ENGR45, FALL 2011, SRJC

Aaron Schuler, Bret Clark, Vikram Kalidas, Riley Yaylian

Abstract:
The Ductile-Brittle Temperature represents a point at which a fracture in metal changes from : Ductile - High energy plastic bending or deformation to Brittle Low energy shatter

Impact tests: Charpy Izod

Calculations:
= = 90 = 1 sin

final height

initial height

Design:

Copper Steel Aluminum

Temperature Curves:
Temperature of Samples as a function of Time
50 0 0 -50 Temperature, C Copper Aluminium Steel -150 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

-100

-200

-250

Time, seconds

Results:
Low Carbon Steel
Low Carbon Steel Impact Test Results
50 45 40 35 Impact Energy, Joules 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -160 -140 -120 -100 Temperature, C -80 -60 -40 Steel

Results:
Aluminum
Aluminum Impact Test Results
0.6

0.5

Impact Energy, Joules

0.4

0.3 Aluminum 0.2

0.1

0 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 Temperature, C -40 -20 0 20 40

Results:
Copper
Copper Impact Test Results
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 Temperature, C -80 -60 -40 -20 0 Copper

Impact Energy, Joules

Ductile - Brittle Transition Temperatures

Bret Clark Aaron Schuler Riley Yaylian Vikram Kalidas

Engineering 45 Materials Santa Rosa Junior College Fall 2011

Abstract Ductile Brittle transition testing is done on varies materials to view the behavior of metals when temperature is varied. These types of transitions have been found more prominently in materials with BCC and HCP crystal structures. Knowing the properties of ductility and brittleness for materials provides manufacturers with information when they are trying to develop projects. The transition from ductile to brittle can be very rapid and often times it could be very disastrous since there is almost no warning. There are two different types of impacting testing, the Charpy and Izod impact tests. The Charpy impact test is a standardized high strain test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by different materials. The amount of energy absorbed gives the materials toughness and this property is used to study the ductile-brittle transition. The sample piece is loaded horizontally into the apparatus and the pendulum hammer strikes the notched sample. The notch is put in the sample to initiate the crack propagation. After the impact the sample is removed and examined. If the material breaks on a flat surface then it is classified as brittle, if it is a jagged surface then it is classified as ductile. The Izod test is very similar to the Charpy except that the sample is loaded vertically and then struck with the pendulum hammer. Same types of classifications are used after impact results. For both tests the sample dimensions have to be consistent and any variant of the samples can greatly affect the fracture and the data. Introduction Finding the ductile brittle transition temperature of various metals. Designing and building an Izod impact testing apparatus. Gathering materials to perform the impact test. o Aluminum, Copper and low carbon steel. o Liquid nitrogen. o Thermo coupler to measure temperatures from liquid nitrogen to room temperature. Performing the test and gathering results to determine the transition temperature for the three materials.

Materials and Procedure Aluminum Copper Low Carbon Steel

Cut equal samples of the material from the flat bars

 Acquiring liquid nitrogen Using the liquid nitrogen to calibrate the thermo coupler Getting one sample of each metal to -196 C then using logger pro and the thermo coupler to gather the temperature change while the sample is fastened in the apparatus After gathering the data for the temperature change from -196 C to room temperature, it is easier to find temperatures needed because they are now associated with time Putting all the samples in the liquid nitrogen to achieve the lowest temperature Loading one sample into the sample holder and waiting until the needed time to release the hammer starts the process of data collection The hammer is released from an angle of 0 on the protractor A camera is used to record the value of initial and final angle measurements The equation for energy is put into an Excel spreadsheet and the value of the final angle is inputted to give the energy absorbed This process is repeated for all samples and all metals Raw Data Copper Sample Aluminum Sample

Temp Angle Energy Time (s) (C) () Absorbed (J) 8 -175 175 0.3729 15 -162 176 0.2387 17 -149 177 0.1343 20.5 -123 177 0.1343 22.75 -95 177 0.1343 25 -70 177 0.1343 27.25 -48 177 0.1343 30.5 -27 177 0.1343 34.25 -10 177 0.1343 Steel Sample Time (s) 5.5 10 16.5 27 37.5

Temp Angle Energy Time (s) (C) () Absorbed (J) 4.5 -146 176 0.2387 7 -105 176 0.2387 9.25 -77.5 178 0.05970 11.25 -58 178 0.05970 13.25 -46 178 0.05970 17.5 -18 179 0.01493 20 -10 179 0.01493 RT 25 180 0

Temp Angle Energy (C) () Absorbed (J) -154 162 4.7965 -118 166 2.9110 -96 170 1.4888 -74 144 18.7163 -51 145 17.7231

Discussion We first created a Temperature vs. time graph by reducing test samples to the temperature of liquid nitrogen -196 C (77 K) and placing them into the clamp designed to secure the samples, for each sample material with a specific cross sectional area. With this we could estimate the time necessary to elapse before desired test temperature was reached. At desired temperatures (i.e. times) the pendulum was released and a change in height was recorded to evaluate the energy lost due to the impact of the pendulum with the sample. U = mghf - mghi = energy lost = - energy absorbed by test sample. Copper-- We observed a very small trend of increased energy absorption at lower temperatures. So small in fact, that that to ascertain a DBTT from this data would be irresponsible. The DBTT of copper is inconclusive. Aluminum--Testing aluminum samples produced data that suggests that this material becomes more brittle with increase temperature. A very narrow change in energy does not allow for a definitive DBTT. This minute change may be the result of experimental error due to lack of sensitivity of equipment. From our data the DBTT of aluminum is inconclusive. Low-carbon steel-- Testing the DBTT of low-carbon steel resulted in large jump in energy absorption between the temperatures -96C and -74C. The energy absorbed went from 1.49 J to 18.7 J. This large U is indicative that the DBTT of low-carbon steel is in this range. Because of this range and referenced temperatures of: hot-rolled Dual-Phase 590 (DP590) DBTT= -95 and low-carbon steel 1018 DBTT= -5 . Our steel samples have lower carbon than .18% Possible Error The amount of energy absorbed by the material depends significantly on the size of the cross sectional area, and inconsistencies in the cross-sectional area within one species of sample is a source of potential error. The force of impact, coupled with the instability of the equipment, introduced potential energy loses. Force on sample securing clamps position, relocated it, resulting in inconsistencies. When corrected the data collected resembled theoretical. Sample insertion time variations from original Temperature vs. time graph resulted in inconsistencies. Conclusion Experiment was a success. We were able to create an apparatus that works as an Izod impact test mechanism. We were able to gather data that corresponds to existing data referenced from textbooks and resources on the internet. Our group managed to accomplish these tasks and furthermore, was able to put it to the test and perform a full experiment resembling the process of ductile brittle transitions used in the field. The lack of sensitivity of our equipment did not allow for conclusive results for aluminum or copper species. We were able identify a temperature range for the DBTT for an unknown carbon content of low carbon steel.

Sources Charpy Impact Test: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpy_impact_test Izod Impact Test: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod_impact_strength_test Graphs, pictures and material properties: Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction by William D. Callister Jr. Dr. Younes Ataiiyan