Chapter01 Handouts 6

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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
www.imageprocessingbook.com
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Somkiat Wangsiripitak
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 What is Digital Image Processing?
1.2 The Origins of Digital Image Processing
1.3 Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing
1.4 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
1.5 Components of an Image Processing System
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction
Principal application areas of digital Image Processing
1. Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
2. Processing of image data for storage, transmission, and
representation for autonomous machine perception
1.1 What Is Digital Image Processing? 1.1 What Is Digital Image Processing?
An image may be defined as a two-dimensional fn, f(x,y)
x and y are spatial coordinates
the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y)
the intensity or gray level of the image at that point
x, y, and f are all finite, discrete quantities
digital image
digital image processing
processing digital images by means of a digital computer
1.1 What Is Digital Image Processing? 1.1 What Is Digital Image Processing?
picture elements, image elements, pels, and pixels
Imaging machines cover almost the entire electromagnetic
(EM) spectrum, ranging from gamma to radio waves
image processing, image analysis, and computer vision
digital image processing
inputs and outputs are images
processes that extract attributes from images
the recognition of individual objects
1.2 The Origins of digital Image Processing 1.2 The Origins of digital Image Processing
Newspaper industry
Bartlane cable picture transmission system
(submarine cable between London and New York)
reduced the time required to transport a picture across
the Atlantic from more than a week to less than three hours
Improving the visual
quality both in tonal
quality and in resolution
Increasing the capable of
coding images from five
distinct levels of gray to
15 levels in 1929
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Using computer techniques for improving images form space probe
Geometric corrections of image distortion inherent in the on-board
television camera
1.3 Examples of Fields that Use
Digital Image Processing
1.3 Examples of Fields that Use
The principal energy source for images in use today is
the electromagnetic energy spectrum
Other important sources of energy include
acoustic, ultrasonic, and electronic (in the form of
electron beams used in electron microscopy)
Synthetic images, used for modeling and visualization,
are generated by computer.
1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging 1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging
(a) A radioactive isotope that
emits gamma rays
(b) Positron emission tomography
(PET) :
- a radioactive isotope that
emits positrons
- a positron meets an electron
two gamma rays
(c) A superheated stationary gas
cloud (Cygnus Loop)
(d) A valve in a nuclear reactor
1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging 1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging
(a) Chest X-ray
(b) An X-ray contrast medium is injected.
This enhances contrast of the blood
vessels.
(c) Computerized axial tomography
(CAT) image is a slice taken
perpendicularly through the patient.
3D rendition
(d) Electronic circuit board.
Used to examine circuit boards for
flaws in manufacturing.
(e) Cygnus Loop
1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band 1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
Ultraviolet light is used in
fluorescence microscopy.
(a) Normal corn
(b) Smut corn
(c) Cygnus Loop
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
The visual band of the EM spectrum
is the most familiar in all our
activities.
The infrared band often is used in
conjunction with visual imaging.
Light Microscopy
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and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
Remote sensing
Usually includes several bands in the visual and infrared regions
of the spectrum
Table 1.1 shows the thematic bands in NASAs LANDSAT satellite,
used to monitor environmental condition on the planet.
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
Multispectral imaging
shows one image for each of the spectral bands in Table 1.1
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
Weather observation and prediction
multispectral imaging from satellites.
The eye of the hurricane is clearly visible in this image.
Infrared Imaging
These images are part of the
Nighttime Lights of the World
data set, which provides a
global inventory of human
settlements.
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
Automated Visual Inspection of
Manufactured Goods
(a) missing parts (black square)
(b) Look for missing pills
(c) Look for bottles that are not
filled up to an acceptable level.
(d) A clear-plastic part with an
unacceptable number of
air pockets in it
(e) Inspection for color and the presence
of anomalies.
(f) An intraocular implant (replacement
lens for the human eye)
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and Infrared Bands
and Infrared Bands
(a) A thumb print.
the automated search of a
database for potential
matches.
(b) An image of paper
currency.
- Automated counting.
- reading of the serial
number.
(c) and (d) automated license
plate reading.
1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band 1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band
The dominant application of imaging in the microwave band is radar.
The unique feature of imaging radar is its ability to collect data over
virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or ambient
lighting conditions.
a spaceborne radar image covering a rugged mountainous area of
southeast Tibet.
1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band 1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band
Medicine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Astronomy
1.3.7 Examples in which Other
Imaging Modalities are Used
Image processing in geology: mineral and oil exploration
Ultrasound Imaging
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
works much like a slide projector
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
works much like a TV camera
Computer Generated Image
(a) and (b) Fractal Image
(c) and (d) 3-D modeling
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1.4 Fundamental Steps in
1.4 Fundamental Steps in
1.5 Components of an Image
Processing System
1.5 Components of an Image
Processing System

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