Persons and Family Relations

Persons and Family Relations BarOps Head I PY Caunan Acads Head I Beth Liceralde Subject Head I as !
apatan Faculty Ad"iser I #ABL$ OF CO%#$%#S I& P$RSO%S &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ' P$RSO% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ' (I%)S OF CAPACI#Y &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ' LI*I#S O% CAPACI#Y #O AC# &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&& ' (I%)S OF P$RSO%S &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ' II& CI#I+$%SHIP A%) )O*ICIL$ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, -HO AR$ FILIPI%O CI#I+$%S. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, )O*ICIL$ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, III& *ARRIA!$ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, *ARRIA!$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, BR$ACH OF PRO*IS$ #O *ARRY&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, $SS$%#IAL R$/0ISI#$S OF *ARRIA!$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, FOR*AL R$/0ISI#$S OF *ARRIA!$ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&, *ARRIA!$S C$L$BRA#$) ABROA) 1AR#& ,23 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4 5OI) *ARRIA!$S&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&6
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5OI)ABL$ *ARRIA!$S &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&7 L$!AL S$PARA#IO% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&2 I5& RI!H#S A%) OBLI!A#IO%S B$#-$$% H0SBA%) A%) -IF$ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8 OBLI!A#IO%S OF SPO0S$S &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8 RI!H#S OF SPO0S$S &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8 0S$ OF S0R%A*$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8 5& PROP$R#Y R$LA#IO%S B$#-$$% SPO0S$S&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&& 9 A& )O%A#IO%S BY R$ASO% OF *ARRIA!$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&9 B& ABSOL0#$ CO**0%I#Y OF PROP$R#Y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&': C& CO% 0!AL PAR#%$RSHIP OF !AI%S &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&', )& S$PARA#IO% OF PROP$R#I$S )0RI%! *ARRIA!$ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&'; $& R$!I*$ OF S$PARA#IO% OF PROP$R#Y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&'8 F& 0%IO%S -I#HO0# *ARRIA!$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&'8 5I& #H$ FA*ILY&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,: #H$ FA*ILY HO*$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,: 5II& PA#$R%I#Y A%) FILIA#IO%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,' A& )$FI%I#IO%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,'
B& L$!I#I*A#$ CHIL)R$% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,' C& I*P0!%I%! L$!I#I*ACY &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,, )& ILL$!I#I*A#$ CHIL)R$%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,4 $& L$!I#I*A#$) CHIL)R$% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,6 5III& A)OP#IO% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,7 A& )$FI%I#IO%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,7 B&-HO *AY A)OP# &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,7 C&-HO *AY B$ A)OP#$) &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,; )& PR$< A)OP#IO% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,8 $& A)OP#IO% PROC$)0R$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,9 I=& S0PPOR# &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 4' (I%)S OF S0PPOR#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4' CHARAC#$RIS#ICS OF S0PPOR#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4' -HO AR$ OBLI!$) #O S0PPOR# $ACH O#H$R 1AR#& '973 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&4' OR)$R OF S0PPOR# 1AR#& '993&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4' =& PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4, )$FI%I#IO%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4,
