Assignment No.

402

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The main goals of International Labour Organization (ILO) include, among others, the promotion of rights at work, encouraging of decent employment opportunities, enhancement of social protection and strengthening of dialogue on work related issues. To achieve these main goals, ILO has enacted core conventions related to labour standards. Critically evaluate these core conventions enacted by ILO, and explain how the conventions help to achieve the main goals of ILO.

Introduction International Labour Organization is specialized agency of the United Nations system which seeks the promotion of social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights. The mission of the ILO is To Promote Opportunities for men and women to obtain decent and productive work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity, which is summed up by the expression Decent Work as a Global Goal. With that context ILO is the specialized agency of the United Nations system which seeks the promotion of social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights. International Labour Organization maintains and develops a system of international labour standards (ILSs). ILSs are aimed at promoting opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity. This article concentrates about how labour standards are help to achieve main goals of the ILO.

International Labour Standards (ILS) ILSs are legal instruments drawn up by the ILOs constituents (governments, employers and workers) setting out basic principles and rights at work. ILSs take two forms: Conventions-: These are legally binding international treaties that are subject to ratification by member States. Recommendations-: Which serve as non-binding guidelines

In many cases, a Convention lays down the basic principles to be implemented by ratifying countries, while a related Recommendation supplements the Convention by providing more detailed guidelines on its implementation. Here the consideration goes up to the core conventions enacted by the ILO and how those aimed at to achieve main goals of ILO.

Assignment No. 402 The Eight Fundamental Conventions of ILO

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Freedom of Association and Effective Recognition of the right to collective bargaining 1. 2. Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87) Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)

The elimination of all forms of forced labour or compulsory labour 3. 4. Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)

The effective abolition of child labour 5. 6. Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)

The elimination on discrimination in respect of employment and occupation 7. 8. Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)

Although there are eight core conventions enacted by ILO, we should have to understand how these conventions are supports to achieve main goals of the ILO. The arrangement of this article will be orientated accordingly to the main goals and supported conventions for each goal.

Mission and Goals (Objectives) of the ILO Promoting decent work for all men and women under the tripartite structure (Government, Employers, and Workers) is the mission of ILO. ILO has formulated four main strategic objectives to achieve above stated mission of ILO. 1. 2. 3. 4. Promote and realize standards and fundamental principles and rights at work Create greater opportunities for women and men to decent employment and income Enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all Strengthen tripartism and social dialogue

Assignment No. 402 Discussion

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Decent work in the sense the availability of employment in conditions of freedom, equity, human security and dignity. ILO is in the process of promoting decent work for all men and women through the standards for labour and work. ILO has considered four areas in working environment to promote decent work. Creating Jobs an economy that generates opportunities for investment, entrepreneurship, skills development, job creation and sustainable livelihoods Guaranteeing rights at work to obtain recognition and respect for the rights of workers. All workers, and in particular disadvantaged or poor workers, need representation, participation, and laws that work for their interests. Extending social protection To promote both inclusion and productivity by ensuring that women and men enjoy working conditions that are safe, allow adequate free time and rest, take into account family and social values, provide for adequate compensation in case of lost or reduced income and permit access to adequate healthcare. Promoting social dialogue Involving strong and independent workers and employers' organizations is central to increasing productivity, avoiding disputes at work, and building cohesive societies.
Source: http://www.ilo.org (Decent Work Agenda)

Lets examine each objective and how they get support from the fundamental conventions to achieve their targets.

Assignment No. 402

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Promote and realize standards and fundamental principles and rights at work
Accordingly to my understand rights at work is the legal entitlements at work, establish or join to unions in the working environment. The following conventions give better background to the employers, workers to maintaining their Unions or Reunions rights.

Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
Purpose: Workers and employers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the rules of the organisation concerned, to join organisations of their own choosing without previous authorisation.

Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)

Purpose: Workers shall enjoy adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination in respect of their employment. Such protection shall apply more particularly in respect of acts calculated to a) Make the employment of a worker subject to the condition that he shall not join a union or shall relinquish trade union membership; b) Cause the dismissal of or otherwise prejudice a worker by reason of union membership or because of participation in union activities outside working hours or, with the consent of the employer, within working hours.

Those two conventions support for the right at work objective to drive towards decent work for all.

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Create greater opportunities for women and men to decent employment and income
There is a divide between those in the world who have poor-quality jobs or no jobs at all and those in decent employment. The employment of young people and women is a priority for the ILO. The Organization develops programmes for worker training, enterprise creation and poverty reduction. Following Conventions are related with this goal.

Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)

Purpose a) The term remuneration includes the ordinary, basic or minimum wage or salary and any additional emoluments whatsoever payable directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, by the employer to the worker and arising out of the worker's employment; b) The term equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value refers to rates of remuneration established without discrimination based on sex.

Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)

Purpose 1. a) Any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation; b) Such other distinction, exclusion or preference which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation as may be determined by the Member concerned after consultation with representative employers' and workers' organisations, where such exist, and with other appropriate bodies. 2. Any distinction, exclusion or preference in respect of a particular job based on the inherent requirements thereof shall not be deemed to be discrimination. 3. For the purpose of this Convention the terms employment and occupation include access to vocational training, access to employment and to particular occupations, and terms and conditions of employment.

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Enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all

The ILO understands that workers and their families need social protection. In this area, the Organization is committed to promoting a campaign on social protection and coverage for all, which includes subjects such as occupational safety and health, conditions of work, migration and strategies to combat HIV/AIDS in the world of work.

Strengthen tripartism and social dialogue

The Organization is tripartite, meaning that governments, workers and employers are its constituents. The ILO therefore has a special interest in strengthening the organizations representing these groups, so that they can increase their involvement in the development of policies that affect the world of work at the national and international levels. The following conventions drive the ILO to achieve especially social protection for the workers and their families, as well as built dialog between workers, employers and government. Especially these conventions focused on Child labour and the forced labour in order to maintain social protection for the workers.

Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)

Purpose 1. This Convention the term forced or compulsory labour shall mean all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered him voluntarily. 2. Nevertheless, for the purposes of this Convention, the term forced or compulsory labour shall not include-a) Any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character; b) Any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of the citizens of a fully self-governing country; c) Any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a court of law, provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations; d) Any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of war or of a calamity or threatened calamity, such as fire, flood, famine, earthquake, violent epidemic or epizootic diseases, invasion by animal, insect or vegetable pests, and in general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the wellbeing of the whole or part of the population; e) Minor communal services of a kind which, being performed by the members of the community in the direct interest of the said community, can therefore be considered as normal civic obligations incumbent upon the members of the community, provided that the members of the community or their direct representatives shall have the right to be consulted in regard to the need for such services. 6

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Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) Purpose Each Member of the International Labour Organisation which ratifies this Convention undertakes to suppress and not to make use of any form of forced or compulsory labour-(a) As a means of political coercion or education or as a punishment for holding or expressing political views or views ideologically opposed to the established political, social or economic system; (b) As a method of mobilising and using labour for purposes of economic development; (c) As a means of labour discipline; (d) As a punishment for having participated in strikes; (e) As a means of racial, social, national or religious discrimination.

Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)

Purpose Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to minimum age for admission to employment, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and Noting the terms of the Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919, the Minimum Age (Sea) Convention, 1920, the Minimum Age (Agriculture) Convention, 1921, the Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) Convention, 1921, the Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention, 1932, the Minimum Age (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1936, the Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1937, the Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention (Revised), 1937, the Minimum Age (Fishermen) Convention, 1959, and the Minimum Age (Underground Work) Convention, 1965, and Considering that the time has come to establish a general instrument on the subject, which would gradually replace the existing ones applicable to limited economic sectors, with a view to achieving the total abolition of child labour, and Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention, Adopts this twenty-sixth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and seventythree the following Convention, which may be cited as the Minimum Age Convention, 1973: Each Member for which this Convention is in force undertakes to pursue a national policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment or work to a level consistent with the fullest physical and mental development of young persons.

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Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)

Purpose Considering the need to adopt new instruments for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, as the main priority for national and international action, including international cooperation and assistance, to complement the Convention and the Recommendation concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 1973, which remain fundamental instruments on child labour, and Considering that the effective elimination of the worst forms of child labour requires immediate and comprehensive action, taking into account the importance of free basic education and the need to remove the children concerned from all such work and to provide for their rehabilitation and social integration while addressing the needs of their families, and Recalling the resolution concerning the elimination of child labour adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 83rd Session in 1996, and Recognizing that child labour is to a great extent caused by poverty and that the long-term solution lies in sustained economic growth leading to social progress, in particular poverty alleviation and universal education, and Recalling the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1989, and Recalling the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Followup, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 86th Session in 1998, and Recalling that some of the worst forms of child labour are covered by other international instruments, in particular the Forced Labour Convention, 1930, and the United Nations Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 1956, and Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to child labour, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention; Adopts this seventeenth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine the following Convention, which may be cited as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999

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Conclusion Although I have grouped each convention under the objectives, it couldnt be exactly categorized for each objective; because this is an integrated approach of all conventions of ILO to achieve decent work for all men and women in working environment. ILO ha vital role to play in order to achieve, maintain the labour rights, social protection in working environment. ILO formulates and enacts the labour standards for this purpose and conventions are the legally binding international treaties for the labour rights. This paper has reviewed the conventions and their directions to achieve main goals of the ILO.

References 1. All the purposes of Conventions-: Website of ILO: http://www.ilo.org/ 2. Report: International Labour conference, Social Dialog, 2013, 102nd Session 3. Journal: International Journal of Labour Research, 2013, Volume 5, Issue 1