmoreon thesocialdimension answers are leadingthem Thistendency orinstitutional aspects. thanon theadministrative archives moreunitopicsare becoming in a paradox:whileresearch has resulted thegeooften arebeingconsulted, ofarchives variety and a greater versal that is thefact Also noticeable scopehas becomemorelimited. graphical thelastdecadesofthecolofrom studies areextending document-driven or 1840s totakeadvantage intothe1830s and 1770s) nialperiod(the1760s theempire.15 during ofrich documentation butinstinongovernmental historians have"discovered" Moreover, frametheinstitutional Within that werelongneglected. tutional archives ones.The intosecular andecclesiastical sources canbe divided work, these ofinformation tobe rich repositories ofbrotherhoods areproving archives morbidity, butalso on mortality, history and political on social, economic, Orders oftheThird thearchives ofmedicine. Surprisingly, and thehistory and Brotherhood territory. virgin oflay menand womenare stilllargely Perhaps history. dataonprice invaluable Third archives alsoprovide Order whileoften disconcertthat, archives lieinnotarial revelations thegreatest
13. AmilcarMartinsFilho and RobertoBorges Martins,"Slavery in a Non-ExportEconReview63, Historical Minas Gerais Revisited,"HispanicAmerican omy: Nineteenth-Century no. 3 (Aug. 1983):537-68;and criticalresponse in the same issue, 569-90. See also Horacio Parana, 1800-1830,"Estu"Demografiaescrava numa economia nao-exportadora: Gutierrez, 17,no. 2 (May-Aug. 1987):297-314;and RobertoB. Martinsand AmilcarMardosEcon6micos Review Historical tinsFilho, "'Slaveryin a NonexportEconomy':A Reply,"HispanicAmerican in theArquivo Hist6ricoCasa 64,no. 1 (Feb. 1984):135-46.New evidence based on inventdrios the Mining Boom: in Mariana has been advanced by Laird W. Bergad in "After Setecentista Demographicand EconomicAspectsofSlaveryin Mariana,Minas Gerais,1750-1808,"LARR 31, no. 1 (1996):67-97. HisAmerican 14. Donald Ramos, "Marriageand theFamilyin Colonial Vila Rica," Hispanic torical Review 55, no. 2 (May 1975):200-225. 15. I am indebtedto Dr. ErnstPijningforthisinsight.
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efoftime, repay theexpenditure lavishly for researchers, organized ingly and patience. fort, a neglected has notsurged-itremains history in religious Interest inecclesiastihasdeveloped interest great historians-but colonial areafor and ecclesiastical Archdiocesan and thoseoftheHolyOffice. cal archives thehistory and for for their socialcontent havebeen"discovered" archives runs, complete inpoorcondition andlacking often Although ofmentalites. ecoofdemographic, to yielda wealth havethepotential archives parish information. and administrative and socialdataas wellas religious nomic, of and theSociety orders to thereligious church thesecular Turning from in usage ofthesearchives becomes readily imbalance an enormous Jesus, buttothenebyhistorians havebeenmined archives TheJesuit apparent. orand Dominican Carmelite, Franciscan, oftheBenedictine, ofthose glect as dion themes information canprovide Sucharchives dersinparticular. price commerce, and management, as landusage,labororganization verse and music. ofart, architecture, and thehistory history, agricultural history, thealluvial was that age" ofBrazil golden of"the One ofthelessons couldbe reworked thegoldrushes during discovered deposits and placer collections in general and specific In Brazilian archives toadvantage. later can be profthattheserecords are recognizing researchers in particular, a To takebutone example, setofcriteria. culledbyusinga different itably valuable records canmakethem oflegaland administrative closer reading and punishment. on socialhistory, criminal law,and crime sources consult ofarchives thetype they arenotonlyexpanding Historians Reconcavo themetropolises ofBrazil: outside butarenow usingarchives intheformer as wellas townships inMinasGerais inBahiaandgoldtowns and Goias.Ithas long and inMatoGrosso ofSao Paulo,inPara', captaincy deon colonial Braziloften project research anysingle that beenaccepted Ulin Lisbonin theArquivo Historico ofmanuscripts mandsconsultation for theColecaoPombalina), Nacional(especially theBiblioteca tramarino, collections area mineofinforwhoseextensive do Tombo, and theTorre history (Casa da Suplicacao)and commercial mation forjudicialhistory oftheTribunal Brazil.16 Therecords Findos)ofcolonial (Fundodos Feitos do Santo Oficiohoused in the Torredo Tomboand otherPortuguese
Arcollections ofthe notably thedifferent Portuguese archives, 16.Recent use ofmultiple eo hasbeenmadebyEvaldoCabralde Melloin0 nome da Torre do Tombo, quivoNacional das Letras, colonial (Sao Paulo: Companhia no Pernambuco genealogica Umafraude sangue: dosmazombos: reflected in hisA fronda component research 1989). See also theinternational 1995). das Letras, (Sao Paulo: Companhia 1666-1715 Pernambuco, contra mascates, Nobres Boxer as hisde MelloandCharles A. Gonqalves mantle ofJ. heir tothe de Mellois the Cabral and by theuse ofPortuguese are characterized His monographs ofDutchBrazil. torians Forexarchives. and municipal as wellas regional national libraries and archives Brazilian (Riode second edition pernambucana, 0 imagindrio da restauracao Velho: see hisRubro amples, second 1630-1654, noNordeste, Guerra e acu'car restaurada: 1997); andOlinda Topbooks, Janeiro:
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Review American Research Latin of now beingminedby historians trove a treasure have proven archives ForA and witchcraft. history, morality, family Brazilon sexuality, colonial inquisitounpublished consulted RonaldoVainfas dosfndios (1995), heresia an toproduce intheTorre do Tombo correspondence andJesuit rialrecords andinthan byethnographers) first rather bya historian study (the original theone particularly and santidades, ofTupireligious practices terpretation about1580. Reconcavo inthesouth oftheBahian erupted inJaguaripe that resistance. Maria ofindigenous actsand forms Thesewerebothheretical in ofthefamily on thehistory Nizza da Silva's(1998)monograph Beatriz solicido promotor, records (cadernos colonialBrazildrewon inquisitorial of doSanto as wellas thehabilitaqi5es Oficio) and habilitaqi5es processos, tantes, are Brazilian historians do Tombo.17 housedintheTorre ofChrist theOrder for do Tombo in theTorre registers theextensive parochial also consulting for thehisofthese rich resources Identification information. genealogical under the Resgate, bytheProjeto ofcolonial Brazil hasbeenpromoted tory UlAs for the Historico inBrazil. Arquivo da Cultura Ministerio aegisofthe team haveplacedall historians tramarino, Caio Bosciandhisindefatigable avulsos" relof"manuscritos intheir debtwith inventories ofcolonial Brazil Brazil(Maranhao, Santo,and northern evantto Minas Gerais,Espirito Para,and RioNegro). archives in Portugal, and municipal national In addition tomining inthe Historico tobe found Arquivo ofcolonial Brazil areas likely scholars ofbusithecorrespondence do Hospitalde Sao Josein Lisbonperusing de do Tribunal or in theArquivoHistorico Pinheiro, Francisco nessman or theRelacaoofRio de information on Jesuit properties Contasseeking
Nizza da Silva historian MariaBeatriz Topbooks, 1998). Portuguese edition (Riode Janeiro: (national, and publicarchives ofprivate range on an extraordinary baseshermonographs e quotidiana noBrasil nae'poca See herVida privada inBrazil andPortugal. state, andmunicipal) Da reluso-brasileira: 1996); andA cultura Estampa, VI,2d ed. (Lisbon: deD. Maria I e deD. Joalo 1999). Estampa, doBrazil (Lisbon: a independencia forma da universidade Bertrand umasanta africana no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: RosaEgipcfaca, 17. Luiz R. B. Mott, an exampleofAfrostudyofthedanceAcotunda, 1993);see also his fascinating Brasil, records basedonInquisition essays oneofseveral andproto-Candomble, syncretism Christian e demonologia (Sao Paulo:Icone,1988), homossexualidade inMott, Escravidaio, and republished Cruz(Sao Paulo:Companhia e a terra deSanta AlsoLaurade Melloe Souza,0 diabo 87-117. See also 1993). atldntico das Letras, andherInferno (Sao Paulo:Companhia das Letras, 1986); doouro (1695-1755): durante o ciclo MinasGerais Os cristiaos-novos em Salvador, Joao Gonqalves corthelarge 1992); Sao Paulo:Pioneira, a Inglaterra do Campo, com (Sao Bernadino Relacoes ofwhich the incolonial Brazil, Novinski onNew Christians andJews byAnita pus ofworks XVIII(Riode doBrasil, seculo paraa hist6ria roldosculpados: Fontes is Inquisicao, mostrecent e Moral, sexualidade dospecados: Tropico Ronaldo Vainfas, 1992); Expressao e Cultura, Janeiro: A hereandVainfas, Nova Fronteira, 1997); (Riode Janeiro: printing noBrasil, third Inquisicao Companhia das Letras, e rebeldia noBrasil colonial (Riode Janeiro: sia dosindios: Catolicismo Nova colonial (Riode Janeiro: dafamflia noBrasil Historia Nizza da Silva, MariaBeatriz 1995); 1998). Fronteira,
