Final Manuscript (3rd Part Body)

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In human life, generation of waste is an inevitable end result. In unison
with the improvement of quality of the human life is the removal of that waste. One of the consequences of the global urbanization is increasing volume of solid waste. The rising urban population is generating solid waste at an ever-faster rate, it was estimated that about 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste was generated globally in 1990 (Beede & Bloom, 1995) and at present the yearly production of solid waste in the world may be about 1.6 billion metric tons. A considerable amount of money goes into managing such huge volume of solid waste. Asian countries alone spent about US$25 billion on solid waste management per year in the early 1990s; the figure is projected to rise to around US$50 billion by 2025 (Hoornweg & Thomas, 1999). These figures testify that solid waste management (SWM) has become a large, complex and costly service. Cities in developed countries have financial resources and skills to adequately handle the cost and complexity of SWM which may not be present in developing countries. It is projected that the world population between 2000 and 2030 will
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be absorbed by urban areas in developing countries (U.N. 2004) and this will pose big challenges in the Solid Waste Management System. Solid Waste Management techniques were initially intended to get rid of waste from the surrounding area of habitable zones in order to maintain public health. After understanding the hazards of uncontrolled disposal, measures were created and put into practice, essentially through sanitary land filling. Reorientation in Solid Waste Management systems toward sustainability is now a global thrust and Asian countries are deeply involved in this transition, emphasizing sustainability and economic condition, A.V. Shekdar / Waste Management 29 (2009). In the Philippines, it is estimated that roughly 6,700 tons / day of waste is being generated daily (The Garbage Book, ADB, 2004) of which only ten percent is being recycled and composted, and ninety percent either hauled to the citys dumpsite, dumped illegally in rivers, creeks, Manila Bay, or openly burned. When the municipality of Navotas was converted into a city on June 2007, by R.A. 9003, there was a creation of an office for City Environment and Natural Resource, whose main task is to look into the citys Solid Waste Management. The office prepared a 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan in compliance with R.A. 9003 The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and consistent with the National Solid Waste Management framework for feasible re-use, recycling and composting of wastes.
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The national framework also mandates the city government to identify the amount of landfill and transportation capacity for those solid wastes which cannot be re-used, recycled, or composted. The solid waste management plan of Navotas City identifies the Key Performance Areas and respective indicators which are supposedly to be regularly monitored and evaluated for corrective actions and revisions to the original plan, if needed. The plan has been implemented since January 2008 and still in place as originally conceptualized. With its 2 years in use, the researcher will assess the extent of implementation as perceived by the different stakeholders.
1.2
RESEARCH IMPLICATION The City of Navotas and its populace are the essential beneficiaries of the
study. The residents of the aforementioned benefit from the information gained and recommendations from the study. It will also substantiate viability of the solid waste management plan being implemented by the city government. The study can also be used by other areas of the government in comparison to their solid waste management plan and find ideas suitable in establishing, improving or evaluating their existing solid waste management plan.
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The study bears constructive information which is ecologically aware, cost-effective, practicable and workable to make better the present solid waste management plan. It will be useful for the citys future studies, research and evaluation on solid waste management system. The results of the study can be useful in determining, generally the trends of the kind of wastes being produced by the city in terms of its residential and industrial population and at the same time are able to educate them in the goal to reduce and act in accordance with the solid waste management system. The goal of this study is to identify and be able to highlight the items in the plan that needs improvement, amendment, deletion and integration, so that, with todays technologies and advancement, objectives of the plan can be easily attained.
1.3 The
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM following research questions are introduced and presented
correspondingly: 1. What are the present Solid Waste Management Practices of the City with regards to: a.) Performance Objectives b.) Monitoring and Evaluation c.) Corrective Actions
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2. Are there significant differences on the perceived efficiency of waste segregation when grouped to Barangays, then further clustered into a.) Residential b.) Commercial c.) Institutional d.) Industrial? 3. What recommendations are forwarded by respondents to improve the performance? 4. What can be reworked to improve the existing Solid Waste Management Plan?
1.4
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The current condition in solid waste management of Navotas City in its
time frame is on its 2nd phase (Compliance to the Solid Waste Management Act) transitioning to the 3rd phase (Medium to Long Term Plan). Since the start of the implementation of the plan, several factors need to be considered if execution of the plan is being implemented properly to determine its effectiveness. Taking into consideration the take-off from collecting the garbage. The initial part of the system can be greatly affected starting from its source. Figure 1. shows the flow of the solid waste management system program. The success of waste segregation at source and the proper disposal of segregated waste is the backbone of the program. This will determine if the City
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can adhere to its self designed Solid Waste Management Plan at commencement and give an affirmative outcome.
Segregation at Source
Transportation: Dump truck equipment or Pushcarts, Rolling Trash Bins or Trikes/Pedicabs
Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility
20 25% Residuals from MRF and CF
Composting Facility
Recyclables/Reusable: glass, plastic, metal, paper, etc.
Compost
Sanitary Landfill
Figure 1. Solid Waste Management System Program Source: 10-year SWM plan of Navotas City 2007 It is expected that the measurement or evaluation on the current Solid Waste Management Plan of the City may come across areas that may need improvement, adjustment or even total variation. The Plan, being introduced to the existing system of the City may be dependent on the type of awareness the community is familiar of. Although an extensive awareness program is being provided by certain government agencies, it cannot guarantee the dissemination
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of knowledge and information to the general public. Implementing agencies, manpower, equipment, monetary allotment and the overall enforcement of the CENRO on solid waste management are aspects on evaluation of the plan.
1.5
RESEARCH SIMULACRUM R.A. 9003s guiding principle and targets for solid waste avoidance and
volume reduction are through source segregation and waste minimization measures together with composting, recycling, re-use recovery and other processes before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities. In the conceptual framework of RA 9003, it illustrates the roles of municipal government and the barangay in implementing waste diversion. The barangays are required to implement mandatory source segregation, establish materials recovery facility, collect and process the recyclables and biodegradables. The recyclables are further sorted in the MRF and sold to junkshops while the biodegradables are processed into composts. The city government, on the other hand, is tasked to collect and disposed residual and special wastes. For the latter, municipal governments are required to set-up a separate and contained physical areas in their disposal facilities, and whenever feasible, encourage take-back schemes by manufacturers and traders.
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The study focuses on the plans existing measures of the Performance Objectives, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Corrective Actions as the means to determine the output quantifying the adherence of the stakeholders and implementors to the objectives of the plan, based on R.A. 9003s program. These inputs are assumed to have effect on execution of the plan.
R.A. 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Sec. 16 Local Government Solid Waste Management Plans)
Navotas City 10-Year Solid Waste Management Plan (Plan Features)
Inputs Implementors and Stakeholders Performance Objectives Monitoring and Evaluation Corrective Actions
Impact and Process Evaluation Proper Segregation Collection Transport Storage Treatment Disposal
Outputs
Reduction of Solid Waste Environmental

