CHEMISTRY

1.

What are the steps in the historical development of the periodic table?
DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

DOBEREINER

He classified some elements that had similar chemical properties into triads, organizing them according to their atomic mass.

DIMITRI MENDEELIEV

Dmitri Mendeleevs research revealed that the chemical and physical properties of the elements repeated in an orderly way when he organized the elements according to increasing atomic mass. Density, melting point, and boiling point all increase as atomic mass increases. By applying his theory of periodicity, or the tendency to recur at regular intervals, Mendeleev was able to predict properties of elements that had not yet been discovered. ERRORS: The most important error is that the elements are not always in order of increasing atomic masses. He didnt fix location for hydrogen Henry Mosley proposed rearranging the elements according to their atomic number, which resulted in the structure of the modern periodic table.

MOSELEY

PERIODIC LAW :The idea that the physical and chemical properties of the elements repeat in a regular pattern when they are arranged in order of increasing atomic number is known as the periodic law. THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE: Each block of the modern periodic table shows the elements name, symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass.At present, elements up to atomic number 118 have been discovered or synthesized. Atomic number increases by one


2.

as you move from element to element across a row. With the exception of the first row, each row begins with a metal and ends with a noble gas. Elements are organized in the periodic table according to their electron configurations. PERIODICITY: the tendency to recur at regular intervals ELECTON CLOUD: space around the nucleus of an atom where the atoms electrons are found SHELL: the space VALENCIA ELECTRONS: are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom PERIOD: is a horizontal row on the periodic table. The period number of an element is the same as the number of its outermost energy level. GROUP OR FAMILY: consists of elements in a vertical column of the periodic table RELATIONSHIP OF PERIODIC TABLE TO THEIR ATOMIC NUMBER The number of valence electrons changes from one to eight as you move from left to right across a period; when you get to group 18, the pattern repeats. Because elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, they have similar properties. Common names for some groups: Group 1 : alkali metals Group 2: alkaline earth metals Group 13: Family of Boron Group 14: Family of Carbon Group: 15: Family of Nitrogen Group 16: Family of Oxygen Group 17: Halogens Group 18: noble gases 1 valence electron 2 valence electrons 3 valence electrons 4 valence electrons 5 valence electrons 6 valence electrons 7 valence electrons 8 valence electrons. The most unreactive

3. PHYSCIAL STATES AND CLASSES OF ELEMENTS: How is the periodic table used to predict similarities in properties of the elements? Most elements are solid at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. Synthetic elements are not found in nature but are produced artificially in particle accelerators.

Elements are classified as metals, metalloids, or nonmetals on the basis of their physical and chemical properties.

Metals Bright metallic Solids are easily deformed Good conductors of heat and electricity Loosely held valence electrons METALS Metals are elements that have luster, conduct heat and electricity, and usually bend without breaking. The majority of elements are metals. Most metals are solid at room temperature and have extremely high melting points. With the exception of tin, lead, and bismuth, metals have one, two, or three valence electrons. When undergoing chemical reactions, metals tend to lose valence electrons.

Nonmetals Non-lustrous, various colors Solids may be hard soft, usually brittle Poor conductors of heat and electricity Tightly held valence electrons METALLOIDS Metalloids have physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals, such as silicon and germanium. . Some metalloids are semiconductors, or an element that does not conduct electricity as well as a metal but does conduct slightly better than a nonmetal.

NONMETALES Nonmetals are elements that are generally gases or brittle, dull-looking solids, and poor conductors of heat and electricity. When undergoing chemical reactions nonmetals tend to share electrons or gain electrons from other atoms.

TRANSITION ELEMENTS: The metals in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table. The unpredictable behavior and properties of the transition metals is due to the more complicated atomic structure of these elements. The transition elements are divided into transition metals and inner transition metals.

a. metals transition b. inner transition metals: They are divided into two sets.

Lanthanide series: The lanthanide series can be found naturally on Earth. Only one element in the series is radioactive. They are called the rare earth elements Actinide series: The actinide series is much different. They are all radioactive and some are not found in nature.

REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS: he Representative Elements are those elements within the first two families (Groups I and II on the far left) and the last six families or groups (on the right) of the Periodic Table.

How does an elements valence electron structure relate to its position in the periodic table? The elements in this table are laid out in the standard configuration of Periods and Groups. Each box includes representations of the electron shell structure for the element. 4. STRUCTURE OF LEWIS: Is how to represent the valence electrons of an atom

5. SEMICONDUCTORS AND THEIR USES

Most metals conduct an electric current because their valence electrons are not held tightly by the positive nucleus and are free to move.

The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor such as silicon can be increased by a process known as dopingthe addition of a small amount of another element to a crystal of a semiconductor. n-type semiconductor

p-type semiconductors

Many semiconductors are made by combining n- and p-type semiconductors to form a diode. Transistors, diodes, and other semiconductors are incorporated into thin slices of silicon to form integrated circuits and are widely used in the development of technology.