S0BS#I#0#$ PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y $=$RCIS$) BY 1I% OR)$R3 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&44 SP$CIAL PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y $=$RCIS$) BY 1AR#& ,'83 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&44 RI!H#S A%) )0#I$S OF PAR$%#S&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&44 RI!H#S A%) )0#I$S OF CHIL)R$% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&44 $FF$C# OF PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y 0PO% #H$ PROP$R#Y OF #H$ CHIL) 1AR#& ,,73&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&46 !RO0%)S FOR S0SP$%SIO% OF PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y 1AR#& ,4'3 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&46 #$R*I%A#IO% OF PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y 1AR#& ,,83&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&46 I& Persons Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA' o> 49 I& P$RSO%S Person Any bein?@ natural 1CC Art& 6:3 or juridical 1CC Art& 6,3@ susceptible to le?al ri?hts and obli?ations@ and can be a subject o> le?al relations& (inds o> Capacity '& 0RI)ICAL CAPACI#Y Fitness to be subject o> le?al relations 1CC Art& 4;3 R0L$ Inherent to all natural persons@ and can only be eAtin?uished by death& On juridical persons@ they ?ain juridical capacity >rom the moment they are created& uridical capacity is just one@ indi"isible@ irreducible@ and essentially the same >or all menB it is an inherent and ine>>aceable attribute o> man@ and attaches to him by the mere >act o> his bein? a man& ,& CAPACI#Y #O AC# PoCer to do acts Cith le?al e>>ect 1CC Art& 4;3 R0L$ #hey are acDuired@ and may be lost& #hey are also subjects to certain restrictions& *ere eAistence o> a human bein? does not con>er upon himEher a capacity to act&
%o one has '::F capacity to act@ nor does anyone ha"e absolutely no capacity to act& $"en thou?h one may ha"e G>ull capacity to act@H one still does not reach '::F capacity to act but only close to it& As to in>ants@ thou?h they still ha"e not acDuired a capacity to act@ this does not mean that they ha"e :F capacity to act& Limits on Capacity to Act Insanity@ Imbecility@ State o> bein? dea><mute@ Penalty@ Prodi?ality@ Family Relations@ Aliena?e@ Absence@ Insol"ency@ #rusteeship@ 1CC Arts& 48@ 49CC3 and other limits spread throu?hout the Code& Art& 491,3@ or rule on married Comen ,' years and o"er@ has been amended by RA 28:9@ Chich loCers the a?e o> majority to '8 year old& (inds o> Persons '& %A#0RAL P$RSO%S Human bein?s !$%$RAL R0L$ Birth determines personality 1CC Art 6:3& )eath eAtin?uishes ci"il personality 1CC Art 6,3& $=C$P#IO% A Gconcei"ed child shall be considered born >or all purposes that are FA5ORABL$ to it@ pro"ided it be born laterH 1Art 6:@ ,nd clause3 Cith the >olloCin? circumstancesI '& From the time it is completely deli"ered >rom the motherJs Comb& ,& But i> the >etus had an intra<uterine li>e o> less than se"en months@ it should sur"i"e >or at least ,6 hours a>ter its complete deli"ery& 1Art& 6'@ CC3 K#est o> li>eI complete respirationL #OL$%#I%OI Birth means complete remo"al o> the >etus >rom the motherMs Comb& PROF& BALA%$I *odern medicine cannot as o> yet determine i> the intra<uterine li>e is ; months or less in terms o> number o> days& *odern medicine cannot determine the eAact time Chen >ertiliNation tooO place& *odern medicine estimates the >etus a?e in CeeOs& In !eluN " CA@ #he Supreme Court held that the >ather cannot >ile char?es on behal> o> the aborted >etus because it ne"er acDuired a ci"il personality@ because it Cas not ali"e Chen it Cas deli"ered >rom the motherMs Comb& #he baby thus did not acDuire any le?al ri?hts& #he >ather could ha"e >iled >or moral dama?es on his oCn capacity@ had he su>>ered an?uish >rom the loss o> the baby@
but it appears >rom the >acts that he did not su>>er >rom any pain or an?uish& #hus@ he cannot claim any dama?es& $FF$C# OF )$A#H #he e>>ect o> death upon the ri?hts and obli?ations o> the deceased is determined by laC@ by contract and by Cill 1Art 6,@ par& ,3& HoCe"er@ the Ci"il Code does not de>ine death@ nor can doctors precisely pinpoint the eAact moment Chen death occurs& )O0B# O% #H$ OR)$R OF )$A#H I> they are called to succeed each other@ Choe"er alle?es the death o> one prior to the other@ shall pro"e the same& In the absence o> proo>@ it is presumed that they died at the same time@ and there Cill be no transmission o> ri?hts >rom one to the other& 1Art& 64@ CC3 In oaDuin " %a"arro@ the rule on Art& 64 Cas not applied in determinin? Chether the mother or the son died >irst& #here Cere eyeCitnesses Cho can ?i"e e"idence as to Cho died >irst@ so there is no reason >or applyin? the presumption& It is only Chen it is impossible to determine Cho died >irst that the presumption applies& ,& 0RI)ICAL P$RSO%S a& #he State and its Political subdi"isionsB b& Other Corporations@ Institutions and $ntities I& Persons Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA, o> 49 >or public interest or purpose@ created by laCB c& Corporations@ Partnerships@ and Associations >or pri"ate interest or purpose to Chich the laC ?rants a juridical personality& 1CC Art 663 !O5$R%I%! LA-SI uridical Person !o"erned by State Constitution 1)e>ines its or?aniNation and limits its ri?hts "isP< "is citiNens3 Political subdi"ision Charter Public corporation Charter Pri"ate corporation