Compliance Level of Success
Proposed Schemes
Assessment and Evaluation
Figure 2. Research Simulacrum
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1.6
SCOPE AND LIMITATION To be able to focus on the primary concern of the study, the following areas
were limited to the following: 1. This paper is limited to the assessment of the Solid Waste Management Plan of Navotas City and will concentrate on the three areas, namely: a. Performance Objective i. Massive Information and Education Campaign ii. Manpower iii. Equipment iv. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility b. Monitoring and evaluation i. Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools ii. Ocular Inspection and Monitoring iii. Waste Composition iv. Collection schedule / Frequency v. Waste Minimization c. Corrective Action 2. The respondents represented by the 14 barangays thereat, and by the officers/staff of the CENRO. a. San Rafael Village
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL b. North Bay Boulevard South c. North Bay Boulevard North d. Bangkulasi e. Bagumbayan South f. Bagumbayan North g. Navotas East h. Navotas West i. j. Sipac-Almacen San Jose
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k. Daanghari l. San Roque
m. Tangos n. Tanza. 3. A survey questionnaire was developed and was the source of primary data for analysis.
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS To understand the key terms being used in this study. These terms are
defined according how they are used in the study in order to make easy understanding of the problem and avoid ambiguous meaning to terms which can be otherwise interpreted in different ways.
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CENRO shall refer to the City Environment and Natural Resources Office of the city. Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a common storage point. Composting shall refer to the systematic decomposition of organic matter by micro-organism, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product. Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of dumpsite operation. DENR shall refer to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in any land. Disposal site shall refer to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited. Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.
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Environmentally acceptable shall refer to the quality of being re-usable, biodegradable, or compostable, recyclable and not toxic or hazardous to the environment. Environmentally preferable shall refer to products of services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose. This comparison may consider raw materials acquisition, production, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, reuse, operation, maintenance or disposal of the product or service. Generation shall refer to the act or process of producing solid waste. Generator shall refer to the person, entity or institution producing solid waste. Hazardous waste shall refer to solid waste or combination of solid waste which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed. Implementor shall refer to the person, group who implements the program. Materials recovery facility shall include solid waste transfer station or sorting station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL MMDA shall refer to the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
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Municipal wastes shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional, and industrial wastes and street litters. NCSWMB shall refer to the Navotas City Solid Waste Management Board NCSWMP shall refer to the Navotas City Solid Waste Management Plan Person(s) shall refer to any being, natural or juridical, susceptible of rights and obligations, or of being the subject of legal relations. PET Polyethyleen terephthalate-Plastics bottles from soda and water PIO shall refer to the citys Public Information Office POSO shall refer to the citys Public Order and Safety Office Post-consumer material shall refer only to those materials or products generated by a business or consumer which have served their intended end use, and which have been separated or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in the manufacturing of recycled product, excluding materials and byproducts generated from, and commonly used within an original manufacturing process, such as mill scrap. Receptacles shall refer to individual containers used for the source separation and the collection of recyclable materials.
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Recovered material shall refer to material and by-products that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed, and used as a raw material in the manufacture of a recycled product. Recyclable material shall refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use or for other purposes, including, but not limited, to newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metal, used oil, corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass, office paper, tin cans, plastics and other materials as may be determined by the Commission. Recycled material shall refer to post-consumer material that has been recycled and returned to the economy. Recycling shall refer to the treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity, and which may be used as raw materials for the production of other goods or services: provided, that the collection, segregation, and re-use of previously used packaging material shall be deemed recycling under the Act.
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Re-use shall refer to the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics. Sanitary Landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated, and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. Segregation shall refer to sorting and segregation of different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal. Segregation at source shall refer to a solid waste management practice of separating, at the point of origin, different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal. Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, nonhazardous institutional, ports/harbour and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other nonhazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the term solid waste as used in the Act shall not include:
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a) waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or semi-solid form which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious situations, incapacitate or cause irreversible bodily damage or acute/chronic effect on the health of persons and other organisms; b) infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who are suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having communicable diseases and must therefore be isolated as required by public health agencies, laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals), and disposable fomites that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical operating room pathologic specimens and disposable fomites attendant thereto, and similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and emergency rooms; and c) waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil and debris Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best
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principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. Solid waste management facility shall refer to any resource recovery system or component thereof, any system, program, or facility for resource conservation; any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid waste. Source reduction shall refer to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the solid waste stream by methods such as product design, materials substitution, materials re-use and packaging restrictions. Source separation shall refer to the sorting of solid waste into some or all of its component parts at the point of generation. Special wastes shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the like. These include wastes from residential and commercial sources that comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil and tires. These
wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and commercial wastes.
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Storage shall refer to the interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal. SWMP shall refer to the Solid Waste Management Plan Transfer stations shall refer to those facilities utilized to receive solid wastes, temporarily store, separate, convert, or otherwise process the materials in the solid wastes, or to transfer the solid wastes directly from smaller to larger vehicles for transport. This term does not include any of the following: a) a facility whose principal function is to receive, store, separate, convert, or otherwise in accordance with national minimum standards. b) a facility, whose principal function is to receive, store, convert, or otherwise process wastes which have already been separated for reuse and are not intended for disposal; and c) the operation premises of a duly licensed solid waste handling operator who receives, stores, transfers, or otherwise processes wastes as an activity incidental to the conduct of a refuse collection and disposal business. Waste diversion shall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of solid wastes from waste disposal facilities.
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White goods shall refer to large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers collected separately. White goods are usually dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g. copper, aluminum, etc.) Yard waste shall refer to wood, small, or chipped branches, leaves, grass clippings, garden debris, vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of a plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC).
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter would be discussing comprehension, technologies, programs, policies, schemes and development from related literatures and academic journals on the subject of solid waste management and to provide better understanding on the researchers aim on the study.
2.1
SOLID WASTE / MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal solid waste refers to food, paper, rubbish, packaging and ashes
discarded by households and commercial establishments; non-hazardous and non-toxic institutional or industrial waste; street sweepings, construction debris, and agricultural waste. To the ordinary Filipino, solid waste is anything that is considered basura and there is expectation, especially in the more urban areas, that it is the responsibility of local government officials to reduce and control the solid waste problem. The problems of solid waste management confronting local government units are becoming more complex as population and local economies grow. LGUs need to continually review and map out shortterm and long-term solutions to effectively deal with them. (Solid Waste Management: Mapping out Solutions at the Local Level: Service Delivery with
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Impact: Resource Books for Local Government, Philippine-Canada Local Government Support Program, 2003)
2.2
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT A study by Peter Beigl, Sandra Lebersorger, Stefan Salhofer (2006) cited
that: Waste management for municipal waste is considered a public service, providing citizens with a system of disposing of their waste in an environmentally sound and economically feasible way. The amount and composition of waste generated comprise the basic information needed for the planning, operation and optimization of waste management systems. The demand for reliable data concerning waste arising (waste generation) is implicitly included in the majority of national waste management laws. More explicitly, waste legislation requires assessment of the current waste arising and forecasts, such as in Ireland (Dennison et al., 1996a) and in Germany, where the competent public authorities (cities or counties (Kreise)) are required to assure guaranteed disposal for a period of 10 years in advance (cf. Sircar et al., 2003). Y. Xu, G.H. Huang, X.S. Quin, M.F. Cao (2009) Municipal solid waste (MSW) management continues to be a major challenge for urban communities throughout the world. The rising MSW generation rates, increasing environmental and health concerns, shrinking waste disposal capacities, and
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varying legislative and political conditions have significant impacts on selection of best waste-management practices. Solid Waste Management (SWM) by definition; includes all activities pertaining to the control, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetic and other environmental considerations. R.A. 9003 or also known as the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000 Section 2.b focuses on the avoidance and volume reduction of waste through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles.
2.3
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODELS Modelling of waste management is not a new idea as discussed by A.J.
Morrissey, J. Browne (2003). In his study he reviewed the different types of models developed from time to time. Many of the models identified are decision support models, using a variety of methods and tools, such as risk assessment, environmental impact assessment, cost benefit analysis, multi criteria decision making and life cycle analysis, as part of the decision making process. Most
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models identified assume that all options and decision criteria have already been identified and that the most important stage of the process is the actual evaluation of the alternatives using one of these tools or methods. The type of tool selected also depends on the decision being made and on the decisionmakers (Zopounidis and Doumpos, 2002; Guitouni and Martel, 1998; EEA, 2003). Tools such as these are an important part of the waste management models identified, but only a part, as the focus of this research is on models for municipal waste management, and therefore goes beyond the tool used to assist in the decision making process. Ka-Mbayu Kapepula, Gerard Colson, Karim Sabri, Philippe Thonart (2006) described in developing countries, household solid waste management (HSWM) in large cities is often mismanaged, resulting in severe consequences for the urban population such as high rates of morbidity, aesthetic degradation, economic losses produced by flood propagation or simply by the absence of waste valorisation through recycling and recovery. At the same time, informal activities are developed around the solid waste activities, which can enrich some intermediaries working without any official allowance. This research gave awareness that the rapid population growth produces more and more urban wastes that are not sorted and are considered as valueless by inhabitants, except for some small parts purchased by itinerant informal merchants. This growth is mainly a result of the migration of starving people
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from rural areas to the peri-urban areas, where they build slums with the hope of improving their situation. Solid wastes are not always collected and sometimes are thrown anywhere by the population, resulting in dumps that likewise result to epidemics and floods. The collection and the transportation of increasing quantities of waste are difficult in several unstructured areas of the city given the situation of having twisted and narrow streets, absence of passable ways and the deterioration of existing ones. Increasing the public health impacts, all these phenomena are of increasing concern. Ignoring clever sorting and economic valorisation of wastes, unfortunately, is perceived by a great majority as pure nuisances as solid waste are concerned. In the study of Chung-Chiang Chen (2010) The recycling system, in general, requires the cooperation from households and the public to separate their waste into different waste types and not bringing mixed general waste to the site. Basically, all the local governments regulate that all household solid wastes should be sorted at home. Otherwise, the collectors have rights to refuse the unsorted solid wastes. Even though, MSW management authorities still need to separate the resource recyclables and food wastes from the general waste at the final disposal plants (incineration plants or landfill sites). All the recyclables, food waste, and the general waste are collected by the public collecting system
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provided by local authorities. Therefore, the recyclables collected R1 and food wastes collected R2 are treated as output variables while total waste generated I and man power M (collectors provided by local authorities) for waste collection are treated as input variables. In addition, Scott (1999) suggests that old people are found to be more participative in recycling behaviours to a larger extent than the young. The age composition of old people is treated as the input variable for calculating the sorting efficiency. We use the eldness index E as the proxy variable of the age composition. The eldness index E is defined as ratio of the number of the aged (65 years old or older) to the children (below 14 years old). And thus the sorting efficiency Ns is expressed as: Ns = R1R2E / IM Simon De Jaeger, Johan Eyckmans (2007) made a research to give a brief introduction to quantitative evaluation techniques that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of voluntary policy programs with non-experimental data and to argue that these are relevant tools for assessing the effectiveness of voluntary waste management programs. For further research, they believe other quantitative policy evaluation techniques like matching and instrumental variables type of estimators could be applied to the Flemish case study. Given the significant results obtained by the dynamic DiD analysis, to think that these alternative techniques will not yield different evaluation results in general. However, some techniques like instrumental variables techniques applied to panel data would give additional detailed insights into the reasons why
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particular types of subscribers perform less than what could be expected. However, applications of such techniques require more detailed data, for instance on municipal waste pricing policies, some of which are currently not available in Flanders. The study of the results made by Samonporn Suttibak, Vilas Nitivattananon (2008), suggest that, in the context of recycling programs implemented in Thailand, waste recycling systems could be enhanced by addressing these influencing factors: perception of administrator awareness of SWM problems, lack of skilled operators and source separation, and reducing transportation costs, cooperation with NGOs, and provision of free organic waste bins. In addition, innovative influencing factors that were found in this study are reducing transportation costs by providing door-to-door services, providing low investment costs, providing interest, compensatory goods, and loans for recyclers, and managing the garbage bank program as a cooperative organization. These factors may be the best approach in areas where the socioeconomic contexts are similar to those of Thailand. Key points to recommend for development partners who intend to develop and enhance recycling performance systems include (i) determining the innovative incentives for recyclers that are suitable for socio-economic context; (ii) a convenient method to encourage people to participate in recycling; (iii) mechanisms to reduce transportation costs should be addressed; (iv) introducing
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decentralized recycling programs which succeed with available financial sources; and (v) subsidization or grants which establish CFs or MRFs on a large scale. MRFs should be considered and connected with the promotion of other recycling programs and capacity building. This study contributes to finding the methodology for identifying the measures related to involving partners, building capacity, and influencing factors, which may be used in similar situations, particularly where recycling programs have been implemented and need to improve their performance. In addition, the systematic approach to finding management measures which has been used in this study is expected to contribute and to be applied to other key problems areas. There are still significant knowledge gaps in the study that needed to be addressed. Firstly, influencing factors that encompass economic, financial, technical, and institutional aspects need to be developed as performance indicators to cope with all management aspects in order to achieve more sustainable approaches to SWM. Secondly, since this study focuses more on the implementation phase, the influencing factors should be examined which respond to planning, ending with monitoring and evaluation phases. Thirdly, since this study has found different factors influencing recycling performance than would have been expected from literature review, this suggests that further study is needed in other areas and other recycling programs that would help in
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understanding the importance of measuring recycling performance through effectiveness, efficiency, and service ratio dimensions. M. Melalnen (2002) discussed in his research that there are two major outcomes determined by his study. Firstly, it appears that the minimizing of wastes in small and medium sized enterprise (SME)s in Finland is driven more by the costs of raw materials than by waste costs. To the majority of SMEs, the waste costs are so insignificant that they provide little incentive to introduce waste reduction. Waste minimization is, therefore, not guided by waste costs but by the loss of raw materials. It is thus crucial to find procedures to support SMEs in upgrading efficiency in their use of materials, which is also a way to combine competitiveness and sustainability. Secondly, a classification of SMEs was constructed to describe their attitudes towards environmental protection. It was discovered that, in general, innovative and proactive SMEs in Finland build up environmental management system (EMS)s because of the demand from external stakeholders. An EMS functions on a topdown principle: customers and directors of corporations demand that sub-contractors and subsidiary companies implement EMSs. EMSs appear to have a high instrumental value for entrepreneurs under strong pressure from stakeholders. However, EMSs do not currently provide much impetus for SMEs to implement waste minimization. A detailed analysis of the
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observed links between waste minimization and EMSs has been presented elsewhere by Ilomaki and Melanen (2001). The result of the study implies that pressure from external stakeholders is the major stimulus for proactive SMEs to improve their environmental performance. This finding contradicts the conclusions of many other studies, for example Clayton et al. (1999), which claim that regulation is the principal stimulus for firms to improve their performance. In the SMEs of the study, the direct effect of regulation was small. The direct influence of public waste regulation also appears to be minor in large industrial plants, except for the impacts of the municipal waste charge and the national waste tax, which have prompted waste recovery in some enterprises.4 Those interviewed in this study also felt that the principal pressure to upgrade environmental protection and a companys own waste policy comes from customers. There are several explanations for this situation. The primary reason is probably the fact that proactive companies strive to foresee changes of public regulation and have already achieved the required level when a new obligation comes into force. Public regulation in this case influences indirectly. The outcome can also be partly explained by assuming that enterprises face the demands placed by public regulation through the claims of customers, and their original source, i.e. regulation, is not identified.
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The waste policy instruments currently used in Finland, at least in the case companies of the study, do not support waste prevention. Regulation should thus be markedly tightened if waste avoidance is genuinely regarded as the first objective in the policy hierarchy. To some extent waste prevention does take place in enterprises but the motivating factors are other than waste regulation. If public regulation is to be intensified, the most effective instrument will probably be taxation implemented on a broad basis. An extensive study and field survey made by Haskarlianus Pasang, Graham A. Moore, Guntur Sitorus (2006) identified numerous problems and constraints that hinder the application of a more sustainable MSW management in Jakarta. Interestingly, based on direct investigation, they are not so much related to financial and technical aspects, but rather to vision, commitment and policy initiatives such as long-term planning, revenue collection, sharing disposal facilities, level of stockholder participation, and transparency in decision-making. To foster more sustainable MSW management, there is a need to find and develop a genuine and realistic solution, including initiating action that fits with the actual waste generation, composition, and characteristics, as well as the socio-economic context. Because of the extensive nature of the problems, a new approach would best be designed to build upon the existing system. It is vital that there should be a strong community involvement, particularly in source reduction, and that the system is cost neutral or provides financial benefit to the
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community. As neighbourhood associations already exist within Jakartas formal government structure and have been an important part of the community for a long time, they may provide a promising management unit for implementing alternative solutions. An experimental study through the Pil-KAB project in Menteng Council, Jakarta, and field study by the author have demonstrated a range of lessons to be learned and could be used as the basis of the development of a new approach in MSW management at the community level. Introducing this approach would not change the nature of the existing neighbourhood association function, but could enhance its capacity and position. Among the neighbourhood-based waste management (NBWM) activities, education, waste collection, fee collection, recycling, composting, and micro-business would be the drivers of the wastemanagement cart to a better service that is available to all levels of households. The activities could potentially generate money through the selling of recyclable and compostable materials, as well as compost products. This income could be used to contribute to the expenses of waste collection and other community activities, including providing incentives for the community such as waste containers and additional safety measures. Transportation fees levied by the Cleansing Department or its contractors for waste cartage from the NBWM transfer point to a final disposal site might also be paid by the income generated by the community owned business.
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Potential incentives and benefits for government from the existence of the NBWM are as follows: (i) reducing the burden of the municipal government for collection and transportation, enabling the Cleansing Department to focus on commercial, industrial and hazardous wastes, as well as transportation and better managed disposal facilities; (ii) reducing the amount of waste generated, collected, transported and disposed of and, in turn, reducing environmental impacts; and (iii) increasing revenues from waste. A promising solution for the massive waste problems faced by the government, adopting and implementing the NBWM in Jakarta could ease its burden. However, since there is no single NBWM approach that would fit within existing systems in the city, careful evaluation, monitoring and adjustment might be needed to account for the different levels of community involvement, sociorelationships and leadership across Jakarta. Moreover, considering the expected outcome of this approach, as well as the changing process within the existing system, introduction of local policies and regulations and their enforcement are extremely important. Further investigation of the economic value and economic scale of the approach, as well as the way to deal with the existing informal recycling workers, would be needed. A few general conclusions on SWM service delivery can be drawn from the study made by Shafiul Azam Ahmeda, Syed Mansoor Ali (2006) on SWM
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service through publicprivatepeople partnership. These are described as follows. Firstly, this study found that it is possible to improve SWM service delivery through publicprivate partnership despite institutional and financial constraints present in developing countries. This observation is significant because total reform of the urban service agencies, particularly the public agencies, may be challenging and time-consuming. The findings of this study showed that service delivery might be improved markedly within a short period by developing partnership between the public and the private sector. Secondly, the study indicated that achieving such partnerships may not require any radical institutional overhaul. Facilitating agencies with adequate capacity may enable the public and private sector to forge partnership within their existing institutional concern or better will, understanding. Thirdly, the study documented that the financial constraints present in the urban service sector may be partially offset by untapped resources. It was found that citizens are willing to pay service charge in addition to regular municipal taxes provided that the services are of acceptable quality. Financial limitation should not be considered as an impediment for improving service level, as citizens may be quite willing to pay enhanced fees for improved service. Fourthly, it became evident through the study that it is possible to achieve behaviour and attitude change in people and service agencies. It was
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possible, with assistance from facilitating agencies, to achieve behaviour change among citizens. People accustomed to throw garbage on the street or into drains stopped this practice and started to bring their garbage to collection vans. Similarly, municipal officials started to view NGOs and CBOs as their allies and not troublemakers. Likewise, the private sector also changed their view of municipal staff as inaccessible and obstinate. Fifthly, it was shown that accountability and transparency in urban service delivery may be improved even without introducing any major institutional reform. It was documented that accountability and responsiveness improve significantly when people, politicians and service providers face one another in discussion platforms. It is possible to achieve such functioning platforms with assistance by facilitating agencies. The platforms provided an opportunity for free exchange of views between the service receivers, service providers and public representatives. This direct interaction transformed the traditional distant and unresponsive service agencies into more responsive and accountable agencies. It also improved peoples exercise of their voice to demand acceptable service and politicians responsibility to ensure delivery of such services by the service agencies. In essence, a democratization of service delivery improved accountability. For further research, the authors recommend investigation into the following areas (i) This study mainly looked into the outcome of facilitation, and
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not the cost of facilitation. The cost of facilitation in comparison with other competing models such as purely public or purely private service delivery should be investigated. (ii) This study indicated a lack of monitoring in service quality, particularly by the public agency. Further research is needed to develop monitoring indicators of urban service delivery for developing countries that may be used to benchmark the public sector, private sector, and PPP. (iii) Reaching research findings to the relevant users for bringing change in practice is an area that deserves more attention. Research is needed to develop an effective way to feed back study findings to policymakers and practitioners of urban service delivery sector in developing countries. Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues faced by developing countries that suffer from serious pollution problems caused by the generation of large waste quantities. This paper presented by Issam A. Al-Khatib, Maria Monou, Abdul Salam F. Abu Zahra, Hafez Q. Shaheen, Despo Kassinos (2010), the case Study of SWM in the Nablus district Palestine. There are 72 localities in the Nablus district and a total population of approx. 336,380 inhabitants in 2006 (projection based on figures from Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), 1999). Joint Councils for Services, Planning and Development (JCSPD) were formed to create a stronger institutional framework in Nablus, reduce waste management costs, support sustainable development of communities, improve
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environmental and health conditions and raise the quality and efficiency of services in rural areas (Ministry of Local Government, 2004). One important improvement was the allocation of collection services to most localities and improvement of the existing ones. Moreover, major obstacles to proper MSWM such as, lack of reliable data and research, shortage of trained manpower, inadequate legal and regulatory cover, poor institutional and administrative arrangements, shortage of equipment, financial and technical difficulties and a serious shortage of competent private operators were improved. Regarding solid waste treatment and reuse, the Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) of Palestine suggested that separation and composting of organic waste, incineration, separation and recycling of certain waste streams were considered alternatives that depend on the effectiveness of the proposed collection and landfill measures. The characterization of solid waste streams and the estimation of solid waste generation rates are critical data required to propose any sustainable management system and to find the most appropriate and viable alternative solutions to MSWM. It is one of the greatest challenges that organizations face today; how to diversify the treatment options, increase the reliability of infrastructure systems, and leverage the redistribution of waste streams among incineration, composting, recycling, and other facilities to their competitive advantage region-wide. Although the main constituents of domestic solid waste are similar worldwide, the generated quantity, the density and the
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proportion of constituents vary widely, even within a country according to the level of economic development, geographic location, weather and social conditions (Sufian and Bala, 2007). Sustainability is a popular word today. Ashok V. Shekdar (2008), everyone from commodity manufacturers and service providers to international policy makers is using the term in one context or another. It is unclear whether all of these stakeholders understand the term sustainable development to mean the same thing. It has been estimated that current rates of resource extraction are ten thousand times higher than rates of natural resource generation. In the foreseeable future, there is a little chance that this proportion would change significantly. Moreover, it is unclear whether SWM can contribute in a meaningful way. Accordingly, it would be best to develop sustainable SWM rather SWM for sustainable society. The SWM system should be compatible with both the financial capacity of a given society and with the assimilative capacity of its adjoining environment. The Asian continent is a mixture of complex cultures, a mix that is truly reflected in the MSW systems. Countries like Japan showcase a sustainable approach through MSW management. Meanwhile, countries like China strive to meet new demands arising from aggressive development. For every nation, solid waste management is a vital, ongoing and significant public service system that needs to be efficiently delivered to the community to maintain aesthetic and
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public health standards. Municipal agencies must plan and operate the system in keeping with increasing urbanization and population growth. Today, Asian countries have the potential to demonstrate sustainable SWM systems through an integrated approach. A systematic effort is necessary to improve various factors, including policy and legal frameworks, institutional arrangements, financial provisions, technology, operations management, human resource development, and public participation and awareness of integrated sustainable solid waste management (ISSWM) systems.
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the approach, techniques and design created in the formation of the study. Information on the source of data, respondents of the study, sampling technique, instruments and other statistical treatments used in the research are explained.
3.1 METHOD OF RESEARCH Impact and Process Evaluation shall be used in this research. These methods would help determine the range and extent of the outcomes of the plan. This could also aid in the guidance of what needs to be improved on the current Solid Waste Management Plan. Impact evaluation is undertaken on programs which are judged to be settled, or in place. They can be regarded as occurring at some logical end point of the developmental process. The following are reasons for conducting an impact evaluation: 1.) know the range and extent of outcomes of the program under review, and 2.) provide guidance on what to do next. Process evaluation is concerned with what actually happens in practice. Three major approaches are used: 1.) studies of program implementation, 2.)
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guidance for refinement of developing programs, and 3.) responsiveness to the needs of practitioners. The three approaches have different purposes, different ways in which data are collected and analysed, and different audiences. (Owen, 1993)
3.2
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
3.2.1 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE The primary source of data was acquired through survey questionnaires. Copies of the questionnaires shall be distributed to the fourteen barangays of Navotas. In these fourteen barangays, a random selection of respondents from the Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional groups was made. The questionnaire contains the following informations: respondents profile, responses on significant items of the plan with regard to Performance Objectives, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Corrective Actions being implemented in the City. The questionnaire was patterned in Likert scale type for the respondents to be able to rate each item with straightforwardness. The questionnaire was translated into the local dialect (Tagalog) for better understanding of the items for the respondents. Back translation was also done to determine if there would be effect or changes in the intended use of the questionnaire.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 3.2.2 PRELIMINARY TESTING OF QUESTIONNAIRE
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The researcher made a preliminary testing of the questionnaire among forty (40) respondents who were located in an adjacent city where the study was conducted to establish its comprehensibility and feasibility.
3.2.3 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT The researcher employed Reliability Analysis procedure to calculate the number of commonly used measures of scales reliability and also provide information about the relationship between individual items in the scale. Alpha (Cronbachs) model of reliability measures how well a set of items measures a single uni-dimensional latent construct. When a data has a multi-dimensional structure, Cronbachs Alpha will usually be low. Technically speaking, it is not a statistical test; it is a coefficient of reliability or consistency. It can be written as a function of the number of test items and the average inter-correlation among items. Cornbachs alpha is represented by the following formula: (SPSS www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/faq/alpha.html )
= (N x r) / (1 + (N-1) x r) where: = the coefficient of reliability N = number of items r = the average inter-item correlation among items
The formula above, in conclusion, if the number of items increases, Cronbachs Alpha also increases. Moreover, if the average inter-item correlation increases, Cronbachs Alpha increases as well. If the inter-item correlations are high, then there is evidence that the items measuring the same
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underlying constructs. Thus, defining when an individual claims that they have high or good reliability. Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient normally ranges between 0 and 1. However, there is actually no lower limit to the coefficient. The closer
Cronbachs alpha coefficient is to 1.0 the greater the internal consistency of the items in the scale. George and Mallery (2003) provide the following rule of
thumb as shown in Table 3.1
Coefficient Value _ > .9 _ > .8 _ > .7 _ > .6 _ > .5 _ < .5
Interpretation Excellent Good Acceptable Questionable Poor Unacceptable
Presented below is Chronbachs Alpha Test for Reliability Result using SPSS v. 15.0. Table 3.2 presents the Case Processing Summary.
Cases
Valid Excluded(a) Total
N 15 25 40
% 37.5 62.5 100.0
Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Out of the 40 respondents, 15 of them qualify for the Chronbachs alpha test, only 15 was used in the reliability test. 25 were omitted due to lack of responses or missing data.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Table 3.3 presents the Reliability Statistics.
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Cronbach's Alpha .892
N of Items 46
In order to say that the questionnaire is reliable enough to answer all of the objectives and all the questions are related to one another, a value more than .7 or 70% reliability (alpha value) is needed. In this case, the alpha value is .892 which means that the questionnaire is Good as shown on the interpretation of Table 3.1.
3.2.4 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS The secondary source of data was obtained from the Citys Chronological Records being submitted to the EMB pertaining to the policies and objectives of the Solid Waste Management Act such as solid waste avoidance and volume reduction.
3.3
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
3.3.1 DOCUMENTARY INVESTIGATION Interrelated documents were obtained from the different government bureaus namely: Navotas City Hall, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, National Solid Waste Management Commission, and Environment Management Bureau.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 3.4 DATA GATHERING PROCESS
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Copies of the questionnaires were handed out to the different respondents personally by the researcher to be able to administer proper answering of questions, and clarification on different items in the questionnaires that the respondents might have difficulty in interpreting.
3.5
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION A follow-up discussion on essential items was done to verify and check on
the responses from the distributed questionnaires. These are the items which required personal observation to determine if the answers fail to agree with from the actual setting.
3.6
DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH LOCALE Today, Navotas is one of the constituent cities of Metro Manila with 15
other cities and 1 municipality administratively referred to as the National Capital Region. The Citys political subdivision was changed to barangays following the nationwide implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) in the 1970s when the country was under Martial Law. The IRP has increased its subdivision into 14 barangays, namely: San Rafael Village, North Bay Boulevard South, North Bay Boulevard North, Bangkulasi, Bagumbayan South, Bagumbayan
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North, Navotas East, Navotas West, Sipac-Almacen, San Jose, Daanghari, San Roque, Tangos and Tanza moved through history in impact political developments:
3.6.1 Physical Characteristics Navotas is a coastal town in the northwest part of Metropolitan Manila. It is a narrow strip of land with an aggregated shoreline of approximately 4.5 km. Boundaries North: Obando Bulacan South: Manila East: Daang Cawayan
River, Binuangan River, Bangculasi River, Dampalit River, Batasan River, Navotas River, Malabon River. West: Manila Bay 3.6.2 Location and Topography Navotas is a small fishing town in the northwest part of Metropolitan Manila. It is a long island system presenting as aggregate shoreline of
approximately 4.5 kms. fronting Manila Bay. Towards the North, Navotas shares common border with the town of Obando, Bulacan, along Sukol Creek. The Eastern boundary of Navotas is a larger
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natural stream of water composed of Binuangan River, the Daang Cawayan River, the Dampalit River, the Batasan River, the Navotas River, the Bangculasi Channel, and the Malabon Channel and the Estero de Maypajo. It also shares a common boundary with Manila in the south. On the west, the water of Manila Bay washes the seashore of Navotas. It has fourteen barangays where which eleven are along the coastal area and three (3) are within interior places. Navotas is generally a flat land in which most part of it is utilized for residency. Better residential structures are located in residential subdivision of Carville and Merville at Barangay Tanza and San Rafael Village. Shipyards engaged in shipbuilding and repair mostly occupies the riverbanks. All river that surround this locality were once a very rich fishing ground but due to heavy population aggravated by silt, marine life within it cease to exist. 3.6.3 Land Area/Physical Land Use Navotas has an area of 10.69 sq.kms. or 1,077 hectares of land, which is distributed mostly to agriculture (fish culturing) and residential use. This
includes the reclaimed area being utilized by the Philippines Fishery Development Authority. Limited land resources for industrialization purpose and flooding problem hindered the development of Navotas.
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Since 1961 the Municipality of Navotas has a contract with Ramon Chuanico to reclaim the shore for residential, industrial, commercial, institutional and open space purposes. Likewise, the said proposal was
conceived to optimize the utilization of land consistent with socio-economic recovery and physical development for maintenance of land density at the desirable level. With Navotas limited space, the need for land expansion through reclamation of the Bay Shore is its administrations primary consideration in order to attain its multi-sectoral development. There was a time when the Municipality of Navotas, the Public Estate Authority and Ramon Chuanico, thru the SM Realty Development Corp. were in the process of pursuing the much-awaited Navotas Reclamation Project. However, until this time this project is still in the drawing boards. 3.6.4 Socio-Economic Profile I. A. Social profile Health Leading Causes of Mortality - Myocardial Infraction Leading Causes of Morbidity - Acute Respiratory Infection Leading Causes of Infant Mortality - Bronchopneumonia Health Personnel and Facilities No. of Health Center No. of Clinic : : 9 1
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL No. of Health Personnel B. Social Welfare Total No. of Day Care Center Total No. of Social Welfare Centers C. Education No. of Schools Elementary Secondary Tertiary D. Peace and Order Crime Rate (crime occur, per month) : Crime Solution Efficiency Police to Population Ratio II. A. Economic Profile Trade and Industry No. of Business Establishments Financial Institutions Banks Lending Companies Manufacturing Cooperatives : : : : 23 16 142 28 : 2,580 : : 22.08% 98.81% 1:1,628 Public 13 9 1 Private 2 3 1 : : 19 2 : 316
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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Tiangges Baklad/Tahungan Fishponds Fishing Corporations Shipyard Builders Total : : : : : : 6 362 5 15 23 3,200
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[Detailed list of commercial establishments can be found in Appendix XII]
3.6.5 Current Conditions in Solid Waste Management I. Waste Generation
Current waste generated in the City of Navotas is composed of wastes from households, commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments in the fourteen (14) barangays: San Rafael Village, North Bay Boulevard South, North Bay Boulevard North, Bangkulasi, Bagumbayan South, Bagumbayan North, Navotas East, Navotas West, Sipac-Almacen, San Jose, Daanghari, San Roque, Tangos and Tanza. II. Waste Generation Based on Actual Collection
From 1994 to February 2006, Navotas hired the services of various contractors and henceforth acquired several waste collection equipment to manage its waste collection operation by administration. From 2006 to 2007, an
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average of 280 cu.m. or 80 tons/day of waste actually collected were brought to the disposal site.
Figure 3. Map of Navotas divided into Barangays
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Figure 4. Zoning Map of Navotas
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL III.
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Waste Generation Based on the MMDA/NSWMC Standard Generation Rate
Based on the projected population of Navotas for 2006, the estimated waste generation per day is 120.886 tons. Analyzing the amount of waste brought to the disposal site, the discrepancy of 40.886 tons could be attributed to the waste collection efficiency and waste reduction effort of the city. IV. Waste Composition and Characterization
The waste characterization study for the City of Navotas was carried out in order to: a.) Establish a baseline data on waste for the city. b.) Upgrade the present waste management system. The survey for the quantity of waste was conducted at the former Transfer Station of Navotas located at Barangay Bagumbayan North from July 1630, 2003 for seven (7) days. The prescribed format for the recording of data was provided and recorded by the assigned team. A regular work schedule was arranged starting at 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Pre-measurement of the truck dimension (volume) was determined by the working team composed of ten (10) personnel. Classifications of waste materials were based from the format prescribed by the DENR (see Appendix VII). The following is the resulting summation of quantity of the samples from general sources:
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Paper Glass Metal Plastic Other organic (Biodegradable) Other inorganic (Non-biodegradable) Hazardous Special (White Waste) Major Sources of waste are: Households Market Industrial/Commercial Institutions River waste Street Sweeping ------74.00 % 4.00 % 16.00 % 1.00 % 2.50 % 2.50 % --1.00 % 1.00% -1.00% -----16.47 % 3.24 % 3.19 % 23.50 % 50.60%
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During the waste composition study conducted, high percentage of mixed wastes disposal is still very much in practice, recyclables are low due to salvaging
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done by scavengers at pick up points. Absence of recyclable industrial wastes is noticeable as industries have private haulers with dump facilities to dispose their wastes. V. Administrative Systems in Support of Citys Waste Management Programs A. Organizational Structure The Solid Waste Management Programs had historically emanated from, and was given direction by the Office of the Mayor. The Environmental
Sanitation Office (ESO) which will be upgraded to City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) is tasked to oversee the day-to-day activities associated with waste management concerns, supported by various other personnel. The administrative support structure that has continued to prevail over the Citys SWMP is otherwise housed within what is called the Environmental Sanitation Office (ESO). While the ESO continues to discharge its duties and responsibilities, the near-term will see the active involvement of the reconstituted Solid Waste Management Board as it is specifically tasked under the provisions of R.A. 9003 for a cohesive and fully-integrated implementation of the Plan. Over the transition period until its adoption, the Plan shall be under the ESOs/CENROs administrative jurisdiction.
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The ESOs/CENROs structure is graphically depicted in the following figure. Figure 5. Organizational Structure
The ESO/CENRO works closely with the following units or offices in the City Government of Navotas that includes, among others the: Public Order and Safety Office (POSO), the City Public Information Office (CPIO) thru TXT TOBY (principally tasked with and credited for a quick response or action to citizens concerns or complaints particularly as these relate to solid wastes), the City Engineers Office, the Legal Office and so on. B. Equipment and Staff This section describes the ESO/CENRO in terms of staff complementation, their training, and related equipment managed. It also mentions the trainings on solid waste management available to the staff and other employees and the
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public and their sponsors. The information serves as indicators on the capability of the Office to provide the service.
Table 3.4 Under the City Administration
Personnel Supervisor Dispatcher Area Inspector Driver Waste Collector (Sanitation Crew) Chief Mechanic Assistant Mechanic Welder Mechanic Automotive Electrician Helper/Utility
Number 1 3 2 17 51 1 1 1 1 3
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Table 3.5 Under the Barangay Administration
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Personnel Dispatcher Driver Garbage Collector C.
Number 1/Barangay 1/Truck 3/Truck
Sufficiently Trained yes yes yes
Collection, Transfer and Disposal
This section describes the existing system, service area, collection routes, and the collection frequency of solid waste in Navotas City Main Road-Street Sweepings Barangay/Residential Areas : : every day thrice a week by schedule (charged w/ special fees) Public Schools Private Schools : : thrice a week by schedule (charged w/ special fees) Markets : daily
Business/Industrial Establishments :
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Basically, waste in the 14 Barangays within the city proper are collected during M-W-F in District-I and T-TH-S in District-II every night and special waste, recyclables and other residual waste are collected on Sundays. Waste collection from Schools, Business, Institutions and other establishments who operates during the day are done during daytime. Generally, the system of collection is Door-to-Door pursuant to Municipal Ordinance 2003-13 adopted from MMDA Regulations on Unified Approach of Waste Collection. Table 3.6 Existing Containment and Collection System from Source
The City Health Officer and the ESO/CENRO shall provide necessary training to personnel and collectors to ensure that the solid wastes are handled property in accordance with the guidelines pursuant to the R.A.9003. All
collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid waste shall be equipped with personal protective equipment and paraphernalia such as, but not limited to gloves, marks and safety boots, to protect them from the
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL hazards of handling solid wastes.
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Equipment shall be maintained in good
condition and kept clean to prevent the propagation or attraction of vectors and the creation of nuisances. For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall bear the body number, the name and telephone number of the agency collecting solid waste. D. Waste Management Facilities
Intermediate Facilities Navotas City does not have yet elaborate intermediate facilities intended to receive or accommodate the processing of its solid wastes. What it has are Barangay and School-based Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in compliance to RA 9003. The types of waste commonly received in these facilities are dry recyclables. Composting is practiced in some schools. Some barangays linked-up with the Junkshops in their localities to serve as extension MRFs for dry recyclables. E. Final Disposal
The City of Navotas in collaboration and cooperation with the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and Philippine Ecology Systems (PHILECO) developed and established a DENR-approved Controlled Disposal Facility (CDF) in Barangay Tanza in 2002 as the final disposal site of the citys and the City of Manilas waste. In the same year, the existing open dumpsite of Navotas was closed as required by R.A.9003. Likewise, pursuant to
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R.A.9003, the CDF is closed with a DENR-approved closure plan in 2006 to give way to an authorized 35 hectare-Sanitary Landfill (see Appendix VII) about 300 meters away from the site. The Sanitary Landfill located in Barangay Tanza - In 2006 the CDF was closed in compliance with RA-9003 to give way to the operation of a 35 hectareSanitary Landfill as a requirement by law that all CDFs must be closed within 5 years from the effectivity of the Act pursuant to an approved closure plan from the DENR developed by private contractor Philippine Ecology Systems Corporation thru Memorandum of Understanding with the MMDA and the City of Navotas and thru a Sangguniang Bayan Resolution (see Appendix IX). It is estimated to receive approx. 2,000 tons/day of residual waste from the Cities of Navotas, Manila and Malabon for a period of fifteen (15) years since it started operation in 2006.
3.7
POPULATION AND SAMPLING TEST The respondents were represented by the 14 barangays thereat, and by
the officers/staff of the CENRO. The sample of the study consisted of 1.) ESO / CENRO / Barangay staff (the implementing body), 2.) Household, 3.) Commercial, 4.) Industrial and 5.) Institutional (stakeholders) respondents.
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ESO / CENRO / Barangay Staff were chosen as respondents in view of the fact that they are the implementing body in the solid waste management plan. With this regard, only the workers who have stayed under the management for at least two years were chosen since the researcher believes that this would be enough for them to be familiar with the solid waste management practices of the city. Random household, commercial, industrial and institutional respondents were selected for they are the stakeholders of the plan. Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, and each subset of individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of individuals. The Office of the City Mayor, Office of the City Administrator, City Planning and Development Office, City Engineers Office and Sangguniang Panlungsod shall be contacted to secure needed permits for the different establishments to conduct the study. Table 3.7 shows the population of the City of Navotas and Table 3.8 shows the population per barangay of the City which were extracted from the documents obtained from Navotas City Environment and Natural Resources Office.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Table 3.7 POPULATION OF RESPONDENTS

