MAGNETIC FORCES AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

PREVIEW
A magnetic field is the condition of the space around a magnet in which another magnet will experience a force. Magnetic poles can be north or south, and like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract. Fundamentally, magnetism is caused by moving charges, such as a current in a wire. Thus, a moving charge or current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field, and will experience a force if placed in an external magnetic field.

The Force That a Magnetic Field Exert on a Mo!ing Charge" The Motion o# a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field" and The Ma S$ectro%eter
ince a moving charge creates a magnetic field around itself, it will also feel a force when it moves through a magnetic field. The direction of the force acting on such a charge is given by the right-hand rule, with the thumb pointing in the direction of the velocity of the charge. !e use our right hand for moving positive charges, and our left hand for moving negative charges.
F F # ! & " or ! &

Right'hand R(le No) * #or #orce on a %o!ing charge+ Place your fingers in the direction of the magnetic field (north to south), your thumb in the direction of the velocity of a moving charge (or current in a wire), and the magnetic force on the charge (or wire) will come out of your palm. The e$uation for finding the force on a charge moving through a magnetic field is F = qvBsin where q is the charge in %oulombs, v is the velocity in m&s, B is the magnetic field in Teslas, and is the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field. "f the angle is '(, the e$uation becomes F = qvB. Exa%$le * A proton enters a magnetic field & which is directed into the page. The proton has a charge q and a velocity v which is directed to the right, and enters the magnetic field perpendicularly. q ) *+., x +(-+' % v ) -.( x +(, m&s B ) (.. T
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/etermine 0a1 the magnitude and direction of the initial force acting on the proton 0b1 the subse$uent path of the proton in the magnetic field 0c1 the radius of the path of the proton 0d1 the magnitude and direction of an electric field that would cause the proton to continue moving in a straight line. Sol(tion 0a1 As the proton enters the magnetic field, it will initially experience a force which is directed upward, as we see from using the right-hand rule. &
F

F = qvB = +., "+( +' $ -.( "+( , m & s ( (..# ) = 2.3 "+( +2 !

)(

0b1 The path of the proton will curve upward in a circular path, with the magnetic force becoming a centripetal force, changing the direction of the velocity to form the circular path. 0c1 The radius of this circle can be found by setting the magnetic force e$ual to the centripetal force4 magnetic force = centripetal force
qvB = mv 3 r

r=

mv (+.5 "+( 35 %g )( -.( "+( , m & s ) = = 6.. "+( 3 m +' qB (+., "+( $ )( (..# )

Sol!ed Pro,le%
+. A proton moves vertically down at -). x */. % '* through a north' o(th magnetic field of .)0 x */'0 T. %alculate the magnitude and direction of the force that acts on the proton.
# 7 ! F v down 8

F ) 7 $ v sin ) 5.2 x +( -2 x +., x +( -+' x ,.5 x +( 5 x sin'(o F 1 .)20 x */ '*3 N We t

3.

A positively charged ion 0mass 4)// x */'4- 5g and charge *)-/ x */'*6 C1 moves in a circular path of radius /)4/ %. A magnetic field of /)7/ T is $er$endic(lar to the plane of the circular path. %alculate the speed of the ion. F ) Fmagnetic mv 3 ) 7 $ v r v)
7$r m (.(. x +., x +( +' x (.3( v ) 3.( x +( 3,

1 2)/ x */ 7 %

'*

2.

A certain charge moving north at 0)// x */4 % '* enters a region in which there is a 7)// x */'- T field acting vertically downward. The charge undergoes circular motion in a cloc58i e direction with a centripetal force of 0)// x */'0 N acting. Find the nature and si9e of the charge. F ) Fmagnetic 2 x +( -2 ) 7 $ v
2 x +( 2 $) 7v 2 x +( 2 $) . x +( , x 2 x+( 3

F v

9 1 '4 C :se right hand rule to determine that sign is #8;AT"<8 .

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A proton is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of *). x */7 V and enters a magnetic field having a strength of /)4/ T. /etermine the4 0a1 $eed of the proton, initial = of proton ) +5(((( e< 0proton has same magnitude charge as an electron1. >ence loss in electric potential 8nergy ) gain in = +5(((( x +., x +( -+' ) 3 x +.,5 x +(-35 x v 3
+

3.53 x +(-+- ) 6.2. x +(-36 x v3 v3 ) 03.53 x +(-+-1 & 06.2. x +(-361 ! 1 7).* x */ - % '* 0make sure you use the mass of a proton not an electron, but note that the charge on a proton is the same si9e as the charge on an electron but is of course positive1 0b1 radi( of the path of the proton, F ) Fmagnetic
mv3 ) 7 $ v r

r ) 7$

mv

+.,5 x +( 35 x ..5+ x +( , r) (.3( x +., x +( +'

r 1 /)462 /)0/ % 0c1 ti%e for one revolution of the proton.

3 r T 3r circumference T) ) v v 3x (.3'6 T ) ..5+ x +( ,

v)

1 0)0 x */ '. .. An electron moving at .)// x */7 % '* enters a region in which a uniform magnetic field exists and describes a circle of radius of /)-3/ %. Find4 0a1 the magnetic field strength in this region, 0b1 the period of revolution of the electron.