Internal Fault Simulation in Synchronous Machines

Dharshana De S. Muthumuni,Student member IEEE P.G. McLaren, Fellow, IEEE E. Dirks University of Manitoba , Canada
on the two reaction theory and the resulting Parks transformations [4] [5] [6]. This transformation makes use of the symmetrical nature of the windings inside the stator. However, an internal fault divides the faulty winding into a number of sections. The symmetry which existed earlier will no-longer be present between these faulted sections and the rest of the machine windings. Thus, the above models cannot be used in internal fault studies and the transformations cannot be readily applied in such a situation. The model described in this paper is derived on the direct phase domain for this reason. A machine model in the I. INTRODUCTION direct phase domain which is capable of external fault The synchronous generator can be described as one simulation is presented in [7], [8]. The data supplied by of the most important pieces of equipment in an elec- the manufacturer can be readily converted to a form trical power system. In an interconnected system , which can be used in this model [9], [5] the proper functioning of the generators is critical in There are few machine models available for internal maintaining an uninterrupted power supply to the cus- fault analysis [lo], [ll],[12], [13]. The method used tomer. Undesirable conditions can occur inside the in [lo] and [ll]neglects the higher order harmonics generator due to faults in the external system, and and this leads to errors since internal faults give rise to stronger harmonics. The method used in [12]does not a l s o due t o faults inside the generator itself. It must be properly protected so that any abnormal condition consider the winding arrangement inside the machine. can be rapidly detected enabling corrective measures The methods described in [13] considers a two pole, sinusoidally distributed winding. to be implemented. The protection of synchronous generators involves the The method presented in this paper takes into account consideration of more harmful abnormal operating con- the winding arrangement inside the stator and hence ditions than the protection of any other power sys- can be readily used for any type of design. A turn to tem element[l]. As a result the protection scheme of ground fault is considered here but any fault type can a generator connected to the system is complicated. be analyzed in a simiiar manner. The concern that this complicated scheme will oper111. DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINE ate when it should not is quite valid. However, even though an unnecessary tripping of the generator is not A synchronous machine can be represented as a system desirable, the consequ:nces of not tripping it in the of six coupled coils as shown in [5]. Here the damper presence of a fault and damaging the machine are far winding is represented by two hypothetical windings worse [2]. A prior knowledge of internal fault current whose magnetic axes are at right angles to each other. and fault voltage waveforms will be very useful to the The voltage current relationship is governed by the folrelay engineer when designing a method to provide pro- lowing equation [5]. tection for machines. Since these waveforms cannot be obtained using the machine concerned, a mathematical [v1]6zl = - [ ~ l ] t i z 6 [ ~ 1 ] 6 z l [xl]6zl (1) model which can accurately reproduce these waveforms would be very useful in relaying studies. where
Abstract- This paper describes a synchronous machine model that can be used to simulate internal fault waveforms for power system protection studies. The need to develop the machine model in the direct phase domain is explained and a method to calculate the inductances involving the faulty windings is outlined using a four pole lap wound machine. The machine equations are then solved using a suitable numerical technique. Comparisons are made between the simulated waveforms and recorded waveforms to verify the accuracy of the model. Keywordssynchronous machine, internal faults, relaying studies

11.

OVERVIEW OF THE AVAILABLE MACHINE MODELS

[&]6zl

= [LS!/n1]6z6[11]6zl

(2)

The machine models available on most of the electromagnetic transient simulation programs [3]are based
0-7803-5957-7/00/$10.00 02000 IEEE

The elements in the inductance matrix [Lsynl], and the matrix [RI] are known from the data supplied by

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the manufacturer. In salient pole machines, the elements of [Lsynl] depend on the position of the rotor and hence are time varying. Consider the four pole machine whose winding diagram is shown in Appendix A. It has two parallel paths per phase and each phase coil occupies two slots per pole as shown in figure 1.

where
[X2110+1 = [ L ~ Y ~ 2 1 1 0 + 1 0 [ ~ 2 ] 1 0 ~ 1

(4)

The self inductances of the healthy windings and the mutual inductances between anx two healthy windings are not affected by the fault. Thus, 40 elements involving the faulty coils need to be evaluated to define the inductance matrix [Lsyna] and to solve the equations to find the fault currents.
I v . INDUCTANCES INVOLVING THE FAULTY COILS

Winding A1 makes up one parallel path of the phase A winding. The self inductance of the phase A winding is given by the following equation.
angle

The magnetizing flux due to a current flowing in any one parallel winding shares a common path. Thus, it can be shown that the magnetizing component of the self inductance of the phase A winding is equal to the magnetizing component of the self inductance of any one parallel path. As a result, the self inductance of the winding A1 can be written as
Fig. 1. Positions of the phase A conductors inside the stator.