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Population 268,040 273,400 278,868 284,446 290,135 295,937 301,856 307,893 314,051 320,332 Pop. Growth Rate 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
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Table 3.8 POPULATION PER BARANGAY (2006 2010)

Barangay Name Bagumabyan South Bagumbayan North Sipac Almacen North Bay Blvd. South North Bay Blvd. North Tanza San Roque Tangos Navotas East Navotas West San Rafael Village Bangkulasi San Jose Daanghari Total Population Population 2008 4,398 3,556 13,160 82,705 16,471 33,057 19,247 37,098 2,635 9,198 3,158 8,193 26,928 19,066 278,868
2006 4,227 3,418 12,649 79,493 15,831 31,773 18,500 35,657 2,533 8,841 3,035 7,875 25,882 18,326 268,040
2007 4,312 3,486 12,902 81,083 16,148 32,408 18,870 36,370 2,584 9,018 3,096 8,033 26,400 18,693 273,400
2009 4,486 3,627 13,423 84,359 16,800 33,718 19,632 37,839 2,688 9,382 3,221 8,357 27,466 19,448 284,446
2010 4,575 3,700 13,692 86,046 17,136 34,392 20,025 38,596 2,742 9,570 3,285 8,524 28,016 19,837 290,135
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Slovins formula sampling technique was used to determine the number of samples to be taken from the said population. The formula was used to take into account confidence levels and margins of error. Nothing about the behaviour of the sample is known, thus Slovins formula was used.
n = N / 1 + (Ne^2)
where: n = number of samples N = total population e = error tolerance n= 290,135 1 + 290,135 * 0.05 * 0.05
n=
399.44 / 14
(distributed to 14 barangays)
n=
28.532 29
rounded up to 30 respondents per barangay
Stratified sampling was used by the researcher to make certain that the members of the sample population be proportional to that of the total population. Table 3.9 shows the designation of each barangays and the number of assigned respondents.
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Purposive sampling was applied by the researcher to gain access to particular subset of people. It was used to include people of interest and exclude those who do not suit the purpose. Design based on choosing individuals as samples according to the purpose of the researchers at his control. Table 3.9 DESIGNATION OF BARANGAYS AND SIZE OF RESPONDENTS Barangay Name Bagumabyan South Bagumbayan North Sipac Almacen North Bay Blvd. South North Bay Blvd. North Tanza San Roque Tangos Navotas East Navotas West San Rafael Village Bangkulasi San Jose Daanghari Total Designation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 Respondents 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 420
Table 3.10 shows the number of questionnaires distributed, targeted and retrieved per Barangay. The researcher anticipated that some of the questionnaires distributed would be ignored so it was planned to distribute 45 questionnaires per barangay to have margin for ignored and overlooked questionnaires. Barangays 3 and 14 were able to go over the targeted number of
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL retrieved questionnaires (103% and 133%).
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Barangay 13 has the lowest
retrieved questionnaires (50%). Taken as a whole, the ratio of retrieved questionnaire is 93%. Detailed Demographic Profile of Respondents can be found in Appendix Table 3.10 NUMBER OF QUEATIONNAIRES DISTRIBUTED, TARGETED AND RETRIEVED PER BARANGAY
Barangay Barangay 1 Barangay 2 Barangay 3 Barangay 4 Barangay 5 Barangay 6 Barangay 7 Barangay 8 Barangay 9 Barangay 10 Barangay 11 Barangay 12 Barangay 13 Barangay 14 Total
Questionnaires Distributed 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 630
Target 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 420
Retrieved 28 29 31 29 28 30 30 30 28 19 28 27 15 40 392
Percentage 93% 97% 103% 97% 93% 100% 100% 100% 93% 63% 93% 90% 50% 133% 93%
Table 3.11 shows the number of Institutional establishments in the City categorized in private and public schools and the number of retrieved questionnaires.
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Table 3.11 NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND RETRIEVED RESPONDENTS PER BARANGAY Barangay Barangay 1 Barangay 2 Barangay 3 Barangay 4 Barangay 5 Barangay 6 Barangay 7 Barangay 8 Barangay 9 Barangay 10 Barangay 11 Barangay 12 Barangay 13 Barangay 14 Total Private 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 Public 0 1 0 2 1 4 2 5 0 0 2 4 2 1 24 Retrieved 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 14 Percentage 0% 100% 0% 50% 100% 75% 50% 20% 0% 0% 50% 0% 75% 100% 52%
Table 3.12 shows the number of Commercial establishments in the City of Navotas. Only the sizeable establishments were taken into consideration and these respondents were clustered as one group due to the small number per barangay. Some barangays do not have commercial establishments at all. Only the medium and large sized enterprises were selected for the study. Table 3.13 shows the number of respondents retrieved from the implementers of the SWM plan of the City. Table 3.12
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NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND RETRIEVED RESPONDENTS Number of Establishments 3200 Target 355 Retrieved 10 Percentage 3%
Table 3.13 NUMBER OF IMPLEMENTER (BARANGAY) RESPONDENTS PER BARANGAY Barangay Barangay 1 Barangay 2 Barangay 3 Barangay 4 Barangay 5 Barangay 6 Barangay 7 Barangay 8 Barangay 9 Barangay 10 Barangay 11 Barangay 12 Barangay 13 Barangay 14 Total Target 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Retrieved 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Percentage 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
3.8
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA To be able to arrive with precise, applicable and consistent results, the
following statistical procedures were used. a.) Percentage was used to compare frequency of responses to the total number of respondents. P = (f / N) x 100%
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL where: P = percentage f = frequency of responses N = total number of respondents
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b.) Categorization in collecting of data, grouping them in proper accordance. c.) Mean was used to determine the measure of central tendency as a point of estimate of effectiveness of solid waste management practices. (Levine, 1999) Computation of mean: X = fw / n where: X = weighted mean f = frequency of responses w = weight of each item n = number of respondents d.) Likert scale was used as the basis for interpreting of data. Numbers were assigned to its descriptive interpretation with its corresponding numerical values to determine the following: a. Familiarity of respondents with regard to the performance objectives of the SWM plan. Assigned Unit 4 3 2 1 Interpretation Very Familiar Familiar Not that familiar Unfamiliar Value 3.50 - > 2.50 - 3.49 1.50 - 2.49 < - 1.49
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b. Assessment of the respondents on the actual conditions of the effectiveness in the implementation of the SWM plan. Assigned Unit 4 3 2 1 Interpretation Always Often Sometimes Never Value 3.50 - > 2.50 - 3.49 1.50 - 2.49 < - 1.49
c. Respondents being in the same opinion on improvement of the existing SWM plan. Assigned Unit 4 3 2 1 Interpretation Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Value 3.50 - > 2.50 - 3.49 1.50 - 2.49 < - 1.49
e.) Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to measure the technical efficiency of the plan. Stochastic frontier analysis is widely used to estimate individual efficiency scores. Modern economics theories regard the firms as successful optimizers. They produce maximum outputs allowable by the technology in place and the resources at their disposal. The firms minimize cost of producing outputs at a given level of inputs and technology at hand.
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Beginning with the pioneering work of Cobb-Douglas, conventional econometric practice has generally followed the theoretical framework using the least squares-based regression techniques to estimate the parameters of production, cost and profit functions. In this OLS regression framework, different approaches to estimate conventional function are attributed exclusively to random statistical noise (Kumbhakar and Knox Lovell 2003). Stochastic Frontier Analysis is a method of economic modeling. Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt (1977) and Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977) are the first to propose and work independently on the stochastic frontier production function specified for cross-sectional data with an error term composed of two components; one to account for random error (Vi) and another to account for technical inefficiency (Ui). The random error or effect (Vi) explains for measurement error and other random factors like: the effects of weather, strikes, management factors, crisis, etc. on the value of output (gross income, revenue, transaction, volume of products, etc), together with the combined effects of unspecified input variables (labor, capital, land, entrepreneurship, utilities, etc.) in the production function (Coelli et.
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al 1999). This model can be expressed in the following form, Coelli (1999): Yi = xi + (Vi - Ui) Where: Yi is the production (or the logarithm of the production) of the i-th firm; xi is a k1 vector of (transformations of the) input quantities of the i-th firm; is a vector of unknown parameters; the Vi are random variables which are assumed to be iid. N(0,V2), and independent of the Ui which are non-negative random variables which are assumed to account for technical inefficiency in production and are often assumed to be iid. |N(0,U2)|. The model: Yi = xi + (Vi - Ui) is a stochastic frontier production function because the output values are bounded above by the stochastic (random) variable, exp(xi + Vi). The random error, Vi, can be positive (above the frontier) or negative (below the frontier) and so the stochastic frontier outputs vary about the derministic part of the frontier model, exp(xi). ,i=1,...,N, (1)
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Coelli (1995) considered 11 different values of the percentage of error due to inefficiency (*), ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 in steps of 0.1, for sample sizes of N = 50, 100, 400, and 800. The mean squared error of the ML estimator was significantly smaller (at 1% level) than that for the Corrected Ordinary Least Squares (COLS) estimator for 14 of the 44 cases, while the converse (contrary or opposite) in only 1 case (*=0.1, N=50). Readers interested in COLS estimation are advised to check Coelli (1995a) in which the method is discussed in more detail.
Maximum Likelihood Method The burdensome estimation of parameters in equation (1): Yi = xi + (Vi - Ui) using maximum likelihood procedures is now lessened through the availability of software package like LIMDEP (now known as EVIEWs, Green 1992) and the Frontier 4.1 program (Coelli 1992). These software programs automatically estimates the parameters of the stochastic frontier models. The Frontier 4.1 software will be used as the standard software for this study because of familiarity with this software and designed to compute for technical inefficiency aside from the estimation of the deterministic portion of the frontier.
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Basic Elements of Obtaining ML Estimators for the Parameters of the Stochastic Frontier Model The use of half-normal distribution for the technical inefficiency effects is the common practice in empirical applications. Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt (1977) derived the log-likelihood function for the model, Yi = xi + (Vi - Ui), wherein the Uis are assumed to be independent and identically (i.i.d.) distributed truncations (at zero) of a normal random errors having zero mean and variance (denoted as N(0,2) independent of the Vis (random variables) which are i.i.d. N(0,2v). The Frontier Version 4.1 (computer software) can be used to obtain the ML estimates for the parameters of this model. Frontier Version 4.1 uses a three-step estimation procedure: The first step involves calculation of the OLS estimators of and s2. These are unbiased estimators of the parameters in equation (1) with the exception of the intercept o, and s2. In the second step, the likelihood function is evaluated for a number of values of between zero and one. In these calculations, the OLS estimates of s2 and o are adjusted by s2= 2OLS [(TK)][T(-2)] and o = o(OLS) + (2 s2 ), respectively. The OLS estimators are used for the remaining parameters in .
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The final step uses the best estimates (that is, those corresponding to the largest log-likelihood value) from the second step as starting values in a Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) iterative maximization routine which obtains the ML estimates when the likelihood function attains its global maximum.
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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents, give details, and analyzes the data according to the objectives presented in the previous chapters. The objectives of the paper were answered in order to explain to the readers.
4.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN AND OPERATIONS ANALYSIS The Planning Time Frame The SWM Plan, like any of the other existing plans, is an essential element to the effective management of concerns that the local government is faced with such regularity. It is a Plan that operates on the principle of due diligence and management by objective/s either to address compliance or to standardize a set of actions that should govern the LGU, in a manner prevailing in successful organizations founded on sound management principles.
Guiding Principles to Plan Formulation The guiding principles through which the Plan has been formulated and will likely continue to be observed at its stages of implementation are outlined below:
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Participatory principle.
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In keeping with the overall thrust of
sustainable planning and implementing programs that truly reflect the collective will of the Citys constituents to which these are directed and are supposed to serve, this Plan, in all its entirety, is intended and will be the avenue to substantiate the national policy and program that has long been overdue and that which impact greatly on the environment. At all times, stakeholders concerns, sentiments and apprehensions will be given opportunity to be expressed and articulated and eventually sought consensus to. Duty of care principle. This stipulates that a person handling or managing wastes and related equipment is ethically responsible for observing utmost care and caution related to the task. Precautionary principle. This is a key principle usually applied in the observance of health and safety protocols wherein the magnitude of a particular risk is assumed to be uncertain and thus requires that measures are designed and followed with this in mind at all times. This is taken a step further in the Plan in ensuring that the eventual adoption of technologies or options in the establishment of a fully integrated solid waste management system go through a rigorous process of review and consultation.
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Minimization principle. This implies that due diligence and prudence is exercised to ensure that the generation of waste materials is minimized. Preventive programs geared towards minimizing waste
generation are to be drawn up and observed. An example of this that can immediately be applied even within the confines of Navotas Citys own divisions and departments as well as commercial, institutional and industrial establishments is the close adherence to a first in, first out policy for acquired or purchased items to avoid expirations that ultimately lead to wastage. Another is the adoption of a prudent
acquisition program that considers necessary material and equipment purchases for given periods without overstocking beyond projected or estimated utilization rates. Proximity principle. This indicates that the establishment or availability of waste management facilities be, to the utmost possible, at the closest location to the source in order that risks and additional cost burdens in transport are minimized or negated. In it finds the
justification for why a community should and really be encouraged to pursue recycling activities for the wastes it produces and find suitable uses and applications, within the most immediate influence zone or jurisdiction. The proximity principle embodies all the important aspects
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in the hierarchy of sound waste management practice: reuse, recycle, reprocess before even disposal is contemplated.
Planning Bases The Plan looks into the integration of various available and proven feasible courses of action for its viable implementation. Key Entities, Their Roles and SWM Action There have already been significant steps taken by various groups towards providing resolution to the most common issues associated with waste collection, at the very least. The MMDA The Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) has been at the forefront of consolidating solid waste management action and strategy for the cities and municipalities within its jurisdiction. Early on, the MMDA required the door-to-door collection of waste from households and whenever applicable and feasible, the institution of collection points in hard to access households, as well as from the regular commercial and institutional establishments in the City. The MMDA also actively took action, in coordination with the individual cities and municipality, to eliminate all unlicensed, illegal open
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dumps and to eliminate other illegal solid waste disposal practices and activities. The MMDA is not expected to let up on its campaign and it is a resource to the City itself which it may continue to enlist and marshal for the success of Plan implementation. The CSWMB and the BSWMCs Within the scope of its mandate, the Citys Solid Waste Management Board (CSWMB) can implement an appropriate fee schedule/cost recovery system through which the City would be able to support the administration, operation, monitoring, and enforcement of the solid waste management activities in the City. Through its aggressive and unwavering pursuit of compliance objectives, the Board can effectively make possible the achievement from 25 percent reduction in the amount of solid waste currently being disposed to almost its entirety to a controlled disposal facility and/or a landfill. The Board can likewise continue to initiate and lead the putting up of additional recycling centers and compost facilities, as appropriate, and if necessary and feasible, the acceptable site, design, and commissioning of intermediate facilities in the City.
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The City, through the Board, can spearhead the search for practical solutions that will elicit both public support and the realization of a sustainable solid waste management. While it continues to go
about its principal responsibilities, it can actively engage in public consultation on further initiatives and options and arrive at a fair and meaningful resolution to the most immediate waste management issue confronting the City now waste reduction and segregation at the source. Navotas Citizens Within the sustainable framework of development, the Citys constituents can and effectively provide the force and spirit to the SWM Plan implementation. The City Government is faced with a tremendous challenge that without the participation, cooperation and concerted effort among its citizenry, significant and meaningful success and accomplishments that may be achieved in consonance to the overall program and direction in solid waste management will be next to impossible. Other Support Groups There are various support groups and institutions, even individuals, which can be tapped to provide valuable assistance to the City in seeing the Plan through its implementation. These groups may
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include international development assistance organizations, multilateral funding institutions, non-government and peoples organizations and so on. Ultimately, it will be necessary for the Plan to incorporate a
directory of participating and sustaining organizations and groups that may, from time to time, be called on for support and assistance to specific activities and courses of action.
Plan Implementation The Plan has three (3) phases namely Initiatives, Compliance to the Solid Waste Management Act, and the Medium to Long Term Plan.
Phase 1: Initiatives Clean and Green Program Starting in year 2001, the city started its street sweeping, tree planting and beautification program called the Clean and Green Program. One of its main tasks was to sweep uncollected solid waste left on the streets and to maintain the landscapes of the city. As of 2003 the ESO/CENRO has initiated the implementation of Waste Segregation within the City Hall. Departments and Offices have been inspected occasionally to determine which department complies. All departments were given warning for non-compliance and have been
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reported to the City Mayor. This was followed by series of seminars to the fourteen (14) barangays of Navotas for campaigning the Ecological Approach on Solid Waste Management also known as R.A.9003 series of 2000. To further enforce the provisions of R.A.9003, this office apprehends those who violate the Municipal Ordinance 2005-06. Thru the Environmental Police Unit (EPU) under the ESO/CENRO, this ordinance is being enforced. Those who were caught were fined a
minimum of P200.00 and required to undergo compulsory seminar even on the first instance of violation. The violators are required to settle their obligation and report to the ESO/CENRO within three (3) working days from apprehension. Cases are filed at the Court for those who will ignore the citation ticket issued to them in violation of the Ordinance. Waste Scavengers are strictly prohibited, the push-carts, trikes and other vehicles being used were impounded accordingly and will be released only after the fines were duly paid. Open burning of waste is also prohibited, a minimum of P1,000.00 fine is charged to those who will be caught violating this ordinance.
Phase 2: Compliance with the Solid Waste Management Act
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Phase 2 deals with compliance with the minimum requirements of the Solid Waste Management Act. To comply with RA 9003 means establishing an integrated solid waste management system, which will include the following aspects: A. Upgrading of the Solid Waste Collection System by adopting: i. Waste Segregation at Source
ii. Proper Waste Containerization and Transportation B. Waste Reduction by establishing the following: i. Material Recovery and Recycling Facility
ii. Composting Facility C. Waste Avoidance and Minimization: i. Promoting the traditional use of Bayong or baskets when shopping at the markets ii. Discouraging use of disposable containers and dishes in restaurants or foodshops D. Proper Disposal of Residual and Hazardous Waste E. Capability building of all those involved in the implementation of the SWMP F. Establishment of an Audit and Corrective Action System for Phase 2 Implementation
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The backbone of the integrated solid waste management system is an intensive Information and Education Campaign on waste segregation and containerization prior to the implementation of the System. Upon start of the implementation, this should be followed up by an equally intensive campaign to sustain the efforts. This would focus on creating a curriculum for managing the solid waste system of the city by the citys Solid Waste Management Board. R.A.9003 requires a minimum two-stream segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. This is a practical approach and can be upgraded in the future to a 3 or 4 stream system. The success of the segregation will be measured by the amount of contamination each type of waste stream will yield, i.e. the amount of biodegradable waste thrown in with non-biodegradable stream and vice versa. An acceptable rate could be from 5% to 10% in the first year and gradually increase to 11% to 25% or more within five (5) years as provided in the time table of the Plan.
Upgrading of the Solid Waste Collection System Segregation at Source The rapid population growth of the city and its increasing economic activities has made it necessary for the city to upgrade its
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collection system. It has become evident that shortfalls in collection have left some waste uncollected at times. Before any system is implemented, a massive Information and Education Campaign should be conducted focusing on waste segregation at source and disposing them in proper containers. The city shall adopt a 2-stream system of biodegradable and non-biodegrade segregation of waste. Segregation at source means that households, commercial and industrial establishments should separate the two (2) types of waste when generated and inside their premises. Households must wait for the Waste Collectors during the schedule of collection for specific type of waste when disposing their waste thru the Door-to-Door waste collection scheme. Commercial and Industrial Establishments must also wait for the Waste Collectors to pick-up their specific type of waste at the given schedule.
Alternative Modes of Transportation for Waste Collection In coordination and partnering with the barangay officials and
others concerned in the locality, inaccessible areas can also be reached through the use of push carts, rolling trash bins and/or trikes/pedicabs so that waste in all areas will be collected thoroughly in compliance to
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL the Door-to-Door Waste Collection Scheme.
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In this way, waste
segregation at the source would be successfully accomplished because the waste can be thoroughly examined right at the household level or from source before being accepted for collection and disposal.
Waste Minimization Establishment of Material Recovery and Composting Facilities An appropriate Material Recovery Facility (MRF) that will process bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste will be established. The purpose of the facility is to recover recyclables and reusable material with the intention of reducing waste that would be disposed off in landfills or any other disposal site in accordance with R.A.9003. The composting facility that will be established in the two (2) Barangays, North Bay Boulevard South and Tanza will only accommodate minimal amount equivalent to 10% of biodegradable and other organic waste of the said barangays due to limited area and space. Since Navotas is not an agricultural city, the compost materials output of this facility will be used as soil conditioner for plants being maintained in the parks, plant nurseries and other landscaped areas in the city.
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As required for submission to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources upon request, the following records shall be kept and maintained in the MRF: 1.) Record of daily weights or volumes of waste received, processed and removed from site accurate to within ten percent (10%) and adequate for overall planning purposes and tracking of success of waste diversion goals; and 2.) Daily logbook, data or file of the following information shall be maintained: fire, special occurrences,
unauthorized loads, injuries and property damages. Eventually, the proposed Material Recovery Facility will employ mechanical processing in sorting waste materials. Mechanical processes include electromagnetic, fluid dynamics, pneumatic and others; all are related to physical separation and removal from the waste stream of a particular type of material or mixtures of materials. Mechanical separation involves several types of unit processes. Mechanical Unit Processes used in waste processing facilities are size reduction, air classification, screening, magnetic
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separation, glass separation, non-ferrous separation, densification and conveyors. Design Guidelines: Design of a successful facility incorporates certain concepts such as: 1.) Reliance upon proven technologies (appropriate to the particular location and fundamental principles of engineering and science; 2.) Consideration given to the characteristics of the waste from which the desired materials are to be recovered and to the specifications of the recovered materials; 3.) Preservation or improvements to the quality of the recovered materials; 4.) Processing flexibility to accommodate potential future changes in market conditions; and 5.) Recovery of the largest percentage of materials that is feasible given the conditions that apply to the recovery project. Design concepts pertaining to operation include provision for:
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1.) Receiving mixed waste, source-separated materials, or both; 2.) Accommodating the various types of vehicles that deliver wastes to the facility, as well as the frequency of the deliveries; 3.) Relying upon manual labor when current automation technology is lacking, unproven or marginally effective; and 4.) Storing of materials.
Waste Reduction The waste reduction program to be implemented by the City through its SWM Board, shall target the reduction of a sufficient amount of solid waste disposed of in accordance with the diversion requirements of Section-20 of the R.A.9003. This program shall combine with the recycling and composting components and its implementation schedule started in CY-2006. Strategies in reducing the volume of solid waste generated at source include massive campaigns to enhance the knowledge, attitudes, practices and skills of the constituency in proper solid waste management. Examples of campaign are the encouragement to use
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paper, cartons and other biodegradable packaging as well as the re-use of non-biodegradable packaging such as plastics. Other source reduction strategies are programs and economic incentives provided under Section45 of the R.A.9003. These programs and incentives aim to reduce and use of non-recyclable materials, replace disposable materials and products with reusable materials and products, reduce packaging, and increase the efficiency of the use of paper, cardboard, glass, metal, and other materials. Measures for implementing such strategies include market-based instruments such as campaigns and contests, dialogues with the various sectors, provision of livelihood and similar projects. Appropriate and timely waste reduction technologies shall be researched and considered. New facilities and of expansion of existing facilities will be considered to implement re-use, recycling and composting. Various methods applicable locally per barangay shall be determined and applied. The source reduction component shall include the evaluation and identification of rate structures and fees for the purpose of reducing the amount of waste generated. The waste reduction activities of the community shall also take into account, among others, local capability, economic viability, technical requirements, social concerns, disposition of
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residual waste and environmental impact. Projection of future facilities needed and estimated cost shall be also determined and incorporated.
Strategies for Waste Reduction a.) Institutionalization of the Waste Reduction Program through city ordinances, executive orders and barangay resolutions/ ordinances. b.) Encouragement of community participation on reducereuse-recycle instruments c.) Dialogue with the business/commercial/industrial sector regarding proper waste management d.) Public disclosure of achievements or violations on the practice of proper solid waste management. lifestyle through market-based
Recycling Emerging Issues and Plans Initial promotion of recycling shall start with a barangaybased collection program for newspaper, bottles, plastics and other recyclable from a number of households. The pilot program
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shall use several different methods of collection in different areas. This program has a low success rate that even with much publicity, only a small percentage of households may participate. However, the program may be implemented in three months to one-year, so that position and support may be gauged. If
unsuccessful, the City shall put its limited funds into programs that produce more results. There maybe a need to designate a Recycling Coordinator to be the political agitator for the start of the City's recycling programs. After the first year, the City may decide not to extend the program or not based on factors such as higher costs of the price bid for the second year. Indications that an entirely new method has to be used should be evaluated and monitored if the program was to be expanded to the whole city on a cost-effective basis. One such effective program was the school/community recycling program in which the community brings aluminum, glass, plastic bottles and paper to sectionalized roll-off containers at schools. The school receives the income from the sale of the materials, while the City may pay for the lease and haul of the container.
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Materials with direct economic value have been recycled for a long time. But the recycling of low-value materials has always been a problem because the additional collection and separation costs of the materials outweighed the value of the materials to a manufacturer. Yet, philosophically, recycling represented the ultimate in solid waste management if the needs of future generations were to be met.
Recycling Program In formulating a Recycling Program (Eco-labeling,
Reclamation, Buy Back Mechanism), the City, in cooperation with the DTI, DENR, DILG, sectors practicing recycling and other concerned agencies, shall undertake a study of existing markets for processing and purchasing recyclable materials, and the potential steps necessary to expand these markets. The City shall coordinate with the Commission, DTI, DOF and the NEC in an investigation of markets for each recyclable material and developing the market for recycled goods. It shall: 1.) Identify potential purchasers of the recovered material through standard market research techniques;
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2.) Directly contact buyers and determining the buyers quality specifications, potential transportation
agreements and any minimum quantity criteria; 3.) The City shall tap all information from the investigation of markets; including a list of prospective buyers of recycled products, and a list of procedures, standards and strategies to market recyclable materials and develop local markets. This information shall be made easily accessible by the public; through the solid waste management information database, formulated by the National Ecology Center. The City shall promote and support Environmentally Preferable Purchasing. It shall work with the Commission, the DTI, DOF, NPS and the NEC in encouraging national and local governments to purchase environmentally preferable products and services. All government personnel shall seek to reduce the environmental damages associated with their purchases by increasing their acquisition of environmentally preferable products and services to the extent feasible, consistent with price, performance, availability and safety considerations.
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Responsibility for environmentally preferable purchasing shall be shared among the program, acquisition and procurement personnel of government agencies. The principles of pollution prevention, life cycle
perspective/multiple environmental attributes, comparison of environmental impacts - recovery time and geographic scale, differences among competing products' environmental
performance and human health shall all be considered in environmentally preferable purchasing. The City shall coordinate with DTI on the enforcement of specifications, product descriptions and standards as the DTI conducts a study into product standards for recyclable and recycled materials. Such a study shall consider and include, through not be limited to any existing standards on recycled and recyclable products and existing international practices. In the formulation of such a study, DTI shall consult with affected industries and other concerned agencies; provided that, the results of such a study and any subsequent guidelines or standards formulated, shall be easily accessible to the public through the NEC database.
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The City shall promote Eco-labeling through accessing the Department of Trade and Industry - Bureau of Product Standards (DTI-BPS) formulation and implementation of a coding system for packaging materials and products to facilitate waste recycling and re-use. The coding system shall initially be based on ISO 14020 series standards, particularly, ISO standard 14024, "Environmental Labeling - Practitioner Programs - Guiding Principles, Practices and Certification Procedures of Multiple Criteria (type 1) Programs', with criteria to be determined on the basis of life cycle assessment of the product group. The criteria shall be regularly reviewed to ensure their appropriateness and currency in light of scientific and technical progress, and of the experience gained in this area, and to ensure consistency with relevant, internationally recognized standards. The City shall coordinate with the DTI in its clarification of the principles for establishing the effectivity level of the eco-label, in order to facilitate consistent and effective implementation of the scheme. The eco-label shall include simple, accurate, non-
deceptive and scientifically based information on the key environmental aspects, which are considered in the award of the label in order to enable consumers to make informed choices.
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Provided DTI shall make relevant information about the attributes of the products available to purchasers, and that information on the process and methodologies used in the eco-labeling process, shall be available to all interested parties. The City shall coordinate with the Commission on its decision on Non-Environmentally Acceptable Products as the Commission decides which products or packaging are nonenvironmentally acceptable. The criteria will be regularly reviewed to ensure its appropriateness and currency, in light of scientific and technical progress, and of the experience gained in this area. Prohibiting non-environmentally acceptable products, any decision to prohibit certain packaging types and products must be supported by available scientific, environmental, technical and economic information and technical studies through, but not limited to life cycle assessment and economic analysis. Provided that the Commission consults representatives from affected industries and subject to public notice and hearing. The City shall regularly access the list of nonenvironmentally acceptable products and the schedule for their
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phase-out as included in the solid waste management information database, formulated by the National Ecology Center. The City shall seek the assistance of the NEC on establishing Reclamation Programs and Buy-back Centers. This is in coordination with manufacturers, recyclers and generators to provide separate collection systems or convenient drop-off locations for recyclable materials and particularly for separated toxic components of the waste stream like dry cell batteries and tires to ensure that they are not incinerated or disposed of in landfill. It shall access the NECs detailed study on feasible reclamation programs and buyback centers, as well as its assistance in implementing such programs and centers, and in the formulation of related ordinances.
Guidelines on Recycling The recycling component shall include a program and implementation schedule which shows the methods by which the City shall, in combination with the source reduction and composting components, reduce a sufficient amount of solid waste disposed of. This is in accordance with the diversion
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requirements set in Section 20 of the R. A. 9003 and Section 7 Rule VII of the IRR. The recycling component shall describe the following: 1.) The types of materials to be recycled under the programs; 2.) The methods for determining the categories of solid wastes to be diverted from disposal at a disposal facility through recycling; and 3.) New facilities and expansion of existing facilities needed to implement the recycling component. The recycling component shall describe methods for developing the markets for recycled materials, including, but not limited to, an evaluation of the feasibility of procurement preferences for the purchase of recycled products. Each LGU may determine and grant a price preference to encourage the purchase of recycled products. The five-year strategy for collecting, processing, marketing and selling the designated recyclable materials shall take into account persons engaged in the business of recycling or persons otherwise providing recycling services before the effectivity of the R. A. 9003. Such strategy may be based upon the results of the
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waste composition analysis performed pursuant to the Act. The strategy shall also be based on information obtained in the course of past collection of solid waste by the local government unit, and may include recommendations with respect to increasing the number of materials designated for recycling pursuant to the R. A. 9003. The recycling component shall evaluate industrial, commercial, residential, agricultural, governmental, and other curbside, mobile, drop-off, and buy-back recycling programs, manual and automated materials recovery facilities, zoning, building code changes and rate structures which encourage recycling of materials. The Solid Waste Management Plan shall indicate the specific measures to be undertaken to meet the waste diversion specified under Section 20 of the R. A. 9003 and Section 7 Rule VII of the IRR. Recommended revisions to the building ordinances, requiring newly-constructed buildings and buildings undergoing specified alterations to contain storage space, devices or mechanisms that facilitate source separation and storage of designated recyclable materials to enable the local government unit to efficiently collect, process, market and sell the designated
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materials. Such recommendations shall include, but shall not be limited to separate chutes to facilitate source separation in multifamily dwellings, storage areas that conform to fire and safety code regulations, and specialized storage containers.
Types of Recyclable Materials Types of marketable recyclable materials include
newspaper, corrugated cartons, glass containers (mixed color), glass containers (by color), plastics (PET and HDPE and aluminum cans.
Facilities Required Facilities required include the proposed City Material Recovery Facility (MRF), barangay-based or barangay clusterbased MRF and mobile MRF.
Composting The program and implementation schedule composting
component shall start within the schedule of the City Material Recovery Facility which will include a composting facility/unit, if feasible and
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL practicable.
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It is also recommended to designate or hire a technical
person with background in biological science to supervise the process. Composting will be a very effective waste reduction/diversion scheme because waste generated in the City is mostly (about 50%) of the non-toxic biodegradable organic types: namely kitchen waste, yard waste/garden trimmings. As the market for compost is not yet developed due mainly to the untested/untried implementation of the method, government-owned gardens are the sole destination of the product/output. Potential future markets are landscaping, nurseries, public open spaces and land cover/filling. Backyard/Mass Composting Encouragement of the community to practice backyard composting shall be continued and strengthened through IEC campaigns. Mass composting is the ultimate target through the composting facility of the proposed Material Recovery Facility. Types of Composting In combination with the source reduction and recycling components, the popular recommended composting systems are the Windrow systems, in-vessels reactors system such as open-
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ended drum method, rotary drum method, naturalizer system, and inoculum system such as introduction of active organisms as in vermiculture. Facilities Required An open hectare with pavement would be an ideal facility for Windrow method. A smaller scale of land for drum-type of
composting would be more feasible facility. However, rooftops of certain government-owned structures can be used for this purpose, if practicable.
Proper Disposal of Residual and Hazardous Waste In collaboration with the City Health Office, a system of waste collection and disposal will be established to implement the proper handling and management of hazardous and health care waste. An Action Plan for the purpose will be jointly drawn by the Board and the City Health Office. The collection and disposal of hazardous and health care waste must be done separately to prevent cross contamination. Through an ordinance, hospitals, clinics and other health care institutions, funeral parlors and other establishments dealing with hazardous and health care waste shall be required to install their own systems of waste management in accordance with the law.
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Conversion to Energy of BIOGAS from the Disposal Facility Thru the cooperation and collaboration with the private operator (PHILECO) and other agencies or parties, green gas emission from the disposal facility can be harnessed and developed for conversion into energy that could provide additional revenues for the city which could finance some of the programs, projects and activities stated in the Plan.
Establishment of an Audit and Corrective Action System for the Implementation Phase The City Solid Waste Management Board shall put in place an Audit System to check primarily the contamination of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste in the bins. This will involve the following measures: a. Establishing an audit team that would monitor the segregated waste at the MRF and Composting Facility. b. Training the Environmental Officers or Eco-Waste
Management Officers to be able do monitoring and on-thespot checks of the segregation compliance as well as establishing guidelines and instructions to aid the people in
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proper segregation. They shall be also required to render reports on the activities being implemented. The City Solid Waste Management Board shall also establish a Corrective Action System that would ensure the objective of segregation and that the contamination targets are met. This should be done in close cooperation with the barangay officials and the support of the city council for proper ordinances.
Phase 3: Medium to Long Term Plan The City of Navotas will consider the following Medium- to Long-Term Plans: Upgrading its manual MRF to a mechanized MRF. Expansion of existing MRFs that will have provision for composting facility to deal with bio-degradable waste. Consider alternative processing and disposal facilities to expand coverage to special and hazardous waste. Develop waste to energy projects at the disposal facilities. Provide color coded waste plastic bags/receptacles.
Time Frame of the Plan The city has already implemented the initiatives phase of the plan and is now prepared to implement phase 2. The implementation of phase
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2 is immediate and must be accomplished within the year 2007. Plans for the medium and long term must be mapped out by year 2008.
An Integrated Solid Waste Management System The city will establish an integrated solid waste management system using RA 9003 as a guideline. The system begins with segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste at source. Biodegradable wastes are mostly food leftovers, fruit peels, garden waste and vegetation. Non-biodegradable wastes are glass, steel, paper, packaging materials, and other dry materials. The Citys Waste Collection System thru the Door-to-Door System and on given schedules shall collect segregated waste at source (households, business establishments and institutions) to ensure that the generators comply with the policy. A Collection System shall be
