Lec1-Advancne Power System Ybus

EE5702R Advance Power System
Analysis:: Introduction
Panida Jirutitijaroen
Fall 2011
17/08/2011
8/11/2011 EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen 1
ABOUT THIS CLASS
Assessment
Tentative syllabus
Learning outcomes
About This Class
Instructors:
Asst. Prof. Panida Jirutitijaroen (1
st
half)
Assoc. Prof. Chang Che Sau (2
nd
half)
Core module for MEng or PhD students majoring in Power
and Energy area, seen from suffice R.
Assume that all students have adequate background in
power systems analysis equivalent to EE4501.
Assume that all students are familiar with software used to
perform analysis such as C program or MATLAB.
Fundamental materials for power systems analysis.
Followed by case studies to discuss current research
activities. Students prepare report and discuss their
findings in class.
Assessment
Homework 20%
To test your understanding in the fundamental concepts
Case Study 10%
To apply your knowledge to analyze and evaluate related
materials in research papers
Two Mini-Projects 40%
To be able to formulate the problem, run experiments,
analyze the results and draw conclusion based on the
knowledge acquired.
Final 30%
To test your knowledge in the subject.
Tentative Syllabus
Week Topics Instructor Assignment Due
1
2:17/08 Overview of power system
operation. Network representation.
PJ Homework 1,
Homework 4
3:24/08 Power flow analysis I PJ Mini-Project 1
4:31/08 Power flow analysis II PJ Homework 2 Homework 1
5:07/09 Economic dispatch and optimal
power flow
PJ Case Study 1 Homework 2
6:14/09 Power system state estimation I PJ Homework 3
Recess:
21/09
Power system state estimation II PJ Case Study 2,
Mini-Project 2
Homework 3
7:28/09 Case study 1&2 presentation PJ
8:05/10 Transient stability I CS Mini-Project 1
9:12/10 Transient stability II CS Homework 4
10:19/10 Small-perturbation stability I CS Homework 5
11:26/10 Small-perturbation stability II CS Homework 5
12:02/11 Load-frequency stability CS Homework 6 Mini-Project 2
13:09/11 Homework 6
Learning Outcome
Understand fundamental concepts in power
system analysis, namely, power flow, optimal
power flow, state estimation, transient stability,
small-perturbation stability, load-frequency
control.
Apply fundamental to solve application problems.
Formulate the problem
Design the experiment
Draw conclusion
Understand and evaluate research papers using
fundamental concepts.
Todays Outline
Overview of power systems
Component modeling
Network modeling
Network solution
IEEE test system
Homework 1
Reading Materials
MATLAB tutorial
Background reading
Chapter 2 Basic Principle, Power Systems Analysis 2nd edition
by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal.
Chapter 2 Fundamentals, Power System Analysis and Design
4th editionby J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J.
Overbye.
Todays material
Chapter 9.1-9.3, Network Matrices, Power Systems Analysis
2nd edition by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal.
Supplementary reading
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Electric Power System by Xiao-Ping
Zhang
OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEMS
Main components in power systems
One line diagram
Power system operation and control
Main Components of a Power System
Generation (11 36 KV)
Transmission and distribution (110 765 KV)
Load (0.12 138 KV)
Industrial customer (23 138 KV)
Commercial customer (4.16 34.5 KV)
Residential customer (120 240 V)
Taken from FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC
POWER SYSTEMS by Xiao - Ping Zhang
Balanced 3 Circuit
Why 3-phase?
More efficient use of equipment
and materials: 3 conductors
instead of 6.
Saving in losses
Any pair of voltage sources
differ by 120 with equal
impedance
2 sequences, positive and
negative
In practice, phase sequence
depends on how we label the
wires.
R I
2
Z = 0 1
an
V
Z = 120 1
bn
V
+ Z = 120 1
cn
V
Positive
sequence,
abc
Z = 0 1
an
V
+ Z = 120 1
bn
V
Z = 120 1
cn
V
Negative
sequence,
acb
A One-line Diagram
Show the
interconnections of a
transmission system
Generator
Load
Transmission line
Transformer
3 circuit
Power System Operation and Control
Power flow analysis is the fundamental tool
for,
Operational planning
Operation control
Security analysis
Power system planning
Security-constrained economic dispatch
Optimal power flow
Energy Management System
COMPONENT MODELING
Generator
Transmission line
Transformer
Load
Generator
Simple steady-state equivalent circuit.
Governor controls valve which, as a result,
controls constant power.
Generator field current controls constant
voltage magnitude.
+
~
-
o Z
a
E
i i
D D
jQ P +
G
z
i i
G G
jQ P +
Load
Steady-state mode, three types:-
Constant power (kVA with pf) such as motor load.
Constant current (A) such as welding machine
with constant current source.
Constant impedance (Ohm) such as lighting.
i i
D D
jQ P +
i
D
I
i
D
z
Transmission Line Model
Medium-length model (-equivalent circuit)
1
I
2
I
1
V
2
V
2
y
2
y
z
+
-
+
-
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
(
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1 1
2
V
V
z
y
z
z z
y
I
I
Z is the series impedance of the line = R + jX (ohm)
Y is the total shunt admittance of the line = -jB (mho)
Transformer Model
Transformer (except phase shifting
transformer)
Caution: usually the transformer parameter is
given as per unit. If there is a change of base,
this value needs to be adjusted accordingly.
1
I
2
I
1
V
2
V
p.u.
y
+
-
+
-
(

