Engineering Formula Sheet

Statistics
Mean Mode Place data in ascending order. Mode = most frequently occurring value If two values occur at the maximum frequency the data set is bimodal. If three or more values occur at the maximum frequency the data set is multi-modal. Median Place data in ascending order. If n is odd, median = central value If n is even, median = mean of two central values n = number of data values Range Range = xmax - xmin xmax = maximum data value xmin = minimum data value

xi n

= mean value xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, ) n = number of data values Standard Deviation

(xi - )2 n

= standard deviation xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, ) = mean value n = number of data values

Probability
Independent Events Frequency fx = Px = nx n fx fa P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC P (A and B and C) = probability of independent events A and B and C occurring in sequence PA = probability of event A Mutually Exclusive Events P (A or B) = PA + PB P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive event A or B occurring in a trial PA = probability of event A xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, ) n = number of data values Conditional Probability (= )|

fx = relative frequency of outcome x nx = number of events with outcome x n = total number of events Px = probability of outcome x fa = frequency of all events Binomial Probability (order doesnt matter) Pk = n!(pk )(qn-k ) k!(n-k)!

Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials p = probability of a success q = 1 p = probability of failure k = number of successes n = number of trials

()|( ) ( )|( )+ (~)~|( )

P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D P(A) = probability of event A occurring P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

IED POE

DE

CEA

AE

BE

CIM EDD

Plane Geometry
Circle Circumference =2 r Area = r2 Parallelogram Area = bh h b

Ellipse Area = a b

2b 2a

Rectangle Perimeter = 2a + 2b Area = ab B a C

Triangle Area = bh
2 2 2

a = b + c 2bccosA 2 2 2 b = a + c 2accosB 2 2 2 c = a + b 2abcosC Regular Polygons s( f) Area = n 2

h
b

c A

Right Triangle c =a +b sin = cos =

a c b c a
2 2 2

s f

c b

n = number of sides

tan = b

Trapezoid Area = (a + b)h h h

a h

Solid Geometry
Cube Volume = s 2 Surface Area = 6s
3

b h

Sphere

s s s

Volume r 2 Surface Area = 4 r Cylinder

Rectangular Prism

h
Volume = wdh Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh)

r
2

Volume = r h 2 Surface Area = 2 r h+2 r

Right Circular Cone r 2 h Volume = 3 Surface Area = r r2 +h2 Pyramid Volume = Ah 3 h r Volume = Ah A = area of base Irregular Prism

Constants
g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s -11 3 2 G = 6.67 x 10 m /kgs = 3.14159
2 2

A = area of base

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

IED POE

DE

CEA

AE

BE

CIM EDD

Conversions
Mass 1 kg = 2.205 lbm 1 slug = 32.2 lbm 1 ton = 2000 lbm Area 1 acre = 4047 m 2 = 43,560 ft 2 = 0.00156 mi
2

Force 1N 1 kip = 0.225 lbf = 1,000 lbf

Energy 1J = 0.239 cal -4 = 9.48 x 10 Btu = 0.7376 ftlbf 1kW h = 3,6000,000 J

Pressure Length 1m 1 km 1 in. 1 mi 1 yd = 3.28 ft = 0.621 mi = 2.54 cm = 5280 ft = 3 ft Volume 1L = 0.264 gal 3 = 0.0353 ft = 33.8 fl oz 3 = 1 cm = 1 cc 1psi Time
Temperature Change

1 atm

1mL

= 1.01325 bar = 33.9 ft H2O = 29.92 in. Hg = 760 mm Hg = 101,325 Pa = 14.7 psi = 2.31 ft of H2O

Defined Units
1J 1N 1 Pa 1V 1W 1W 1 Hz 1F 1H = 1 Nm = 1 kgm / s2 = 1 N / m2 =1W/A =1J/s =1V/A = 1 s-1 = 1 As / V = 1 Vs / V