promulgated thru coordination and cooperation with the barangays in areas inaccessible to the dumptruck equipment. Other waste collection equipments or vehicles such as pushcarts, rolling trash bins or trikes/pedicabs may be used in inaccessible areas. The non-biodegradable waste will be delivered to an MRF where it will undergo further segregation of recyclable/reusable waste from
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residual waste. At the same time, the biodegradable waste will go to a composting facility where organic waste will be converted to compost. The residuals of both facilities will then be disposed off in proper sanitary landfills. It is estimated that residual waste will be approximately 25% of total waste.
Information and Education Campaign for Segregation at Source and compliance to Door-to-Door Waste Collection The backbone of the system lies in the success of waste segregation at source and the proper disposal of segregated waste. A massive Information and Education Campaign to this effect shall be implemented by the city. This campaign is focused mainly on the
compliance of all stakeholders and sectors to this policy on waste collection and disposal. This compliments the Information and Education Campaign conducted over the last few years regarding segregation of waste.
Collection Equipments being used for the Door-to-Door Waste Collection The Dumptruck Equipment Units for Waste Collection are equipped with alarm systems such as bell, sound system and blinkers
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activated during waste collection schedules to amply notify or warn the residents that it is time to give their segregated waste to the Waste Collectors.
Enforcement of Ordinances To complement the waste collection operations being
implemented, strict and intensified campaigns for the enforcement of existing environmental ordinances particularly on proper waste management were conducted by the city. The City deploys
Environmental Police/Enforcers to apprehend those who will violate this policy on Door-to-Door Waste Collection.
4.2 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES a. Massive Information and Education Campaign Table 4.1 shows the performance objectives of the city with regards to Solid Waste Management Plan. Although not statistically significant at 10% level of significance (LOS), the stochastic frontier regression shows that respondents are familiar with their citys Solid Waste Management Plan. The statistical insignificance of familiarity with SWM indicates that the respondents are not sure of the effectiveness of waste segregation in their locality. The city governments conduct of SWM campaign (ex. Monthly community lectures,
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school seminars, seminars at work regarding solid waste management) is significant; it increases their familiarity and effectiveness of waste segregation at 10% LOS. However, the increasing unawareness of the respondents, through implementing orientation to the people confused them to the SWM program implemented by the local government (municipality, barangay) near their area since their MLE coefficient is negative and significant at 10% LOS. Table 4.1 Performance Objectives on SWM Plan.
Stochastic Frontier Estimates Parameter I. Performance objectives A. Massive Information and Education Campaign b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 B Manpower b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13 C. Equipment b14 b15 b16 D. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility b17 b18 b19 Constant familiar SWMP conducts SWMP Campaign implement programs by orienting the people re-usable solid waste containers for home Proper waste disposal SWMP need skilled and adept persons aware of laws and ordinances -SWMP street sweepers cleaning the streets collectors collecting trash at disposal areas notice scattered solid wastes on the streets informal waste collectors (scavengers) collecting solid waste street sweepers using the proper cleaning tools notice street cleaners w/ waste push carts or waste side cars notice dump trucks on designated dumping areas notice trucks look rigid enough to perform its tasks Familiar of a recycling facility Familiar where these facilities are located Segregated solid waste (paper, bottles, juice cans, etc) make or submit monthly/weekly reports on SWMP-segregation Variable Mle coefficient 0.647 0.038 0.137 -0.106 0.279 0.203 0.079 0.054 -0.005 0.090 0.068 0.068 -0.101 0.111 0.053 -0.057 0.040 -0.028 -0.028 0.230 t-ratio 1.92 0.72 2.91 -2.99 7.11 5.78 2.05 1.41 -0.11 2.10 1.79 1.12 -2.34 3.04 1.18 -1.69 1.15 -0.75 -1.00 1.30 sig. 0.050 ns 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.025 0.100 ns 0.025 0.050 ns 0.025 0.005 ns 0.050 ns ns ns 0.100
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This unfamiliarity to SWM Plan orientation provided by their local government decrease the effectiveness of waste segregation. Increasing familiarity with re-usable solid waste containers for home (ex. Waste Bin, Drum etc.) proves to increase the effectiveness of waste segregation which is significant at 10% LOS. This implies that the more number of respondents familiar to the use of different waste containers increase the chance of effective waste segregation. Increasing familiarity with proper waste disposal (i.e., different type of waste are placed in separate containers and then given to the garbage collectors) signifies improvement on the effective waste segregation which was found significant at 10% LOS. The respondents also perceived that an individual should have high level of familiarity with solid waste management practices to make waste segregation effective and increase the efficiency by 0.079. The bigger number of respondents that are aware of laws and ordinances on Solid Waste Management increase the level of effectiveness and efficiency of waste segregation by 0.054. The results imply that massive information and education campaign provides familiarity to SWM Plan and success of the waste segregation. A similar study by Dong QingZhang a,*, SoonKeatTan b, RichardM.Gersberg c, (2010) There are several major factors which can improve the practical application of the source separation system and recycling at the household level in China. First the sorting method should be well-defined as residents are easily confused by the general
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concepts (e.g., recyclables and non-recyclables, combustible and noncombustible materials). Wang et al. (2008) indicated that unlike the traditional transfer station which sorts and recycles municipal waste such as waste glass, plastic and paper, residents may be encouraged to sort their waste as food waste, dry wasteland harmful waste in the future. Second, high water content waste should be separated from the recyclables to make recovery easier. b. Manpower Manpower (as an indicator) of performance objectives show that collection of trash at disposal areas, never noticing solid wastes on the streets, and always noticing street cleaners with side cars (or push carts) make the waste segregation effective at 10% LOS. However, street cleaners without proper cleaning tools decrease the effectiveness of waste segregation since use of improper tools results to mixing of solid waste (large bin without division for recyclable and non-recyclable waste), but still significant at 10% LOS. Although not statistically significant, never noticing street sweepers cleaning the streets indicate does not affect effective waste segregation. Also, respondents have no varying perception on the SWM practice of informal waste collectors (scavengers) collecting solid waste if it affects effective waste segregation. Ashok V. Shekdar (2009) In developing countries in Asia, a community bin is installed or designated a fixed station, and residents in the local area are supposed to deposit their waste when necessary (UNEP, 2002). In other areas, an improvised
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form of house-to-house collection involves a worker with a handcart who traverses each street. He rings a bell so that local residents can hear him coming, whereupon they leave their residences and deposit the waste in his cart. Once the handcart is full, the worker either unloads it in a community bin or deposits it in a transport vehicle. More often than not, public participation is limited. Consequently, it is not uncommon to see waste is littered around the community bins. c. Equipment Dump trucks on designated dumping areas and familiarity on recycling facility increase the perceived level of effective waste segregation by 0.053. The statistically insignificant result indicates that there are no significant variations on the respondents perception regarding dump trucks being seen on their designated areas. Also, the respondents thought that familiar to recycling facility are not a factor to an effective waste segregation. Strong variation in perception of respondents on the indicator (noticing trucks look rigid enough to perform its task) indicates that not strongly built trucks cannot perform its task of waste segregation in the long run. d. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility Effective segregation relies on material recovery and recycling facility. Barangay officials that submit weekly or monthly reports on SWM Plan make the waste segregation effort of the City effective at 10% LOS. However, there are no
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distinct inclination of the respondents regarding familiarity on location of facilities and whether they segregate solid waste such as paper, bottle, cans and others. This implies that respondents are not familiar of these indicators in their area. Dong Qing Zhang (2010), In addition, the recycling industry needs to be improved through increased professionalization, improved product standards, market development and better operating standards. Moreover, increasing the accessibility of recycling facilities should be considered as an important factor to increase Chinese recycling behavior, and simple and convenient methods of separating and storing recyclable waste should be conveniently located preferably at the individual floors of residents blocks. Hence, the use of different containers with different identifying colours located in residential areas for source separation to minimize waste and maximizing recycling is recommended. However, the collection vehicles and the collection methods have not been able to accommodate this new innovation. In addition, education about waste sorting and recycling is necessary to promote this policy. Statistically not significant indicators under the massive information and education campaign of the city reveals that some respondents are not familiar on some of the issue of performance objectives of solid waste management practices. This unfamiliarity could be a deterrent on the effectiveness and success of the waste segregation activity of the city.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 4.3 MONITORING AND EVALUATION a. Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools
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Table 4.2 shows the monitoring and evaluation done by Barangay officials and school teacher. A separate interview with Barangay and school authorities regarding monthly reports on SWM Plan indicates that these authorities have no difference in their point of view. This indicates that collection solid waste by city hall official and conduct of daily inspection at their areas is not perceived directly related to effective waste segregation at 10% LOS. b. Ocular Inspection and Monitoring Significant findings at 10% LOS are detected in the contribution of ocular inspection and monitoring. Respondents that never notice the following indicators: appropriate containers for different wastes at disposal area; containers are property labeled; bins covered to avoid spillage (access to vagrant animals); and scattered garbage on the streets perceived that waste segregation is not effective. However, respondents that always notice the following indicators: scattered garbage on the disposal area; waste segregation can be seen in disposal areas; and proper segregated waste can improve the waste segregation practice in the area. The positive sign of the indicator on scattered garbage on the disposal area is interpreted as awareness of those respondents who are familiar with the SWM Plan. The garbage could have been properly
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disposed into designated bins but scavengers littered the solid waste after retrieving recyclable materials. c. Waste composition Awareness or knowledge on waste composition enables a resident to comply with effective waste segregation. Respondents that always detect the following solid waste: rubber, cans, plastics others contribute to effective waste segregation. This indicates that respondents directly implicate effective waste segregation to the most recyclable items that can be found in the garbage can and were significant at 10% LOS. However, they perceived that wood and glass are not good recyclable items that contribute to effective waste segregation. It was observed that wood is only re-used to housing components of the scavenger. Glass is not commonly found in the garbage bins but collected by pedal pushing scavengers. Hence, the respondents found it to decrease effectiveness of waste segregation. Insignificant findings were detected to the following waste composition: selling of solid waste items with re-sale value, food, bottle, metal, and paper. This indicates that respondents perceived that these are the most dominant solid waste that are improperly thrown in the dumping area and severely affected the effectiveness of waste segregation.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Table 4.2 Monitoring and evaluation on SWM Plan.
Stochastic Frontier Estimates Parameter Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools b20 b21 Ocular Inspection and Monitoring b22 b23 b24 b25 b26 b27 b28 Waste Composition different types of solid waste produced in your home office Collection schedule / Frequency b29 b30 b31 b32 b33 b34 b35 Waste Minimization b36 b37 variable barangay/city hall collect these reports conduct daily inspection at your disposal areas appropriate containers for different wastes at disposal area containers property labeled bins covered to avoid spillage (access to vagrant animals) scattered garbage on the disposal area scattered garbage on the streets Waste segregation can be seen in disposal areas segregate your waste properly sell solid waste items with re-sale value Food Bottle Metal Wood Glass Rubber Paper Others mle coefficient -0.002 0.165 -0.323 -0.198 -0.201 0.446 -0.305 0.276 0.182 -0.044 0.030 -0.018 -0.056 -0.110 -0.140 0.322 -0.004 0.081
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t-ratio 0.00 0.47 -1.39 -0.76 -0.67 1.67 -1.41 1.40 5.17 -1.13 0.57 -0.29 -0.99 -1.68 -2.25 4.99 -0.07 1.52
sig. ns ns 0.100 ns ns 0.050 0.100 0.100 0.001 ns ns ns ns 0.050 0.025 0.001 ns 0.100
Similar to a study in Jakarta conducted by Haskarlianus Pasang (2007) Temporary storage of waste at the household level is not standardized. Observations found 10 types of temporary storage containers including new plastic bags, used plastic and metal containers, dedicated portable rubbish bins, and permanent concrete bunkers. Observations and discussions with RT officials and cleansing workers revealed a number of problems with the various types of containers. Foraging of waste by insects, rodents and domestic animals creating litter and disease vectors were common. Open containers encourage scavengers
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to pick through waste, which may reduce the total amount of waste disposed, but commonly results in littering. Bunkers substantially reduced the productivity of collection services and permit rainfall to increase the total weight of waste while permitting contaminated leachate to enter the environment. It was found that most households surveyed required training to separate their waste into the required four streams. Having received training and continuous guidance from environmental cadres, householders did reliably sort their waste for the period of the trial. However, since coordination between the NAs cleansing workers and the Cleansing Departments truck drivers was still weak, and separate collection was unavailable, there was no reason for households to continue to separate waste after the end of the trial.
4.3
CORRECTIVE ACTION Table 4.3 shows the corrective actions suggested by the respondents on
solid waste management. Respondents perception on corrective actions indicate disagreement on the following items: garbage collectors pick-up
garbage from dumping area, purchasing certain items more than what you need; rigid implementation of laws and ordinances to SWM; and, undergo seminars violating SWM laws were significant at 10% LOS. These items were found to decrease the success of effective waste segregation as the number of people suggesting these items are also increasing.
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The findings imply that respondents will dump their solid waste near their homes; purchase items beyond their needs; disapprove rigid
implementation of laws and ordinances; and disagree to undergo seminars involving violation of SWM laws. The bottom line to their disagreement is the time constraint and money that they will lost during the time spent in seminars. Dominant of these respondents that disagree to the rigid implementation of the SWMP law belong to the high school and elementary level of education. The demographic profile showing evidence to this finding is shown on the next section. Respondents agreed that waste segregation is effective at 10% level of significance because of the following: re-use, reduce and recycle at home; and schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and garage. The results imply that effective waste segregation should start at home. Other items that were found to be statistically insignificant at 10% LOS but conforms to effective waste segregation are: garbage collectors able to collect garbage on time; garbage collectors follow scheduled for different types of waste; participate to the Citys Ordinance - improving our current SWM; and use re-usable bags instead of plastic bags when purchasing items. The findings suggest that the respondents are willing to participate to the local governments campaign on effective waste segregation if the latter perform their task efficiently.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Table 4.3 Corrective action on SWM Plan.
Stochastic Frontier Estimates parameter Corrective Actions b38 b39 b40 b41 b42 b43 b44 b45 b46 b47 b48 b49 b50 b51 b52 b53 Variable garbage collectors able to collect garbage on time garbage collectors pick-up garbage fr. house/office garbage collectors pick-up garbage from dumping area garbage collectors follow scheduled for different types of waste re-use, reduce and recycle at home purchasing certain items, buy more than what you need participate to the Citys Ordinance -improving our current SWM use re-usable bags instead of plastic bags when purchasing items use paper food containers instead of plastic and Styrofoam. provide schedule for collecting biodeg.& nonbiodeg. Wastes. schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and garage rigid implementation of laws and ordinances toSWM accept citation tickets for violating laws pertaining to SWM undergo seminars violating SWM laws accept administrative cases in violating laws on SWM govt official accept administrative cases in violating laws on SWM mle coefficient 0.016 -0.002 -0.063 0.010 0.123 -0.040 0.025 0.056 -0.022 -0.044 0.202 -0.107 -0.004 -0.073 -0.027 -0.144
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t-ratio 0.35 -0.04 -1.35 0.29 3.22 -2.06 0.42 0.80 -0.34 -0.64 3.32 -1.72 -0.32 -1.37 -0.55 -0.76
sig. ns ns 0.100 ns 0.005 0.025 ns ns ns ns 0.001 0.050 ns 0.100 ns ns
4.4 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AFFECTING EFFECTIVE WASTE SEGREGATION Table 4.4 shows the demographic profile affecting waste segregation. The results show that gender, civil status, and level education affect waste segregation in the area at 10% LOS. Female respondents are more likely to contribute in proper segregation of the solid waste than their male counterpart. Single individual shows better waste segregation activity than married ones. Respondents with college education indicate better perception on effective
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waste segregation than respondents with high school and elementary level of education. Age is not significant in the waste segregation model. The findings imply that there are more respondents whose demographic profile is as follows: female, single, and reached the college level of education shows positive behavior towards effective waste segregation than their counterparts. Regardless of age level, respondents may or may not be aware of solid waste management. Table 4.4 Demographic Profile affecting waste segregation.
Stochastic Frontier Estimates Parameter demographics b54 b55 b56 b57 b58
2
mle variable Female = 0 Male = 1 AGE Civil Status, m =1, s = 0 Education: h =1, c = 0 e = 1, Gamma c=0 coefficient -0.128 0.002 -0.091 -0.115 0.066 0.777 0.515 -314.159 -317.887 t-ratio -2.26 0.51 -1.52 -1.88 0.57 8.58 6.49 8.58 sig. -2.258 ns 0.100 0.050 ns 0.001 0.001 0.001
sigma-squared
log likelihood function (mle) = log likelihood function (ols)=
Figure 6 shows the perceived efficiency of waste segregation in the 16 groups of respondents. The figure indicates that Barangay 10 has the highest efficiency score with 68.6 efficiency of waste segregation, and Barangay 4 registered the lowest with 55.5 efficiency score. The efficiency score is in an exponential distribution. In real-world scenarios, the assumption of a constant rate (or probability per unit time) is rarely satisfied. This exponential distribution is always found in the results of stochastic frontier regression.
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A One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was run to test if the exponential distribution behaves like the observed cumulative function with the observed mean as parameter. The test showed that the grouped efficiency score is exponential and significant at 5%. This shows that there is significant difference on the groups perceived efficiency score of waste segregation. The result implies that Barangay or group with efficient score higher than 64.62 are better performer and aware of waste segregation than those groups found lower than 64.62.
Figure 6 Perceived Efficiency of Waste Segregation
The observed cumulative distribution function is compared to the exponential distribution with the observed mean as a parameter.
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Location Barangay #4 Barangay #1 Barangay #13 Barangay #12 Barangay #6 Barangay #2 Barangay #11 Barangay #5 Barangay #3 bgay officials CIIR Barangay #9 Barangay #8 Barangay #14 Barangay #7 Barangay #10
efficiency 55.5 58.6 62.2 63.0 63.2 63.5 64.7 65.2 65.9 66.5 66.7 66.8 67.5 67.6 68.4 68.6
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test 4 N Exponential parameter. Mean Most Extreme Differences Absolute 0.58 Positive 0.35 Negative -0.58 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 2.31 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.00 A Test Distribution is Exponential. B Calculated from data. VAR00001 16 64.62
4.5
RECOMMENDATIONS FORWARDED BY RESPONDENTS Respondents suggested the following which put on view items that are needed to be acted upon by the Barangay officials:
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a. Waste Diversion and Recycling Programs this is for the local government to provide containers for papers and recyclables, and another container for organic waste located on disposal areas. b. Collection schedule for the local government to establish a schedule for different day of collection for recyclable and for biodegradable waste. c. Implementation respondents themselves admit that they know the law regarding solid waste management, but are not being practiced. Firm and close implementation of the Solid Waste Management Act should be done to be able to achieve higher efficiency. d. Packaging Reduction - bold action to reduce retail in-store packaging and to ultimately ensure that the materials used are recyclable. e. Dependency on disposable products - implement a range of options to enable customers to make positive environmental choices and reduce their use of single-use container packaging by taking advantage of convenient reusable alternatives.
4.6
REWORK ON THE EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Recommendations forwarded by the respondents can make amendments
to the existing SWM Plan of the City. These can be incorporated and programs can be developed from these recommendations (see Figure 7).
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4.7
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION RESULTS Interview with the division chief of CENRO was conducted to verify
actions and programs currently being done in accordance to the SWM Plan of the City. Still focusing on the 3 main features of the plan, the following was discussed: The governing body first established its institutional mechanism, forming the SWM Board composing of the city government leaders, NGOs, private and public school representatives, barangay officials, representative from business sectors, the church, and core groups. Going down to the barangay level, the body makes certain that the barangay has its own SWM Committee and which is also mandated in the republic act. The barangay is in charge of implementing the SWM Program which is being educated to them by the CENRO. The CENRO has its information campaign being done to make the population aware of its SWM Program and the Barangays SWM Committee together with the educational institutions will be in charge of strengthening its implementation and dissemination. Defined garbage collection schedule, correct methods of collection, and information on segregation and proper disposal of wastes is expected from each barangays. Private collectors are also present in several barangays which helps the city government in reducing wastes through segregation upon collection.
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Garbage collection team of the city is ordered to collect all solid waste from each barangays. These collectors (city government employed) are prohibited on segregating waste. Its task is to collect, transport and dispose of the solid wastes. Final disposal is outside of the city. City solid waste is delivered to Pier 18 and an external body is responsible for its proper disposal. It was mentioned that some informal waste collectors (scavengers) are being utilized by the government to be able to segregate wastes in designated areas. These scavengers are unreserved in collecting recyclables on mixed up wastes for the reason that the recyclables or wastes that have resale values are given to them on whichever they are able to collect. This contributes to reduction on volume of waste being collected. Utilization of the said collectors is unofficial. Problem on disposal of biodegradable waste was mentioned during the interview. Planning for a better waste collection services to isolate biodegradable waste is still in development. Medical centers have an arrangement with the city government on collection of infectious wastes generated from the establishment. Citation tickets are given to violators. Letters reminding about the SWM Program are being issued to establishments which fail to comply.
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The barangays are expected by the city government to be able to implement waste segregation at their level. No further segregation to be done by the collectors from the upper management. Hazardous wastes (batteries, electronics, and aerosols) are mixed with solid wastes. No scheme of collection is being implemented yet. Utilization of MRFs are not at full range. The problem on biodegradable waste is still concerned. Proper composting and use of compost should be done. Inspectorate team complies with its duties but still needs to improve so not to overlook small and important details on SWM implementation. A special team is tasked to operate on areas which are stiff and repeatedly violates ordinances on SWM. It was mentioned that it is encourage to implement proper use of plastic and not to ban the use of plastic. Use of re-usable items should be practiced as to help reduce the use of plastic. Plans for utilizing and selling salvageable items from residents are being studied by the city government. It was said that there is no difficulty on apprehension of violators of SWM in the city of Navotas. Apprehended citizens are cooperative in penalties on violation that they have done.
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Thorough Implementation of Solid Waste Management Program Segregation at Source
Recapitulative and Uniform Information and Education Campaign for Stakeholders
Waste Diversion and Recycling Programs Collection schedule : Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable waste
Packaging Reduction Dependency on disposable products
Transportation: Dump truck equipment or Pushcarts, Rolling Trash Bins or Trikes/Pedicabs
Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility
20 25% Residuals from MRF and CF
Composting Facility
Recyclables/Reusable: glass, plastic, metal, paper, etc.
Compost Sanitary Landfill
Figure 7. Rework on existing Solid Waste Management Program
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusions, recommendations and directions for future research of the study.
5.1
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF THE CITY
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Results imply that more respondents being familiar with correct knowhow in waste segregation and proper comprehension on familiarity on SWM practices was able to follow one of the main objectives of the plan, which is to implement segregation at source. But it still needs improvement to attain high efficiency in waste separation at source. Manpower employed by the government plays a minimum part on effectiveness of the solid waste management program. Its main task, together with the dump trucks, is to collect solid waste from the household and transfer the waste to proper disposal sites outside the City. Materials recovery and recycling facilities are situated in each barangay. May it be an establishment or a small MRF for schools, it is the stakeholders responsibility to deliver their recyclable solid wastes to this facilities.
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Government workers are on station and monitor these facilities to maintain its intended use. Solid Waste collectors are prohibited to segregate waste upon collection to prevent them from salvaging saleable items from solid wastes.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION The affected area with regards to monitoring and evaluation is the containers being used for solid wastes. Scattered solid waste displays ineffective segregation. Solid wastes on disposal areas should be properly contained and segregated. Solid waste on disposal areas are only collected by the government assigned collectors and are prohibited to perform segregation to avoid unwanted retrieval of salable items. Scavengers litter the solid waste after retrieving recyclable materials. These scavengers are illegal and are punishable by law. But the local government have found use of this and utilized its capability to aid in waste segregation and diversion, although it is unofficial and undeclared, and scavengers leave the disposal area littered with all the scattered solid waste and displays ineffective waste management. Some Houshold and Establishments would seghregate their waste and place it a disposable container and bring it to disposal areas or wait for garbage collectors, but at the end trail scavengers will still be able to have access to these wastes.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL CORRECTIVE ACTION
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Respondents agreed that factors that would help in effective implementation of solid waste management programs because of the following: A.) Reduce, re-use and recycle at home; and schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and garage. Effective waste segregation should start at home. B.) Garbage collectors to follow schedule on collecting different types of waste will greatly help in increasing the effectiveness of the SWM Program. In connection with this, uncollected garbage on disposal areas will be minimized if not eliminated. Mixing of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste will be avoided. C.) Establish a program on collection where residents be able to combine both paper and container recyclables into a single stream and to put organics (fruit and vegetables scraps, paper towels, food, etc.) out for separate collection along with garbage and recycling. D.) Establish Household Hazardous waste depots where residents can donate usable but unwanted household solid waste materials such as oil, paint, cleaning products, wood, stains, solvents and lubricants. Staff to sort donations and set reusable items aside for other residents to pick-up for a lesser value or for free. E.) Promote use of re-usable bags instead of plastic bags. Bags made of durable items suitable for re-use. Establish bylaws on use of plastic bags in shopping, laundry, retail business establishments and others applicable for the law. Promote use of environmental friendly take-out food containers and drinking cups as well as paper bags for
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holding purchased food. F.) Educate the residents of the city on waste reduction. Buying durable goods of quality, donating anything that can be reused or repaired, composting and recycling.
5.2
CONCLUSION A comparable study by Ashok V. Shekdar (2009) stated that: For every
nation, solid waste management is a vital, ongoing and significant public service system that needs to be efficiently delivered to the community to maintain aesthetic and public health standards. Municipal agencies must plan and operate the system in keeping with increasing urbanization and population growth. Today, Asian countries have the potential to demonstrate sustainable SWM systems through an integrated approach. A systematic effort is necessary to improve various factors, including policy and legal frameworks, institutional arrangements, financial provisions, technology, operations management, human resource development, and public participation and awareness of integrated sustainable solid waste management systems. Effective implementation of solid waste management program for the city of Navotas may well be assessed to be an area for improvement. Certain inhabitants of the city really are disregarding the ordinances and. This is where behavior and understanding of the SWM Practices take place. Cooperation from the populace and strict and un-influenced implementation of the program are
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the most important factors to achieve effective implementation particularly waste segregation at source and disposal of waste on designated areas. It becomes an issue pertaining to a combination of multiple disciplines. In practice, SWM require stronger cooperation among various divisions within the administrative body and among the agents from public and private sectors. In study, it raises a demand for a systematic, interdisciplinary method to scrutinize SWM from several standpoints and possibly through a broader lens with regards to other regional and global concerns.
5.3
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The challenge of finding solutions for Solid Waste Management will
continue to increase. As population increases, waste generation increases. It is proposed that from this study, future researches be conducted on the following aspects: 1. To determine actual waste diversion based on the existing solid waste management practices. 2. A similar study can be done to adjacent cities on solid waste management practices. Construct a comparative study. 3. Study on livelihood programs on solid waste that can be premeditated together with adjacent cities.
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REFERENCES 1. Alib S.M., & Ahmeda, S.A. (2006). People as partners: Facilitating peoples participation in publicprivate partnerships for solid waste management. Habitat International 30 (2006) 781796. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.004 2. Al-Khatib, I.A., Monou, M., Abu Zahra, A.S.F., Shaheen, H.Q., & Kassinos, D. (2010). Solid waste characterization, quantification and management practices in developing countries. A case study: Nablus district Palestine. Journal of Environmental Management 91 (2010) 11311138. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.01.003 3. Al-Salem, S.M., & Lettieri, P. (2009). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the State of Kuwait. European Journal of Scientific Research pp.395-405. ISSN 1450-216X 4. Ariola et al. (eds.); 2006. Principles and Methods of Research 5. Bovea, M.D., Ibez-Fors, V., Gallardo, A., & Colomer-Mendoza, F.J. (2010). Environmental assessment of alternative municipal solid waste management strategies. A Spanish case study. Waste Management xxx (2010) xxxxxx. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.001 6. Chang, N.B., & Davila, E. (2007). Municipal solid waste characterizations and management strategies for the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Waste Management 28 (2008) 776794. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.04.002 7. Chen, C. (2010) A performance evaluation of MSW management practice in Taiwan. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 13531361. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.05.003 8. Colson, G., Kapepula K., Sabri K., & Thonart P. (2006) A multiple criteria analysis for household solid waste management in the urban community of Dakar. Waste Management 27 (2007) 16901705. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.009 9. Contreras, F., Ishii, S., Aramaki, T., Hanaki, K., & Connors, S. (2009). Drivers in current and future municipal solid waste management systems: cases in
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Yokohama and Boston. Waste Management & Research 2010: 28: 7693. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X09349417 10. de Guzman, A., Reyes, J., Florentino-Hofilea, C., & Baretto-Lapitan, G. (2003). Solid Waste Management Options and Solutions at the Local Level. Service Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government. PhilippinesCanada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)ISBN 971-8597-07-7 11. Erikssona, O., & Bakyb, A. (2010) Identification and testing of potential key parameters in system analysis of municipal solid waste management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 10951099. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.03.002 12. Fragkou, M.C., Vicent, T. & Gabarrell, X. (2009). A general methodology for calculating the MSW management self-sufficiency indicator: Application to the wider Barcelona area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 390399. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.09.004 13. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4 th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon 14. Huanga, G.H, Xua, Y., Qinc, X.S., & Caoa, M.F. (2009). SRCCP: A stochastic robust chance-constrained programming model for municipal solid waste management under uncertainty. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53 (2009) 352363. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.02.002 15. Jones, D.L., & Farrell, M. (2009). Critical evaluation of municipal solid waste composting and potential compost markets. Bioresource Technology 100 (2009) 43014310. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.029 16. Jonesa, N., Evangelinosa, K., Halvadakisa, C.P., Iosifidesb, T., & Sophoulisa, C.M. (2009). Social factors influencing perceptions and willingness to pay for a market-based policy aiming on solid waste management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 533540. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.10.010 17. Kirkeby, J.T., Birgisdottir, H., Hansen, T.L., & Christensen, T.H. (2005). Environmental assessment of solid waste systems and technologies: EASEWASTE. Waste Manage Res 2006: 24: 315. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X06062580
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18. Kirkeby, J.T., Birgisdottir, H., Hansen, T.L., & Christensen, T.H. (2005). Evaluation of environmental impacts from municipal solid waste management in the municipality of Aarhus, Denmark (EASEWASTE). Waste Manage Res 2006: 24: 1626. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X06062598 19. Kumbhakar, Knox Lovell (2003). Stochastic Frontier Analysis 20. Levine, D.M., Benerson, M.L., & Stephan, D. (1999). Statistics for Manager. 2nd Ed. Prenctice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 604-656,935-1014 21. Mbuligwe, S. E. (2004) Assessment of performance of solid waste management contractors: a simple techno-social model and its application. Waste Management 24 (2004) 739749. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.02.009 22. Melanen, M.,Kautto, P.,Saarikoski, H., Ilomaki, M., & Yli-Kauppila, H. (2002). Finnish waste policyeffects and effectiveness. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 35 (2002) 115. PII: S0921-3449(01)00115-X 23. Morrisseya, A.J., & Browneb, J. (2003). Waste management models and their application to sustainable waste management. Waste Management 24 (2004) 297308. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2003.09.005 24. National Solid Waste Management Commission. (2009). National Framework Plan for Solid Waste Management 25. Owen, J.O. (1993). Program Evaluation: Forms and Approaches. Australia. ISB 1 86373 462 7 26. Pasang, H., Moore, G.A., & Sitorus, G. (2006). Neighbourhood-based waste management: A solution for solid waste problems in Jakarta, Indonesia. Waste Management 27 (2007) 19241938. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2006.09.010 27. Polettinib, A., Sabbasa, T., Pomib, R., Astrupc, T., Hjelmard, O., Mostbauera, P., Cappaie, G., Magelf, G., Salhofera, S., Speiserg, C., Heuss-Assbichlerf, S., Kleinh, R., & Lechnera, P. (2001) Management of municipal solid waste incineration residues. Waste Management 23 (2003) 6188. doi:10.1016/S0956053X(02)00161-7 28. QingZhang, D., SoonKeatTan, & Gersberg, R.M. (2010) Municipal solid waste management in China: Status, problems and challenges. Journal of
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Environmental Management doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.012 91
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(2010) 1623-1633.
29. Republic Act 9003. January 26, 2001. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 30. Rives, J., Rieradevall, J., & Gabarrell, X. (2010). LCA comparison of container systems in municipal solid waste management. Waste Management 30 (2010) 949957. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.027 31. Ruijs, A., Chen, A., & Wesseler, J. (2004). Solid waste management on small islands: The case of Green Island, Taiwan. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 45 (2005) 3147. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.12.005 32. Salhofer, S., Beigl, P., & Lebersorger, S. (2006). Modelling municipal solid waste generation: A review. Waste Management 28 (2008) 200214. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.011 33. Seora, Jerome P. (2009). An assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in selected Shakeys store in Luzon Area. University of Santo Tomas. Philippines 34. Shekdar, A.V. (2008). Sustainable solid waste management: An integrated approach for Asian countries. Waste Management 29 (2009) 14381448. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.025 35. Shihb, J.S., & Louisa, G. (2005). A flexible inventory model for municipal solid waste recycling. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 41 (2007) 6189. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2004.10.008 36. Simon, D.J., & Eyckmans, J. (2007). Assessing the effectiveness of voluntary solid waste reduction policies: Methodology and a Flemish case study. Waste Management 28 (2008) 14491460 doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.007 37. Smith, R., Husaini, I.G., Garg, A., Kimb, K.H., Marchant, J., & Pollard, S.J.T. (2006). European household waste management schemes: Their effectiveness and applicability in England. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 51 (2007) 248263. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.09.009 38. Sokka, L., Antikainen, R., & Kauppi, P.E. (2007). Municipal solid waste production and composition in FinlandChanges in the period 19602002 and
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prospects until 2020. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 50 (2007) 475488. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.01.011 39. Srivastava, P.K., Kulshreshtha, K., Mohanty, C.S., Pushpangadan, P., & Singh, A. (2004). Stakeholder-based SWOT analysis for successful municipal solid waste management in Lucknow, India. Waste Management 25 (2005) 531537. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.08.010 40. Suttibak, S., & Nitivattananon, V. (2008) Assessment of factors influencing the performance of solid waste recycling programs. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53 (2008) 4556. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.004 41. Talyan, V., Dahiya, R.P., & Sreekrishnan, T.R. (2007). State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India. Waste Management 28 (2008) 12761287. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.017 42. The Ten Year Solid Waste Management Plan of the City of Navotas. (2007). Navotas City, Philippines 43. Westfall, M.S., & Allen, N, (2004). The Garbage Book: Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila. Asian Development Bank TA 3848-PHI
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL APPENDIX I PERMIT TO CONDUCT INTERVIEW
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Date: To The Stakeholders / Implementers of the Solid Waste Management Plan of Navotas City Dear Sir/Madam: Greetings! I am a student at the University of Santo Tomas, currently enrolled in the Masters of Science program major in Management Engineering and currently doing his thesis entitled: Solid Waste Management Practices in the City of Navotas (Philippines). In this regard, I would like to humbly request for your permission to carry out an interview for the research project about solid waste management practices with you and some of your employees/staff. I sincerely hope for your approval on this request. Interviews will be treated with utmost confidentiality. The study is private and serves as a partial fulfillment for the Masters of Science program. Being aware of the time and effort, and the commitment that will be rendered to the success of this research, I would like to thank you all for your support on this research.
Sincerely yours, Joseph Benedict N. Prim, REE Graduate Student, M.S. Management Engineering University of Santo Tomas, Manila
Noted by: Prof. Nancy Eleria, Ph.D. Research Adviser
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APPENDIX II REQUEST FOR PERTINENT DATA
Date: To the Department Head / Director Dear Sir/Madam: Greetings! I am a student at the University of Santo Tomas, currently enrolled in the Masters of Science program major in Management Engineering and currently doing his thesis entitled: Solid Waste Management Practices in the City of Navotas (Philippines). In this regard, I would like to humbly request for your permission to go over your records pertinent to the research project about solid waste management practices, nature, scope and series of data for the last six years (2003 to 2009). Pertinent records include chronological records being submitted by the said LGU. I sincerely hope for your approval on this request. Records will be treated with utmost confidentiality. The study is private and serves as a partial fulfillment for the Masters of Science program. Being aware of the time and effort, and the commitment that will be rendered to the success of this research, I would like to thank you all for your support on this research.
Sincerely yours, Joseph Benedict N. Prim, REE Graduate Student, M.S. Management Engineering University of Santo Tomas, Manila
Noted by: Prof. Nancy Eleria, Ph.D. Research Adviser
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APPENDIX III RELIABILITY TEST QUESTIONNAIRE

