International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &

; ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), pp. 44-53 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
IAEME

DECENTRALIZED STABILIZATION OF A CLASS OF LARGE SCALE BILINEAR INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM BY OPTIMAL CONTROL
Ranjana Kumari1,
1

Ramanand Singh2

(Department of Electrical Engineering, Bhagalpur College of Engineering, P.O. Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210, Bihar, India) 2 (Department of Electrical Engineering (Retired Professor), Bhagalpur College of Engineering, P.O. Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210, Bihar, India)

ABSTRACT A computationally simple aggregation procedure based on Algebraic Riccati Equation when the interaction terms of each subsystem of a large scale linear interconnected system are aggregated with the state matrix has been very recently reported in literature. The same has been extended for large scale bilinear interconnected system. Optimal controls generated from the solution of the Algebraic Riccati Equations for the resulting decoupled subsystems are the desired decentralized stabilizing controls which guarantee the stability of the composite system with nearly optimal response and minimum cost of control energy. The procedure has been illustrated numerically. Keywords: Aggregation, decentralized, decoupled, optimal control. 1. INTRODUCTION Decentralized stabilization of large scale linear, bilinear, non-linear and stochastic interconnected systems etc. have been studied by various methods. The aim of the present work is to continue the further study of a computationally simple method in which the interaction terms of each subsystem is aggregated with the state matrix resulting in complete decoupling of the subsystems so that the decentralized stabilizing feedback control gain coefficients can be computed very easily. Two methods of aforesaid aggregation have been reported in the literature. The first method based on Liapunov function has been studied in [1] in which the basic methodology has been developed for linear interconnected system and the same has been extended for non-linear interconnected system in [2] and stochastic interconnected system in [12]. But there are two drawbacks in the method. The method requires the solution of linear algebraic equations for generating Liapunov function
44

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

for the interaction free part of each subsystem of order . Secondly, if the interaction free parts are unstable, these have to be first stabilized by local controls. After a long gap, these two drawbacks were removed in [3] where the basic methodology for linear interconnected system was developed and the same was extended for stochastic bilinear interconnected system in [4] and stochastic linear interconnected system in [5]. This aggregation method is based on Algebraic Riccati equation for the interaction free part and requires the solution of only 1 non-linear algebraic equations for the interaction free part of the subsystem of order by using the simple method in [6]. The method was further improved in [7]. However, after another long gap, the present authors in [8] have observed very recently that in the aggregation procedure of the above authors in [3]-[7], there is a major gap affecting the results. This has been illustrated considering the case of [3] and [7] .The same is reproduced here for ready reference. In the aggregation procedure of [3],[7], the authors have considered the following inequalities:

In [3]: In [7]:

in (1a) and in (2a) are obtained as where the real symmetric positive definite matrices the solution of the algebraic Riccati equation for the interaction free part of the subsystem. results from the majorisation of the interaction terms and is a real positive definite diagonal matrix. It follows that is a real symmetric positive definite matrix whose all elements are positive. Hence the Eigen values of are all real and positive. In (1a), is the minimum Eigen value of . In (2a), is the maximum Eigen value of . The inequalities (1a) and (2a) cannot be true since is not a diagonal matrix and its elements are all positive. Hence the above said major gap in the aggregation procedure of [3]-[7] based on Algebraic Riccati Equation when the interaction terms of each subsystem of a large scale interconnected system are aggregated with the state matrix has been removed very recently by the present authors in [8] by suggesting an alternative computationally simple aggregation procedure. In [8] the basic methodology has been developed for large scale linear interconnected system. The aim of the present work is to extend the same for large scale bilinear interconnected system. The class of bilinear interconnected system considered is the same as in [9]. On aggregation, the resulting decoupled subsystems have the same form as in [8]. Hence as in [8] the optimal controls generated from the solution of the Algebraic Riccati Equations for the decoupled subsystems are the desired decentralized stabilizing controls which stabilize the composite system with nearly optimal response and minimum cost of control energy. The procedure has been illustrated numerically for a large scale bilinear system consisting of three subsystems each of second order as in [9]. II PROBLEM FORMULATION As in [9], a large scale time-invariant system is considered with bilinear interconnection: ,, , 1, 2, , ,
45

(1a) (2a)

1, 1,

(1)

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

In (1), in the interaction-free part of the subsystem, is the 1 state vector, the scalar control, is coefficient matrix and is the 1 driving vector. It is assumed that ( , ) is in companion form. In the interaction terms, is the 1 state vector, are constant real matrices, is an 1 constant real vector, is an 1 state vector and as in [9], it is assumed that: , 1, 2, , , 1, 2, ,

where , are positive constants. The problem to be studied is the determination of the decentralized (1 x ni) state feedback control gain vector for generating the decentralized control: for each of the subsystem of equation (1) such that the composite system is stabilized with optimal response and minimum cost of control energy. It is known that the optimal feedback control for the interaction-free part of the subsystem of equation (1) which minimizes the quadratic performance criterion:

, 1, 2, ,

(2)

III.