1K

= 1 C = 1.8 F = 1.8 R

1d 1h 1 min 1 yr

= 24 h = 60 min = 60 s = 365 d

Power 1W = 3.412 Btu/h = 0.00134 hp = 14.34 cal/min = 0.7376 ftlbf/s

SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation
10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24 decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyoctod c m n p f a z y
Temperature TK = TC + 273 Mass and Weight M = VDm W = mg W = VDw V = volume Dm = mass density m = mass Dw = weight density g = acceleration due to gravity TR = TF + 460 TF - 32 TC = 180 100 TK = temperature in Kelvin TC = temperature in Celsius TR = temperature in Rankin TF = temperature in Fahrenheit

Numbers Greater Than One Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation

101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024 decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYottaForce F = ma F = force m = mass a = acceleration Equations of Static Equilibrium F x = 0 F y = 0 MP = 0

da h k M G T P E Z Y

Equations

Fx = force in the x-direction Fy = force in the y-direction MP = moment about point P

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

IED POE

DE

CEA

AE

BE

CIM EDD

Equations (Continued)
Energy: Work W = Fd W = work F = force d = distance Power E W = t t rpm P= 5252 P= P = power E = energy W = work t = time = torque rpm = revolutions per minute Fluid Mechanics P=
V1 T1 P1 T1

Electricity
Ohms Law

V = IR P = IV RT (series) = R1 + R2+ + Rn

F A
V2 T2 P2 T2

= =

(Charles Law) RT (parallel) = (Guy-Lussancs Law) 1

1 1 1 + + +R R1 R2 n

Kirchhoffs Current Law

P1V1 = P2V2 (Boyles Law) Q = Av A1v1 = A2v2 Horsepower = QP 1714

IT = I1 + I2 + + In n or IT = k=1 Ik
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn n or VT = k=1 Vk V = voltage VT = total voltage I = current IT = total current R = resistance RT = total resistance P = power Thermodynamics P = Q = AUT P= U= P= Q t 1 k = R L kAT L

absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

Efficiency Efficiency (%) = Pout 100% Pin

P = absolute pressure F = Force A = Area V = volume T = absolute temperature Q = flow rate v = flow velocity Mechanics s=
d t t

Pout = useful power output Pin = total power input Energy: Potential U = mgh U = potential energy m =mass g = acceleration due to gravity h = height Energy: Kinetic K = mv2 K = kinetic energy m = mass v = velocity Energy: Thermal Q =mcT Q = thermal energy m = mass c = specific heat T = change in temperature
1 2

(where acceleration = 0) (where acceleration = 0)

v= a= X=

vf vi t

vi sin(2) -g

A1v1 = A2v2 Pnet = Ae(T2 4 -T1 4 )

2

v = v0 + at d = d0 + v0t + at
2 2

v = v0 + 2a(d d0) = dFsin s = speed v = velocity a = acceleration X = range t = time d = distance g = acceleration due to gravity d = distance = angle = torque F = force

P = rate of heat transfer Q = thermal energy A = Area of thermal conductivity U = coefficient of heat conductivity (U-factor) T = change in temperature t = change in time R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value) k = thermal conductivity v = velocity Pnet = net power radiated = 5.6696 x 10
-8

W m2 K 4

e = emissivity constant T , T = temperature at time 1, time 2

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

POE 4 DE 4

Section Properties
Moment of Inertia h Ixx bh = 12
3

Rectangle Centroid
x x

= x

b 2

= and y

h 2

Right Triangle Centroid = x

b 3

Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section about x-x axis

Complex Shapes Centroid

= and y

h 3

Semi-circle Centroid

= x

xi Ai Ai

= and y

yi A i Ai

= r and y x =

4r 3

= x-distance to the centroid x = y-distance to the centroid y xi = x distance to centroid of shape i yi = y distance to centroid of shape i Ai = Area of shape i