Corporation Code@ Articles o> Incorporation and By<LaCs Partnerships Stipulations o> the parties and suppletorily by the ?eneral pro"isions on partnership R0L$S uridical persons may acDuire and possess property o> all Oinds@ incur obli?ations@ and brin? ci"il or criminal actions 1CC Art& 623 0pon dissolution o> corporations or institutions and other entities >or public interest@ their property and assets shall be disposed o> in pursuance o> the laC or charter creatin? them& 1CC Art& 6;3 II& CI#I+$%SHIP A%) )O*ICIL$ -ho Are Filipino CitiNens. '& #hose Cho are citiNens o> the Philippines at the time o> the adoption o> the '98; ConstitutionB ,& #hose Chose >athers or mothers are citiNens o> the PhilippinesB 4& #hose born be>ore anuary ';@ '9;4@ o> Filipino mothers@ Cho elect Philippine citiNenship upon reachin? the a?e o> majorityB and 6& #hose Cho are naturaliNed in accordance Cith laC& 1Art I5@ Q'@ '98; Philippine Constitution3 #hese ha"e superseded the rules on citiNenship enumerated in the Ci"il Code& )omicile For %atural PersonsI the place o> their habitual residence 1CC Art& 7:3& For uridical PersonsI the place Chere their le?al representation is established@ or Chere they eAercise their primary >unctions@ unless there is a laC or other pro"ision that >iAes the domicile 1CC Art& 7'3& )O*ICIL$ 5S& R$SI)$%C$ -hile domicile is permanent 1there is intent to remain3@ residence is temporary and may be chan?ed anytime 1there is no necessary intent to remain3& R$/0ISI#$S OF )O*ICIL$ 1CALL$!O 5S& 5$RA3 '& Physical Presence ,& Intent to remain permanently (I%)S OF )O*ICIL$
1. Domicile of Origin
)omicile o> parents o> a person at the time he Cas born&
2. Domicile of Choice
)omicile chosen by a person@ chan?in? his domicile o> ori?in& A 4rd reDuisite is necessary R intention not to return to oneMs domicile as his permanent place& 4& )omicile by Operation o> LaC 1i&e&@ Article 29@ domicile o> minor3 III& *arria?e Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA, o> 49 III& *ARRIA!$ *arria?e IsI '& a Special Contract ,& o> Permanent 0nion 4& BetCeen a *an and a -oman 6& entered into in Accordance Cith laC 7& >or the $stablishment o> Conju?al and Family li>e& 2& It is the Foundation o> the Family ;& and an In"iolable Social Institution 8& Chose %ature@ ConseDuences@ @and Incidents are ?o"erned by LaC and not subject to Stipulation@ 9& eAcept that *arria?e settlements may FiA property relations durin? the marria?e Cithin the Limits pro"ided by this Code& 1Art '@ Family Code3 Breach o> Promise to *arry In #anjanco " CA@ the Supreme Court held that Gbreach o> promise to marry is not an actionable Cron?&H #he >act that the Santos@ the Coman@ a?reed to ha"e seAual intercourse Cith #anjanco >or a year does not constitute seduction but mutual passion& HoCe"er@ in -assmer " 5eleN@ 5eleN Cas held liable >or the cost o> the Ceddin? preparations spent by -assmer@ because he disappeared tCo days be>ore the marria?e& #he Supreme Court said that Chile mere breach is not an actionable Cron?@ 5eleN is still liable under Art& ,' o> the Ci"il Code because he abused his ri?ht@ thereby causin? moral and material dama?es@ Chich should be compensated& $ssential ReDuisites o> *arria?e '& Le?al Capacity o> contractin? parties Cho must be *ale and FemaleB and ,& Consent >reely ?i"en in the presence o> the solemniNin? o>>icer& 1Art& ,@ FC3
In People " Santia?o 17' Phil 283@ the marria?e betCeen Santia?o and his niece Cas declared "oid >or lacO o> consent on the part o> Santia?o& He only ?ot married to her to a"oid prosecution because he raped her the same mornin? that the marria?e Cas solemniNed by a Protestant minister& #he Supreme Court held that it Cas a mere ruse >or him to escape criminal liability& Formal ReDuisites O> *arria?e '& Authority o> the solemniNin? o>>icerB ,& A "alid *arria?e License eAcept in cases under Chapter , o> this #itleB 4& *arria?e Ceremony 1i&e& appearance o> contractin? parties be>ore solemniNin? o>>icer and their personal declaration that they taOe each other as husband and Ci>e3& 1Art 4@ FC3 ABS$%C$@ )$F$C#@ OR IRR$!0LARI#Y I% #H$ R$/0ISI#$S ABS$%C$ o> any o> the essential or >ormal reDuisites shall render the marria?e 5OI) AB I%I#IO@ 1FC Art 6@ par& '3 eAcept Chen it is solemniNed by an unauthoriNed person Cith either or both contractin? parties ha"in? ?ood >aith that he had authority to do so 1FC Art 47@ par& ,3 A )$F$C# in any o> the $SS$%#IAL R$/0ISI#$S shall render the marria?e 5OI)ABL$ 1FC Art 6@ par& ,3& An IRR$!0LARI#Y in the FOR*AL R$/0ISI#$S shall %O# AFF$C# the "alidity o> the marria?e@ but the party or parties responsible >or the irre?ularity shall be ci"illy@ criminally@ and administrati"ely liable 1FC Art 6@ par& 43& A& *ARRIA!