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orinthestill Janeiro, underused Arquivo Historico Militar carresearching tography, military engineering, architecture, and iconography. Theymay inthepublic alsobe found libraries ofEvoraand Oporto and inmunicipal, private, and provincial collections.18 A morerecent trend is recognition of theimportance ofconsultation ofdocuments in other European countries: in the Bibliotheque Nacionalein Paris,the British Library and Public Record Office in London,19 theArchivo General de Simancas, theArchivo General de Indiasin Seville, theVatican in Rome, and theAlgemeen Rijkin theHague.An international sarchief component has become partofthe ofhistorical portfolio researchers on colonial Brazil.
USE OF SOURCES: CASE STUDIES
Thehistoriography on colonial Brazil from 1983to 1999stresses socialand cultural ingeneral history and inparticular thehistory ofwomen, slavery, labor, blacks,thefamily, and popularreligion.20 Narsexuality, rowly economic and demographic histories arelessin evidence. Overthe lasttwodecades,Iracidel Neroda Costa(sometimes in conjunction with Francisco VidalLuna) has combedcensusdata on Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, parish records (livros deassentos debatizados, 6bitos, and casamentos) for VilaRica,and manuscripts in archives inSao Paulo and Riode Janeiro. With Horacio hehascompiled Gutierrez, themost de comprehensive mapas habitantes for Parana'.21 Costa'smost recent work useddemographic dataas thebasisfor conclusions ofa socialand economic nature and extended his research toBahia(with parish records from thesertao) and Piaui.His findingssupport thecontention insomeareas, that a majority as large as 65per cent ofthepopulation was notslaveholding, despite significant variations toplaceand time.22 according Recent and institupolitical, administrative,
18.Caio C. Boschi, Roteiro-sumdrio dearquivos portugueses de interesse parao pesquisador da hist6ria doBrasil (Lisboa:EdiqoesUniversitarias Lus6fonas, 1995); Inventdrio dosmanuscritos avulsos relativos a MinasGerais existentes noArquivo Hist6rico Ultramarino (Lisboa), edited by Caio C. Boschi, 3 vols.(BeloHorizonte, MinasGerais: Joao Pinheiro, Centro de EsFundaqdo tudosHist6ricos e Culturais, 1998). See also thespecialnumber ofAcervo: Revista doArquivo Nacional 10,no.1 (Jan.-Jun. 1997), dedicated toPortuguese archival sources ofimportance to historians ofcolonial Brazil. 19.C. R. Boxer, Descriptive Listofthe State Papers, Portugal, 1661-1780, inthe Public Record Office, 3 vols.(Lisbon: London, 1979-1983). 20.See twoessays B. Schwartz: byStuart "Recent Trends intheStudy ofSlavery inBrazil," Luso-Brazilian Review 25, no. 1 (Summer 1988):1-25; and "Somebodies and Nobodiesin the Body Politic:Mentalities and Social Structures in Colonial Brazil,"LARR 31, no. 1 (1996):113-34. 21.Iracidel Neroda Costaand HoracioGutierrez, Parand: Mapasdehabitantes, 1798-1830 (Sao Paulo:Instituto de PesquisasEconomicas, 1985). 22.Neroda Costa, Arraia-miu'da.
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Research Review American Latin on One is byArnoWehling periodarefew. thecolonial for tional histories It makesuse of 1777to 1808.23 in Brazilfrom administration Portuguese Nacional andBiblioteca Nacional Arquivo inthe correspondence manuscript intheSecaodo Conselho correspondence viceregal (Secaode Manuscritos), Brasileiro e Geografico Historico do Instituto oftheArquivo Ultramarino movements ofport andregisters Catarina, de Santa Publico Arquivo andthe Geralda Cidadedo Riode Janeiro. intheArquivo sources manuscript howunpublished willexamine section Thenext of Whiletheselection havebeenused by historians. in Brazilian archives only hasbeenmadetoinclude an effort arbitrary, is somewhat casestudies yearsby in thelast tento fifteen or thesescompleted bookspublished scholars. Brazilian Nacional andArquivo Biblioteca Nacional to be Nacionaland theArquivoNacionalcontinue The Biblioteca of thehistory thoseresearching for instancia" "de primeira theresources e Ordens oftheMesada Consciencia Fora pioneering study Brazil. colonial in1808)andthesocialhisin1532 andinRiode Janeiro inPortugal (created das Neves has drawnon a Pereira Guilherme clergy,24 ofthesecular tory Arda Curiado Riode Janeiro, inBrazil (Arquivo ofarchives widevariety UlHistorico (Arquivo do Estadoda Bahia)and inPortugal quivoPublico do Tomboforthe the Torre on Pernambuco, fordocuments tramarino Bibioandthe do Cristo, da Ordem de Pemambuco Bispado ofthe padroados oftheArquivo werecollections to hisresearch tecaNacional).Butcentral do Paco,theTribunal inRiode Janeiro: theMesa do Desembargo Nacional inaddition e Ordens Mesada Consciencia do Paco,andthe do Desembargo in theArquivoNacionalwas Thisresearch and testamentos. to inventdrios informafor Nacional: notably intheBiblioteca byresearch complemented thecaptaincy ofMaranhao, inthebishopric and churches tionon parishes fordata on "dignidades, ofPernambuco; and thecaptaincy ofRio Negro, also Biograficos, de Documentos in the e and Colecao conegosbeneficiados"; Manuscritos. in de found theDivisao itis especially ofthese institutions, ofexistence Giventhe150years known when or previously make "discoveries" when scholars encouraging This has fully exploited. more are of documents butlittle caches researched His use Nacional. in the Biblioteca Hansen with Adolfo Joao beenthecase of Gregorio de Matos'spoemsenabledhimto makethemostcomplete
a D. Joao (1777-1808) de Pombal no Brasil portuguesa Administracao 23. ArnoWehling, 1986). Puiblico, do Servidor Centro de Formaqao (Brasilia: Fundaqao see o clero e ordens A mesa daconscie^ncia merce: das Neves,E receberd Pereira 24.Guilherme 1997). Arquivo Nacional, (Riode Janeiro: 1808-1828 noBrasil, cular
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and socialcomas political significance their poems, todateofthese study of and socialenvironments inthepolitical and thepoet'sposition mentary, wentto the ArquivoNaKeila Grunberg Bahia.25 seventeenth-century a cache Instead, shecameacross criminais. processos tofind expecting cional "Escravos" marked (drawer) Thegaveta ofay3es deliberdade. ofdocuments de 380aydes contained de Apelacaodo Riode Janeiro oftheSecao da COrte from theinitial intothejudicialsystem, insights which provided liberdade, of dasafirmaydes certiddes and provas ofwitnesses, thehearing requerimento, ruling (o verethrough tothefinal oftheprocesso bothsides,and a relatorio de Apelacao.Suchprocescouldbe appealedtotheCOrte Thisverdict dicto). Grunberg's research century. sosmaydatebacktotheendoftheeighteenth thefreein achieving thatweremostsuccessful thosearguments reveals defenand urban ofrural theincidence outcome, domofslavesas thefinal of lawyers. their cases to the attention dants,and how slaves brought accessto for withinstruments gaining theseslaveswerefamiliar Clearly, own thesystem to their and knewhow to manipulate thejudicialsystem post (includinginventdrios This judicial documentation advantage.26 de Apelacao(procesoftheCOrte sources manuscript with together mortem), crimiandprocessos deterras, deposse, anddedespejo demanutenaio sosdeforqa, and Sao Paulo),has also beenused Riode Janeiro, MinasGerais, naisfrom into insight a fascinating Sheprovided de Castro.27 byHebe MariaMattos and how slaveshad slavesand owners, between relations legalprocesses, Morerecently, Manolo of-and access to-legal procedures. knowledge Nacional'scolGoes have used theArquivo and Jose Roberto Florentino mortem) for inventdrios post (apelaao,crime, manuscripts ofjudicial lections inRiode Janeiro.28 ofslavefamilies their study on three holdings manuscript TheArquivoNacionalhas excellent in in Rio de Janeiro court oftheroyal created withthearrival institutions do Paco,and theMesa do Desembargo do Comercio, 1808:theRealJunta In 1986MariaBeatriz historians. All awaittheir da Policia. theIntendencia Somepolice da Policia.29 totheIntendencia Nizza da Silvacalledattention de Corresponsuchas theRegistro havebeenused byhistorians, records Feitas records (Relacaode Prisoes and arrest 1809-1836, denciada Policia,