= x-distance to the centroid x = y-distance to the centroid y

Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas Stress (axial) F = A = stress F = axial force A = cross-sectional area Strain (axial) = L0 = strain L0 = original length = change in length Reaction Moment Deflection Reaction Moment Deflection Reaction Moment Deflection Reaction Moment Modulus of Elasticity E= E= (F2 -F1 )L0 ( )A Deformation: Axial FL0 = AE = deformation F = axial force L0 = original length A = cross-sectional area E = modulus of elasticity Deflection RA = RB = Mmax =
PL 4
3

P 2

(at point of load)

PL max = 48EI (at point of load)

RA = RB = Mmax = max =
L2
5L4 384EI

L 2

(at center) (at center)

RA = RB = P Mmax = Pa (between loads)

Pa max = 24EI 3L2 -4a2

(at center)

RA =

Pb L

and RB =
P ab L

Pa L

Mmax =

(at Point of Load) when a > b )

a(a) = a(a)

(at x =

a(a) ,

Truss Analysis 2J = M + R J = number of joints M =number of members R = number of reaction forces

E = modulus of elasticity = stress = strain A = cross-sectional area F = axial force = deformation

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4

Simple Machines
Inclined Plane Mechanical Advantage (MA) DE IMA= DR % Efficiency= AMA 100 IMA L (slope) H

FR AMA= FE

IMA=

Wedge L ( to height) H

IMA = Ideal Mechanical Advantage AMA = Actual Mechanical Advantage DE = Effort Distance DR = Resistance Distance FE = Effort Force FR = Resistance Force Lever

IMA=

Screw 1st Class IMA = C Pitch 1 TPI C = Circumference r = radius Pitch = distance between threads TPI = Threads Per Inch Compound Machines MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . . Wheel and Axle Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys with Belts Ratios Nout dout in out GR= = = = Nin din out in dout in out = = (pulleys) din out in Compound Gears Effort at Wheel B D GRTOTAL = A C GR = Gear Ratio in = Angular Velocity - driver out = Angular Velocity - driven Nin = Number of Teeth - driver Nout = Number of Teeth - driven din = Diameter - driver dout = Diameter - driven in = Torque - driver out = Torque - driven

Pitch = 2nd Class

3rd Class

Effort at Axle

Pulley Systems IMA = Total number of strands of a single string supporting the resistance IMA = DE (string pulled) DR (resistance lifted)

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

POE 6

Structural Design
Steel Beam Design: Shear Va = Vn v Steel Beam Design: Moment Ma = Mn b Spread Footing Design qnet = qallowable - pfooting pfooting = tfooting 150 q= P A
lb ft
2

Vn = 0.6FyAw Va = allowable shear strength Vn = nominal shear strength v = 1.5 = factor of safety for shear Fy = yield stress Aw = area of web

Mn = FyZx Ma = allowable bending moment Mn = nominal moment strength b = 1.67 = factor of safety for bending moment Fy = yield stress Zx = plastic section modulus about neutral axis

Storm Water Runoff

Storm Water Drainage Q = CfCiA Cc = C1 A1 + C2 A2 + A1 + A2 +
3

Q = peak storm water runoff rate (ft /s) Cf = runoff coefficient adjustment factor C = runoff coefficient i = rainfall intensity (in./h) A = drainage area (acres) Runoff Coefficient Adjustment Factor Return Period Cf 1, 2, 5, 10 1.0 25 1.1 50 1.2 100 1.25

Water Supply
Hazen-Williams Formula hf = 10.44LQ C d
1.85 1.85 4.8655

hf = head loss due to friction (ft of H2O) L = length of pipe (ft) Q = water flow rate (gpm) C = Hazen-Williams constant d = diameter of pipe (in.) Dynamic Head dynamic head = static head head loss

