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Analog circuits often referred to a linear circuits, deal with continuous values of voltage and current such as the standard type of audio amplifier. Digital circuits are involved with representing data, control signals and small increments of measurement. Digital technology is applied in a wide range of areas in additions to computers. Such application as television, communication systems, military systems, medical instrumentation, industrial process control, and consumer electronics use digital techniques.
1.1
There are two types of electronic circuits: Analog and Digital. Analog Representation Quantity is represented by a voltage, current or meter movement that is proportional to the value of that quantity. Examples of the quantities: temperature, pressure, velocity and position. Analog = continues. An analog system contains devices that manipulate physical quantities that are represented in analogue form. Analog signal is a continuous wave form that changes smoothly over time.
The quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits. Digital = discrete (step by step). A digital system is a combination of devices designed to manipulate logical information or physical quantities that are represented in digital form. Digital signal is a discontinuous signal expressed as a discrete burst of ON and OFF electrical pulse. This ON and OFF conditions is also labelled as HIGH and LOW (1 or 0).
REMEMBER:
The major different between analog and digital quantities: Analog Digital = = continuous discrete (step by step)
1.2
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
USING
DIGITAL TECHNIQUE
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TECHNIQUE o o o o o o Digital system are easier to design Information storage is easy Accuracy and precision are greater Operation can be programmed Digital circuit are less affected by noise More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chip
DISADVANTAGES
Most physical quantities are analog nature and it is these quantities that are often the inputs and outputs that are being monitored, operated on and controlled by a system. Digital systems can be fragile. If a single piece of digital data is lost or misinterpreted, the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change. Digital circuits are made from analog components, and care has to be taken in design so that the analog natures of these components dont dominate over the desired digital behavior. Digital circuits are more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same calculations and signal processing tasks, thus producing more heat as well. More expensive, especially in small quantities.
1.3
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL
CONVERTERS
(ADCs)
AND
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG (DACs)
Limitations of Digital Technique There is really only one major drawback when using digital techniques, the real world is mainly analog. To take advantage of digital techniques when dealing with analog inputs and outputs, 3 steps must be followed: a. Convert the real world analog inputs to digital form. b. Process (operate on) the digital information. c. Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog form. Figure 1.3 shows an example of using digital and analog method.