= Lull

+ L~ + ~ ~ c o s ( 4 e )

(6)

Lull is the leakage component of the self inductance

Consider a short circuit fault to ground on coil (6) which is on one parallel path of phase A. This breaks coil (6) into two parts, A3 and A4 as shown in figure 2. The phase A winding can now be considered to be made up of five parts, A l , A2, A3, A4 and A5. Winding A1 consists of coils (1) - (4) connected in series. A2 is the coil (5). A4 is the portion of coil (6) that is connected to coil (7). A3 is the other portion of the coil (6) and it is connected to coil (5). A5 is the combination of the coils (7) and(8), connected in series. This arrangement is shown in figure 2. and can be computed using the method explained in
~41.

Since the two parallel paths have a common flux path, it can be proved that the mutual inductance between A1 and any other healthy winding is equal to the mutual inductance between the phase A winding and that healthy winding.

AI

A2

Fig. 2. Representation of the phase A winding with a fault on one parallel path.

The matrix equation governing the voltage-current relationship of the machine in the presence of an internal turn to ground fault can be expressed as follows. The directions of the currents and voltages are shown in figure 3.
[vz110+1 = -[~2110+10[~2110+1 - [~2110+1

-Y-

% -

(3)

Fig. 3. Representation of the machine coils under an internal short circuit.

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Now consider any one parallel path of phase A. This can be thought of as being made up up two windings X and Y as show in figure 4. The winding X is made up of coils ( 5 ) and (6) and the winding Y is made up of coils (7) and (8). If this parallel path is energized with a voltage V I with the rotor kept stationary at the position shown in figure 4 and if the current drawn is i l , then

d . (12) dt The two windings X and Y can be viewed as two identical windings, placed 180 apart on the stator. Thus they will have the same self inductance, L, , and let the mutual inductance between them be Mp. Using the fact that X and Y make up the winding A1 we can show that

VI = (La11 L1+

1 M - - ( L 1 + L2) p-4

(19)

d Vi = 2(Lp- Mp)-il
dt

Equations (18) and (19) give the magnetizing portion of L x , and Mx,y when the rotor angle 0 = 0. For any other position of the rotor,with the leakage inductance also taken into account, L X and MX,Y can be expressed as follows.

(13)

As the windings X and Y are 180 apart the leakage flux of one coil does not couple the other winding. Using this fact and combining equations (12) and (13) the following relationship can be derived.

L I + L2 = 2(Lmag,p - Mp) Lmag,,is the magnetizing component of L,.

(14)

~= M ,

1 ~ ~= -, ( L~~ ~ ~ c o s ( 4 e ) ) (21) 4

The winding A5, which consists of the coils (7) and (8) is identical to winding (Y). Thus the self inductance of this coil can be written as

The axis of the coil A1 is shifted by an angle (6) from the axis of the coil X. The angle (6) is the slot angle as shown in figure 4. Using the relationship between the inductance and the number of turns in the coil, the mutual inductance between the coils A2 and A5 can be written as follows.

Also
C

Fig. 4. Flxu pattern due to current in coil X .

Now consider a case where a current i, is passed through winding X with all other windings kept open circuited. The resulting flux pattern can be approximated as shown in figure 4. Applying Amperes circuital law to these flux paths we can show that The other unknown elements in the inductance matrix can be derived in a similar manner. These are shown in Appendix B .

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v.

RESULTS AND

COMPARISONS

VI. CONCLUSIONS

Once the inductance matrix is known, the system in figure 3 can be solved. In the case of a turn to ground fault the h a 1 system can be expressed by a matrix equation of the order 8 and will have the following form. It can be solved using a suitable numerical technique.