$ C$R$*O%Y #here is no particular >orm or reli?ious rite reDuired by laC& *I%I*0* R$/0IR$*$%#S BY LA'& #he contractin? parties appear personally be>ore the solemniNin? o>>icer ,& #hey declare in the presence o> at least tCo Citnesses o> le?al a?e@ 4& #hat they taOe each other as husband and Ci>eB 6& #he declaration shall be contained in the marria?e certi>icate@ 7& -hich shall be si?ned by the contractin? parties and their Citnesses and attested by the solemniNin? o>>icer& 1Art& 2@ FC3 In a marria?e in articulo mortis@ Chen one or
both parties are unable to si?n the marria?e certi>icate@ it shall be su>>icient >or one o> the Citnesses to Crite the name o> said party@ Chich shall be attested by the solemniNin? o>>icer& 1Art 2@ par& ,3 PLAC$S -H$R$ *ARRIA!$ *AY B$ C$L$BRA#$) '& Chambers o> the jud?e or in open courtB ,& Church@ chapel@ or temple 4& O>>ice o> the Consul<?eneral@ consul@ or "iceconsul@ as the case may be& 1Art& 8@ FC3 $Aceptions *arria?e in articulo mortis@ in a remote place 1the barrio or baran?ay should be so located that there is no means o> transportation to enable such party to appear personally be>ore the local ci"il re?istrar R Art& ,93@ or Chere both o> the parties reDuest the solemniNin? o>>icer in Critin?@ in Chich case the marria?e may be solemniNed at a house or place desi?nated by then in a sCorn statement& III& *arria?e Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA4 o> 49 B& A0#HORI#Y OF SOL$*%I+I%! OFFIC$RS *ARRIA!$ *AY B$ SOL$*%I+$) BYI '& Any incumbent member o> the judiciary Cithin the courtMs jurisdiction 1Art& ;@ par& '3B ,& Any priest@ rabbi@ imam@ or minister o> any church or reli?ious sect duly authoriNed by his church or reli?ious sectB HeEshe must be re?istered Cith the ci"il re?istrar ?eneral 1CR!3& HeEshe must be actin? Cithin the limits o> the Critten authority ?ranted by the church At least one o> the parties must be a member o> the church or reli?ious sect to Chich the solemniNin? o>>icer belon?s 1FC Art& ;@ par& ,3& 4& Ship captain or airplane chie> 1FC Art ;@ par& 43B Can only solemniNe marria?es in articulo mortis 1Chen there one or both parties are at the point o> death3@ Chile the ship is at sea or the plane is in >li?ht@ or at stopo"ers or ports o> call 1FC Art 4'3& 6& Any military commander o> a unit to Chich a chaplain is assi?ned@ in the absence o> the latter 1FC Art ;@ par& 63B Can only solemniNe marria?es in articulo mortis betCeen persons Cithin the None o> military operation@ Chether members o> the
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armed >orces or ci"ilians 1Art 4,@ FC3& 7& Consul<?eneral@ consul@ or "ice consul 1Art& ;@ par& 73 Can solemniNe marria?es betCeen Filipino citiNens abroad& #he issuance o> the marria?e license and the duties o> the local ci"il re?istrar shall also be per>ormed by said consular o>>icial& 1Art& ':@ FC3 2& *ayors 1under the Local !o"ernment Code@ not >ound in the Family Code3 C& *ARRIA!$ LIC$%S$ R$/0IR$*$%#S FOR *ARRIA!$ LIC$%S$ APPLICA#IO% '& Full name o> the contractin? partyB ,& Place o> birthB 4& A?e and date o> birthB 6& Ci"il statusB 7& I> pre"iously married@ hoC@ Chen and Chere the pre"ious marria?e Cas dissol"ed or annulledB 2& Present residence and citiNenshipB ;& )e?ree o> relationship o> the contractin? partiesB 8& Full name@ residence and citiNenship o> the >atherB 9& Full name@ residence and citiNenship o> the motherB and ':& Full name@ residence and citiNenship o> the ?uardian or person ha"in? char?e@ in case the contractin? party has neither >ather nor mother and is under the a?e o> tCenty<one years 1Art& ''@ FC3 *ARRIA!$S $=$*P# FRO* *ARRIA!$ LIC$%S$ R$/0IR$*$%#I '& In case one or both contactin? parties are at the point o> death 1in articulo mortis3& 1Art& ,;3 ,& I> the residence o> either party is so located that there is no means o> transportation to enable them to personally appear be>ore the local ci"il re?istrar& 1Art& ,83 4& *arria?e in articulo mortis betCeen passen?ers or creC members& K*ay be solemniNed by the ship captain or airplane pilot&L 1Art& 4'3 6& *arria?e in articulo mortis betCeen persons Cithin the None o> military operation& K*ay be solemniNed by the military commander o> the unitL 1Art& 4,3 7& *arria?es amon? *uslims or amon? members o> cultural communities@ pro"ided they are solemniNed in accordance Cith their customs@
