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Objectives
Differentiate between
Adjectives
$n terms f f rm% adjectives are n t as easil" identifiable in is lati n as n uns r verbs. &e need either meaning r c nte't r clues
nl" adjectives will fit in the b th sl ts the f rm f the w rd can als pr vide clues
, us - g rge us% fam us% c urage us% c ntagi us merr"% funn" beautiful% w nderful terrific% ascetic f rtunate% temperate , childish% reddish , fragmentar"% c mplimentar" , punitive% active , variable% amenable
the" ccasi nall" sh w up n ther f rm classes t handful !n un#. panic !n un% verb#% punish !verb#
*he inflecti nal suffi'es that pattern with adjectives are , er% the sign f r c mparative f rm , est% the superlative f rm / sitive 0 mparative Superlative big bigger biggest " ung " unger " ungest smart smarter smartest
*he ,er f rm is used in the c mparis n f tw n uns - thats wh" it is called the c mparative degree:
/at is " unger than /h"llis /h"llis is the better student f the tw
*he c mparative degree with than can als be f ll wed b" a clause rather than a n un phrase
*he ,est f rm% the superlative degree% is used when singling ut ne f m re than tw n uns
* m was the ldest pers n in the r m 1f the three candidates% Sarah is the best campaigner
Additional Cases
) r man" adjectives the c mparative and superlative degrees are n t f rmed with ,er and ,est% but with more and most% which we can thin2 f as alternative f rms r all m rphs
adjectives with m re than 3 s"llables are patterns with more and most ," r ,l" !prettiest% friendlier% l velier# ,le !n bler% n blest# , w !narr wer% narr west# ,er !tenderest#
Adjectives or Adverbs
,l" adverbs% th se derived fr m adjectives% have c mparative and superlative versi ns: m re 5uic2l"% m st fre5uentl"
Small gr up f w rds that have c mparative and superlative f rms can serve as adjectives r adverbs - inflecti nal test is n t ver" reliable
Exceptions
Near (nearer, nearest) - can serve n t nl" as adjective and adverb% but als as a prep siti n% the nl" prep siti n that ta2es inflecti n
g d better best
(djectives can als be c mpared in a negative sense with as, less, and least
*his picnic is n t as enj "able as $ th ught it w uld be *his picnic is less enj "able than $ th ught it w uld be *his is the least enj "able picnic $6ve ever attended
Rules of !umb
Tests for Adjectives
Formal Proof
1. 7as adjective,ma2ing m rpheme 3a. *a2es c mparative r superlative m rpheme happ"% l vable% f lish s fter% s ftest
Functional Proof
3b. 0an be made c mparative r superlative b" using m re r m st 3. 0an be 5ualified 8. 0an fit b th sl ts in the frame sentence m re sensitive% m st sensitive rather s ft *he +++n un seems ver" +++
Exercise "
1. 0reate a c mparative and superlative f rms f r the adjectives listed
friendl"% helpful% wise% awful% rich% mell w% e'pensive% valid% pure% able
3. *est each f the w rds bel w with the test f r adjectives given ab ve. &hich w rds are adjectives9 7 w man" f the criteria are valid f r each adjective9
alluring% eating% s2inn"% pale% diet% tall% c ntr lled% hungr" E'ample: selfish !adjective - 8 criteria# (pplicable: has adjective,ma2ing m rpheme :,ish;% can be made c mparative<superlative with more, most% can be 5ualified - ver" selfish% fits the frame
Subclasses of Adjectives
th se that are limited t the pren un sl ts th se that are limited t the c mplement sl ts
predicative adjectives
as subject c mplement !as in the test frame# as bject c mplement as m difiers in the n un phrase !as in the test frame#
attributive adjectives
( small number f f adjectives will n t fill the c mplement sl t , attributive nl" adjectives:
main% principal% f rmer% mere% p tential% at mic% late !meaning =dead># and technical adjectives: sulfuric% h"dr chl ric these d n t serve as either subject r bject c mplements in the verb phrase% n r d the" ta2e 5ualifiers:
?*he president is f rmer ?4" main reas n is ver" main ?*he child is mere
*here are a few ther adjectives that rarel" appear in an attributive p siti n in reference t animate n uns:
=ill men> but rarel" ?=ill pers n> , we will use sic2 instead
