Basic concepts in CT and DT systems

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Readings and exercise

Textbook: Sections 1.5, 1.6 Suggested exercise:
pp. 57-58:
1.15 1.16 1.18 1.19

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Course outline
Some examples of systems System properties:
Causality Stability Linearity Invariance

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What is a system?

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Examples of systems (1)

Example 1. RLC circuit

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Examples of systems (2)

A rudimentary edge detector

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Observations
A very rich class of systems (but by no means all systems of interest to us) are described by differential and difference equations Such an equation, by itself, does not completely describe the input-output behaviour of the system: we need auxiliary conditions (initial conditions) In some cases the system of interest has time as the natural independent variable and is causal. However, that is not always the case.
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System interconnections
Serial Parallel Feedback example

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feedback connection

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System properties
Causality, linearity, stability, time-invariance etc. Why?
Important practical/physical implications They provide us with structure that we can exploit for both system analysis and system design

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Causality
A system is causal if the output does not anticipate future values of the input, i.e. if the output at any time depends only on the values of the input up to that time All real-time physical systems are causal. Time only moves forward, and effect occurs after the cause. Causality does not apply to systems processing spatially varying signals (we can move both left and right, up and down) Causality does not apply to systems processing recorded signals (e.g. taped sports games versus live broadcast)

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Causal or non causal?

y(t)=x2(t-1) y(t)=x(t+1) y[n]=x[-n] y[n]=(1/2)n+1 x3[n-1]

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Stability
A stable system is one in which small inputs lead to responses that do not diverge Ex: model for the balance of a bank account from month to month y[n]=1.01y[n-1]+x[n], x[n]>0 for all n>=0.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWJHcI7UcuE

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Stable or unstable?
y[n]=nx[n] y[n]=x[4n+1] Strategy: to prove that a system is unstable, we need to find a specific bounded input that leads to an unbounded output. If such an example does not exist, then the system is stable
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Time invariance
Conceptually: A system is time invariant (TI) if its behaviour does not depend on a particular moment in time. Mathematically:
for a CT time-invariant system:

for a DT time-invariant system:

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Time invariant or time-varying?

y[n]=nx[n] y[n]=sin(x[n]) Strategy: we must determine whether the time invariance property holds for any input and any time shift When a system is suspected of being time-varying, we can seek a counterexample (a specific input signal for which the condition of time-invariance would be violated)

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Now we can deduce something!

If the input to a TI system is periodic, then the output is periodic with the same period.

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Linear and non-linear systems

Many systems are non-linear (ex: circuit elements: diodes, dynamics of aircraft etc.) In ELEC 310 we focus exclusively on linear systems Why?
We can often linearize models to examine small signal perturbations around operating points Linear systems are analytically tractable, providing basis for important tools used in DSP.
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Linearity
A system is called linear if it has two mathematical properties: Let us consider x1(t) y1(t) and x2(t) y2(t) Additivity: x1(t)+ x2(t) y1(t) + y2(t) Homogeneity (scaling): ax1(t) ay1(t), a is any complex number We can combine these two properties into one: ax1(t)+ bx2(t) ay1(t) + by2(t) ax1[n]+ bx2[n] ay1[n] + by2[n]
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Properties of linear systems

Superposition

For linear systems, zero input zero output A linear system is causal if and only if it satisfies the condition of initial rest

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Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems

Our focus for most of this course A basic fact: If we know the response of an LTI system to some inputs, we actually know its response to many inputs

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Example: DT LTI system

Given

Compute the response of the system to

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Example: DT LTI system (contd)

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Example of a complete analysis of system properties

Determine which properties (time-invariance, linearity, causality, stability) hold for the following system:

y1[n] =

k =n

x[k ]

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System invertibility
A system is invertible if distinct inputs lead to distinct outputs A serial interconnection of an invertible system with its inverse leads to an output w[n] equal to the input x[n]. Invertibility is important in signal transmission (lossless signal coding)

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Invertibility analysis
Determine if the following systems are invertible or not. If yes, construct their corresponding inverse systems y[n]=nx[n] y[n]=x[1-n]

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Learning outcome
the primary focus in this class is on linear, time-invariant LTI systems in the DT domain LTI systems are defined in a similar way in both CT and DT domains How to compute the global input-output function of interconnected systems How to determine whether a system is:
Causal Stable Time-invariant Linear Invertible
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