Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Decommissioning
Development
Procurement
Construction
Handover
Scheme
O&M
Pre-Construction
Onshore No. Offshore Under
Planning & MW No. & MW
Onshore Offshore
construction No. & MW No. & MW
England 43 822 6 2718 England 8 111 1 90
N. Ireland 29 599 0 0 N. Ireland 2 41 0 0
Construction
Scotland 74 5399 0 0 Scotland 14 523 0 0
Wales 14 183 0 0 Wales 3 46 1 60
Total 160 7006 6 2718 Total 27 722 2 150
Revenues available to a UK wind
generator
100
90 • A UK wind generator will be
able to earn revenue from
80 three sources; sales of
70 energy and ROCs and LECs
60 LEC • ROCs and LECs are tradable
£ /M W h
60
ROC value: £/MWh
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
% shortfall on RO Target
Drivers of ROC prices
• Supply and demand
• Supply will depend on amount of renewable capacity built and
its utilisation – rule changes
• Demand is set by the RO targets
• Currently set to rise linearly to 10.4% in 2010
• Scoping of EIA
– Focus on key issues through consultation and discussion with key
stakeholders
– Time spent at scoping stage could save time later in process
Environmental Technical
Transport/
Landscape and visual Routes
Ecology
Ornithology Engineering
Hydrology & hydrogeology Geology Layout
Noise Optimisation
Communications EIA
Civil
Archaeology preparation
Traffic & transport
Planning
Planning Process – EIA Stage
• Ensure project assessed covers all potential technical options
– NOABL
– Reanalysis
• Grid connection
• Constraints
Technical & Environmental Constraints
Houses
(noise,
Underground Shadow-flicker)
Cables /
Pipelines
Areas with
Historical
Importance
Overhead Landowner
Lines Boundary
Wind Regime Assessment
– SODAR
– LIDAR
Ambient turbulence 60
intensity and… 50
40
Height (m)
30
Modeled
Fit
20
Measured
10 Data
0
Measured and Modeled Wind Shear in Forestry
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
80 Tubulence (%)
Height Above Ground Level (m)
70 Open Moorland
60
Wind Shear Zo =
0.4
50
Forested Area
…wind shear must be
40
Wind Shear
30
20
Theoretical accounted for in
fatigue life calculations
10 Forest Wind
Shear based on
0 Zo = 0.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Av e rage Wind Spe e d (m/s)
Added Turbulence
35%
Characteristic Turbulence Intensity
30%
30%
15%
15%
10%
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind Speed (m/s)
Impact of Complex Roughness
Complex roughness, such as buildings and forestry has
significant impact on wind turbine operation.
These features produce higher than specified turbulence
intensity & wind shear.
Effects on:
– Power Curve
– Operational Loads
– Fatigue Life
• Analysis typically
performed only at site
mast
• Two methodologies for
Extreme Wind
• WAsP Engineering to
model gust values
across the site
Components of a Wind Turbine
(Model shown is Vestas V80)
Nacelle Oil cooler
Rotor
blades
Ultrasonic
sensors Hub
controller
High voltage
transformer
Main shaft
Electrical
generator
Gearbox Yaw gears Hydraulic
system
Tower
Technology Selection
• IEC Classification
– Mean & Extreme Wind Speed
– Turbulence Intensity
– Wind Shear
• Compliance
– Noise Emission
– Grid Code Compliance
– Environmental Conditions
• Economic Viability
– Production
– Cost
Energy Yield Modelling
• Final layout iteration
– Compromise between
maximum production and
constraints
• Predict energy yield
– Rigorous quality checks
– Multiple MCP techniques
– Model validation and tuning
– Complex forestry modelling
– Quantification of
uncertainty
Performance Testing
• Single Contractor
– Takes most of the risks, handles the interface workload and
risks, provides price certainty
– More expensive than multi-contract; risk premium added in
– Not always the WTG supplier who leads
– Can be for multiple sites
Equity Debt
Investors Project
Shares i.e. VC Finance Subordinated
Bonds Debt
Standby
Equity Mezzanine
Finance
• Return on Investment • Definite Term
• Payback period • Financial Market Rates
• Initial commitment • Fees
• Guarantees/Support • Cover Ratios
Why Project Finance…Depends on who
you are?
PF for Sponsors PF for Utilities/Govt
• Insulation from Project Debt and •Access to foreign investment
Risks!
•Foreign skills and know how
•Spread of risks for large projects
•Outside Public Sector Borrowing
•Off balance sheet
•Accelerates non-priority projects
•Corporate borrowing restrictions
•Tax advantages
•Risk sharing
Project Finance…why not!
• Time…..
• Project scale…..
Project Structure
Financial Risks Market Risks
Banks Suppliers
Credit Supply
Sponsors Agreements Agreements Offtakers
Shareholder Offtake
Agreements Agreements
Project Company
Consents/ O&M
Permits Agreement
Concession Construction
Agreement Agreement
Local
Legislation Operator
Contractor
Government Construction & Operation Risks