FloatingStorageandOffloadingVessel

FloatingProduction,StorageandOffloading(FPSO)unit:Aunitusedforthe productionandstorageofoilwitharrangementforoffloadingtoashuttletanker. Theunitisequippedforcrudeoilstorage.Theunitisnormallymooredtothe seabedwithproductionfacilitiesonthemaindeck.Theunitcanberelocated,but isnormallylocatedonthesamelocationforaprolongedperiodoftime. FloatingStorageandOffloading(FSO)unit:Aunitusedforstorageofoilwith arrangementforoffloadingtoashuttletanker.Theunitsnormallyconsistofa hull,withturretorspreadmooringsystem.Theunitisequippedforcrudeoil storage.Theunitcanberelocated,butisgenerallylocatedonthesamelocation foraprolongedperiodoftime. Turret:Adeviceprovidingaconnectionpointbetweentheunitandthecombined riserandmooringsystems,allowingtheunittofreelyrotate(weathervane) withouttwistingtherisersandmooringlines. Temporarymooring:Anchoringinshelteredwatersorharboursexposedto moderateenvironmental loads.

ConversionofShuttleTankersintoStorage&OffloadingTankerswillrequire thefollowing: Thebasisoftheconversionisavesselthatcomplieswiththestructural requirementsto1A1TankerforOilorequivalentfromthedatetheunitwasbuilt. Priortoconversionitistobeevaluatedforthefollowing: Identificationofsteelwastagesbythicknessmeasurements. Identificationoffatiguecracksordamage. Anymajorchangesuchaslengtheningoftheunit,increaseddraft,increased staticloads,etc,shallbeevaluated. Newstructuresaddedtotheconvertedvesselorexistingstructuresaffectedby thenewstructuresshallcomplywiththerequirementsofthisstandard.Thiswill typicallyincludebutwillnotbelimitedto:

installationofturretormooringarrangement modificationofsuperstructure installationoftopsideandmodificationtotopsideinterface installationofhelideck installationoflifeboatdavits,cranes,etc. 1. DesignBasisorPrinciples 2. IntegrityAssessmentoftheVesseltobeConverted 3. AdditionofBasicLoadingEquipment 4. TurretandSuitableMooringEquipment 5. PipelinesandRisers NewFloatingStorageOffloadingVesselwillrequirethefollowing: (Reference:DNVeritasShipDesign) 1. AssumptionsandApplications Itisassumedthattheunitswillcomplywiththerequirementforretention oftheClassasdefinedintheDNVOSS101orDNVOSS102. Thisstandardisapplicabletohullandtopsideofshipshapedoffshore units,suchaswellinterventionunits,drillingunits,floatingproductionand storageunits,constructedinsteelforbothnonrestrictedandrestricted operations. 2. MaterialSelection&InspectionPrinciples Amaterialspecificationshallbeestablishedforallstructural materials.Thematerialsshallbesuitablefortheirintendedpurpose andhaveadequatepropertiesinallrelevantdesignconditions. Thepurposeofinspectionistodetectdefectsthatmaygrowinto fatiguecracksduringservicelife. Whendeterminingthelocationsofrequirednondestructivetesting (NDT),considerationshouldbegiventorelevantfabrication parametersincluding: locationofblock(section)joints manualversusautomaticwelding startandstopofweld.

 3. DesignPrinciples Theoverallprinciplesarebasedonthefollowing: safetyofthestructurecanbedemonstratedbyaddressingthe potentialstructuralfailuremode(s)whentheunitissubjectedto loadsscenariosencounteredduringtransit,operationandin harbour. structuralrequirementsarebasedonaconsistentsetofloadsthat representtypicalworstpossibleloadingscenarios unithasinherentredundancy.Theunitsstructureworksina hierarchicalmannerandassuch,failureofstructuralelementslower downinthehierarchyshouldnotresultinimmediateconsequential failureofelementshigherupinthehierarchy structuralcontinuityisensured.Thehull,topsidestructuresand topsideinterfacetothehullstructureshouldhaveuniformductility. 4. DesignLoads Designloadcriteriagivenbyoperationalrequirementsshallbefully considered.Examplesofsuchrequirementsmaybe: a. drilling,production,workoverandcombinationsthereof b. consumableresupplyproceduresandfrequency c. maintenanceproceduresandfrequency d. possibleloadchangesinmostsevereenvironmental conditions. 5. HullStrength Operatingmodeforoffshoreshipshapedunitssuchaswell service/drillingunitsandFPSOsarenormallydifferentanddepends onunitscharacteristicsbothfortransitandoperatingconditions. Detaileddesignbasisandenvironmentalloadsarespecifiedinunit specificprovisions Hullstructuresaffectedbytopsidefacilitiesaretobecheckedwith additional requirements 6. StrengthofTopsideStructures