Please kindly answer all these questions in this survey on Solid Waste Management Practices for the City of Navotas. Your participation is completely voluntary and your opinions are highly valuable. Survey responses will be treated strictly confidential and data from this research will be used for academic purposes only. Thank you very much for your cooperation and for magnanimously sharing your information and time. Respondents Profile a. Name: (optional) _____________________________________________ b. Sex: _____ Male _____Female c. Occupation: ___________________________________________________ d. Age: _____20-25 _____31-35 _____41-45 _____26-30 _____36-40 _____46-up e. Civil Status: _____Single _____Married _____Widow/Widower f. Educational Attainment: _____Elementary_____College _____High school_____Masters _____Others (please specify) I. Performance Objectives A. Massive Information and Education Campaign 4 Very familiar 3 Familiar 2 Not that familiar
1 Unfamiliar
1. How familiar are you of Our Citys Solid Waste Management Plan? 2. The City government conducts Solid Waste Management Awareness Campaign, (ex. Monthly community lectures, school seminars, seminars at work regarding solid waste management) are you aware of this? 3. The local government (municipality, barangay) near your area implements these programs by orienting the people / establishment or provides leaflets, brochures or flyers for you to be aware. 4. Are you familiar of waste segregation? 5. Are you familiar with re-usable solid waste containers for home? (ex. Waste Bin, Drum etc.) 6. Proper waste disposal is that different type of waste are placed in separate containers and then given to the garbage collectors. 7. As an individual, do solid waste management practices need skilled and adept persons for it to be practiced? 8. Are you aware of laws and ordinances on Solid Waste
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL Management?

