Wireless LANs, 802.

11, and WiFi Part 2

Chapter 8, secs 8.1,8.2 Resources Folder in Sakai: Protocols-reading.pdf IP-reading.pdf

Outline
Network Layer Protocols otoco s a and d Internetworking te et o g IP version 4 Address Exhaustion IP version 6

McNair, Sp13

EEL 4930: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Network Layer
1. Manages Global Connections a) Circuit switched networks Switching b) Datagram and virtual circuit networks Routing 2. Manages Global addresses (e.g., telephone number or IP address) a) The IP Address b) IP Address assignment c) Address resolution d) Address exhaustion / Making the IP Address Las (subnets, supernets, network address translation) 3. Manages Global Packet Delivery a) IP v4 or v6 Packets b) Fragmentation and Reassembly
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Protocols and Internetworking

Node A IP addr: MAC addr: Router X Node B IP addr: MAC addr: Node C IP addr: MAC addr: Router Y

Node D IP addr: MAC addr: dd

Node E IP addr: MAC addr:

Internetworking: Sending a Packet from Node A to Node E

Node A IP addr: MAC addr: Router X Node B IP addr: MAC addr: Node C IP addr: MAC addr: Router Y Node D IP addr: MAC addr:

Node A (Source) operation.

Determine if destination address is in the current network network. If destination is in a different destination network, a router is chosen (Router X). Put IP datagram in MAC frame and send to Router X.

Router X operation.
LAN headers are stripped IP address obtained Routing decision is made. IP datagram is put in X.25 packet and sent to Router Y.

Node E IP addr: MAC addr:

Router Y operation.
X.25 headers are stripped IP address obtained Routing decision is made. IP datagram is put in MAC frame and sent to Node E
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Address Resolution
1. The source must determine the IP address of the destination. destination 2. The source must also determine the address that should be used to send the packet.
a) Note: the address chosen will depend on whether the destination is on the same LAN or is outside of the LAN

3 The source must determine its own IP address. 3. address

Address Resolution 1. Find IP Address of Destination.

Source queries the domain name system (DNS) t obtain to bt i the th IP address dd of f th the d destination. ti ti
An application program on the source passes the name of the destination (e.g., www.ufl.edu) as a parameter to a DNS library procedure (the resolver). The resolver sends the name to a local DNS server. The DNS server looks up the name and returns the IP address of the destination to the resolver, which returns the IP address to the source.

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2a. Find MAC Address of Destination Destination is in the same LAN.

Source broadcasts and ARP ARP packet to the LAN to determine destination address
ARP -- Address Resolution Protocol ARP packet contains the destinations IP address.

Destination recognizes its own IP address in the ARP packet

Responds R d with ith a packet k t containing t i i th the d destinations ti ti MAC address.

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2b. Find MAC Address of Destination Destination is outside of the LAN.

Source broadcasts and ARP packet to the LAN t determine to d t i destination d ti ti address dd
ARP -- Address Resolution Protocol ARP packet contains the destinations IP address.

Edge router recognizes that the IP address is not on the LAN

Edge router responds with its own MAC address Proxy ARP Source maps the edge routes MAC address to the destinations IP address.
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3. Find IP Address of the Source.

Reverse ARP (RARP) server

A server on the LAN. Contains a table that maps the local MAC addresses to their IP addresses.

RARP
Source broadcasts an RARP RARP packet with its own MAC address. RARP server sends back the sources IP address.
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Address Resolution Example

Node A IP addr: MAC addr: Router X Node B IP addr: MAC addr: Router Y

Node D IP addr: MAC addr:

Node C IP addr: MAC addr:

Node E IP addr: 222.222.222.222 MAC addr:

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IP version 4
0 Version 4 IHL 8 Type of Service Flags Protocol Source Address Destination Address Options + Padding 16 19 Total Length Fragment Offset Header Checksum IPv4 Header 31

Identification Time to Live

Data Field

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IP Addresses

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IP Address Example
IP addresses can be in binary form (32 bits) or in dotted decimal notation, , w.x.y.z ( (8 bits each) ) Given the following binary address: 10000000111000110000001100101000 Write the dotted decimal notation. What is its class? What is the network ID? What is the host ID?
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Global Addresses: IP Address Assignment

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally-unique names and numbers that are used in the Internet protocol. The IANA is managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) under contract to the United States Department of Commerce (DOC). Regional Internet registries are used to allocate IP addresses on a regional i lb basis: i h https://www.arin.net/ // i / A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how we get there. --John Postel, former administrator of the IANA
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IP Address Assignment Name, Address, Route

Domain Name
edu ufl ucla com gov mil arpa navy org acm ieee net uk fr cisco yahoo nasa nsf

ece wam hcs

cise physics

IP Address: www.wam.ece.ufl.edu
>> nslookup www.wam.ece.ufl.edu Server: mindy.ece.ufl.edu 128.227.220.11 Name: http.ece.ufl.edu Address: 128.227.220.98
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Address Exhaustion Example

A. How many Class B networks are possible in the Internet?

B. When a Class B IP address is purchased, one Class B network ID is removed. How many host IDs are removed from allocation?

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Managing Global Addresses: Address Exhaustion

(https://www.arin.net/knowledge/statistics/)
2009 IPv4 Delegations Issued By American Registry for Internet Numbers

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Address Exhaustion Example (cont.)

C. How many network IDs are available to be allocated in IPv4? D. If a block of 20,000 network IDs were allocated every month, how long would the IPv4 address space last?

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Making IP Addresses Last: Size of Routing Table at Internet Core

w/o CIDR, routing tables would have reached 100,000 entries @ 1998

Source: http://www.cidr-report.org/

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Managing Global Packet Delivery IP version 4 Packet

0 Version 4 IHL 8 Type of Service Flags Protocol Source Address Destination Address Options + Padding 16 19 Total Length Fragment Offset Header Checksum IPv4 Header 31

Identification Time to Live

Data Field

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Internet Protocol version 6 (IP v.6)

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) began work on an updated protocol in 1992 1992. In 1994, the result was the IP Next Generation Protocol (IPng or IPv.6). IPv.6 enhancements.
Expanded address space. Improved option mechanism. Address autoconfiguration. Increased addressing flexibility. Support for resource allocation.
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IP v.6 Mandatory Header

0 Version 4 Traffic Class Payload Length 12 16 24 Flow Label Next Header Hop Limit 40 octets 31

Source Address (128 bits)

Destination Address (128 bits)

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IP v.4 versus IP v.6 Structure

IP v4
Mandatory Header 20 b bytes t 40 bytes Header Options variable Optional Extension Headers Mandatory Header

IP v6

Payload/Data

Payload/Data

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IP v.6 Addresses Example

If a block of 1 million addresses is allocated every picosecond picosecond, how long will the IP v v.6 6 address space last?

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IP v.6 Address Notation

IP v.6 uses hexadecimal notation. First every four bits of the 128 bits are converted to hex hex. Then they are divided into 8 groups, separated by colons (:).
4000:0000:0000:0000:BA5F:039A:000A:2176 = 4000:0:0:0:BA5F:39A:A:2176 = 4000::BA5F:39A:A:2176

IP v.4 addresses can also be represented:

0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:128.227.x.y = ::128.227.x.y
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IP v.6 Address Notation Example

Abbreviate the following IP v.6 address: 0000:0000:0000:AF36:7328:0000:87AA:0398

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2009 IPv6 Address Assignments and Requests

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