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rites@ or practices& 1Art& 443 2& *arria?e betCeen a man and a Coman Cho ha"e li"ed to?ether as husband and Ci>e >or at least >i"e years@ Cithout le?al impediment to marry each other& In %inal " Badayo?@ the Supreme Court held that there must be no le?al impediment durin? the entire >i"e or more years that the parties are li"in? as husband and Ci>e& Since there is only a di>>erence o> one year and ei?ht months since the death o> the >irst Ci>e and the eAecution o> their a>>ida"it@ the >i"e<year reDuirement is not met@ e"en i> they ha"e cohabited durin? the subsistence o> the pre"ious marria?e& In *adridejo " )e Leon@ Chere the parties Cere married in articulo mortis@ the Supreme Court held that the marria?e is still "alid e"en i> the priest Cho solemniNed the marria?e >ailed to send a copy o> the marria?e certi>icate to the municipal secretary& #he marria?e certi>icate is not a reDuisite o> marria?e but a mere proo> that the marria?e really eAisted& And since the marria?e Cas solemniNed under eAceptional circumstances@ there is no need >or a marria?e license& *arria?es Celebrated Abroad 1Art& ,23 !$%$RAL R0L$I *arria?es solemniNed outside the RP in accordance Cith the laC o> the >orei?n country shall be "alid in the Philippines 1leA loci celebrationis3 $=C$P#IO%SI '& *arria?e betCeen persons beloC '8 years old R Art& 471'3 ,& Bi?amous or poly?amous marria?e R Art& 47163 4& *istaOe in identity R Art& 47 173 6& *arria?es "oid under Article 74 R Art& 47 123 7& Psycholo?ical incapacity R Art& 42 2& Incestuous marria?es R Art& 4; ;& *arria?e "oid >or reasons o> public policy R Art& 48 III& *arria?e Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA6 o> 49 I> a Filipino married to a >orei?ner and the latter subseDuently obtains a "alid di"orce abroad capacitatin? him&Eher to remarry@ the Filipino spouse shall liOeCise ha"e the capacity to remarry under the Philippine laC 1Art ,21,33& 5oid *arria?es *ARRIA!$ IS 5OI) AB I%I#IO -H$%I
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I& 0%)$R FC AR#& 47 '& Contracted by anyone beloC '8 years old@ e"en Cith consent o> parents ,& SolemniNed by anyone not authoriNed to do so@ eAcept Chen one or both parties belie"e that the solemniNin? o>>icer had authority to do so& 4& #here is no marria?e license@ eAcept in marria?e under eAceptional circumstances 6& It is bi?amous or poly?amous@ eAcept Chen >irst spouse has been absent >or >our years@ or tCo years under eAtraordinary circumstances@ and the remainin? spouse has a Cell<>ounded belie> that the absent spouse is dead@ and is judicially declared presumpti"ely dead& 1Art& 6'3 7& #here is a mistaOe in identity o> the other contractin? party 2& #he subseDuent marria?e is "oid under Art& 74I *arria?e is "oid Chen Art& 7, is not complied CithI #here must be a partition and distribution o> property a>ter the jud?ment o> annulment o> declaration o> nullity& #he presumpti"e le?itimes o> the children must also be deli"ered and recorded in the appropriate ci"il re?istry& II& 0%)$R FC AR#& 42 ;& Any contractin? party is@ at the time o> the celebration o> the marria?e@ psycholo?ically incapacitated to comply Cith the essential marital obli?ations& III& 0%)$R FC AR#& 4; 1I%C$S#0O0S R$LA#IO%SHIPS3 8& BetCeen ascendants and descendants o> any de?ree@ le?itimate or ille?itimate& 9& BetCeen brothers and sisters@ Chether >ull or hal><blood@ le?itimate or ille?itimate& I5& 0%)$R FC AR#& 48 1FOR R$ASO%S OF P0BLIC POLICY3I ':&BetCeen collateral blood relati"es@ le?itimate or ille?itimate@ up to the >ourth ci"il de?ree& ''&BetCeen step<parents and step<children& ',&BetCeen parents<in<laC and children<in<laC& '4&BetCeen adoptin? parent and adopted child& '6&BetCeen the sur"i"in? spouse o> the adoptin? parent and the adopted child& '7&BetCeen the sur"i"in? spouse o> the adopted child and the adopter& '2&BetCeen an adopted child and a le?itimate child o> the adopter&