AGGREGATION-DECOMPOSITION AND DECOUPLED SUBSYSTEMS

(3)

is given by:

with:

where is an real symmetric positive definite matrix given as the solution of the Algebraic Riccati equation: In the equations (3), (4) and (5), is a positive constant and is an real symmetric positive definite matrix. Hence it follows that:

, 1, 2, ,

(4)

(5)

(6)

Hence for the interconnected subsystems in (1), (proof in Appendix 1):

,, 2

(7)

46

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

Interaction terms in (7) can be bounded as (proof in Appendix 2): where is an real positive definite diagonal matrix whose elements depend upon the elements of , , , , . The term in the R.H.S. of inequality (8) can be bounded as (proof in Appendix 3): where is a real and positive number given by: 2 (9)
,,2

(8)

is the lowest diagonal element of and is the highest diagonal element of real positive definite diagonal matrix which is given by:

(10)

where , 1, 2, . . . , and is the element in the row and column of . Using (8) and (9), the equation (7) is converted to the following inequality:
2

The inequality (11) can be replaced by an equation by replacing by another real symmetric positive definite matrix :
2

(11)

(12)

which is reduced to the following equation (Appendix 4):

where:

This is the Algebraic Riccati equation for the decoupled subsystems: , 1, 2, , (14)

(13)

If (14) is compared with (1), it is observed that the effects of interactions have been aggregated as into the coefficient matrix of the interaction free part of the subsystem so that the N interconnected subsystems have been decomposed into the N decoupled subsystems of (14).
47

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

The positive number is, therefore, designated as interaction coefficient and the procedure is called aggregation-decomposition. in equation (14) is the modified coefficient matrix of the subsystem incorporating the maximum possible interaction effects. Hence the decentralized stabilization of interconnected subsystems in (1) implies the stabilization of decoupled subsystems in (14). It is noted that , in (14) is not in companion form. Hence on applying similarity transformation [10]: being an transformation matrix, subsystems (14) are transformed to: where , is in companion form. Referring to [11], the optimal control function , which minimizes the quadratic performance criteria so that the subsystems (15) and hence (14) are stabilized with optimal response and minimum cost of control energy, is given by:

IV.

DECENTRALIZED STABILIZATION BY OPTIMAL FEEDBACK CONTROL

, 1, 2, ,

(15)

is the solution of the Algebraic Riccati equation: In equation (16),

, , 1,2, ,

(16)

Hence the decentralized stabilizing control gain vectors to generate the controls as per equation (2), which guarantees the stability of the interconnected subsystems (1), are optimal control gain vectors for the decoupled subsystems (14) and are given by (16). Response will be slightly deviated from the optimal and cost of control energy slightly higher than minimum due to majorization. V. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

(17)

The class of bilinear interconnected system consisting of three subsystems each of second order as in [9] is considered corresponding to (1) as follows: 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 0.3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0.2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0.1 0 1 0.5
48

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

With and 1, on solving the Algebraic Riccati equations corresponding to (5), values of , , are obtained as: 1.0124228 0.0125 1.06458 , 0.0125 0.126553 0.066667 1.0954451 0.1 0.1 0.1095441 0.001875 0 0 0.05 , 0.0157 0 0.066667 , 0.070972

Solving the inequality (8) , , are computed as:

, , are then computed. Hence, one gets: 0.0019, 0.0067, 0.0093 and 1.0249, 1.1312, 1.1954. Then using (10), 9.2692 4, 0.0030, 0.0039. Hence the three decoupled subsystems corresponding to (14) are obtained. Then with the transformation matrices: 0.0125 0 0.0667 0 , 0.0002 0.0125 0 0.100 , 0.0667 0.0004 1.0000 0.0078 0 0.100

0.0067 0 , 0 0.0093

0 0.0176

co-efficient matrices of the transformed decoupled subsystems corresponding to (15) are obtained as: 0 0 1.0000 0 , 0.0019 0 1.0000 0 , 0.0060 0

, are computed by solving (17). Finally, corresponding to (16), the desired , Hence decentralized stabilizing control gain vectors are computed as: 0.0125 0.0127, 0.0670 0.1159, 0.1007 0.174 CONCLUSION

VI.