See 50,55-60. Cofres Riode Janeiro, Nacional, intheBiblioteca 25.Thepoemswerefound XVII (Riode e a Bahia dose'culo deMatos Greg6rio A sdtira e o engenho: Hansen, JoaoAdolfo das Letras, 1989). Companhia Janeiro: 1994). a leidaambigiiidade (Riode Janeiro: Relume-Dumara, Liberata, 26.KeilaGrinberg, nosudeste da liberdade Os significados Das cores dosilencio: de Castro, 27.HebeMariaMattos 1995). Nacional, Arquivo seculo XIX(Riode Janeiro: Brasil, escravista, e trdfico escravas Famrlias Goes,A pazdassenzalas: and Jose Roberto 28.ManoloFlorentino 1997). Brasileira, Civilizacao 1850(Riode Janeiro: c. 1790-c. RiodeJaneiro, atldntico, ReAcervo, da Polfcia: 1808-1821," Nizza da Silva,"A Intendencia-Geral 29.MariaBeatriz 1986):187-204. Nacional 1,no.2 (July-Dec. doArquivo vista
89
Latin American Research Review pela Policia)forthecity ofRio de Janeiro. Arrest records have beenanalyzedbyLeilaMezanAlgranti for thedecade1810-21.30 Another source for thehistory ofcriminality aretheautos crimes usedbySuelyRoblesReisde Queiros.31Thisuniquesourceprovides information aboutoffenders and victims but also permits construction of a profile of criminality in the Brazilian capital. One indicator ofhowthedocumentation ofthe Arquivo Nacionalis being usedbyhistorians arebooksofimportance tothecolonial period that won thePremioNacionalde Pesquisa.TheseincludeJoaoLuis Ribeiro Fragoso's Homens degrossa aventura: Acumulayao e hierarquia na praqa mercantil doRiodeJaneiro whichdrewheavily on inventa'rios (1790-1830), post mortem deescrituras e hipote(1790-), livros pu'blicas (1799-) (compra-venda detropeiros, oftheRealJunta cas),registros and documentation do Comercio deseguros, defalen(companhias administrayTo debens defalecidos, andprocessos do trdfico atldntico deescravos entre a Africa e o RiodeJaneiro (se'culos XVIIIe XIX) was provided by documentation of theJunta do Comercio (corree consultas, de bens defalecidos, comerciais, sponde^ncias administrayao fale^ncias navegayTo, navios, comerciantes, receita e despesa, importayao e exportayao, and processos contra companhias de seguros); thatoftheProvedoria da Fazenda decontagem deescravos da costa da Africa); (termos vindos ordens re'gias ofthe Desembargo do Paco; and inventa'rios post mortem.33 Florentino's study examined theslavetrade, Rio commerce's on thetrade, dependence supply and demandfactors, and African of slaves.Thisworkalso provenances interms provided a balance sheet ofthetrade ofprofit and lossandinveste ment emmovimento: potential. Sheilade CastroFaria'sA colonia Fortuna nocotidiano a study ofsoutheastern drewheavily on familia colonial, Brazil, in livros de sesmarias of Paraibado Sul 256 processos of the Captaincy (1729-1811), also housedintheArquivo Nacional.'4
cia).32The database forManolo Florentino's Em costasnegras:Uma histo'ria
30.LeilaMezanAlgranti, "SlaveCrimes: TheUse ofPolice Power toControl theSlavePopofRiode Janeiro," ulation Luso-Brazilian Review, 25,no. 1 (Summer 1988):27-48. 31.SuelyRobles R. de Queir6s, estudo dastensoes Escravidao negra emSaoPaulo:Urm provocadas pelo escravismo noseculo XIX(Riode Janeiro: Jos6 Olympio; Brasilia: Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1977). 32.JoaoLufsRibeiro Fragoso, Homens degrossa aventura: e hierarquia na praqa Acumulaqflo mercantil doRiodeJaneiro (1790-1830) (Riode Janeiro: Arquivo Nacional, 1992). 33. ManoloFlorentino, Emcostas Umahistoria deescravos entre a negras: do trdfico atlantico e o RiodeJaneiro Africa (sculos XVIIIe XIX) (Rio de Janeiro: Arquivo Nacional, 1995;Sao Paulo:Companhia das Letras, 1997). 34.Sheilade Castro A colonia nocotidiano Faria, emmovimento: Fortuna efamflia colonial (Sao Paulo:Nova Fronteira, 1998).
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Archives State on thegovernance contain a wealthofinformation Statearchives to governorscorrespondence fiscal metropolitan records, of captaincies: beand correspondence and alvara's, letters patent, royalorders general, ofhow thesecan illustration in thecolony. A recent crown officials tween by da Capa Verde is 0 Livro base forscholarship a documentary provide in conjunction sources She has used suchofficial Ferreira Furtado. Jutnia ofthe history with inventories towrite a socialand administrative notarial 1772to 1808.She drewon thesame for theperiodfrom DiamondDistrict in colonialMinas Geraisand complepool forher studyof commerce intheMuseudo Ouro found with willsandinventories this source mented in Mada Casa Setecentista de Sabara/CasaBorbaGatoand theArquivo and drawnto Minasby commercial of persons a profile rianato sketch Puiblico suchas theArquivo Somestate archives, opportunities.35 business All of municipalities. collections extensive contain manuscript Mineiro, have increasingly to be heavily used,butscholars theserecords continue dimensions to thesocial or administrative from theinstitutional turned to provide theadministrative or haveused them content oftheserecords da vaIn a study ofpoverty and the"ideologia for studies ofsociety. context and corredocumentation in Minas Gerais, such administrative diagem" byLaurade Melloe Souza.36 wereused extensively spondence into a debatethat indispensable State archives also housesources slaves in the1970son relationships between in theUnited States tensified Carlos of slave resistance. and ownersand forstudiesof variousforms conusingsourcesof theArquivoPiblico Mineiro, Magno Guimaraes, of Buthe did notuse another type tributed to one aspectofthisdebate.37 arecruwills. Thesedocuments namely source housedinthesamearchive, of of possessions, patterns inventories details, cial fortheir biographical reand also forvariations members amongfamily and relations giving, in socioeconomic differences standing, sex,race,and legalstatus. flecting ofcontemon mentalites as individual expressions arealso windows They in an afterlife. and faith toward collective attitudes death, life, poraneous of on willsof persons The lasttwenty yearshave seen studiesfocusing descent. EduardoFrancaPaiva used six hundredwills,many African de Sabara)and Municipal Mineiro (Camara Publico housedintheArquivo
de1771e a vidano da CapaVerde: 0 regimento diamantino 0 Livro 35.JuniaFerreira Furtado, (Sao Paulo: Annablume, 1996); see also her da real extraqilo no perfodo distrito diamantino nasMinas setecentistas (Sao Paulo: e docomercio deneg6cio: A interiorizaqao dametr6pole Homens Hucitec,1999). do ouro. 36. Laura de Mello e Souza, Desclassificados emMinasGerais da ordem escravista: Quilombos 37.CarlosMagnoGuimaraes, Umanegaqilo no s6culo XVIII (Sao Paulo: Icone, 1988).
91
Review Research American Latin ThesewillsreOficio). do Primeiro theMuseudo OuroinSabara(Cartorio often house Statearchives used by slaves.38 of resistance veal strategies tohisperiodimportant colonial for thelater censusmaterials manuscript The sources debateaboutslave families. engagedin theongoing torians doshabitantes for1801,1817,and 1829)have been minedby Jose (mapas and ofslaveholding and profile hisstudy ofthestructure for FlavioMotta in industry and thecoffee-growing between slavefamilies therelationship inSao Paulo.39 thecommunity ofBananalintheParaibavalley Archives Municipal theatase beyond historians arelooking In a parallel development, with e vereay5es oftheSenadosda Camarato documents livros deacordaos decondedeenjeitados, livros include livros socialcontent. Examples greater dedisdeoficiais, termos cartas deexaminayoes da sautde nayJes pu'blica, porbem de e termos prisao, e de escravos vendas, matriculas devassas, de querelas tribuiqao of dedenutncias ofmerchants. Thefull potential depresos, and autos registros publichealth, studying byhistorians sources has yettobe exploited these sececonomies and theinformal and wages,market urbanslavery, prices instruments ofsocial elite formation, artisans, prostitution, tor, contraband, to name diet,and dress, camadas recreational activities, populares, control, becauseit areofgreat importance archives Municipal onlysomesubjects. slaveand free, inhabitants ofthecolony, atthelocallevelthat was precisely with civilgovernment. Remarkably, tocomeintocontact weremostlikely An exception is Saltheir historians. haveyettofind municipalities many beenminedby have recently ofthePrefeitura wherethearchives vador, ofpower, thesocialand Sousa for herstudy ofnetworks Avanete Pereira lifein theeighteenth century ofthecity, and everyday economic history a conclusion One intriguing challenges and earlypartof thenineteenth. oftheSenadoda Camara that control that haslongasserted historiography