Rational Method Runoff Coefficients Categorized by Surface Forested 0.0590.2 Asphalt 0.70.95 Brick 0.70.85 Concrete 0.80.95 Shingle roof 0.750.95 Lawns, well drained (sandy soil) Up to 2% slope 0.050.1 2% to 7% slope 0.100.15 Over 7% slope 0.150.2 Lawns, poor drainage (clay soil) Up to 2% slope 0.130.17 2% to 7% slope 0.180.22 Over 7% slope 0.250.35 Driveways, 0.750.85 walkways Categorized by Use Farmland 0.050.3 Pasture 0.050.3 Unimproved 0.10.3 Parks 0.10.25 Cemeteries 0.10.25 Railroad yard 0.20.40 Playgrounds 0.20.35 (except asphalt or Districts Business Neighborhood 0.50.7 City (downtown) 0.70.95 Residential Single-family 0.30.5 Multi-plexes, 0.40.6 detached Multi-plexes, 0.60.75 attached Suburban 0.250.4 Apartments, 0.50.7 condominiums Industrial Light 0.50.8 Heavy 0.60.9

qnet = net allowable soil bearing pressure qallowable = total allowable soil bearing pressure pfooting = soil bearing pressure due to footing weight tfooting = thickness of footing q = soil bearing pressure P = column load applied A = area of footing

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

CEA 5

PLTW, Inc.

Hazen-Williams Constants

Engineering Formulas

Equivalent Length of (Generic) Fittings

CEA 6

555 Timer Design Equations

T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB)C f = 1 T (RA + RB ) 100% (RA +2RB )

duty-cycle =

T = period f = frequency RA = resistance A RB = resistance B C = capacitance

Boolean Algebra
Boolean Theorems X 0 = 0 X1 = X X X =X =0 XX X+0=X X+1=1 X+X=X X+ X=1 =X X Distributive Law X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ (X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ Commutative Law XY = YX X+Y = Y+X Associative Law X(YZ) = (XY)Z X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z DeMorgans Theorems + XY = X Y X+Y = XY Consensus Theorems Y = X + Y X+X Y = X + Y X+X + XY = + Y X X + XY = X + Y X

Speeds and Feeds

N=
CS12in. ft d

fm = ftntN Plunge Rate = fm N = spindle speed (rpm) CS = cutting speed (in./min) d = diameter (in.) fm = feed rate (in./min) ft = feed (in./tooth) nt = number of teeth

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

DE 5

CIM 4

Aerospace Equations
Forces of Flight CD = 2D Av2

Propulsion

F N = W vj - vo I = Fave t Fnet = Favg - Fg a = vf t FN = net thrust W = air mass flow vo = flight velocity vj = jet velocity I = total impulse Fave = average thrust force t = change in time (thrust duration) Fnet = net force Favg = average force Fg = force of gravity vf = final velocity a = acceleration t = change in time (thrust duration)

Orbital Mechanics =1 b2 a2

vl R e= 2L CL = Av2 M = Fd CL = coefficient of lift CD = coefficient of drag L = lift D = drag A = wing area = density Re = Reynolds number v = velocity l = length of fluid travel = fluid viscosity F = force m = mass g = acceleration due to gravity M = moment d = moment arm (distance from datum perpendicular to F)

a a T = 2 = 2 GM F= = eccentricity b = semi-minor axis a =semi-major axis T = orbital period a = semi-major axis = gravitational parameter F = force of gravity between two bodies G = universal gravitation constant M =mass of central body m = mass of orbiting object r = distance between center of two objects Bernoullis Law Ps + v2 v2 = Ps + 2 1 2 2 GMm r2

NOTE: Fave and Favg are easily confused.

Energy K = 2 mv2 U=
1

GMm R GMm 2R

E=U+K=

PS = static pressure v = velocity = density Atmosphere Parameters T = 15.04 - 0.00649h p = 101.29 = (T + 273.1) 288.08

K = kinetic energy m =mass v = velocity U = gravitational potential energy G = universal gravitation constant M =mass of central body m = mass of orbiting object R = Distance center main body to center of orbiting object E = Total Energy of an orbit

5.256

p 0.2869(T + 273.1)

T = temperature h = height p = pressure = density

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formulas

AE 5