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';&BetCeen adopted children o> the same adopter& '8&BetCeen parties Chere one@ Cith the intention to marry the other@ Oilled that other personJs spouse@ or his or her oCn spouse& An action >or declaration o> nullity o> marria?e is imprescriptible& 1Art& 493 SFor purposes o> remarria?e@ the nullity o> a pre"ious marria?e may be in"oOed solely on the basis o> a >inal judicial declaration o> nullity 1 )%3 o> the pre"ious marria?e& 1Art& 6:3 In )omin?o " CA@ the husband opposed the >ilin? o> judicial declaration o> nullity 1 )%3 >iled by the Ci>e )omin?o because the marria?e is already "oid ab initio because o> the husbandMs pre"ious marria?e& #he Supreme Court held that the )% can be in"oOed >or other purposes than remarria?e& #he Cordin? o> Art& 6: about )% bein? the sole basis >or remarria?e does not mean that )% can only be in"oOed >or purposes o> remarria?e& Separation o> Property@ the reason cited in this case@ is also a "alid reason >or >ilin? >or )%& In Republic " *olina@ '99; 1,28 SCRA '983@ the Supreme Court held that the actions o> the Ci>e@ described by the Ci>e as Ghi?hly immature and habitually Duarrelsome Cho thou?ht himsel> as a Oin? to be ser"ed@H does not amount to psycholo?ical incapacity& It held that Chat eAisted are mere irreconcilable di>>erences& It also laid doCn in this case the ?uidelines to be >olloCed by the courts in interpretin? Art& 42& !0I)$LI%$S FOR I%#$RPR$#A#IO% OF AR#ICL$ 42 1R$P0BLIC 5 *OLI%A3I '& #he burden o> proo> to shoC the nullity o> the marria?e belon?s to the plainti>>& ,& #he root cause o> the psycholo?ical incapacity must beI 1a3 medically or clinically identi>ied@ 1b3 alle?ed in the complaint@ 1c3 su>>iciently pro"en by the eAperts@ 1d3 clearly eAplained in the decision& 4& #he incapacity must be pro"en to be eAistin? at Gthe time o> the celebrationH o> the marria?e& 6& Such incapacity must also be shoCn to be medically or clinically permanent o> incurable& 7& Such illness must be ?ra"e enou?h to brin? about the disability o> the party to assume the essential obli?ations o> marria?e& 2& #he essential marital obli?ations mist be those embraced by Articles 28 up to ;' o> the Family
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Code as re?ards the husband and Ci>e as Cell as Articles ,,:@ ,,'@ and ,,7 o> the same Code in re?ard to parents and their children& ;& Interpretations ?i"en by the national Appellate *atrimonial tribunal o> the Catholic Church in the Philippines@ Chile not controllin? or decisi"e@ should be ?i"en ?reat respect by our courts& 8& #he trial court must order the prosecutin? attorney or >iscal and the Solicitor !eneral to appear as counsel >or the state& %o decision shall be handed doCn unless the Solicitor !eneral issues a certi>ication& III& *arria?e Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA7 o> 49 R0L$ O% BI!A*O0S *ARRIA!$ 1AR#& 6'3I !$%$RAL R0L$ *arria?e contracted by any person durin? the subsistence o> a pre"ious marria?e is 5OI) $=C$P#IO% I> the >irst spouse has been absent >or >our consecuti"e years@ or tCo years under eAtraordinary circumstances@ and the sur"i"in? spouse has a Cell<>ounded belie> that the spouse is dead@ and there is a judicial declaration o> presumpti"e death@ Cithout prejudice to the e>>ect o> the reappearance o> the absent spouse& $Aception to the eAception -hen both parties in the subseDuent marria?e acted in bad >aith@ the marria?e is still "oid 1Art& 663& In People " *endoNa@ *endoNa contracted three marria?es& He contracted the second marria?e durin? the subsistence o> the >irst marria?e& He contracted the third marria?e a>ter the death o> his >irst Ci>e& He Cas prosecuted >or bi?amy on his third marria?e& #he Supreme Court held that he is not ?uilty >or bi?amy >or his third marria?e@ since his prior subsistin? marria?e has already been eAtin?uished by the death o> his >irst Ci>e& It is the second marria?e that is bi?amous& $FF$C#S OF #$R*I%A#IO% OF BI!A*O0S *ARRIA!$ 1FC AR# 643I '& Children R considered le?itimate ,& Property Re?ime R dissol"ed and liDuidated 1party in bad >aith shall >or>eit hisEher share in >a"or o> the common children or children by a pre"ious marria?e@ and in case there are none@ to the innocent spouse3
