Laboratory Report 3 of

Physical and Organic Chemistry (KIM 2001)

ALKANE AND ALKENE

23 January 2013

by
ZAINDRA HAQKIEM BIN DARAWIN UK 30211

Group members: Ng De Yi HAFIZAH BINTI SAHARUDDIN IDA FATIHAH BINTI ABDUL KADIR NOR AKMAL HAMKA BIN ABDUL SAHIN NUR ASYIQIN BINTI ZAILANI UK30208 UK30209 UK30213 UK30214 UK30212

Demostrator Dr. Tei Woo Chiat

Topic Alkanes and alkenes Purpose To identify the properties of alkenes and alkanes through combustion,solubility and reaction analysis. Theory Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon only. Hydrocarbons are divided into three groups, namely; i. Saturated hydrocarbons - alkanes and cyclohexane ii. Unsaturated hydrocarbons - alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkenes, and others iii. Aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene In general, saturated hydrocarbons are reactive against a test-common laboratory reagent. In special circumstances (such as high temperature and catalyst), alkane-alkane can undergo a number of useful responses. Most of the reaction, this reaction mechanism involving free radicals. For the unsaturated hydrocarbons, the reaction that occurred is the addition reaction with elektrofil materials such as acids, halogens, and agents for the protection of the material - the active ingredient. METHOD

You are given several types of alkanes and alkenes, perform the following tests to distinguish both the nature of these hydrocarbons. A. Solubility Enter a 5 point hydrocarbon fluids into separate tubes. Then add the 3.0 cm of water into each test tube earlier. Note that the solubility of hydrocarbons and the state in the form of soluble, less soluble or insoluble in each of your observation. B. Combustion Enter the 3 point liquid hydrocarbons in the crucible and turn. Indicate whether a given liquid is flammable and note the resulting flame. C. Tests with bromine water Enter 1.0 cm of liquid hydrocarbon in a test tube containing 4.0 cm 2% bromine water.Shake and let stand for 5 minutes in the dark. Take another test tube and then fill in the same solution and cemurkan to sunlight or incandescent lights. Repeat the steps above for all available hydrocarbons.

D. Test with Iodine Repeat the above method to replace the water with a 4% solution of bromine to iodine.Compare the results and record the observations. E. Baeyer test Add 1.0 cm of liquid hydrocarbon into the solution containing 3 cm potassium permanganate solution (0.5%) and 3.0 cm liquid solutions of sodium carbonate (10%) and shake. Record any changes in color and give your evidence. Resault Experiment Solubility Combustion Alkane Formed two layers after the intervention and shake. Insoluble in water Burns with a less sooty yellow flame Alkene Formed two layers after the intervention and shake. Insoluble in water Burns with a more sooty yellow flame

Bromine water

Dark

No have any reaction

Dark

The solution become colourless

Sunlight The solution become colourless Iodine Dark

Sunlight The solution become colourless Dark

The iodine in hexane that at top layer giving the characteristic of iodine in purple colour

Sunlight The iodine in hexane that at top layer giving the characteristic of iodine in purple colour Baeyer test No have any reaction

The iodine in cyclohexene that at top layer is partially decolourised in light yellow colour Sunlight The iodine in cyclohexene that at top layer is partially decolourised in light yellow colour Brown precipitate produce The soution become colourless

Disscussion 1. UV rays found in sunlight . These UV rays work to break the covalent bonds between atoms of bromine. This fragmentation is also known as "homolytic cleavage". As a result of this created a homolytic cleavage of the unstable species is very reactive and we know as free radicals. 2. Solubility Alkane : Alkene : C6H14 + H2O C6H10 + H2O C6H10 + H2O C6H10+ H2O

Combustion Alkane : Alkene : 2C6H14 + 19O2 2C6H10+ 17O2 12CO2 + 14H2O 12CO2 + 10H2O

Bromine water Alkane :Hexane C6H14 + bromine Br2 H2. 1,1-dibromohexane + hygrogen gas

# cyclohexane, only the Br2 will react, but even it will require the addition ultraviolet light. Alkene : cyclohexene C6H10 + bromine Br2 Iodine Alkane : Alkene : C6H14 +I2 C6H12 + I2 1,2-diiodocyclohexane 1,2-dibromocyclohexane

cyclohexene C6H10 + Iodine I2

Baeyer test Alkane : Alkene : C6H14+ KMnO4 cyclohexene C6H10 + KMnO4 C6H12 + KMnO4 1,2-cyclohexadiol

Conclusion In this experiment, the properties and the difference between an alkane and alkene is identified. Hence,this experiment is a success. Alkane is identified from alkene by its properties. It can be seen from thetests conducted in the experiment that alkene is much more reactive than alkane. This is due to its carbon-carbon double bond since it is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Alkenes undergo a lot of addition reactionwhile alkane does not undergo any addition reaction in the experiments conducted. Instead, alkane onlyundergo halogenation which is a substitution reaction when react with bromine water. Thus, alkene ismore reactive than alkane.

REFERENCES Other than the laboratory manual, the sources below has also contributed in making this report : Chemistry notes, Chapter 4 : Hydrocarbons Part 1 And 2 by Miss Shyamala A. Personal Book References, Essential Chemistry STPM, Longman Publication, 2009. Internet source I :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon Internet source II :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane Internet source III :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene Internet source IV :http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/500hydrocarbons.html