B. Manpower 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes 1 Never
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9. Do you see street sweepers cleaning the streets? 10. Do you see a team of garbage collectors collecting trash at disposal areas? 11. Do you notice scattered solid wastes on the streets?
C. 4 Always Equipment 3 Often 2 Sometimes
[] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ]
1 Never
12. Are street sweepers using the proper cleaning tools for the job? (ex. broom, dust pan, sacks, tongs) 13. Do you notice if street cleaners have waste push carts or waste side cars with them when they clean? 14. Do you notice if the dump trucks are collecting garbage on designated dumping areas? 15. Do you notice if these trucks look rigid enough to perform its tasks?
D. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility 4 Very familiar 3 Familiar 2 Not that familiar
[] [] ] [] [] ] [] [] ] [] [] ]
[] [ [] [ [] [ [] [
1 Unfamiliar
16. Are you familiar of a recycling facility? 17. Are you familiar where these facilities are located? 18. Do you notice if the dump trucks are collecting garbage on designated dumping areas? 19. Segregated solid waste such as paper, bottles, aluminum such as soda and juice cans, and glass are waste that can be brought through designated institutions, are you aware of this?
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
II. Monitoring and evaluation (Letters A & B are not applicable to residential respondents) A. Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools (not applicable to residential respondents) 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes
1 Never
20. Do you make or submit monthly / weekly reports regarding solid waste management or segregation? 21. Do the barangay / city hall collect these reports?
B. Ocular Inspection and Monitoring (not applicable to residential respondents)
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes 1 Never
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22. Do you conduct daily inspection at your disposal areas? 23. Are there appropriate containers for the different wastes at the disposal area? 24. Are these containers property labeled? 25. Are the containers covered properly to avoid spillage or access to vagrant animals? 26. Is there scattered garbage on the disposal area? 27. Is there scattered garbage on the streets? 28. Waste segregation can be seen in disposal areas?
C. 4 Always Waste Composition 3 Often 2 Sometimes
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
1 Never
29. Do you segregate your waste properly? 30. What are the different types of solid waste that are produced in your home / office? (please select each appropriate) ___ Food ___ Bottle ___ Metals ___ Plastic ___ Glass ___ Rubber ___ Paper ___ Wood ___ Others (pls. specify) 31. Do you sell solid waste items with re-sale value?
D. Collection schedule / Frequency 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
1 Never
32. Are garbage collectors able to collect garbage on time? 33. Garbage collectors pick-up garbage from your house / office? 34. Garbage collectors pick-up garbage from dumping area? 35. Garbage collectors follow schedule collection for different types of waste? (ex. MWF - Biodegradable; TTHS - Non-biodegradable)
E. 4 Always Waste Minimization 3 Often 2 Sometimes
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
1 Never
36. As an individual, do you re-use, reduce and recycle at home? (ex. use old clothes as rags, fix broken fixtures to be used again, recycle containers) 37. When purchasing certain items, do you buy more than what you need? (ex. Paint, detergent, plastic bags, cleaning items, food)
III. Corrective Actions
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] []