=
(
2
1
p.u. p.u.
p.u. p.u.
2
1
V
V
y y
y y
I
I
A Tap-Changing Transformer
A tap-changing transformer,
(
(
(
(
=
(
2
1
2
2
1
V
V
y
a
y
a
y
a
y
I
I
1
I
2
I
1
V
2
V
+
-
+
-
a:1
p.u.
y
1
I
2
I
1
V
2
V
|
.
|
\
|

2
p.u.
1
a
a
y
+
-
+
-
a
y
p.u.
|
.
|
\
|

a
a
y
1
p.u.
What will happen if the we have phase-shift transformer instead
of a tap-changing transformer?
A Transmission Line with Transformer
Transmission line with transformer
(
(
(
(
(
+ +
|
.
|
\
|

+ +
|
.
|
\
|

=
(
2
1
2 2
2
1
1
2
1 1 1
1 1
2
1 1
V
V
az
y
z a
a
az
az az a
y
z a
a
I
I
1
I
2
I
1
V
2
V
z
+
-
+
-
a:1
2
y
2
y
1
I
2
I
1
V
2
V
+
-
+
-
az
1
2 2
2
1 1
a
y
z a
a
+
|
.
|
\
|

2
1 1 y
z a
a
+
|
.
|
\
|

NETWORK MODELING
Node voltage equation
Bus admittance matrix
Bus admittance matrix by inspection
Example
Node Voltage Equation
( )
q p
q p
p p
V
z
V
z
y
z
V V
y V I
1 1
1 1