 Thetopsidestructuresshallbedesignedtowithstandtherelevant loadingconditionsaccordingtothetransit,operatingandsurvival conditions. Forthedifferentconditionsthetopsideloadsarenormallydifferent, anddirectcalculationsoftheaccelerationsandhullgirderloadsmay becarriedout. Topsidestructuresoftrussworktypeofstructureastheprimary loadbearingelementsandwheretheplatesarenotincludedin assessmentoftheglobalstrength,theplateswithstiffenersshould normallycomplyonlywiththelocalrequirements. Whentheplateswithstiffenersarepartoftheprimaryloadbearing structure,bothlocalandglobalrequirementsshallbecompliedwith. Thedeformationsduetohullgirderbendingandstiffnessvariations ofthesupportingstructureshallbeaccountedforinthestructural analyses. 7. TopsideInterfacetoHullStructure Theoverallprinciplesforassessmentoftopsidestructurearegivenin Sec.6.Thissectiongivesprovisionsforcheckingthehullstrengthfor typicaltopsideinterfacefoundationsandsupportingofheavy equipment. Topsidesupportstructureisthestructuralelementsofwhichthe strengthandfatiguecapacitiesmaybeaffectedbythepresenceof thetopsidestructure.Thisincludeselementslikesupportstoolsfor topsidemodules,andthepartsofthehullstructurewherethe additionalstressesfromthetopsidestructureisofsuchamagnitude thattheyield,bucklingandfatiguecapacitiesneedtobeassessed. 8. FatigueCapacityAssessment Intheassessmentoffatiguelife,considerationshallbegiventothe stressconcentrationfactorsfromfabricationimperfectionswhich exceedthevaluesincludedintheSNcurves.

 Thedynamicresponseforallrelevantvariableloadingconditions shallbeconsideredinthefatiguecalculation. Theaccumulatedfatiguedamagefrombothtransitandoperating conditionsshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheoperational characteristicsoftheunit.Appropriatefractionoftimeineach conditionandwaveheadingsshallbeconsidered.

Thefatiguelifeshallbecalculatedconsideringthecombinedeffects ofglobalandlocalstructuralresponse. TheresistanceagainstfatigueisnormallygivenasSNcurves,i.e. stressrange(S)versusnumberofcyclestofailure(N)basedon fatiguetests.Fatiguefailureisdefinedaswhenthecrackhasgrown throughthethickness. Grossscantlingmaybeutilizedinthefatiguecalculation. 9. SafetySystem(AccidentalConditions) Accidentalloadsareloadsrelatedtoabnormaloperationortechnical failure.Attentionshouldbegiventolayoutandarrangementsof facilitiesandequipmentinordertominimisetheadverseeffectsof accidentalevents. Safetyassessmentshallbecarriedoutaccordingtotheprinciples giveninDNVOSA101forrelevantaccidentalscenarios. Theoverallobjectivefordesignwithrespecttoaccidentalconditions isthatunit'smainsafetyfunctionsshallnotbeimpairedby accidentalevents.Satisfactoryprotectionagainstaccidentaldamage maybeachievedbytwobarriers: a. reductionofdamageprobability b. reductionofdamageconsequences. Thedesignagainstaccidentalloadsmaybedonebydirectcalculation oftheeffectsimposedbytheloadsonthestructure,orindirectly,by designofthestructureastolerabletoaccidents. 10. Welding&WeldConnections

 Fullpenetrationweldsshallbeusedifweldimprovements(e.g. grinding)isneededtoachieverequireddesignfatiguelife,unlessthe fatiguelifeattheweldrootisdocumented. Instructuralpartswheredynamicstressorhightensilestressact throughanintermediateplate,fullpenetrationweld,partly penetrationweldoralternativelyincreasedfilletweldshallbeused. 11.(LoadandResistanceFactorDesign)LRFDMethod ThisappendixexplainstheLoadandResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD) method.ThismethodmaybeusedasanalternativetotheWorking StressMethod(WSD) Thecapacityassessmentinthelongitudinalstrengthconditionshall includebucklingandyieldchecks. 12.DynamicPositioningSystem