Computationally simple aggregation procedure developed for large scale linear interconnected system in [8] to remove the major gap in literature has been successfully extended for large scale bilinear interconnected system. The desired decentralized feedback co-efficients generated from the solution of the Algebraic Riccati equations for the resulting transformed decoupled subsystems will guarantee the stability of the composite system with optimal response and minimum cost of control energy with slight deviation due to majorization of the interaction terms. The results can be further extended for non-linear and stochastic interconnected systems and even for time varying, uncertain and robust control interconnected systems and for the case with output feedback and pole-placement. The results can also be applied for improvement of dynamic and transient stability of multi-machine power systems etc. The procedure of the paper can be computerized and hence is applicable for higher order systems.

49

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

REFERENCES Journal Papers [1] [2] A K Mahalanabis and R Singh, On decentralized feedback stabilization of large-scale interconnected systems, International Journal of Control, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1980, 115-126. A K Mahalanabis and R Singh, On the analysis and improvement of the transient stability of multi-machine power systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 4, April 1981, 1574-80. K Patralekh and R Singh, Stabilization of a class of large scale linear system by suboptimal decentralized feedback control, Institution of Engineers, Vol. 78, September 1997, 28-33. K Patralekh and R Singh, Stabilization of a class of stochastic bilinear interconnected system by suboptimal decentralized feedback controls, Sadhana, Vol. 24, Part 3, June 1999, 245-258. K Patralekh and R Singh, Stabilization of a class of stochastic linear interconnected system by suboptimal decentralized feedback controls, Institution of Engineers, Vol. 84, July 2003, 33-37. R Singh, Optimal feedback control of Linear Time-Invariant Systems with Quadratic criterion, Institution of Engineers, Vol. 51, September 1970, 52-55. B C Jha, K Patralekh and R Singh, Decentralized stabilizing controllers for a class of largescale linear systems, Sadhana, Vol. 25, Part 6, December 2000, 619-630 Ranjana kumari and R singh, Decentralized Stabilization of a class of large scale linear interconnected system by optimal control, International Journal of Electrical Engineering and technology(IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 3, May June 2013, pp.156-166 Siljak, D.D.,and Vukcevic, M.B. (1977), Decentrally stabilizable linear and bilinear largescale systems, International Journal of Control, Vol.26, pp.289-305.

[3] [4] [5]

[6] [7] [8]

[9]

Books: [10] B C Kuo, Automatic Control Systems, (PHI, 6th Edition, 1993), 222-225. [11] D G Schultz and J L Melsa, State Functions and Linear Control Systems, (McGraw Hill Book Company Inc, 1967). Proceeding papers [12] A K Mahalanabis and R singh, On the stability of Interconnected Stochastic Systems, 8th IFAC World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 1981, No. 248

APPENDIX 1 To derive the equation (7), equation (6) is rewritten:

Hence for the interaction-free parts of the subsystems in (1)

50

(Since is a scalar)

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

Thus for the bilinear interconnected subsystem in (1)

,, 2

2 ,,

2 2 ,,

For the N bilinear interconnected subsystems (1)

,,2

APPENDIX 2 To derive the inequality (8), it is noted that:

2 2

If the multiplications are carried out in the RHS one gets the terms of the form:
2 r a a x x x ;

Where r represents the , element of the matrix and aijvw the v, wth element of the matrix and: |xv| x2 1 x2 2 x2 3 x2 x2 2 x |x |
1

which can be bounded as below : 2 r a a x x x r a a x x |x |

i, j 1,2, , N; w, v 1, 2, , ; w 1,2, , .

It is then possible to get the inequality:

where and are diagonal matrices whose elements are real non-negative numbers depending upon the values of and the elements of the matrices , and ai. It then follows that the following inequality must hold:
51

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME
,, 2 ,, ,, ,, 2 ,, 2 ,, ,, where 2 = , = , taking Dil = 0, a null matrix. ,,2

Hence: ,, 2 ,,2

APPENDIX 3

where is in general a real positive definite diagonal matrix.

In order to prove that 2 , it is noted that:

= =

Since is a real symmetric positive definite matrix: , , 1, 2, ,

/2 /2 , (where ) 0 0 0 0 0 =

/2 /2 /2 /2 /2

52

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

where:

It is noted that Si is a real positive definite diagonal matrix.

r 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 r

where is the highest diagonal element of Si. Now referring to Appendix 2, since Mi also is a real positive definite diagonal matrix, , where is the lowest diagonal element of 2 2 2
2 , where is a real and positive number

APPENDIX 4

We have equation (12)

where
1

1 1 1 1

which is the Algebraic Riccati equation for the decoupled subsystems: , 1, 2, , where

53