4 Strongly Agree 3 Agree 2 Disagree
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1 Strongly Disagree
38. Are you willing to participate to the Citys Ordinance on improving our current Solid Waste Management? 39. Use re-usable bags instead of plastic bags when purchasing items such as groceries, food, etc. 40. Use paper food containers instead of plastic and Styrofoam. 41. Provide schedule for collecting biodegradable and nonbiodegradable wastes. 42. Schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and garage of all items you no longer use. (Sporting goods, clothing, books, small household appliances and computer equipment) as well as hazardous waste items they can all be brought to a community environment center near you. 43. Rigid implementation of laws and ordinances to solid waste management. (ex. No littering on streets, No littering in PUJs, etc.) 44. Accept Citation tickets if ever you will violate laws pertaining to solid waste management. 45. Undergo seminars if ever you will violate laws pertaining to solid waste management. 46. Accept up to administrative cases in violating laws on solid waste management.
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
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APPENDIX IV
QUESTIONNAIRE (Stakeholders)
Please kindly answer all these questions in this survey on Solid Waste Management Practices for the City of Navotas. Your participation is completely voluntary and your opinions are highly valuable. Survey responses will be treated strictly confidential and data from this research will be used for academic purposes only. Thank you very much for your cooperation and for magnanimously sharing your information and time. Respondents Profile a. Name: (optional) _____________________________________________ b. Sex: _____ Male _____Female c. Occupation: ___________________________________________________ d. Age: _____20-25 _____31-35 _____41-45 _____26-30 _____36-40 _____46-up e. Civil Status: _____Single _____Married _____Widow/Widower f. Educational Attainment: _____Elementary_____College _____High school_____Masters _____Others (please specify) I. Performance Objectives A. Massive Information and Education Campaign 4 Very familiar 3 Familiar 2 Not that familiar
1 Unfamiliar
4 3 2 1 1. Are you familiar with the Our citys Solid Waste Management Plan? 2. The City government conducts Solid Waste Management Awareness Campaign, (ex. Monthly community lectures, school seminars, seminars at work regarding solid waste management) are you aware of this? 3. The local government (municipality, barangay) near your area implements these programs by orienting the people / establishment or provides leaflets, brochures or flyers for you to be aware. 4. Are you familiar of waste segregation? 5. Are you familiar with re-usable solid waste containers for home? (ex. Waste Bin, Drum etc.) 6. Proper waste disposal is that different type of waste are placed in separate containers and then given to the garbage collectors. Are you familiar with this? [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 7. As an individual, do solid waste management practices need skilled and adept persons for it to be practiced? How familiar should a person be to be able to practice this? 8. Are you aware of laws and ordinances on Solid Waste Management?
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[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
B. Manpower 4 Always 3 Often
2 Sometimes
1 Never
9. Do you see street sweepers cleaning the streets? 10. Do you see a team of garbage collectors collecting trash at [] [] [] [] disposal areas? 11. Do you notice scattered solid wastes on the streets? [] [] [] [] 12. Do you see informal waste collectors (scavengers) collecting solid waste that can be sold and leaves the garbage [] [] [] [] scattered?
C. 4 Always Equipment 3 Often 2 Sometimes 1 Never
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] []
4 3 2 1 13. Are street sweepers using the proper cleaning tools for the job? (ex. broom, dust pan, sacks, tongs) 14. Do you notice if street cleaners have waste push carts or waste side cars with them when they clean? 15. Do you notice if the dump trucks are collecting garbage on designated dumping areas? 16. Do you notice if these trucks look rigid enough to perform its tasks?
D. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility 4 Very familiar 3 Familiar 2 Not that familiar
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
1 Unfamiliar
17. Are you familiar of a recycling facility? 18. Are you familiar where these facilities are located? 19. Segregated solid waste such as paper, bottles, aluminum such as soda and juice cans, and glass are waste that can be brought through designated institutions, are you familiar of this?
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
II. Monitoring and evaluation (Letters A & B are not applicable to residential respondents) E. Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools

4 Always (not applicable to residential respondents) 3 Often 2 Sometimes 1 Never
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F. 4 Always Ocular Inspection and Monitoring (not applicable to residential respondents) 3 Often 2 Sometimes
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
1 Never
G. Waste Composition 4 Always 3 Often
4 3 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
2 [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
1 Never
2 Sometimes
29. Do you segregate your waste properly? 30. Do you sell solid waste items with re-sale value? 31. What are the different types of solid waste that are produced in your home / office? (please select each appropriate) ___ Food ___ Bottle ___ Metals ___ Wood ___ Others ___ Glass ___ Rubber ___ Paper ___ Plastic (pls. specify)
H. Collection schedule / Frequency 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
1 Never
4 3 2
PAGE 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
147
32. Are garbage collectors able to collect garbage on time? 33. Garbage collectors pick-up garbage from your house / office? 34. Garbage collectors pick-up garbage from dumping area? 35. Garbage collectors follow schedule collection for different types of waste? (ex. MWF - Biodegradable; TTHS - Nonbiodegradable)
I. 4 Always Waste Minimization 3 Often 2 Sometimes
1 Never
4 3 2 1 36. As an individual, do you re-use, reduce and recycle at home? (ex. use old clothes as rags, fix broken fixtures to be used again, recycle containers) 37. When purchasing certain items, do you buy more than what you need? (ex. Paint, detergent, plastic bags, cleaning items, food)
III. Corrective Actions 4 Strongly Agree 3 Agree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly Disagree
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
4 3 2 1 38. Are you willing to participate to the Citys Ordinance on [] [] [] improving our current Solid Waste Management? [] 39. Use re-usable bags instead of plastic bags when purchasing [ ] [ ] [ ] items such as groceries, food, etc. [] 40. Use paper food containers instead of plastic and [] [] [] Styrofoam. [] 41. Provide schedule for collecting biodegradable and non[] [] [] biodegradable wastes. [] 42. Schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and [] [] [] garage of all items you no longer use. (Sporting goods, [] clothing, books, small household appliances and computer equipment) as well as hazardous waste items they can all be brought to a community environment center near you. 43. Rigid implementation of laws and ordinances to solid [] [] [] waste management. (ex. No littering on streets, No [] littering in PUJs, etc.)
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 44. Accept Citation tickets if ever you will violate laws pertaining to solid waste management. 45. Undergo seminars if ever you will violate laws pertaining to solid waste management. 46. Accept up to administrative cases in violating laws on solid waste management.
PAGE [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
148
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APPENDIX V TAGALOG TRANSLATED QUESTIONNAIRE

Hinihingi po ang inyong lubos na pakikilahok sa pagsagot sa talatanungan na ito hinggil sa Wastong Pamamahala ng Basura sa inyong lungsod. Labis pong makatutulong ang mga datos na makukuha sa pag-aaral ng mananaliksik. Tinitiyak pong ang mga datos na inyong ibibigay ay magagamit upang malutas ang anumang suliraning may kinalaman sa pag-aaral na ito. Maraming salamat po sa oras na inyong inilaan at sa inyong pakikiisa. Pagkakakilanlan ng Kalahok a. b. c. d. e. f. Pangalan (Maaaring iwanang blangko) ________________________________________________ Kasarian ________ Lalaki ________ Babae Hanapbuhay ________________________________________________ Edad _____ 20-25 _____ 31-35 _____ 41-45 _____ 26-30 _____ 36-40 _____ 46-higit Estado _____ Walang asawa _____ May asawa _____ Balo Edukasyon ________ Elementarya ________ Kolehiyo ________ Hayskul ________ Masteral ________ Iba pa (Pakitukoy) Layunin sa Pagsasagawa A. Pagpapalaganap ng Impormasyon at Pagsasagawa ng mga Kampanya 4 - Pamilyar na pamilyar 2 - Hindi ganoon kapamilyar 3 - Pamilyar 1 - Hindi pamilyar
I.
1. Pamilyar ka ba sa plano ukol sa pamamahala ng basura sa inyong lungsod? 2. Alam mo ba na may mga kampanyang ipinapanukala sa inyong lungsod ukol sa pamamahala sa basura? 3. Pamilyar ka ba na ang local na pamahalaan, munisipalidad o barangay; ay nagpapatupad ng mga programa sa pamamagitan ng pagpapaalam sa mga tao/establisyamento o pamimigay ng mga polyeto (flyers)? 4. Pamilyar ka ba sa wastong paghihiwalay sa mga basura? 5. Pamilyar ka ba na may mga basurahang maaaring magamit muli (hal. yerong basurahan, aluminyong
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ]
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basurahan)? 6. Pamilyar ka ba sa paghihiwalay ng mga basura sa mga [] [] [] [ ibat ibang lalagayn na angkop sa uri nito at ibinibigay sa ] basurero? 7. Bilang mamamayan, nangangailangan ba na ang mga tao ay may sapat na kasanayan at madaling makaangkop [ ] [ ] [ ] [ upang maisagawa ang wastong pamamahala sa basura? ] Gaano kapamilyar ba dapat ang isang mamamayan? 8. Alam mo ba ang mga batas or ordinansa ukol sa [ ] [ ] [ ] [ pamamahala sa basura? ]
B. Lakas-paggawa 3 - Madalas 2 - Paminsan-minsan 1 - Hindi kailanman
4 - Palagi
9. Nakakakita ka ba ng mga kaminerong (street cleaners) naglilinis sa mga kalsada? 10. Nakakakita ka ba ng tinalagang ahensya ng gobyerno na nangongolekta ng basura sa wastong tapunan? 11. Nakakakita ka ba ng kalat sa mga kalsada?
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ] [] [] [] [ ]
12. Nakakakita ka ba ng mga impormal (scavengers) na [] [] [] [ nangogolekta ng mga basurang maaring ibenta at ] iniiwang naka kalat ang mga basura sa basurahan?
C. Kagamitan 3 - Madalas 2 - Paminsan-minsan 1 - Hindi kailanman
4 - Palagi
4 1 13. Gumagamit ba ang mga kaminero ng wastong kagamitan? (hal. Walis, pandakot, sako, tong) 14. Gumagamit ba ang mga kaminero ng kariton o side car habang naglilinis? 15. Kinokolekta ba ng mga trak ang basura sa wastong lugar ng tapunan? 16. Ang mga trak ba ay nararapat/maayos upang maisagawa nito ang kinakailangan?
D. Pagpapanatili sa kagamitan at Pasilidad sa Pagreresaykel
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

4 - Pamilyar na pamilyar 2 - Hindi ganoon kapamilyar 3 - Pamilyar 1 - Hindi pamilyar
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17. Pamilyar ka ba na may pasilidad sa pagreresaykel? 18. Pamilyar ka ba kung saan matatagpuan ang mga [] [] [] [] pasilidad na ito? 19. Alam mo bang ang mga inihiwalay na basura gaya ng papel, bote, latang gawa sa aluminyo at salamin ay [] [] [] [] maaaring dalhin sa nararapat na institusyon at may kapalit na angkop na halaga?
II. Pamamahala at Pagtataya (Ang mga aytem sa A at B ay hindi angkop sa mga kalahok sa bahay-bahay) A. Buwanang ulat mula sa mga Barangay at Paaralan (hindi angkop sa mga kalahok sa bahay-bahay) 3 - Madalas 2 - Paminsan-minsan 1 - Hindi kailanman
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] []
4 - Palagi
4 1
20. Naghahanda o nagsusumite ba ang inyong tanggapan ng buwanan/lingguhang ulat ukol sa pamamahala sa basura [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] o segregasyon? 21. Kinokolekta ba ng pamahalaang bayan ang mga ulat na [] [] [] [] ito?
B. Pagsusuri at Pagmamasid (hindi angkop sa mga kalahok sa bahay-bahay) 3 - Madalas 2 - Paminsan-minsan 1 - Hindi kailanman
4 - Palagi
4 1 22. Nag-iinspeksyon ba sa mga wastong tapunan ng basura araw-araw? 23. May mga sapat bang lalagyan para sa ibat ibang uri ng basura sa mga natakdang tapunan? 24. May pangalan (label) ba ang bawat lalagyan ng basura? 25. May takip ba ang lahat ng lalagyan upang makaiwas sa pagkaapaw at sa mga hayop?
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
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26. May kalat-kalat bang basura sa mga tapunan? [] [] [] [] 27. May kalat-kalat bang basura sa mga kalsada? [] [] [] [] 28. Kapansin-pansin ba ang wastong paghihiwalay ng mga [] [] [] [] basura sa mga takdang tapunan?
C. Bumubuo sa Basura 3 - Madalas 2 - Paminsan-minsan 1 - Hindi kailanman
4 - Palagi
29. Hinihiwalay mo ba nang wasto ang basura? 30. Ipinagbibili mo ba ang mga bagay/basura na maaari pang [] [] [] [] magamit? (halimbawa: bote, papel, bakal) 31. Anu-anong mga basura ang nabubuo sa inyong tahanan o tanggapan? (Piliin sa mga sumusunod) ___pagkain ___bote ___metal ___kahoy ___salamin ___goma ___papel ___plastik ___Iba pa (Pakitukoy)
D. Iskedyul at Dalas ng Pangongolekta ng Basura 3 - Madalas 2 - Paminsan-minsan 1 - Hindi kailanman
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] []
4 - Palagi
32. Nakokolekta ba ang basura sa tamang oras? 33. Nakokolekta ba ang basura sa inyong tahanan o [] [] [] [] tanggapan? 34. Nakokolekta ba ang basura sa mga tapunan? [] [] [] [] 35. May sinusunod bang oras sa pangongolekta ng ibat ibang uri ng basura? (hal. Lunes-Miyerkulas-Biyernes ay [] [] [] [] para sa Nabubulok na basura ; Martes-Huwebes-Sabado ay para sa di-nabubulok)
E. Paglilimita sa Basura 3 - Madalas 2 - Paminsan-minsan 1 - Hindi kailanman
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] []
4 - Palagi
4 3 2 1 36. Bilang isang mamamayan, ikaw ba ay naglilimita at [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
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153
gumagamit muli ng mga bagay na patapon na sa inyong tahanan? (hal. lumang damit na gagawing basahan, pagkukumpuni ng isang bagay upang magamit muli, paggamit muli ng mga basyong lalagyan) 37. Bumibili ka ba ng mga produktong labis sa iyong kinakailangan? (hal. pintura, sabong panlaba, supot na [] [] [] [] plastik, panlinism pagkain)
III. Pagwawasto sa Kamalian 4 - Lubos na sumasang-ayon 2 - Hindi sumasang-ayon 3 - Sumasang-ayon 1 - Lubos na di sumasang-ayon
4 1 38. Handa ka bang makilahok sa ordinansa ng lungsod hinggil sa pagpapabuti sa pamamahala ng basura? 39. Paggamit ng bag na magagamit muli (recycleable bags) sa pamimili sa halip na paggamit ng supot na gawa sa plastic? 40. Paggamit ng mga lalagyan na gawa sa papel sa paghahanda ng pagkain sa halip na gawa sa plastik o styrofoam. 41. Paglalaan ng takdang oras sa pangongolekta ng mga basurang nabubulok at di-nabubulok. 42. Paglalaan ng takdang oras sa paglilinis ng silid-tambakan, aparador at garahe na may mga gamit na hindi na kinakailangan (gamit-pampalakasan/pang-isports, damit, aklat, kasangkapan sa bahay, ilang bahagi ng kompyuter) gayundin ang mga nakalalasong bagay maari itong dalhin sa tamang lugar na malapit sa inyong tahanan. 43. Mahigpit na pagpapatupad ng mga batas at ordinansa ukol sa pamamahala sa basura. (hal. Bawal magkalat,Bawal magtapon ng basura dito, at iba pa) 44. Pagtanggap sa nararapat na tiket sakaling lalabag sa batas hinggil sa pamamahala sa basura. 45. Pagdalo sa mga talakayan sakaling lalabag sa batas ukol sa pamamahala sa basura. 46. Pagtanggap kahit ng kasong administratibo ukol sa pamamahala sa basura.
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL APPENDIX VI
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154
QUESTIONNAIRE (Implementers)
Please kindly answer all these questions in this survey on Solid Waste Management Practices for the City of Navotas. Your participation is completely voluntary and your opinions are highly valuable. Survey responses will be treated strictly confidential and data from this research will be used for academic purposes only. Thank you very much for your cooperation and for magnanimously sharing your information and time. Respondents Profile g. Name: (optional) _____________________________________________ h. Sex: _____ Male _____Female i. Occupation: ___________________________________________________ j. Age: _____20-25 _____31-35 _____41-45 _____26-30 _____36-40 _____46-up k. Civil Status: _____Single _____Married _____Widow/Widower l. Educational Attainment:_____Elementary_____College _____High school_____Masters _____Others (please specify) I. Performance Objectives J. Massive Information and Education Campaign 4 Very familiar 3 Familiar 2 Not that familiar
1 Unfamiliar
1. Are you familiar with the Our citys Solid Waste Management Plan? 2. The City government conducts Solid Waste Management Awareness Campaign, (ex. Monthly community lectures, school seminars, seminars at work regarding solid waste management) are you aware of this? 3. The local government (municipality, barangay) near your area implements these programs by orienting the people / establishment or provides leaflets, brochures or flyers for you to be aware. 4. Are you familiar of waste segregation? 5. Are you familiar with re-usable solid waste containers for home? (ex. Waste Bin, Drum etc.) 6. Proper waste disposal is that different type of waste are placed in separate containers and then given to the
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL garbage collectors. Are you familiar with this? 7. As an individual, do solid waste management practices need skilled and adept persons for it to be practiced? How familiar should a person be to be able to practice this? 8. Are you aware of laws and ordinances on Solid Waste Management? 9. How will you asses the familiarity of the workplace when it comes to solid waste management practices?
K. 4 Always Manpower 3 Often 2 Sometimes 1 Never
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155
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
10. Do you see street sweepers cleaning the streets? 11. Do you see a team of garbage collectors collecting trash at disposal areas? 12. Do you notice scattered solid wastes on the streets? 13. Do you see informal waste collectors (scavengers) collecting solid waste that can be sold and leaves the garbage scattered?
L. 4 Always Equipment 3 Often 2 Sometimes
4 3 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
2 [] [] []
[] [] [] []
1 Never
14. Are street sweepers using the proper cleaning tools for the job? (ex. broom, dust pan, sacks, tongs) 15. Do you notice if street cleaners have waste push carts or waste side cars with them when they clean? 16. Do you notice if the dump trucks are collecting garbage on designated dumping areas? 17. Do you notice if these trucks look rigid enough to perform its tasks?
M. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility 4 Very familiar 3 Familiar 2 Not that familiar
4 3 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
2 [] [] [] []
1 Unfamiliar
18. Are you familiar of a recycling facility? 19. Are you familiar where these facilities are located?
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] []
PAGE []
156
20. Segregated solid waste such as paper, bottles, aluminum such as soda and juice cans, and glass are waste that can be brought through designated institutions, are you familiar of this?
[] [] [] []
II. Monitoring and evaluation (Letters A & B are not applicable to residential respondents) N. Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools (not applicable to residential respondents) 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes
1 Never
O. Ocular Inspection and Monitoring (not applicable to residential respondents) 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
1 Never
P. 4 Always Waste Composition 3 Often
4 3 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
2 [] [] [] []
[] [] [] []
1 Never
2 Sometimes
30. Do you segregate your waste properly? 31. Do you sell solid waste items with re-sale value?
4 3 2 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] []
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL [] 32. What are the different types of solid waste that are produced in your home / office? (please select each appropriate) ___ Food ___ Bottle ___ Metals ___ Wood ___ Others ___ Glass ___ Rubber ___ Paper ___ Plastic (pls. specify)
Q. Collection schedule / Frequency 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes 1 Never
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33. Are garbage collectors able to collect garbage on time? 34. Garbage collectors pick-up garbage from your house / office? 35. Garbage collectors pick-up garbage from dumping area? 36. Garbage collectors follow schedule collection for different types of waste? (ex. MWF - Biodegradable; TTHS - Nonbiodegradable)
R. Waste Minimization 4 Always 3 Often 2 Sometimes
4 3 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
2 [] [] []
[] [] [] []
1 Never
4 3 2 1 37. As an individual, do you re-use, reduce and recycle at home? (ex. use old clothes as rags, fix broken fixtures to be used again, recycle containers) 38. When purchasing certain items, do you buy more than what you need? (ex. Paint, detergent, plastic bags, cleaning items, food)
III. Corrective Actions 4 Strongly Agree 3 Agree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly Disagree
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
4 3 2 1 39. Are you willing to participate to the Citys Ordinance on [] [] [] improving our current Solid Waste Management? [] 40. Use re-usable bags instead of plastic bags when purchasing [ ] [ ] [ ] items such as groceries, food, etc. []
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 41. Use paper food containers instead of plastic and Styrofoam. 42. Provide schedule for collecting biodegradable and nonbiodegradable wastes. 43. Schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and garage of all items you no longer use. (Sporting goods, clothing, books, small household appliances and computer equipment) as well as hazardous waste items they can all be brought to a community environment center near you. 44. Rigid implementation of laws and ordinances to solid waste management. (ex. No littering on streets, No littering in PUJs, etc.) 45. Accept Citation tickets if ever you will violate laws pertaining to solid waste management. 46. Undergo seminars if ever you will violate laws pertaining to solid waste management. 47. Accept up to administrative cases in violating laws on solid waste management.
PAGE [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
158
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
PAGE
159
APPENDIX VII CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE (DENR)
Guidelines in Waste Characterization For the initial source reduction and recycling element of a local waste management plan, the LGU waste characterization component shall identify the constituent materials, which comprise the solid waste generated within the jurisdiction of the LGU. The information shall be representative of the solid waste generated and disposed of within that area. The constituent materials shall be identified by volume, percentage in weight or its volumetric equivalent, material type, and source of generation, which includes residential, commercial, industrial governmental or other sources. Future revisions of waste characterization studies shall identify the constituent materials, which comprise the solid waste, disposed of at permitted disposal facilities. The general guide in the conduct of waste characterization follows: General Guidelines/Procedures in Conducting Waste Characterization Survey/Study When conducting waste characterization survey/study, the following guidelines shall apply unless modified by the Commission. 1) Waste composition - when analyzing solid waste composition, it is necessary to obtain the following information: total quantities of waste, bulk(density), moisture content, and composition (physical and chemical); Waste may be described as: Readily biodegradable - garbage, paper, wood, leaves, trees Readily combustible - textile, plastics, rubber, leather Mostly inert - metals, glass, dirt, ceramics, ash and stones 2) Sampling of solid waste - in order to obtain representative sample the following steps should be undertaken; a.) Subdivide the area into sub areas each representing a certain economic status, ex.: low income, middle income and high income
PAGE
160
b.) Further subdivide the areas into residential, commercial, market, light industrial, hospital, etc. in case of municipal waste; and c.) Collect a representative sample for each sub-area. 3) To adequately determine the composition, the generalized field procedure should include the following processes; a.) As soon as the study area is selected and subdivided, a marked vehicle collects refuse from each unit area. Each vehicle must be fully loaded and brought into the sample processing site; b.) The load is placed on a clean, flat surface, mixed thoroughly, then formed into a square about 30 cm high; c.) This is subdivided into quarters, two opposite quarters are discarded and the two remaining quarters are thoroughly mixed again, formed into a square, and again quartered. This continues until the desired refuse quantity is obtained (usually about one cubic meter);
4) Moisture content determination - when determining moisture content of waste, the following steps shall be undertaken: a.) b.) c.) d.) Weigh the sample; Separate the components; Weigh each component as is; Oven dry the component at about 75 degrees Celsius for 24 hours to minimize the possibility of components sticking to each other; and e.) Weigh each component again.
5) Sorting - when sorting the sample, the following guidelines shall apply: a.) Sort the sample into major components; and b.) Weigh each component again.
PAGE
161
6) Statistical treatment of data - Data obtained is processed to determine the following: a.) b.) c.) d.) Seasonal means; Differences of generation between economic groups; Differences in quantity and quality between seasons; Others depending on objective of study such as NPK values.
PAGE
162
APPENDIX VIII THE OPEN DUMPSITE IN 2001 BEFORE CLOSURE
APPENDIX IX THE DUMPSITE AFTER CLOSURE CONVERTED INTO A PARK AND BUS TERMINAL