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4& )onation propter nuptias R remains "alid@ 1but i> the donee contracted marria?e in bad >aith@ donations Cill be re"oOed3 6& Insurance bene>its R innocent spouse may re"oOe desi?nation o> ?uilty party as bene>iciary@ e"en i> such desi?nation is irre"ocable 7& Succession Ri?hts R Party in bad >aith disDuali>ied to inherit >rom innocent spouse@ Chether testate or intestate 2& )onations < I> both parties o> subseDuent marria?e acted in bad >aith@ any donations and testamentary dispositions made by one party to the other by reason o> marria?e Cill be re"oOed 1Art& 663 5oidable *arria?es *ARRIA!$ *AY B$ A%%0LL$)@ -H$% 1FC AR# 673I '& One o> the parties is '8 or abo"e but beloC ,'@ and there is no parental consent& ,& $ither party Cas o> unsound mind 1insanity3& 4& #he consent o> either party Cas obtained throu?h >raud 1di>>erent >rom mistaOe in identity3I a& #hrou?h non<disclosure o> a pre"ious con"iction o> a crime in"ol"in? moral turpitudeB b& #hrou?h concealment o> the Ci>e o> the >act that she Cas pre?nant by another manB c& #hrou?h concealment o> a seAuallytransmitted disease@ e"en i> not serious or incurableB d& #hrou?h concealment o> dru? addiction@ habitual alcoholism or homoseAuality or lesbianism& 1Art&623 6& #he consent o> either party Cas obtained throu?h >orce@ intimidation@ or undue in>luence& 7& $ither party is physically unable to consummate the marria?e 1impotence3 1di>>erent >rom sterility3& 2& $ither party has a serious and incurable seAually<transmissible disease@ e"en i> not concealed& In Buccat " Buccat@ the Supreme Court re>used to ?rant annulment >iled by the husband because his Ci>e ?a"e birth to a baby a mere 89 days a>ter their marria?e& It held that it is unbelie"able that the Ci>e could ha"e concealed the >act that she Cas 2 months pre?nant at the
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time o> the marria?e& HoCe"er@ in ADuino " )eliNo@ the Supreme Court ?ranted annulment because the Ci>e concealed the >act that she Cas 6 months pre?nant durin? the time o> the marria?e& It ar?ued that since )eliNo Cas Gnaturally plump@H ADuino could hardly be eApected to OnoC@ by mere looOin?@ Chether or not she Cas pre?nant at the time o> the marria?e& !round For Annulment 1Art& 673 -ho Can File 1Art& 6;3 Prescription 1Art& 6;3 HoC #o Rati>y 1Art& 673 '& 0ndera?e party '& 7 years a>ter attainin? ,'& LacO o> parental consent ,& Parent or ?uardian ,& Be>ore child reaches ,'& Free cohabitation a>ter attainin? a?e o> ,' '& Sane spouse Cith no OnoCled?e o> the otherMs insanity ,& Le?al ?uardian o> insane party '& Any time be>ore the death o> insane party Insanity
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4& Insane party ,& )urin? lucid inter"al or a>ter re?ainin? sanity@ and be>ore death Free cohabitation o> insane party a>ter comin? to reason III& *arria?e Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA2 o> 49 Fraud Injured party 1de>rauded party3 Fi"e years a>ter disco"ery o> >raud Free cohabitation a>ter ha"in? >ull OnoCled?e o> >raud Force@ intimidation@ undue in>luence Injured party Fi"e years a>ter disappearance o> >orce or intimidation Free cohabitation a>ter the >orce has ceased or disappeared Impotence Healthy party Fi"e years a>ter marria?e )eemed rati>ied Chen action
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prescribes S#) Healthy party Fi"e years a>ter marria?e )eemed rati>ied Chen action prescribes )0RI%! P$%)$%CY OF AC#IO%I '& #he court shall pro"ide >or the support o> the spouses@ ,& #he custody o> the common children@ ?i"in? paramount consideration to their moral and material Cel>are@ their choice o> parent Cith Chom they Cish to remain& 4& #he court shall also pro"ide >or "isitation ri?hts o> other parent& 1Art& 693 #o pre"ent collusion betCeen the parties@ >abrication or suppression o> e"idence@ the prosecutin? attorney or >iscal shall appear on behal> o> the State& 1Art& 683 $FF$C#S OF )$CLARA#IO% OF %0LLI#Y OR A%%0L*$%#I #he same as e>>ects o> termination o> bi?amous marria?e 1Arts& 64@ 663@ eAcept in the status o> children& 5OI) *ARRIA!$S 5S& 5OI)ABL$ *ARRIA!$S 1S$*PIO<)IY3I 5oid *arria?e 5oidable *arria?e '& %ature I%$=IS#$%# >rom the be?innin? 5ALI) until annulled by court ,& Co<"alidation CA%%O# be co"alidated CA% be co"alidated by prescription or >ree cohabitation 4& $>>ect on property %o Community Property@ only CooCnership ACP eAists unless another system is instituted throu?h marria?e settlement 6& Le?itimacy
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o> children !eneral ruleI Children are ILL$!I#I*A#$ 1Art& '273 $AceptionI In "oid marria?es by reason o> psycholo?ical incapacity 1Art& 423 or non<partition o> properties in a Children are L$!I#I*A#$ i> concei"ed be>ore decree o> annulment pre"ious marria?e 1Art& 743@ children are considered L$!I#I*A#$& 7& HoC to impu?n *ay be attacOed )IR$C#LY or COLLA#$RALLY@ eAcept >or purpose o> remarria?e 1there must be )%3 Can only be attacOed )IR$C#LY 1there must be annulment decree3 2& $>>ect o> death o> parties *ay still be impu?ned a>ter death o> parties Can no lon?er be impu?ned a>ter death o> parties Le?al Separation B$) A%) BOAR) S$PARA#IO% *AY B$ )$CR$$) -H$% #H$R$ IS 1AR#& 773I '& Repeated "iolence or ?rossly abusi"e conduct directed a?ainst petitioner@ a common child@ or a child o> the petitioner& ,& Physical "iolence or moral pressure to compel petitioner to chan?e reli?ious or political a>>iliation& 4& Attempt o> respondent to corrupt or induce petitioner@ a common child@ or child o>