A method to calculate internal fault currents in synchronous machines has been presented. A machine model in the direct phase domain has been developed and its accuracy has been tested using recorded waveforms.
REFERENCES
[l] Protection of synchronous gererators, IEEE catalog number 95 TP 102 [2] G. C. Parr, Generator stator phase fault protection, IEEE catalog number 95 TP 102 [3] EMTDC users manual, Manitoba HVDC research center publication. [4] R.H. Park, Two Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines, AIEE Transactions, 48:716 - 730, 1929. [5] P.M. Anderson, A.A. Fouad, Power System Control and Stability, The Iowa State University Press, 1977. [6] A.E. Fitzgerdd, Charles Kingsley, Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, McGraw - Hill 1990. [7] P. Subramanium, O.P. Malik, Digital Simulation of a Synchronous Generator in Direct Phase Domain, Proc.Iee, Vol. 118, No. 1, Jan. 1971. [8] J.R. Marti, K.W. Louie, A Phase Domain Synchronous Generator Model Including Saturation Effects, IEEE transactions on-Power Systems, V01.12, No. 1, Feb 1997. [9] M. Rafian, M.A. Laughton Determination of synchronous machine phase co-ordinate parameters, Proc. IEE, Vol. 33, No. 8, August 1976. [lo] V.A. Kinitsky Determination of intemal fault currents an synchronous machines, IEEE Transactions PAS, Vo1.84, No. 5, May 1965 [ll] V.A. Kinitsky Digital computer calculation of internal fault currents in a synchronous machine, IEEE Transactions PAS, Vo1.87, No. 8, August 1965. [12] A.I. Megahed, O.P. Malik, Simulation of Intemal Faults in Synchronous Generators, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, July 1996 [13] Peter Reichmeider et el. Internal faults in synchronous machines, IEEE Transactions on energy conversion. (to be published) [14] V.A. Kinitsky Inductances of a portion of the armature winding of synchronous machines, IEEE Transactions PAS, Vo1.84, No. 6, May 1965. [15] B.R. Prentice, Fundamental Concepts of Synchronous Machine reactances, AIEE Transactions, 56(suppl l) 716 - 721, 1929.

This reduces to

The method outlined in the earlier section was applied to obtain the inductance parameters of a 10 KVA salient pole type machine with six poles. A number of faults were applied on the stator wihding and the resulting waveform recordings were compared with those obtained from simulations. Three cases are show in figures 5, 6 and 7.

APPENDIX
ow

Im
A Bt.Ulll",llll~luhmp

104

1111

Fig. 6. Two phase fault between phases A and B.

a1

bl

E&

a2

b2

Toplayer

NO of+ipathr
No ofslots =24

= 2 NO ofmic~ =4

Fig. 7. Phase A to ground fault with a 15 Ohm grounding resistance.

Bommhpr

Fig. 8. The winding diagram.

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APPENDIX

B
Ma39F=

Inductances involving the faulty windings. La1 = Li

(2) ( 4 e o s ( 6 ) )
Mf
Md
Mq

cos2 0 + cos2 sin2

+ L1 + L ~ C O (48) S

Ma31kd

Ma39kq

La4 =

Ma4,a5= Ma4,b =

($) (-) ( (-) 2 ) (+ + ;(4 + (,(e+ i)))) (%) + + i)) Na4 (- (7)'(A) (B+ 5 + f>>
=
=

( 2") (e + -:) e+ (-:)

Lacos

(LI

Lacos (49

N a 5

cos4

7r

N a 2

L a 2 = ($)2

(- (7) (A) (6) (B+ Mf (2) ( 4 e o s ( 6 ) ) c0s2 (e + -:) (e + -2") ($) .(-)Md ($+% ~1+L2cos@@-i)))) ($)
= Na4 Na2
-

4 cos

cos4

%>:

Ma47F=

c0s2

Ma4,kq=

La5 =

Ll

+ 3 ( L 1 t Lacos (48))

1 = - ( - M 8 - Lmcos4
2

Ma53 = Mf COS 2 (e)

2
Ma5,kd

= -C O S 2 (e) 2

M d

Mab,kq = M q Sin2 (e) 2 Ni is the number of turns in the coil i . Angle 6 is the slot angle. All other constants are known from the inductance matrix of the un-faulted machine, [Lsynl]

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