Uma noseculo X1X: deescravos libertos naBahia Testamentos Mattoso, 38.KatiaM. de Queir6s FedeUniversidade Baianos, de Estudos Centro o estudo (Salvador: dementalidades fonte para doseculo nasMinasGerais e libertos Paiva,Escravos ralda Bahia,1979);and EduardoFranca 1995). XVIII(Sao Paulo:Annablume, emBadecativos e familia escrava vontades livres: Posse 39.Jose escravos, Corpos FlavioMotta, a Pesquisado Esand theFundacaode Amparo (Sao Paulo:Annablume nanal (1801-1829) that arebasedonprimary tothis debate since1995 Forcontributions tadode Sao Paulo,1999). e Escravidao alternativos: "Caminhos A. Paiva and DouglasC. Libby, see Clotilde sources, Econ6micos 25, no. 2 (May-Aug. em Minas Geraisno s6culoXIX,"Estudos reproducao e Familias escravas G6es,A pazdassenzalas: andJos6 Roberto ManoloFlorentino 1995):203-33; 1997): Brasileira, Civilizacao RiodeJaneiro, c. 1790-c. 1850(Rio de Janeiro: atlantico, trdfico emvinte e cinco e possede escravos atividades VidalLuna,"Sao Paulo:Populacao, Francisco W. andRobert 1998):99-169; Econ6micos 28,no.1 (Jan.-Mar. Estudos (1777-1829)," localidades Campinas, lavoura do Sudeste: de grande "Aformacao nasregioes da familia escrava Slenes, 1998):9-82. e Famrlia 1,no.1 (Jan.-June no seulo XIX," umcasoparadigmatico Populaqflo
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Sousa's evwas virtually theexclusive domainofplanters and merchants. of these idencesuggests thatthe unwillingness or refusal of members beingcreated for classesto acceptmunicipal office led to opportunities two members ofother classesto hold publicoffice.40 ForRio de Janeiro, inprogress well.JoaoFragoso studies complement eachother remarkably usinginventa'rios, is working on a history ofRiointheseventeenth century is usingdocuments housedin Portuguese whileMariaFernanda Bicalho investigate thedyarchives to construct a discourse oflocal governance, examnamicofcrown-municipality relationships, and placetheBrazilian ple ina comparative perspective. Ecclesiastical Archives of themanuscript It is ironic thatdespitetheundoubted richness and diocesanarchives forthehistory of the collections of archdiocesan incolonial havemined for Catholic Church historians these sources Brazil, than ends.Thehistory ofthechurch during the secular rather ecclesiastical itdemands. has notreceived Theimportance colonial period theattention inthe ofonetype for was recognized only ofdocument thesocialhistorian Theseare records ofvisitas ordina'rias) early1960s.41 pastorais (or visitayoes to made by bishopsor their representativess once a yearas "visitadores" their a similar towns andvillages far removed from episcopal sees.Despite withinpurposeand format, thesedocuments shouldnotbe confused Thepurpose of quisitorial visitations madebytheTribunal do SantoOficio. visitas was first to taketestimony on blasphemy, heresy, crimes pastorais and (most thefaith, actsregarded as sexually severe) aposagainst deviant, esSucha "reverendo visitador" tasyand then topunish thetransgressors.42 da visitayio. Moradores whose tablished a base in a townand setup a mesa on forty liveswereconsidered freeof blemish wereinterrogated points Ateach contra a fe). rubric ofactsagainst thefaith under thegeneral (crimes or whomhe or she had seen,heard, thewitness point, identified persons A meticulous record was keptof a crime. ofhaving committed suspected Furde testemunhas. individuals, couples, and groupsnamedin thetermo contradictions thertestimony was gathered, data werecross-referenced, in. Thesefileswerekeptsecret. or resolved, and gaps filled highlighted deculpa thetermo was drawnup,a legaldocument formally Subsequently,
localcotidiano: A Camarade Salvador 40.Avanete Pereira Sousa,"Poder nos6culo XVIII," Federal da Bahia, 1996. M.A.thesis, Universidade do s6culo XVIII," Revista "A crise dos costumes nasMinasGerais 41.Jose Ferreira Carrato, Igreja, iluminismo e escolas and "As gentes mineiras," in Carrato, deLetras 3 (1962), separata; de and Editora da Universidade Editora Nacional mineiras colon iais(Sao Paulo:Companhia e trabalho da da mem6ria: Cotidiano in 0 avesso Sao Paulo,1968), cited byLucianoFigueiredo Olympio, 1993), p. 148, n. 18. XVIII(Riode Janeiro: mulher em MinasGerais noseculo Jose 42.Figueiredo, damem6ria, 143-52. 0 avesso
93
Latin American Research Review theindividual ofcrimes accusing thefaith. against The final stageofthe devassa camewhentheindividual was calledbefore themesada visitacao, admitted his or hercrime, and paid theappropriate fine. such Although documentation throws little light on thespiritual ofcolonial life Brazil and theeffectiveness ofsuchvisitas is calledintoquestion bythefrequency of devassas recidivism, gerais areindispensable toolsfor thehistorians ofsocietyand customs. Theyareparticularly valuablein opening a windowon sectors ofsociety who werepoorand often ofmixedblood.Jose Ferreira Carrato touse systematically was thefirst and tohighlight theimportance ofdevassas as socialdocuments, but others have followed his precedent. TheArquivo da Arquidiocese Eclesiastico de Mariana hasbeenwellmined byLaurade Melloe Souza inher reconstructions ofpoverty anddestitution and also thecustoms and life of"camadas styles as camadas queconstituiram da mise'ria," "ospadres and "negras quitandeiras," "prostitutas."43 infratores," Morerecently, LucianoFigueiredo has drawnin 0 avesso da memoria on in theArquivo suchdevassas da de but Eclesiastico Arquidiocese Mariana, he has casthisnetwiderto include in theArquivos devassas Eclesiasticos das Arquidioceses ofDiamantina and ofBeloHorizonte.4 Thisapproach enabled him togaininsight into theeveryday livesofwomen ofAfrican deslaveand free, scent, in petty engaged trade and prostitution, and also on domestic lifeand conjugal in eighteenth-century relations MinasGerais. LuizMott drewon themanuscript "Devassanasfreguesias da Comarca do Sul da Bahiano ano de 1813"housedin theCutria de SalArquidiocesana vador. Covering twelve towns, testimony taken from 391"homens bons" rein 596acusay5es sulted and morethan1500denutncias. Thisdocumentation is thedatabaseforhis study ofconcubinage, immoral acts(tratos ilf'citos), reasons for separation (adultery, desertion), bigamy, andincest. Thesedata led Mott toquestion theprevalence ofthemodelofthe"sagrada in familia" thecolony.45 Devassas ofthe"visitay5es ordina'rias," usedinconjunction with other sources, havealso servedas sources for demographic at the studies and municipal parish levels.46 Archdiocesan archives have manuscript collections important for historians ofthefamily. Luciano drewextensively Figueiredo ondevassas in theArquivo da Arquidiocese Eclesiastico de Mariana for hishistory ofthe family, marital arrangements and tensions, and domestic environments in
43.Laurade Melloe Souza,Desclassificados doouro, esp.153-61, 175-91. See alsoheruse of devassas (legalinquiries) for information on feitiqaria in 0 Diaboe a terra de SantaCruz(Sao Paulo:Companhia das Letras, 1986). 0 avesso 44.Figueiredo, damem6ria. 45.Luiz Mott, "Os pecadosda familia na Bahiade Todosos Santos Cadernos (1813)," CER no.18(May1983), republished inMott, e demonologia Escravidao, homossexualidade (Sao Paulo: Icone, 1988), 49-81. 46.Francisco VidalLunaand Iracidel Neroda Costa, MinasColonial: Economia e sociedade (Sao Paulo:Fundacao Instituto de Pesquisas Economicas andPioneira, 1982), 79-85.
