Universidad Europea de Madrid Grado en Ingeniera Aeroespacial en Aeronaves Thermodynamics and Propulsion Homework 1 Due to January 23, 2014

Problem 1 A gas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes four processes in series: Process 1-2 Compression with PV= constant from P1= 1bar V1=1m3 to V2=0,2m3 Process 2-3 Constant-pressure expansion to V3=0.5m3, P=5bar. Process 3-4 Expansion with PV=constant to V4=1m3 Process 4-1: Volume constant Plot the cycle process on P-V diagram. Find the total work of the process.

Solution 1 Process 1-2

2 2 1

= 12 =
1

0.1 2 0.2 3 = 0.1 ( ) = 0.1 ( ) = 160.9 1 1 3

Process 2-3
3 2 3 2

= 23 = 0.5 = 0.5 (3 2 ) = 0.5 (0.53 0.23 ) = 150 Process 3-4

4 3 4 3

= 34 = Process 4-5

0.25 4 1 3 = 0.25 ( ) = 0.25 ( ) = 173.3 3 0.5 3

As the Volume remains constant the work done is 0

*So the total work done will be the sum of each process work:

= 160.9 + 150 + 173.3 = 162.4

0.6

0.5

0.4

Pressure(Mpa)

0.3 Pressure(Mpa) 0.2

0.1

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Volume(m3)

Problem 2 A gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a thermodynamics cycle consisting of three processes: Process 1-2 Compression with Pv=cte. From P1=1 bar V1=1.6m3 to V2=0.2m3 U2-U1=0. Process 2-3 constant pressure to V3=V1. Process 3-1 Constant volume U1-U3=-3549kJ. There are no significant changes in kinetic and potential energy. Determine the heat transfer and work for process 2-3 in kJ, is this a power cycle or a refrigeration cycle?

Solution 2 Process 1-2

1 1 = 2 2 2 =

1 1 0.1 1.6 3 = = 0.8 2 0.2 3 2 = 0.8

Process 2-3
3 2 3 2

= 23 = 0.8 = 0.8 (3 2 ) = 0.8 (1.63 0.23 ) = 1120

Process 3-1
{ 1 3 = 3549 = 3549 + 1 { 3 2 1 = 0 2 = 1 3 2 = 3549

According to the first law of thermodynamics we know that KE + PE + U = Q W. Knowing that there are no significant changes in both kinetic and potential energy and that the work in process 2-3 is W=1.12 KJ and its internal energy is 3549KJ , we can get the heat transfer. U = Q W Q = U + W = 3549 KJ + 1120 KJ = 4669KJ

Problem 3 Consider the helium tank from the gas-pressurized, bipropellant, 4th-stage rocket engine shown on the figure. Assume the initial conditions at launch in the helium tank are pi = 100MPa and Ti = 300K. a) As the vehicle passes into the upper atmosphere at high speed (using stages 1-3) it heats up due to friction from the surrounding atmosphere. Assume the helium tank is rigid. Prior to igniting the 4th stage, the temperature of the helium has risen to 400K. What is the pressure in the tank at this condition? b) How much work was done during the heating process in part a)? c) Now assume that the tank is not rigid, but expands quasi-statically a small amount as the pressure is increased such that dp/dv = 1e05 MPa*kg/m3. If the helium reaches the same final temperature before igniting the 4th stage (400K), what is the final pressure?

d) How much work was done during the heating process in part c)? e) Sketch processes a) and c) on a p-v diagram. To make the sketch clearer you may want to accentuate the changes in volume with pressure for the second process. Also, include a series of isotherms in the background as a reference.

Solution 3 a) = = =

As the tank is rigid there is no change in the volume so V1 = V2

1 2 = 1 2

2 =

2 1 1

400 100 300

= 133.33

b) As there is no change in the volume the work in the process is 0.

c)

= 0.5

= 0.5

= 0.5

() = ( 0.5 ) + (1 ) = ( 0.5 1 ) + 1 = ( 0.5 1 ) + 100 = 41.10 + 1

= 100 106 2 = ( 0.5 2 ) + 2 2 = 2 (( 0.5 2 ) + 100 106 ) 2 = 2 3

2 = 30.3

2 = ( 0.5 30.3) + 100 106 = 150 d)

1 1 = 2 2 1 = 2 2 150 30.3 3 3 = = 45.45 1 100

2 1

= =

4545 2 30.3 = 4545 ( ) = 4545 ( ) 1 45.45 1 = 1842.84

e)

Problem 4 A vacuum gage at the intake duct to a fan gives a reading of 5,2in of monometer fluid. The surrounding atmospheric pressure is 14.5Lbf/in2. Determine the absolute pressure inside duct, in Lbf/in2. The density of the monometer fluid is 49.94lb/ft3, and the acceleration of gravity is 32.2ft/s2 = = 49.94 32.2 8361.95 1 5.2 = 3 2 3 2 32.2 2 3 259.67 0.15 = = 3 3 1728 2 = 14.5 0.15 14.35 = 2 2 2 = 14.35 2

Problem 5 Starting out on a trip into the mountains, you inflate the tires on your automobile to a recommended pressure by the manufacturer of 3,21bar, on a day when the temperature is -5 Celsius. You drive to the beach, where the temperature is 28Celsius. (a) What is the final pressure in the tires assuming constant volume? (b) Derive a formula for the final pressure assuming more realistically that the volume of the tires increases with increasing internal pressure as Vf =Vi(1+a[Pf-Pi]) where a is a constant. Solution 5 a)
= = = 1 = 2

1 2 = 1 2

2 =

2 1 1

(28 + 273) 0.321

(5 + 273)

= 0.36 = 360526.12

2 = 0.36 = 360526.12

b) Knowing V2 =V1(1+a[P2-P1]) and that P1V1=P2V2 1 1 2 2 = 1 2 2 =

2 =

2 1 1 1 2

2 1 1 301 0.321 = 1 1 (1 + a[2 1 ]) 268 (1 + a[2 0.321]) 96.6 = 268 + 268 2 86.03
2 2 =

268 86.03 96.6 268 268 86.03 96.6 268

2 =

Problem 6 A power cycle has a thermal efficiency of 40% and generates electricity at rate of 120MW. The electricity is valued at 0.09euros per KW-h. Based on the cost of fuel, the cost to supply heat rate is 5 euros per GJ. For 8000hrs of operation annually. Find in euros a) The value of the electricity generated per year. b) The annual fuel cost Solution 6 a) KWh/Year 120 103 Cost of electricity per year = 9.6 108 $ $ 0.09 = 86.4 106 $ 8000 = 9.6 108

= 8.64 107 b) 0.4 = 120 103 =

= 3 105

 = 3 105

8000 = 2.4 109

Knowing that 1KWh is equivalent to 360000J we get that 1GJ is 2777.78KWh and the annual fuel cost will be: = 2.4 109 5$ $ = 4320 106 2777.78KWh = 4320 106 $