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1. Using a diagram define Poisson’s ratio and give typical values for
steel, Titanium and Aluminum Alloy.
Some materials, mostly polymer foams, have a negative Poisson's ratio; if these
auxetic materials are stretched in one direction, they become thicker in
perpendicular directions.
Titanium – 0.34
poisson's
material
ratio
concrete 0.20
glass 0.24
clay 0.30-0.45
saturated
0.40-0.50
clay
copper 0.33
magnesium 0.35
stainless
0.30-0.31
steel
rubber 0.50
sand 0.20-0.45
auxetics negative
Page 1 of 13
Steve Goddard
Ø 30mm 40kN
E = 100GN/m2
300mm
v = 0.3
Next I had to work out the stress applied using the formula:
Force
Stress σ =
Area
π D 2 π × ( 9 ×10 −4 ) 0.0028
A= = = = 7.06 × 10 −4 m 2
4 4 4
F 40 × 10 3
σ x Stress = = −4
= 56.593 ×10 6 N / m 2
A 7.06 × 10
σ x 56.593 × 10 6
Strain in the x direction e x = = = 5.6593 × 10 − 4 = 1.697 × 10 − 4
E 100 × 10 9
Change in diameter
Using ey =
Oringinal diameter
Change in Diameter =
ey ×original diameter
−4
=1.697 ×10 ×0.030
−6
= 5.091 ×10 m
Page 2 of 13
Steve Goddard
10 MN/m2
E = 105 GN/m2
180mm
20 MN/m2 20 MN/m2
V = 0.3
70mm
10 MN/m2
X Direction
σx σy
ex = − −υ
E E
Change in x = e × L
Y Direction
σy σx
ey = −υ
E E
Change in y = e × L
4. The plate shown is made from a metal for which Poisson’s ratio is 0.29
and E=180 GN/m2. Find the changes in the 100mm and 45mm direction.
Page 3 of 13
Steve Goddard
10 kN
5m
m
100m
15 kN
15 kN
m
45m
m
10 kN
Force
Firstly I need to convert the forces into stresses with the equation:
Area
15 ×10 3
σx = = 30 ×10 6 = 30 MN / m 2
(0.005 × 0.1)
10 ×10 3
σx = = 44 .44 ×10 6 = 44 .44 MN / m 2
(0.005 × 0.045 )
Now that I have the stresses I can work out the changes in direction.
X Direction Y Direction
σx υσy σy υσx
ex = − ey = −
E E E E
Page 4 of 13
Steve Goddard
1200m
m
80mm
E = 200 GN/m2
V
= 0.3
20kN
Y
Z 80mm
Change in volume
Volumetric Strain =
Original volume
F 20 ×10 3
σ= = = 3.125 ×10 6
A 0.08 × 0.08
Linear Stresses
σx 3.125 ×10 6
ex = = = 15 .625 ×10 −6
E 200 ×10 9
Volumetric Strain = e x + e y + e z = 15 .625 ×10 −6 − 4.6875 ×10 −6 − 4.6875 ×10 −6 = 6.25 ×10 −6 m 3
Change in volume = Volumetric Strain x Original Volume
6. A round steel bar 25mm diameter and 250mm long is loaded with an
axial tensile force of 200kN.
Calculate the change in volume if E=200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio is
0.32.
Page 5 of 13
Steve Goddard
200 kN
Ø
25mm E = 200
GN/m2
V
= 0.32
250mm
Linear Strains:
υσx
ey = = −0.32 × 2.0375 ×10 −3 = −6.52 ×10 −4
E
υσx
ez = = −0.32 × 2.0375 ×10 −3 = −6.52 ×10 −4
E
−3
( )
Volumetric Strain = e x + e y + e z = 2.0375 ×10 + 2 − 6.52 ×10 = 7.335 ×10
4 −4
Page 6 of 13
Steve Goddard
500 ×10 3
e = −3 (1 − 0.5) = −3.75 ×10 −6 m 3
200 ×10 9
Page 7 of 13
Steve Goddard
Determine
Hoop stress =
pd
=
pressure ×diameter
=
(3 ×10 ) ×0.075 m = 75 MPa
6
Hoop Stress
I know longitudinal stress is equal to = 37 .5 MPa
2
pd (3 ×10 6 ) × 0.075
= = 37 .5MPa
4t 4 ×1.5
Original Volume
pd
I can calculate this using the following equation ( 5 − 4υ)V π × 0.075 2
4tE × 1.5 = 6.626 × 10 −3
4
∴
( 3 ×10 6 × 0.075 )
× ( 5 − ( 4 × 0.3) ) × (6.626 ×10 −3 ) = 4.721 ×10 −6
4 × 0.0015 × ( 200 ×10 )
9
Page 8 of 13
Steve Goddard
pd
σh Hoop Stress =
2t
σ h × 2t
∴ =p
d
90 ×10 6 ×( 2 ×0.015 )
= 1.35 ×10 6 = 1.35 MPa
2
pd
σa Axial Stress =
4t
σ a × 4t 60 ×10 6 × ( 4 × 0.015 )
∴p = = = 1.8 MPa
d 2
Page 9 of 13
Steve Goddard
b
σr = a −
r2
b
− 20 ×10 6 = a − 2
Internal
0.03
− 20 ×10 6 = a −1111 .11b Equation
1
b
σr = a +
r2
b
− 5 ×10 6 = a − External
0.05 2
− 5 ×10 6 = a − 400 b Equation
2
Using b in equation 1
Now I can work out the radial and hoop stresses by substituting a and b into the
original equations:
0.0211
σ r = 3.4375 − = 26 .88 Mpa
i
0.03 2
0.0211
σ re = 3.4375 − = 11 .88 Mpa
0.05 2
0.0211
σ hi = 3.4375 + = 20 .00 Mpa
0.03 2
0.0211
σ ri = 3.4375 − = 5 Mpa
0.05 2
Longitudinal Stress:
Page 10 of 13
Steve Goddard
2 2
p1r1 − p2 r2 20 ×10 6 × 0.05 2 − 5 ×10 6 × 0.05 2 18000 − 12500
σc = = = −3
= 3.4375 ×10 6
2
r2 − r1
2
0.05 − 0.03
2 2
1.6 ×10
= 3.4375 MPa
13.1
Inner Radius
I will call this
Equation 1
b b
σ r = −48 ×10 6 = a + 2
=a+ = a + 277 .7b
r 0.06 2
− 39 ×10 6
b= = 192 .914 ×10 3
202 .163
a = 5.587 ×10 6
Page 11 of 13
Steve Goddard
b
σc = a −
r2
− 192 .914 ×10 3
σ c = 5.587 ×10 6 −
0.06 2
σ c = 5.587 ×10 6 + 53 .587 ×10 6 Maximum
Direct Stress
σ c = 59 .174 ×10 = 59 .174 MN / m
6 2
b
σc = a −
r2
b
σr = a +
r2
σ r = −9 ×10 6
Change in Diameter
σ c υ σr 20.174 × 10 6 0.28 × −9 × 10 6
e= + = + = 1.0087 × 10 −4 + 1.26 × 10 −5 = 1.1347 × 10 −4
E E 200 × 10 9
200 × 10 9
Change in Diameter
Page 12 of 13
Steve Goddard
Bibliography
http://www.answers.com/poisons%20ratio
Lecture Notes
Page 13 of 13