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inarchdiocesan history archives for family source MinasGerais.47 Another and divorce. One ofthe on marriage consists ofprocessos and legalhistory and processos used dispensas matrimoniais who systematically first scholars Nizza da Silva. was MariaBeatriz proceedings divorce and annulment for in colonialBrazilwas largely Her pioneering (1984)studyof marriage de Metropolitana da Cutria oftheArquivo collections basedon manuscript ofthejustiqa wereautos e casamentos matrimoniais Sao Paulo. Thedispensas under and testimony Depositions thatprecededmatrimony. eclesia'stica before matriofbothparties insights intothecircumstances oathprovide spouse.Theseautos ofthefuture leading totheselection and factors mony holymatrimony. information on thoseabouttoenter contain biographical thousand an indexof sixty ofSao Paulo contains The Arquivoda Cuiria in theSeccao Segundaof the e casamentos matrimoniais autosde despensas from Sao Paulo, ofsuchdocuments packets archive as wellas uncatalogued alia. Iguape,and Cananeiainter Curitiba, Paranagua', Sao Paulo,ElianaMariaRea Goldon colonial In a master's thesis (in autoson mixedmarriages morethana thousand schmidt consulted in conjunction was indigenous) was a slaveand theother oneparty which on their to vicars which wererecommendations antigas, withthepastorais constitute matters. Theautos vis-a-vis and similar concubinage procedures andbaptism, origin, placeofbirth names, regional an invaluable source for andthe characteristics, andracial physical civil affiliation, status, residence, between a comparison ofthese datapermitted Analysis namesofowners. in which one party wereslavesand those in which bothparties marriages intheeffective enslavement resulted was Native American. Suchmarriages who prowithowners and priests female), oftheIndianpartner (usually But in suchenslavement. partners beingknowing motedsuchmarriages from resulting tensions as an escapevalvefor marriages also served these a consulted Goldschmidt women.Subsequently, ofAfrican theshortage of Metropolitana da Cutria source housedin theArquivo untapped largely to sexualmores ofthediocesantribunal referring Sao Paulo: theprocessos Onlyin 1985 bytheCouncilofTrent. that wouldnothavebeenapproved for Thedatabase tohistorians. did this become known rich documentation extramarital behavior, ofsexualdeviance, study Goldschmidt's fascinating cases consisted of262criminal and ecclesiastical at socialcontrol attempts concubinage, da carne" rape,assault, bestiality, of"delitos sodomy, (incest, thecaptaincy ofSao Paulo. inthecity ofSao Pauloandwithin andadultery) and civiltribunals vis-a-vis ofthis tribunal thejurisdiction Byestablishing GoldAmerica, with Spanish and bypositing comparisons theInquisition ofthe understanding to scholarly schmidt has madea major contribution the in 1719 the end of colonial Paulo from to period. andsexuality Sao family
noseculoXVIII(Sao Paulo:Hucitec, 1997).
emMinas Gerais Vidafamiliar famflias: 47. Luciano Raposo de Almeida Figueiredo,Barrocas
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Review Research Latin American Maria colonial, noBrasil de casamento to Sistema In herintroduction carthat "oparecer" observation Nizza da Silvamadetheperceptive Beatriz Sheunderlined society. incolonial as "oser" weight as much riedpractically these and hownuanced attitudes for colonial study ofthis theimportance and ofLaurade Melloe Souza,Lucianode Figueiredo, Theworks were.48 comofnon-European especially add tosocialhistory, ElianaGoldschmidt and judicial exercisesin legal history They also constitute munities. inthecolony. processes on theclaustration information also contain archives Archdiocesan Thearchive of and convents. houses(recolhimentos) ofwomen inretirement noviciapara contains do Riode Janeiro Metropolitana theCutria habilitaqoes dedespesas and livros religious, towomen pertaining portarias dos, episcopal ofthe Thebookofstatutes institutions andchurches. e receitas ofconventual Metinthe da Cutria is found Arquivo da DivinaProvidencia Recolhimento and an invenstatutes, ofentries, de Sao Paulo,as areregisters ropolitana de SantaTeresa. ThesedocuoftheRecolhimento tory ofthepossessions houses tostudy retirement havebeenusedbyLeilaMezanAlgranti ments inthesecondhalf in thesoutheast oftheeighteenth ofBrazil and convents of theArquivoda foundin themanuscripts Marydel Priore century.49 other sources) evidence from de Sao Paulo(alongwith Metropolitana Cuiria thatare towardfemalesexuality attitudes on contemporary material and learnedculbetweenpopularcultures and variations misogynistic to contribution and fascinating is a thought-provoking The result tures.50 collecthatmanuscript The fact ofwomenand ofmentalites. thehistory andinconinarchives ofcu'rias both be found should tions on recolhimentos whentheir historians confronting points up onedifficulty archives ventual is also This problem severalarchives. throughout sourcesare scattered with ofbrotherhoods. found archives are and convents, those ofbrotherhoods no lessthan Parish records, indiof archives of and archives cu'rias the private often among dispersed debatizados, casameninclude records registros Theseparish vidualparishes. A more data. their for consulted demographic andusually are andobitos tos, who emCastro Sheila de Faria, use of themwas made by imaginative and and marriage, marriage to examine virginity legitimacy, ployedthem the and conditions ofslaves, working socialcondition, children, foundling
colonial noBrasil decasamento (Sao Paulo:Editora Nizza da Silva,Sistema 48.MariaBeatriz de mistos "Casamentos ElianaMariaReaGoldschmidt, de Sao Paulo,1984); da Universidade de Sao Paulo,1986;and GoldUniversidade M.A. thesis, em Sao Paulo colonial," escravos (Sao Paulo: colonial paulista (1719-1822) na sociedade como pecado Convivendo schmidt, 1998). Annablume, nosconda col6nia: feminina mulheres Honradas e devotas, 49.LeilaMezanAlgranti, Condiqao 1993). Olympio, Jose (Riode Janeiro: 1750-1822 doBrasil, doSudeste e recolhimentos ventos noBrasil e mentalidades maternidades feminina, Condisio Aosuldocorpo: del Priore, 50.Mary 1993). Olympio, Jose (Riode Janeiro: col6nia
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OfparofBrazil.51 oflibertos andslavesinthesoutheast existence everyday and in an agrarian on wealthformation interest are herchapters ticular relaand thoseon socialand interpersonal environment slave (escravista) formuchofthedata on records She used parish tionsin casasde morada. come butmost datebackto1648, suchrecords Theearliest slavesand livres. Metda Cuiria century and arehousedin theArquivo theeighteenth from ArtheMitra Cutria ofRio de Janeiro), de Campos(in thestate ropolitana and theCuiria ofRio de Janeiro), (also in thestate de Niteroi quidiocesana byexwerecomplemented de Nova Iguacu.Theserecords Metropolitana in nonmortem post de sesmarias and inventarios on cartas research tensive archives. parochial andConvents Monasteries has elapsedsinceCarlosOttbeganhis syshalfa century Almost of and churches convents, in thearchives ofmonasteries, research tematic ofcolonial and thehistory socialhistory on thecity's Bahiafor information acgreater gaining yearshaveseenscholars Thelastthirty Brazilian art.52 AnnaAmeliaViera and elsewhere. inSalvador archives cesstoconventual de SantaClara do of theConvento minedthericharchive Nascimento ofthePoorClaresinSalstudy inhercomprehensive inSalvador Desterro in Riode Janeiro and Lisbonas wellas ecclevador. Shealso used sources inSalvador.53 LeilaMezan archives andpublic municipal, private, siastical, in Rio de archives workhas drawnon conventual pioneering Algranti's Minas Gerais de Santa Teresa), da Ajuda, Convento (Convento Janeiro and Sao Paulo das Macaubas), da Conceicao de Nossa Senhora (Convento deo'bitos, e professoes andregistros deentradas Thelivros da Luz).54 (Convento on information provideimportant withadministrative records, together as well as within convents and hierarchization socialstructures, families, fees women paying andolder women ofyoung (educandas) onthenumbers initial their ofwomentaking and theincidence as boarders (porcionistas) preto). vows(deve'u and final branco) vows(deve'u
(Rio colonial nocotidiano efamilia Fortuna A col6nia emmovimento: Faria, 51.Sheilade Castro 1998). Nova Fronteira, de Janeiro: GeodoInstituto da Bahia," Revista de S. Francisco do Convento 52.CarlosOtt, "O claustro do Convento dos Guardiaes andOtt, "O Livro daBahia, no.68 (1942):91-98; e Hist6rico grdfico daBahia, no.69 (1943):1-58. e Historico doInstituto Geogrdfico da Bahia," Revista de S. Francisco in themiddle was consulted de SantaClara do Desterro do Convento 53. TheArquivo Casada The Santa andPhilanthropists: Fidalgos byA. J. R. Russell-Wood, 1970s andearly 1960s "TheSocialand 1968); bySusanSoeiro, (London: Macmillan, 1550-1755 of Bahia, Misericdrdia Hispanic and Nuns in ColonialBahia,1677-1800," Women Economic RoleoftheConvent: NasciVieira and byAnnaAm6lia Historical Review 54,no. 2 (May 1974):209-32; American da Bahia, do Desterro do Convento clarissas As enclausuradas e religido: mento, Patriarcado Estadual 1994). da Cultura, 1677-1890 (Bahia:Conselho e devotas. Honradas 54.LeilaMezanAlgranti,