APPENDIX X DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESIDENTIAL RESPONDENTS PER BARANGAY
PAGE
163
Classification Sex Male Female Undeclared Total Profession Employed Unemplyed Self-employed Undeclared Total Age 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-up Undeclared Total Civil Status Single Married Widow Undeclared Total Educational Attainment Elementary Highschool College Masters Other Uneclared Total
Barangay 1 n Percentage 11 17 0 28 1 1 2 24 28 7 9 3 4 2 2 1 28 7 10 0 11 28
Barangay 2 N Percentage
Barangay 3 n Percentage 74% 26% 0% 100% 52% 0% 10% 39% 100% 3% 26% 32% 26% 10% 0% 3% 100% 10% 71% 3% 16% 100%
39% 8 61% 21 0% 0 100% 29 4% 7 4% 0 7% 9 86% 13 100% 29 25% 3 32% 10 11% 5 14% 3 7% 4 7% 4 4% 0 100% 29 25% 7 36% 21 0% 1 39% 0 100% 29
28% 23 72% 8 0% 0 100% 31 24% 16 0% 0 31% 3 45% 12 100% 31 10% 1 34% 8 17% 10 10% 8 14% 3 14% 0 0% 1 100% 31 24% 3 72% 22 3% 1 0% 5 100% 31
1 15 2 0 0 10 28
4% 13 54% 15 7% 1 0% 0 0% 0 36% 0 100% 29
45% 1 52% 29 3% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 100% 31
3% 94% 3% 0% 0% 0% 100%
PAGE
164
continuation of Appendix X
Barangay 5 n Percentage
55% 19 45% 8 0% 1 100% 28 69% 18 10% 3 7% 2 14% 5 100% 28 3% 1 10% 10 24% 6 21% 4 17% 4 24% 3 0% 0 100% 28 10% 1 76% 21 3% 0 10% 6 100% 28
68% 11 29% 19 4% 0 100% 30 64% 6 11% 7 7% 3 18% 14 100% 30 4% 10 36% 4 21% 2 14% 3 14% 3 11% 8 0% 0 100% 30 4% 10 75% 15 0% 3 21% 2 100% 30
1 21 5 0 0 2 29
3% 1 72% 17 17% 6 0% 0 0% 0 7% 4 100% 28
4% 1 61% 14 21% 13 0% 0 0% 0 14% 2 100% 30
3% 47% 43% 0% 0% 7% 100%
PAGE
165
33% 13 60% 17 7% 0 100% 30 47% 13 3% 7 3% 3 47% 7 100% 30 37% 17 20% 3 13% 1 10% 5 3% 2 13% 1 3% 1 100% 30 47% 17 40% 12 3% 1 10% 0 100% 30
43% 20 57% 8 0% 0 100% 28 43% 2 23% 0 10% 1 23% 25 100% 28 57% 12 10% 8 3% 4 17% 3 7% 1 3% 0 3% 0 100% 28 57% 18 40% 9 3% 0 0% 1 100% 28
5 13 9 1 0 2 30
17% 0 43% 6 30% 24 3% 0 0% 0 7% 0 100% 30
0% 1 20% 17 80% 7 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 100% 28
4% 61% 25% 0% 0% 11% 100%
PAGE
166
74% 13 26% 14 0% 1 100% 28 16% 7 0% 4 5% 1 79% 16 100% 28 47% 12 16% 4 26% 5 11% 0 0% 0 0% 5 0% 2 100% 28 63% 15 32% 10 0% 0 5% 3 100% 28
46% 9 50% 17 4% 1 100% 27 25% 14 14% 1 4% 1 57% 11 100% 27 43% 8 14% 8 18% 3 0% 4 0% 1 18% 2 7% 1 100% 27 54% 10 36% 10 0% 0 11% 7 100% 27
1 17 1 0 0 0 19
5% 0 89% 9 5% 15 0% 1 0% 0 0% 3 100% 28
0% 1 32% 9 54% 16 4% 0 0% 0 11% 1 100% 27
4% 33% 59% 0% 0% 4% 100%
PAGE
167
Barangay 13 N Percentage 7 4 4 15 2 1 0 12 15 5 2 2 0 0 3 3 15 6 3 1 5 15
47% 8 27% 30 27% 2 100% 40 13% 20 7% 1 0% 0 80% 19 100% 40 33% 10 13% 7 13% 9 0% 4 0% 4 20% 4 20% 2 100% 40 40% 18 20% 19 7% 1 33% 2 100% 40
0 3 7 0 0 5 15
0% 0 20% 4 47% 33 0% 1 0% 0 33% 2 100% 40
0% 10% 83% 3% 0% 5% 100%
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168
APPENDIX XI STATISTICAL RESULTS I. Performance Objective

Stochastic Frontier Estimates par am eter b0 A. Massive Information and Education Campaign b1 variable constant familiar - SWMP mle coeffici ent 0.647 0.038 tratio 1.92 0.72 percept ion level effect to waste segregation
sig. 0.050 ns
1
familiar familiar familiar familiar familiar familiar increase in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness increase in effectiveness increase in effectiveness increase in effectiveness increase in effectiveness
b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 B Manpower b10 b11 b12 b13 C. Equipment b14 b15 b16 D. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility
conducts SWMP Campaign implement programs by orienting the people re-usable solid waste containers for home Proper waste disposal SWMP need skilled and adept persons aware of laws and ordinances -SWMP street sweepers cleaning the streets collectors collecting trash at disposal areas notice scattered solid wastes on the streets informal waste collectors (scavengers) collecting solid waste street sweepers using the proper cleaning tools notice street cleaners w/ waste push carts or waste side cars notice dump trucks on designated dumping areas notice trucks look rigid enough to perform its tasks familiar of a recycling facility familiar where these facilities are located Segregated solid waste (paper, bottles, juice cans, etc)
0.137 -0.106 0.279 0.203 0.079 0.054 -0.005 0.090 0.068 0.068 -0.101 0.111 0.053 -0.057 0.040
2.91 -2.99 7.11 5.78 2.05 1.41 -0.11 2.10 1.79 1.12 -2.34 3.04 1.18 -1.69 1.15
0.005 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.025 0.100 ns 0.025 0.050 ns 0.025 0.005 ns 0.050 ns
1
familiar often increase in effectiveness increase in effectiveness
1
someti mes often decrease in effectiveness increase in effectiveness
1
decrease in effectiveness
1 1 1
b17
-0.028
-0.75
ns
b18
-0.028
-1.00
ns

b19 Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools make or submit monthly/weekly reports on SWMP-segregation barangay/city hall collect these reports conduct daily inspection at your disposal areas appropriate containers for different wastes at disposal area containers property labeled bins covered to avoid spillage (access to vagrant animals) scattered garbage on the disposal area scattered garbage on the streets Waste segregation can be seen in disposal areas segregate your waste properly sell solid waste items with re-sale value 0.230 1.30 0.100
PAGE
increase in effectiveness
169
b20
-0.002
0.00
ns
1 1
b21 Ocular Inspection and Monitoring b22 b23 b24 b25 b26 b27 b28 Waste Composition different types of solid waste produced in your home office Collection schedule / Frequency b29
0.165 -0.323 -0.198 -0.201 0.446 -0.305 0.276 0.182 -0.044
0.47 -1.39 -0.76 -0.67 1.67 -1.41 1.40 5.17 -1.13
ns 0.100 ns ns 0.050 0.100 0.100 0.001 ns increase in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness increase in effectiveness increase in effectiveness
1 1
1 1 1 1
decrease in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness
b30
food
0.030
0.57
ns
b31 b32 b33 b34 b35 Waste Minimization b36 b37 Corrective Actions b38 b39 b40
bottle metal wood glass rubber paper others garbage collectors able to collect garbage on time garbage collectors pick-up garbage fr. house/office garbage collectors pick-up garbage from dumping area garbage collectors follow scheduled for different types of waste re-use, reduce and recycle at home purchasing certain items, buy more than what you need
-0.018 -0.056 -0.110 -0.140 0.322 -0.004 0.081 0.016 -0.002 -0.063
-0.29 -0.99 -1.68 -2.25 4.99 -0.07 1.52 0.35 -0.04 -1.35
ns ns 0.050 0.025 0.001 ns 0.100 ns ns 0.100 decrease in effectiveness increase in effectiveness
1 1
b41 b42 b43
0.010 0.123 -0.040
0.29 3.22 -2.06
ns 0.005 0.025 increase in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness

b44 participate to the Citys Ordinance -improving our current SWM use re-usable bags instead of plastic bags when purchasing items use paper food containers instead of plastic and Styrofoam. provide schedule for collecting biodeg.& nonbiodeg. wastes. schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and garage rigid implementation of laws and ordinances toSWM accept citation tickets for violating laws pertaining to SWM undergo seminars violating SWM laws accept administrative cases in violating laws on SWM govt official accept administrative cases in violating laws on SWM Female = 0 Male = 2 AGE Civil Status, m =1, s = 1 Education: h =1, c = 1 e = 1, c=1 0.025 0.42 ns
PAGE
1 1 1 1
increase in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness
170
b45
0.056
0.80
ns
b46
-0.022
-0.34
ns
b47
-0.044
-0.64
ns
b48
0.202
3.32
0.001
b49
-0.107
-1.72
0.050
b50 b51 b52
-0.004 -0.073 -0.027
-0.32 -1.37 -0.55
ns 0.100 ns decrease in effectiveness
1 1
b53 b54 b55 b56 b57 b58

2
-0.144 -0.128 0.002 -0.091 -0.115 0.066 0.777 0.515 314.15 9 317.88 7
-0.76 -2.26 0.51 -1.52 -1.88 0.57 8.58 6.49 8.58
ns 2.258 ns 0.100 0.050 ns 0.001 0.001 0.001 decrease in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness
1
increase in effectiveness increase in effectiveness
sigma-squared gamma
log likelihood function (mle) =
log likelihood function (ols)=
28
LR test of the one-sided error = with number of restrictions = 3 [note that this statistic has a mixed chi-square distribution] Dependent variable = waste segregation (effective SWMP)
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL II. Monitoring and evaluation

Stochastic Frontier Estimates para meter Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools b20 variable barangay/city hall collect these reports conduct daily inspection at your disposal areas appropriate containers for different wastes at disposal area containers property labeled bins covered to avoid spillage (access to vagrant animals) scattered garbage on the disposal area scattered garbage on the streets Waste segregation can be seen in disposal areas segregate your waste properly sell solid waste items with re-sale value food Bottle Metal Wood Glass rubber paper others mle coefficient -0.002 tratio 0.00 sig. ns perception level
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171
effect to waste segregation
1 1
b21
0.165
0.47
ns
Ocular Inspection and Monitoring
b22
-0.323
-1.39
0.100
b23
-0.198
-0.76
ns
1 1
increase in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness increase in effectiveness increase in effectiveness
b24
-0.201
-0.67
ns
b25 b26 b27 b28 Waste Composition different types of solid waste produced in your home office Collection schedule / Frequency b29
0.446 -0.305 0.276 0.182 -0.044
1.67 -1.41 1.40 5.17 -1.13
0.050 0.100 0.100 0.001 ns
1 1 1 1
decrease in effectiveness decrease in effectiveness
b30 b31 b32 b33 b34 b35
0.030 -0.018 -0.056 -0.110 -0.140 0.322 -0.004 0.081
0.57 -0.29 -0.99 -1.68 -2.25 4.99 -0.07 1.52
ns ns ns 0.050 0.025 0.001 ns 0.100 increase in effectiveness
Waste Minimization
b36 b37
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172
III. Corrective actions

Stochastic Frontier Estimates para meter Corrective Actions b38 b39
mle tratio 0.35 -0.04 perception level ns ns effect to waste segregation
b40
b41 b42
b43
b44
b45
b46
b47
b48
b49
b50 b51
b52
b53
variable garbage collectors able to collect garbage on time garbage collectors pick-up garbage fr. house/office garbage collectors pick-up garbage from dumping area garbage collectors follow scheduled for different types of waste re-use, reduce and recycle at home purchasing certain items, buy more than what you need participate to the Citys Ordinance -improving our current SWM use re-usable bags instead of plastic bags when purchasing items use paper food containers instead of plastic and Styrofoam. provide schedule for collecting biodeg.& nonbiodeg. wastes. schedule a day to cleanout your basement, closets and garage rigid implementation of laws and ordinances toSWM Accept citation tickets for violating laws pertaining to SWM undergo seminars violating SWM laws Accept administrative cases in violating laws on SWM govt official accept administrative cases in violating laws on SWM
coefficient 0.016 -0.002
sig.
1 1
-0.063
-1.35
0.100
0.010 0.123
0.29 3.22
ns 0.005
1
-0.040
-2.06
0.025
0.025
0.42
ns
1 1 1 1
0.056
0.80
ns
-0.022
-0.34
ns
-0.044
-0.64
ns
0.202
3.32
0.001
-0.107
-1.72
0.050
-0.004 -0.073
-0.32 -1.37
ns 0.100
1
-0.027
-0.55
ns
1 1
-0.144
-0.76
ns
PAGE
258
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: Address: Date of Birth: Place of Birth: Religion: Civil Status: Telephone:
Joseph Benedict N. Prim 500 Rajah Baguinda St. Daanghari, Navotas City November 21, 1984 Pasay, City Roman Catholic Single 09209229310 / 09159050260
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Post Graduate Studies: University of Santo Tomas Graduate School Master of Science in Management Engineering University of Santo Tomas, Manila B.S. Electrical Engineering 2001-2006 St. James Academy, Malabon City 1997-2001
College:
High School:
PRESENT EMPLOYMENT April 2007 December 2010 DCCD Engineering Corporation Electrical Inspector II

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

Transportation: Dump truck equipment or Pushcarts, Rolling Trash Bins or Trikes/Pedicabs

Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility

20 25% Residuals from MRF and CF

Recyclables/Reusable: glass, plastic, metal, paper, etc.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

Navotas City 10-Year Solid Waste Management Plan (Plan Features)

Reduction of Solid Waste Environmental

Assessment and Evaluation

Figure 2. Research Simulacrum

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

k. Daanghari l. San Roque

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 3.2.2 PRELIMINARY TESTING OF QUESTIONNAIRE

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

thumb as shown in Table 3.1

Coefficient Value _ > .9 _ > .8 _ > .7 _ > .6 _ > .5 _ < .5

Interpretation Excellent Good Acceptable Questionable Poor Unacceptable

Valid Excluded(a) Total

% 37.5 62.5 100.0

Cronbach's Alpha .892

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL 3.4 DATA GATHERING PROCESS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL

[Detailed list of commercial establishments can be found in Appendix XII]