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
( )
q p
p q
q q
V
z
y V
z z
V V
y V I
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
+ =
1 1
2 2
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
(
q
p
q
p
V
V
z
y
z
z z
y
I
I
1 1
1 1
2
1
p
I
q
I
p
V
q
V
1
y
2
y
z
+
-
+
-
Z = impedance (R+jX) and Y = admittance
Bus Admittance Matrix
: Bus admittance matrix
Matrix form of node voltage equation,
where = Vector of injected node current
= Vector of node voltage
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
(
q
p
q
p
V
V
z
y
z
z z
y
I
I
1 1
1 1
2
1
p
I
q
I
p
V
q
V
1
y
2
y
z
+
-
+
-
V Y I
bus
=
I
bus
Y
V
bus
Y
Bus Admittance Matrix by Inspection
Symmetric matrix:
Diagonal entries:
= Sum of the admittance of all components
connected to node i.
Off-diagonal entries:
= Negative of the admittance of all components
connected between node i and j.
( ) k k,
bus
Y
( ) m k,
bus
Y
( ) ( ) k m m k , ,
bus bus
Y Y =
Can Y-bus be non-symmetric?
Bus Admittance Matrix: Example
G1
G2
Load
1 2
3 4
12
y
13
y
24
y
34
y
load
y
1
G
z
2
G
z
Z- impedance
Y- admittance
NETWORK SOLUTION
Motivation
Triangular Factorization
Gaussian elimination
Motivation
Given Ybus, nodal voltage equation is,
Our goal is to find node voltage magnitude
and angle.
Different operating condition leads to
different external sources (current injection).
Most of the time Y bus remains constant.
To find V, (not so) simple Y bus inversion?
V Y I
bus
=
Numerical Solution of Linear Equations
Matrix inversion is NOT an easy job for a large
dimension problem.
Common computationally efficient algorithm:-
Triangular factorization
L is lower triangular matrix
U is upper triangular matrix.
Applicable to square matrix, not necessarily
symmetric.
Together with Gaussian elimination
LU Y =
bus
Solution Procedure
From ,
First we find,
Then,
LU Y =
bus
LUV V Y I = =
bus
V L I
~
=
UV V =
~
Backward substitution
Forward substitution
Lower and Upper Triangular Matrix
(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
33
23 22
13 12 11
32 31
21
0 0
0
1
0 1
0 0 1
u
u u
u u u
l l
l LU M
Work backward to find the
ls and us elements
Y21(1) Y21(0)/Y11(0)
Y31(1) Y31(0)/Y11(0)
Y22(1) Y22(0) [Y21(0)Y12(0)]/Y11(0)
Y23(1) Y23(0) [Y21(0)Y13(0)]/Y11(0)
Y32(1) Y32(0) [Y31(0)Y12(0)]/Y11(0)
Y33(1) Y33(0) [Y31(0)Y13(0)]/Y11(0)
2nd iteration
Y32(2) Y32(1)/Y22(1)
Y33(2) Y33(1) [Y32(1)Y23(1)]/Y22(1)
(
(
(
= '
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
u l l
u u l
u u u
Y
Calculate new value and overwrite
the original Y bus to save memory
(
(
(
+ + +
+ + =
33 23 32 13 31 22 32 12 31 11 31
23 13 21 22 12 21 11 21
13 12 11
u u l u l u l u l u l
u u l u u l u l
u u u
M
From original Y bus
1
st
iteration
Triangular Factorization Algorithm
END
kk
ik
ik
Y
Y
Y =
kk
ki ik
ij ij
Y
Y Y
Y Y =
i = k+1, , n
i, j = k+1, , n
START, k = 1
0 =
kk
Y
No
Yes
k = k+1
k = n
Yes
No
Y bus is n x n matrix
When will the algorithm
be unstable and how to
prevent it?
Triangular Factorization Example
Find L and U of the following matrix.
(
(
(
=
5 1 3
1 2 3
2 3 5
A
Ill-Conditioned Y bus Matrix
If Ykk is very small, the algorithm may be unstable.
Can be fix by permutation.
In addition, the computation time depends on number
of non-zero elements, permutation may help to reduce
this number.
For more information, read:
FERNANDO L. ALVARADO, WILLIAM F. TINNEY, and MARK
K. ENNS, SPARSITY IN LARGE-SCALE NETWORK
COMPUTATION, Advances in electric Power and Energy
Conversion System Dynamics and Control, Academic
Press, 1991, C. T. Leondes, editor (with permission).
Corrections 15 Feb 93.
NETWORK REDUCTION
Motivation
Kron reduction
Motivation
Consider the matrix in this example.
G1
G2
Impedance
Load
1 2
3 4
What is the current injection to node 2 and 3?
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
4
3
2
1
44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
4
1
0
0
V
V
V
V
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
I
I
KRON Reduction
Eliminate node with zero injection to reduce
the size of Y bus matrix.
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
3
2
1
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
2
1
0 V
V
V
y y y
y y y
y y y
I
I
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
2
1
33
32 23
22
33
31 13
21
33
32 13
12
33
31 13
11
2
1
V
V
y
y y
y
y
y y
y
y
y y
y
y
y y
y
I
I
2
33
32
1
33
31
3
V
y
y
V
y
y
V =
kk
kj ik
ij
new
ij
y
y y
y y =
To eliminate node k: i,j = I,2, .. ,n,
IEEE TEST SYSTEM
Test case archive
IEEE common data format
14 bus test system
Power Systems Test Case Archive
Managed by Richard D.
Christie, an Associate
Professor at the
University of
Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
http://www.ee.washing
ton.edu/research/pstca
/
Thanks!, Richard.
IEEE Common Data Format
http://www.ee.washing
ton.edu/research/pstca
/formats/cdf.txt
Title data
Bus data
Branch data
Loss zone data
Interchange data
Tie line data
Data type codes:
A - Alphanumeric (no
special characters)
I - Integer
F - Floating point
* - Mandatory item
14-Bus Common Data Format
Title data
Bus data
Branch data
Title Data
Columns 2- 9 Date, in format DD/MM/YY with
leading zeros. If no date provided, use 0b/0b/0b
where b is blank.
Columns 11-30 Originator's name (A)
Columns 32-37 MVA Base (F*)
Columns 39-42 Year (I)
Column 44 Season (S - Summer, W - Winter)
Column 46-73 Case identification (A)
Date Originators name MVA base Year Season Case Identification
Bus Data
Bus number
Name (left justify)
Type of bus, 0-load bus, 2-generator bus, 3 swing bus
Final voltage (pu) and angle (degree)
Load P (MW)
Load Q (MVAR)
Generation (MW) Generation (MVAR)
Controlled voltage (pu) Shunt susceptance B (pu)
Branch Data
Branch resistance R (pu)
Branch reactance X (pu)
Line charging B (pu) (total line charging,
for each bus, this has to be divided by
two)
Transformer turns ratio
Tap bus number
Z bus number
7
V
4
V
+
-
+
-
0.978:1 j0.20912
Example:
Homework 1: 14-Bus Test System
Find Ybus of this system
MATLAB Basics
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/le
arn_matlab/bqr_2pl.html
Read
Matrices and Arrays:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/learn_
matlab/f2-8955.html
Programming:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/learn_
matlab/f4-8955.html
Next Lecture
Power flow equations
Power flow problem
Iterative solution techniques
N-R Application to power flow problem
Mini-project I

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