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Review Research Latin American infinancial rich and monasterial archives areespecially Conventual oftheconon thepatrimo^nio valuableinformation which provide records, and transactions, commercial businessinvestments, ventor monastery, Theyalso throwlighton financial owned by the institution. property loans and themaking ofsecured debtsand debtcollection, arrangements, and social and the identities as collateral what was offered (including playeda majorrole and monasteries Convents of guarantors). standing provide dereceitas e despesas Livros inthecolony. ofbanks given theabsence thepursuchcommunities: ofdailyliving for oncosts information detailed theupwagesand salaries; and medicines; chaseoffood, wood,clothing, ofa botica. Thesesources also and eventheoperation keepofthebuilding; for doces and licores. intodietand evenrecipes offer insight andrecremuch tobe learned aboutcultural With remains convents, dehad opportunities activities and howwomenin suchconvents ational canbe derived muros. Muchofa nonconventual nature niedtowomen extra wife including and spousalrelations, relations gender from suchrecords: leadtowomen placedinconbeing discord that might abuseand domestic authorities ora ofcivilor ecclesiastical on theorder or recolhimentos vents do entitled "Requerimento husband. refers to one suchpetition, Algranti SilvaAndrade seja enviadaparao Recolpedindoque sua mulher capitao himento de Sao Raimundo."55 Brotherhoods e aumentada")of A pesquisa When the second edition("revista observed: "Nao noBrasil in1969, Rodrigues Jose Honorio histo'rica appeared ser a excepcionalmente."56 existem s6bre arquivos, nao estes informaq6es in hisbibliography. The lastthirty He was able to listonlytenreferences in studies ofbrotherhoods. an explosion Portuguese havewitnessed years a survey limited toSanIsabeldos Guimaraes Sa in1997conducted scholar theworld.She drewon elevendifthroughout tas Casas da Misericordia and assembled sometwenty-five pagesofbibliography.57 ferent archives may be brotherhood registers records, As is trueof conventual theArsuch as archives, in more than one location. Ecclesiastical housed house discrete de often Diamantina, da quivo Eclesiastico Arquidiocese or thatdisappeared ofbrotherhood archives all thatsurvives volumes,58
doc.II,33,19,28. 55.Biblioteca Riode Janeiro, Secaode Manuscritos, Nacional, hist6rica noBrasil Editora (Sao Paulo:Companhia A pesquisa 56.Jos6 Hon6rio Rodrigues, Nacional, 1969), p. 201. e poder noimcaridade sefazpobre: Miseric6rdias, Sa, Quando o rico 57.Isabeldos Guimaraes dos DescobriNacional paraas Comemoracoes (Lisboa:Comissao 1550-1800 perio portugues, 1997). mentos Portugueses, See inbrotherhoods. ontheroleofwomen byLuciano Figueiredo consulted 58.Thesewere da mem6ria, 152-67. his0 avesso
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Often roofs. and leaking ofants, theravages to humanneglect, fell victim in also tobe found (compromissos), tothestatutes arelimited suchholdings ofsuchdocuwheredrafts in Lisbon, Ultramarino Historico theArquivo onbrothpapers internal In OuroPreto, approval. royal for weresent ments Arquivo Dias orthe deAntonio da Matriz Arquivo arehoused inthe erhoods still across volumes maychance researcher Yeta diligent do Pilar. da Matriz toceninOuroPreto Theeffort hands. inchurches oreveninprivate housed elsebuthasnotbeenemulated is commendable documentation this tralize volumes andmanuscript Thevariation inthequality ofconservation where. the from ranging colony, inthe ofsuchbrotherhoods the variety recalls today TerOrdens SantasCasas da Misericordia, and long-lasting wealthy, elitist, and to thetransitory Sacramento do Santissimo and theIrmandade ceiras, ofpersons a dozenmembers no more than ofsometimes poorbrotherhoods Casas and Ordens oftheSantas Archives slaveand free. ofAfrican descent, ingoodcondition andreasonsources that areoften areinvaluable Terceiras de oftheIrmandade thoseofbranches Byway ofcontrast, ablycomplete. mayhaveonly de Catagerona Antonio orofSanto do Rosario NossaSenhora deentradas deirmaos. oflivros oneortwovolumes ofsuchbrotherhoods, dimensions The focus on theadministrative ofthegovand deliberations elections, ofadmissions, based on registers for collections to usingthesemanuscript board(mesa), has shifted erning records to fiscal areturning Historians content. socialand economic their and to and artistic works, for architectural to contracts for pricehistories, intereliteformation, rollsfor socialand racialstratification, membership of in thecase ofpersons origins and ethnic immigration, grouprelations, has used Casimiro Bittencourt Ana Palmira In Salvador, descent. African on aesinan intriguing study Order ofSt.Francis oftheThird thearchives ofa hierarchy amongsuchbrotherTheexistence thetics and mentalites.59 SacraThirdOrders, Santissimo the Misericordia, from hoods ranging of blacksand mulattos brotherhoods and Rosarioto thesmaller mento, whites between and groupinteraction colonialsociety studying permits in rites In a fascinating descent. studyoffuneral ofAfrican and persons Bahia, Joao JoseReis drew heavilyon such early-nineteenth-century Nossa Senhorado in Bahia: the Santa Casa da Misericordia, archives da theIgrejade Nossa Senhora do Carmo, dos Pretos das Portas Rosario and St. of St. Dominic, the Third Orders Francis, da and Praia, Conceiqao of thedetailed study havepermitted Theserichsources theCarmelites.60
da Bahia,1996). Grafica do Estadoda Bahiaand Empresa tural 1991). das Letras, (Sao Paulo:Companhia
A Venerdvel e est6tica na Bahia colonial: Casimiro,Mentalidade 59. Ana Palmira Bittencourt da sua igreja(Salvador: Fundacao Culde Assis e o frontispicio de Sao Francisco OrdemTerceira popularno Brasilno seculoXIX e revolta Ritosfiunebres e umafesta: 60. JoaoJos6Reis, A morte
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Research Review Latin American VilaRicaby in eighteenth-century between blacksand mulattos relations de Aguiar.61 Magalhaes Marcos realizedby rehas yetto be fully The potential of thesearchives inthemanuscript that couldbe pursued collechowever. Topics searchers, pharmaand ThirdOrdersincludeepidemiology, tionsofbrotherhoods widows, medical child care, orphans, andfoundling health, copoeia, public prices, price history, landuse and property services, practices and hospital slavery andmanuand surgeons), (doctors medical personnel professional musicand musipractices, inheritance and ceremonies, mission, rituals issuescouldalso be researched. Broader societal and philanthropy. cians, in theArevenfoundan exampleof hagiography Leila Mezan Algranti singulares sobrefatos da Luz in Sao Paulo,the"Carta quivodo Convento of is virtually no field no nascimento de madreHelena."There ocorridos archives. rich that be studied usingthese colonial history cannot Records Notarial resource the"new" archival archives) represent Cartorios (notarial Therichness ofthis years. on thesceneinthelasttwenty that hasexploded overseas is unparalleled foranyother European documentation juridical sofor tobe indispensable sources Thesedocuments haveproven empire. of in reconstructing thedailylife cialhistorians ofcolonial Brazil, notably knowmore aboutthevidacotidiana historians probably slaves.As a result, ofslavesand free ofcolorin thecolonialperiodthanaboutany persons this described ofcolonial other sector society. SilviaHunoldLarahasaptly aindaque filda falaescrava, uma aproximaqao source, "que nos permite signifcriminais areespecially Theprocessos trada pela penado escrivdo."62 to inparallax: inan exercise icant becausethey historians toengage permit and ofmultiple business owners, theperspectives (owners, persons study dynamics. interpersonal and to examine slaves)on thesame occurrence de inquiriafo de escravos provide detailson slave flights. fugidos The autos as thosehoused in the Arquivosdos Rare are collections as complete ofCampos do e Oficios ofthecity Segundo, Terceiro Cartorios Primeiro, dedevassa, of autos is enormous: Thevariety (theold Vilade Sao Salvador). de e e autos de de apelayioagravo; deapreensao perguntas, sumarios testemunhas, czveis partes, autos de de e entre pronuncia prisao agravo crime injusta livramento; de autos partes, czveis dejustificaa4o entre autos deexecuqao entre czveis partes, e de de comidelibelo entre czvelcrime partes, querela, dedezdiasentre partes, aafo delivramento. deapelayTo e agravo, and autos crimes nayio,