*he h use was abla@e ?*he abla@e h use burned d wn in an h ur *he children were awa2e ?*he awa2e children were n is"
$ncidentall" n t all predicative adjectives ta2e very, the sample 5ualifier in the test frame
we d n t usuall" sa":
=ver" afraid> r =ver" awa2e> =ver" much afraid> and =ver" much awa2e> 5uite afraid% e'tremel" afraid% c mpletel" awa2e% wide awa2e
( number f adjectives in predicative p siti n appear fre5uentl" with c mplements in the f rm f phrases r clauses
*he children were afraid that the d g w uld bite *he children were aware that the d g w uld bite *he d g was f nd f biting children &e were c nsci us f the pr blem 1ur team is certain t win
these cases are called 6c mplements6 rather than m difiers r 5ualifiers because the" c mplement the idea e'pressed b" the adjective A direct bjects are c mplements f verbs
m st adjectives can be intensified% 5ualified: s mewhat late% rather late% 5uite earl"% ver" happ" , gradable certain adjectives den te meanings that are c nsidered abs lute: uni5ue% s5uare% r und% perfect% single% d uble% fatal% empt"% right% wr ng% imp ssible these can fill b th the attributive and predicate sl ts% but the" can n t be 5ualified r c mpared - n ngradable we can sa" =alm st perfect> and =nearl" s5uare>% but will av id =m re perfect> and =ver" perfect>
Adverbs
(dverbs m dif"
verbs: Sue swims 5uic2l" adjectives: Bill6s car is mechanicall" s und ther adverbs: (ndrew dr ve incredibl" fast wh le sentences: 1bvi usl"% s me ne ate the rest f the pi@@a
are the m st difficult f the f ur f rm classes t identif" and understand (dverbs verlap with adjectives !fast, slow#
*he h rse li2es a fast trac2 !adjective# D n6t drive s fast !adverb# *he" are sl w learners !adjective# 7e drives t sl w !sl wl"# !adverbs#
Derivational Suffixes
1ne c mm n indicat r f f rm is suffi' - l"% which we use t derive adverbs f manner fr m adjectives
$t is n t c mpletel" reliable signaler% since - l" ccurs n n uns !f ll"#% adjectives !l vel"% ugl"# *here are man" adjectives that we can turn t adverb with m rpheme :,l";
Restrictions
N t all adjectives can bec me manner adverbs% these restricti ns are related t
meaning
describe a state - tall% ld fi'ed r inherit characteristic - N rwegian characteristic that change - wea2% active% industri us
*he adjectives that refer t bjective r stative r inherent 5ualities rarel" bec me manner adverbs:
if the" d - the" have metaph rical% speciali@ed meaning hardl"% widel"% s5uarel"% sh rtl"% flatl"
Besides ,l"% tw ther derivati nal suffi'es pr duce adverbs: ,ward and ,wise
w rds ending in -ward signal directi n: h meward% f rward% bac2ward% upward% d wnward w rds ending in wise% which indicate manner% include b th ld usage: therwise% lengthwise% cr sswise jarg n: budgetwise% weatherwise% m ne"wise% pr fitwise
Inflectional Suffixes
the c mparative f rm f ,l" adverbs% usuall" f rmed b" adding more rather than ,er e'cept f r: s n% ften - the nl" that ta2e ,er% ,est the superlative degree , m st suddenl"% m st fav rabl" - is rare in b th speech and writing - calls attenti n
*he c mmittee was m st fav rabl" impressed with the pr p sal *he crime was planned m st ingeni usl"
Adverb Subclasses
(dverbs are ften categ ri@ed n the basis f the 2ind f inf rmati n the" pr vide
*he h rses ran steadil" 1ur guest arrived "esterda" C ur b ss called here 7e is ama@ingl" beautiful *he" met fre5uentl" 7e alwa"s bragged ab ut it
Rules of !umb
Tests for Adverbs
Formal Proof 1. 7as adverb,ma2ing m rpheme 3a. *a2es c mparative superlative m rphemes Function Proof 3b. 0an be made c mparative r superlative with m re r m st 3. 0an be 5ualified 8. 0an be m ved within a sentence D. 0an fit in the frame sentence suddenl"% cr sswise% h meward She ran faster She ran fastest m re suddenl"% m st suddenl" rather suddenl" *he d r pened suddenl" *he d r suddenl" pened Suddenl" the d r pened *he man t ld his st r" +++++++ .
Exercise (
1. *here are tw - l" m rphemes: ne t create adjectives% an ther t create adverbs. * understand the differences s rt the f ll wing w rds int tw gr ups: adjectives and adverbs
3. Decide whether each f the e'amples bel w is an adverb f time% place% manner% degree% fre5uenc" and number r durati n