Loadtypesandsafetyfactors

andthesafetyprovisionsofACICode

Learningobjectives
Whydoweusesafetyfactorswhendesigning structuralelements? Whatarethedifferenttypesofsafetyfactors? Howdoweusesafetyfactorsindesign?

Classificationofloads
Loadsmaybedescribedbytheirvariabilitywithrespecttotime andlocation: Permanentload remainsconstantoncethestructureis completed.E.g.selfweightofstructureandsoilpressure againstfoundation Variableload
Sustainedloadsoflongduration.E.g.weightoffilingcabinetsinan office Loadsofshortduration.E.g.weightofpeopleinthesameoffice

Accidentalloads includevehicularcollisionsandexplosions

Classificationofloads Cont.
Loadsmayalsobedescribedbywhethertheycauseacceleration orvibrationinthestructure: Staticloads donotcauseanyappreciableaccelerationor vibrationofstructure Dynamicloads causeaccelerationorvibration Smallaccelerationsaretakenintoaccountbyincreasingthe specifiedstaticloads Largeaccelerationscanbeaccountedforbymultiplyingthe effectofliveloadbyanimpactfactor

ClassificationofloadsintheUScodes
Deadloads:constantinmagnitudeandfixedin locationthroughoutthelifeofthestructure
structuralelements:beams,columns,slabs,etc. somenonstructuralelements:walls,floorfills,plaster, permanentmechanicalequipment,etc.

Liveloads:occupancyload.Theirmagnitudeand locationatanytimeisuncertain Environmentalloads:

Snowloadsandwindpressure Earthquakeloads

Weightofsomecommonbuilding materialsforestimatingdeadloads

Whydoweusetableslikethis?

MinimumLiveLoadsSpecifiedinASCE/SEI710

MinimumLiveLoadsSpecifiedinASCE/SEI702

Snowloads

SEI/ASCE702:MinimalDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures

Howaboutseismicloads?

Safetyfactors
Objective:Designacolumnthatcanwithstandthe compressivestressP Designcriteria:

Pn P

P n :nominalcompressivestrength Thewordnominalimpliesthatthestrengthis computedvaluebasedonthespecifiedconcrete, steelstrength,anddimensions But,inreallife,is Pn P asafe designcriteria?

Safetyfactors Cont.
Pn P

Pn P

Pn

:Designstress

P P U :Factoredload

:Strengthreduction(resistant)factor, 1 :Load factor, 1

Finalformofthe designcriterion:

P Pn D PD L PL ...
Strengthmethod

Loadfactorsandrequiredstrength(ACI31811)

Theservice orworkingloads aretheloadsthatareassumedtoactuallyoccurwhen astructureisinuseorservice.Strengthlevelloads arealreadyfactored.

StrengthReductionFactor

Fromchapter9ofACICode

LimitStates
Whenastructure/structuralelementbecomes unfitforitsintendeduse,ithasreachedalimit state Ultimatelimitstates:involvesstructural collapse Serviceabilitylimitstates
Excessivedeflection Excessivecrackwidth Undesirablevibrations

Limitstatedesignofstructuralelements
Step1: Designastructuralelementforthe ultimatelimitstate

P Pn D PD L PL ...
Step2: Checkwhetherthestructurewillexceed anyoftheserviceabilitylimitstates

structuraldesignsteps(ultimatelimitstate method)
structuralanalysisisperformedseparatelyforeachtypeof load basedoneachanalysisthevaluesofexistingmoment (flexure),shear,andaxialloadsoneachelementsiscalculated BasedonACIequations91to97calculatetherequired strengths(flexuralstrengthMu,shearstrengthVu,andaxial strengthPu)ofeachelement. Usingstrengthreductionfactorcalculate thevaluesofnominalstrengths(Mn,Vn andPn): Designtheelementsothatithasthenominal strengths
Mn Mu / Vn Vu / Pn Pu /

Example
Theaxialloadsforabuildingcolumn(nonspiralreinforced)havebeen estimatedwiththefollowingresults: D=150kips liveloadfromroof,Lr =60kips liveloadsfromfloors,L =300kips compressionwind,Wt =70kips tensilewind,Wt =60kips seismiccompressionload,Ec =50kips seismictensileload,Et =40kips

servicelevel

Determinetherequiredandnominaldesignloads