Crippling is a phenomenon associated with local loading of high intensity perpendicular to the plane of the web.

It is most evident in the case of concentrated loading (Figure 17) or at intermediate supports of continuous beams. It is often more severe than web buckling since crippling reduces the effective depth of a section and there is no post!critical strength. "epending on the webs# eccentricity relative to the load direction and on the category of loads (see below) various values for web crippling resistance can be e$pected (Figure 1%)

http&''www.fgg.uni!l(.si'kmk'esdep'master'wg)*'l)1)).htm

Web crippling is actually local buckling that occurs when the web is slender (i.e. h/tw is large). Figure 8.5.2.1 is a rough illustration of the beha ior being considered. !he beha ior is "ore restrained when the point load is applied away fro" the ends of the "e"ber# conse$uently there are separate e$uations for when a concentrated trans erse load is locate near or away fro" the end of the "e"ber. !his li"it state is to be checked at each location where a concentrated force is applied trans erse to the a%is of a "e"ber. The Limit State &'( specification )1*.+ co ers web crippling due to concentrated point loads applied to the flange.

The basic limit state follows the standard form. The statement of the limit states and the associated reduction factor and factor of safety are given here: LRFD Ru < Rn ,e$-d ,n . ,u / / ,n Ru / (,n) < 1.00 0.!" ASD Ra < Rn/ ,e$-d ,n . ,a / ,n Ra / (Rn/) < 1.00 #.00

02*1* &pec note1 !he ariable -2- in the 2**5 &pecification has been replaced with -lb- in the 2*1* &pecification.3 The values of Ru and Ra are the $R%& and '(& factored loads) res*ectively) a**lied to the beam. +n this case Rn is the nominal web cri**ling strength of the member is com*uted using (,- e.uations /1001 and /100". !he two e$uations are needed to account for the difference in a ailable web "aterial between the web at the end of the bea" and the web away fro" the end of the bea". !he sa"e principle was discussed in the section on web yielding. 4$uation )1*56 (see &'( specification )1*.+) applies when the applied force is not near the ends of the "e"ber. 7t is a buckling e$uation and has nu"erous ter"s. 4$uations )1*55 apply at the ends of the "e"ber. !he two e$uations are slightly different and depend on the ratio of bearing length to o erall depth of the bea". &a"ple &preadsheet 'alculation !he gi en spreadsheet e%a"ple co"putes the reaction capacity# ,n# as controlled by web crippling for a typical W section. !he input alues are in the grey shaded cells and the results in the yellow highlighted cells.

http&''www.bgstructuralengineering.com'+,-C.1/'+,-C.))0'inde$.htm http&''www.bgstructuralengineering.com'+,-C.1/'+,-C.))0'+,-C.))0)1.htm http&''www.bgstructuralengineering.com'+,-C.1/'+,-C.))0'+,-C.))0)2.htm

http&''www.nptel.iitm.ac.in'courses'3ebcourse!contents'II4!5665788'strength91)of 91)materials'lects91):91)picts'image'lect27'lecture27.htm

Design Considerations 7n practice# for a gi en "aterial# the allowable stress in a co"pression "e"ber depends on the slenderness ratio Leff / r and can be di ided into three regions1 short# inter"ediate# and long. &hort colu"ns are do"inated by the strength li"it of the "aterial. 7nter"ediate colu"ns are bounded by the inelastic li"it of the "e"ber. Finally# long colu"ns are bounded by the elastic li"it (i.e. 4uler-s for"ula). !hese three regions are depicted on the stress/slenderness graph below#

!he short/inter"ediate/long classification of colu"ns depends on both the geo"etry (slenderness ratio) and the "aterial properties (8oung-s "odulus and yield strength). &o"e co""on "aterials used for colu"ns are listed below1 Material Short Column (&trength 9i"it) Intermediate Column (7nelastic &tability Long Column (4lastic &tability 9i"it)

9i"it) Slenderness Ratio ( SR = Leff / r) &tructural &teel ;lu"inu" ;lloy ;; <*<1 5 !< ;lu"inu" ;lloy ;; 2*16 5 !< Wood SR / 6* SR / =.5 SR / 12 SR / 11 6* / SR / 15* =.5 / SR / << 12 / SR / 55 11 / SR / (18 > +*) SR : 15* SR : << SR : 55 (18 > +*) / SR / 5*

7n the table# Leff is the effecti e length of the colu"n# and r is the radius of gyration of the cross5sectional area# defined as .

,adii of gyration for standard bea"s# co""on bea"s# and other co""on areas can be found in the geo"etry section.

Transition Zone
For long columns (large s)# the Euler Buckling Strength reduces rapidly. For ery short columns (small s) the Buckling Strength is large. ?owe er# the 'olu"n-s &trength cannot e%ceed the 'o"pressi e &trength of the "aterial# SC. !hus# depending on the Slenderness Ratio# a colu"n fails by either1 (1) (aterial Failure (e.g.# yielding in "etals) or (2) @eo"etric 7nstability ( uckling) ; transition point between yielding and uckling can be deter"ined by setting the buckling strength e$ual to the yield strength1 cr . &8. !he !ransition &lenderness ,atio is then1

str .

4 &8

1/2

'ritical &tress s. &lenderness ,atio

7n reality# a Asudden changeA fro" one type of failure "echanis" to another. 'olu"ns of 7nter"ediate 9ength are go erned by e$uations which pro ide a transtion between 8ielding and Buckling. &teel# ;lu"inu" and Wood each ha e uni$ue transitional e$uations.

Cri!!ling "ailure
'rippling is a pheno"enon that occurs in a "e"ber that is under co"pression with sufficiently short length to pre ent instability. Cnstable "e"bers under co"pression tend to buckle as shown in figure below.

7 will go o er buckling so"e other ti"e# but the key point to re"e"ber here is that a long "e"ber doesnDt ha e the lateral stability for crippling to occur because the long "e"ber will fail under buckling before crippling. &tability in aircraft are genrally pro ided by web and

skin "e"bers. ;s co"pressi e force increases# these "ating "e"bers will tend to hold the statbility of the "ain load carrying part. ?ence allowing the part to reach crippling. For e%a"ple look at the sketch below.

7n the first sketch the co"pressi e load is e enly distributed across the entire section of the plate. ;s the co"pressi e load is increase the plate will buckle and it wonDt be efficient is carrying load. ;s 7 like to say E the load is not stupidF# if the plate can nolonger carry load it will try to look for an alternati e path. ;s you can see in &ketch 2# the load runs to the stiffer side supported by the 7 bea"s. Failure of this structure will occur when the supported sides reaches co"pressi e yield strength of the "aterial. !his yield strength can be think of as the crippling strength. Csing the sa"e thinking# an 9 angle as shown below can ha e itDs flanges buckle as the co"pressi e load increases. ;s the co"pressi e load further increase the load will ErunF to the stiffer corner of the 95angle. Further increase in load will cause the 95angle to fail under what we call crippling. !his brings us to another key point about crippling# the crippling allowable is a function of the structures geo"etry. @enerally# the "ore corner a section has# the higher the crippling allowable. For e%a"ple an C5section will ha e an higher 95section crippling allowable as 7 will pro e later on in another post. !his post was Gust intended to gi e you an o er iew of what crippling is and 7 hope it did the Gob. 7f you ha e any co""ents# $uestions or correction please lea e "e a co""ent. &tay tuned for the hardcore calculations on crippling soon.