entre A sociabilidade confrarial de Aguiar, "VilaRicados confrades: 61.Marcos Magalhaes de Sao Paulo,1993. XVIII," Universidade negros e mulatos no s6culo M.A.thesis, doRiodeJaneiro, daviolencia: e senhores naCapitania Escravos 62.SilviaHunoldLara,Campos Paz e Terra, 1988), 24. 1750-1808 (Riode Janeiro:
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SilviaHunoldLaratotakeup the havepermitted Thesedocuments slavofBrazilian orharshness debateon thesoftness old historiographical and and slavery, ofviolence context itin theconceptual byrephrasing ery ofslavery (namely from historians touched byattention in a region rarely Fariawas era).Sheilade Castro inthelatecolonial Camposdos Goitacases do 1 Oficio denotas oftheCartorio livro abletouse a seventeenth-century to archive ina private do Sul (1652-1693) da Paraiba de Notasda Capitania oflands(arrenleasing on purchases and salesoflands, obtain information For her and manumissions. gifts, adoptions, and aforamentos), damentos Faria descent, ofAfrican and persons patterns, marriage bookon customs, do Sul of da Paraiba mortem for theCapitania inventarios post also consulted de NotasofCampos.63 2?e 3?Oficios do 1?, theCartorios
CONCLUSION
imshouldnotgive theerroneous of archives Thiscategorization source. witha singlearchival deal exclusively thatresearchers pression that corpus tohavea documentary researcher ofevery While itis thedream historians is that thereality theprimary a study,64 willprovide source for in partto computer-generated multiple archives-thanks usuallyconsult and pubmaybe a mixofprivate Thesearchives and theInternet. catalogs Theway and ecclesiastical. ofsecular and municipal, state, lic,ofnational, is wellillustrated archives drawon multiple in which modern researchers da Terra, studyNegros revisionist acclaimed ManuelMonteiro's by John inthePaulista econoflabor ontheroleofIndians as sources which focuses drewon priMonteiro centuries. thesixteenth totheeighteenth omyfrom and theBiblioteca Societatis Jesu Romanum sources intheArchivum mary in Rome);and on theAr"Vittorio Emmanuele" (both NazionaleCentrale do and theBiblioteca Nacional, theBiblioteca Ultramarino, quivoHistorico inEvora. He alsoconlibrary public andthe Palacioda Ajuda(allinLisbon), Diocearchives (Cuirias archives: ecclesiastical sulted ofBrazilian a variety andthe andofSorocaba; ofJundiai, ofMogidas Cruzes, sanasofGuarulhos, archives and Sao Paulo);state (Sao ofRiode Janeiro Cutrias Metropolitanas archives archives (Sao Paulo,Mogidas Cruzes);notarial Paulo);municipal and and theMuseu do Ipiranga); museums(Taubate, Jundiai, (Jundiai); in Sao Paulo and de EstudosBrasileiros (theInstituto historical institutes inRiode Janeiro).65 Brasileiro e Geografico theInstituto Historico
emmovimento. Faria, A col6nia 63.Sheilade Castro inthe Piblicodo Estadoda Arquivo mortem post is thecorpus ofinventdrios 64.Anexample examined B.J. Barickman da Cachoeira. Regional Arquivo andinthe Bahia(SecaoJudiciaria) Rec6ninthe andSlapery Tobacco, Cassava, Sugar, A Bahian Counterpoint: ofthem for a thousand 1998). Press, University Calif.: Stanford (Stanford, 1780-1860 cavo, deSaoPaulo(Sao nasorigens da terra: Indios e bandeirantes Negros ManuelMonteiro, 65.John 1995). das Letras, Paulo:Companhia
101
Latin American Research Review Thisessayis self-evidently a highly selective survey a vold'oiseau. It makesno claimto completeness. As for primary sources, grossomissions includeprivate collections, archives created withthearrival oftheroyal court (suchas theArquivo do Exercito, founded in 1808), archives ofhistorical museums and historical institutes (especially theInstituto Historico e Geografico founded in1838), Brasileiro, and therich ofthe Arcollections quivo Historicode Itamarati (underutilized by historians of colonial Brazil). Theregional nature ofpublishing inBrazil inbooksthat results are published inSalvador, Recife, orBelemrarely beingdistributed for sale in Sao Paulo,BeloHorizonte, orRiode Janeiro and viceversa. the Moreover, runfor publication a bookoncolonial is likely tobe pegged Brazil ata thousandcopies orless, a situation that toanyinevitably posesa major challenge one attempting to survey national historical on thecolonial production Atthe period. anddoctoral master's the levels, absence ofanannual national guidetodissertations is regrettable. Myintention hasbeentosurvey those archives that arebeing most usedbythecurrent ofBrazilian hisgeneration torians with an emphasis onmanuscript thecreative collections, andimaginativeways in whichthey are beingconsulted and interpreted, and the ofthisinformation sharing and books.Theenergy through articles apparinsuchresearch, ent the intellectual the curiosity, ofthe methosophistication dologiesand conceptualization of questions, and theoverwhelming deonmanuscript inBrazilian pendency collections archives as primary sources all testify tothevitality ofstudies ofcolonial Brazil scholars. byBrazilian
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Thiscompilation covers monographs and dissertations heavily based on archival research, with onstudies emphasis scholars 1983 to1999. Itis notintended byBrazilian from as a complete bibliography.
ACERVO, REVISTA DO ARQUIVO
1997 Acervo: doArquivo Revista Nacional 10,no. 1 (Jan.-June). Specialissuededicated to Portuguese archival sources on colonial Brazil. 1993 "VilaRica dos confrades: A sociabilidade confrarial entre negros e mulatos no s6culo XVIII."M.A.thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo.
MAGALHAES DE
NACIONAL
AGUIAR, MARCOS
ALGRANTI, LEILA MEZAN
1988 "SlaveCrimes: TheUse ofPolicePowertoControl theSlavePopulation ofRiode Janeiro." Luso-Brazilian Review 25,no.1 (Summer):27-48. 1993 Honradas e devotas, mulheres da col6nia: Condicao feminina nosconventos e recolhimentosdoSudeste doBrasil, 1750-1822. Riode Janeiro: Jos6 Olympio. 1999 Perfil do leitor colonial. Salvadorand Ilh6us:Universidade Federalda Bahiaand Universidade Estadual de SantaCruz. 1996 "After theMining Boom:Demographic inMariandEconomic ofSlavery Aspects 1750-1808." LARR ana,MinasGerais, 31,no.1:67-97.
MARIA FERNANDA
ARAUJO, JORGE DE SOUZA
BERGAD, LAIRD W.
BICALHO,
1997
0 Riode Janeiro "A cidadee o imperio: na dinamica colonial s6culos portuguesa, XVIIe XVIII."Ph.D.diss., Universidade de Sao Paulo.
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da historia do parao pesquisador de interesse dearquivos portugueses 1995 Roteiro-sumdrio Lus6fonas. Universitarias Edicoes Brasil. Lisbon: no Arquivo existentes a Minas Gerais relativos avulsos dos manuscritos 1998 Inventdrio Fundac,ao MinasGerais: BeloHorizonte, 3 volumes. (Lisboa). Historico Ultramarino Hist6ricos e Culturais. Centro de Estudos Pinheiro, Joao
CIRO FLAMARION S. CAIO C., ED.
BOSCHI,
CARDOSO,
in Brazil."Lusoin theSlave System: New Developments 1988 "The PeasantBreach 25,no.1 (Summer):49-57. Brazilian Review de deSio Francisco Ordem Terceira A Venerdvel e estetica naBahia colonial: 1996 Mentalidade do Estadoda Bahia Fundac,oCultural Salvador: da sua igreja. Assis e o frontispfcio da Bahia. Grafica and Empresa seculo Brasil, nosudeste escravista, Os significados da liberdade do silencio: 1995 Das cores Nacional. Arquivo XIX.Riode Janeiro:
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CASIMIRO,
CASTRO, HEBE MARIA MATTOS DE
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no Brasil. de escravos Sao Paulo: sobre os nao-proprietdrios Umestudo 1992 Arraia-miuda: MGSPEditora.
GUTIERREZ
COSTA, IRACI DEL NERO DA, AND HORACIO FARIA, SHEILA DE CASTRO
Economicas. de Pesquisas 1798-1830. Sao Paulo:Instituto dehabitantes, 1985 Parand:Mapas
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Brazilian Archives and Recent Historiography on Colonial Brazil Author(s): A. J. R. Russell-Wood Source: Latin American Research Review, Vol.

BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES AND RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY ON COLONIAL BRAZIL* A. J.R. Russell-Wood

da Ame'rica Histo'ria Portuguesa (Lisbon, 1730) by Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta,

Review Research LatinAmerican

da do faroeste e ingratos do Brasil,naquelestemposheroicos historia quantoestesexistiamnos arquivos, penetrar pesquisa.Eraumabatalha

THE NEW HISTORY

Review Research LatinAmerican

ALGRANTI, LEILA MEZAN

ARAUJO, JORGE DE SOUZA

CASTRO, HEBE MARIA MATTOS DE

COSTA, IRACI DEL NERO DA

Economicas. de Pesquisas 1798-1830. Sao Paulo:Instituto dehabitantes, 1985 Parand:Mapas

FURTADO, JUNIA FERREIRA

GRINBERG, KEILA GUIMARAES,

LatinAmerican Research Review

LARA, SILVIA HUNOLD

MARTINS, ROBERTO BORGES, AND AMILCAR MARTINS FILHO

MARTINS FILHO, AMILCAR, AND ROBERTO BORGES MARTINS

MELLO, EVALDO CABRAL DE

MOTTA, JOSE FLAVIO

PRIORE, MARY DEL

a Vieira.Rio de Janeiro: do indiode Caminha A representasao Imagensda colonizaqao:

REIS, JOAO JOSE

das Letras. Companhia

no Brasil. Second edition. Sao Paulo: Companhia Editora A pesquisa historica

Brazil." ofColonial totheHistoriography Scholarly Contributions States 1985 "United

SA, ISABEL DOS GUIMARAES

SALVADOR, JOAO GONcALVES

SILVA, MARIA BEATRIZ NIZZA DA

no.2 (July-Dec.):187-204. tion. Lisbon: Estampa. Estampa.

de D. Maria I e de D. JoaoVI. Second edino Brasilna e'poca Vidaprivada e quotidiana

SOUSA, AVANETE PEREIRA

SOUZA, IARA LIS CARVALHO

do Estadode Sao Paulo. da Universidade Editora

SOUZA, LAURA DE MELLO E

das Letras. atlantico. 1993 Inferno Sao Paulo:Companhia

A heresia no Brasilcolonial. Rio de Janeiro: e rebeldia Compandos indios:Catolicismo

Nova Fronteira. Janeiro:

Rio de no Brasil.Third printing. e Inquisiyio dos pecados:Moral,sexualidade Tropico

no Brasilde Pombala D. Joao(1777-1808). Brasilia: Funportuguesa Administrasao

do Servidor de Formaqdo (FUNCEP). Publico daqdoCentro

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