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petitioner@ to en?a?e in prostitution or conni"ance in such corruption or inducement& 6& Final jud?ment sentencin? respondent to imprisonment o> more than 2 years@ e"en i> pardoned 1eAecuti"e pardon@ not pardon >rom o>>ended party3& 7& )ru? addiction or habitual alcoholism o> respondent& T -hen it eAisted >rom the time o> celebration@ and concealed >rom petitioner@ can be a ?round >or annulment o> marria?e& -hen it occurred only a>ter the marria?e@ it is only a ?round >or le?al separation@ Chether concealed or not& 2& Lesbianism or homoseAuality o> respondent& T )itto on rules on dru? addiction& ;& Contractin? by respondent o> a subseDuent bi?amous marria?e@ Chether in the Philippines o> abroad& 8& SeAual in>idelity or per"ersion& 9& Attempt on the li>e o> petitioner by respondent& T #here is no need >or criminal con"iction& ':&Abandonment o> petitioner by respondent Cithout justi>iable cause >or more than one year& In !andioco " PeUaranda@ the Supreme Court held that in seAual in>idelity as a ?round >or le?al separation@ there is no need >or prior con"iction >or concubina?e@ because le?al separation only reDuires a preponderance o> e"idence@ as opposed to proo> beyond reasonable doubt reDuired in concubina?e& In >act@ a ci"il action >or le?al separation based on in>idelity may proceed ahead or simultaneously Cith the criminal action >or concubina?e@ !RO0%)S FOR )$%YI%! L$!AL S$PARA#IO% 1AR#& 723I III& *arria?e Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA; o> 49 '& Condonation by a??rie"ed party ,& Consent by a??rie"ed party to the commission o> the o>>ense 4& Conni"ance betCeen parties in the commission o> the o>>ense 6& *utual ?uilt in ?round >or le?al separation 7& Collusion betCeen parties to obtain decree o> le?al separation
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2& Prescription o> action >or le?al separation O#H$R !RO0%)S FOR )$%YI%! L$!AL S$PARA#IO% ;& )eath o> either party durin? pendency o> action 1LapuN<Sy " $u>emio3 8& Reconciliation o> parties durin? pendency o> action 1Art& 22 par&'3 R0L$S O% L$!AL S$PARA#IO% PROC$$)I%!SI '& Prescription R Action prescribes in >i"e years >rom occurrence o> cause 1Art& 7;3 ,& Reconciliation period R Action cannot be tried be>ore siA months ha"e elapsed since the >ilin? o> the petition 1Art& 783 4& Attempts on reconciliation R Action cannot be tried unless the court has attempted to reconcile the spouses@ and determined that despite such e>>orts@ reconciliation is hi?hly improbable 1Art& 793 6& Con>ession R %o decree o> le?al separation shall be based upon a stipulation o> >acts or a con>ession o> jud?ment 1Art& 2:@ par& '3 7& Collusion R #he court shall assi?n the prosecutin? attorney or >iscal to maOe sure that there is no collusion betCeen the parties@ and that e"idence is not >abricated or suppressed 1Art& 2:@ par& ,3 2& A>ter >ilin? the petition >or le?al separation@ the spouses are entitled to li"e separately 1Art& 2'@ par& '3& ;& Administration o> Community or Conju?al Property R I> there is no Critten a?reement betCeen the parties@ the court shall desi?nate one o> them or a third person to administer the ACP or CP!& 1Art& 2'@ par& ,3 8& Custody o> children R #he court shall ?i"e custody o> children to one o> them@ i> there is no Critten a?reement betCeen the spouses& It shall also pro"ide >or "isitation ri?hts o> the other spouse& 1Art& 2,@ c>& Art& 693 $FF$C#S OF )$CR$$ FOR L$!AL S$PARA#IO% 1AR#& 243I '& Spouses can li"e separately@ but cannot remarry 1marria?e bonds are not se"ered3& ,& #he ACP o> CP! shall be dissol"ed and liDuidated@ and the share o> the ?uilty spouse shall be >or>eited in >a"or the common children@ pre"ious children@ or innocent spouse 1c>& Art& 6,@ par& ,3& 4& Custody o> the minor children shall be aCarded to the innocent spouse
,,
6& !uilty spouse shall be disDuali>ied >rom inheritin? >rom innocent spouse by intestate succession& #he pro"isions in >a"or o> the ?uilty party in the Cill o> the innocent spouse shall also be re"oOed by operation o> laC& O#H$R $FF$C#S OF L$!AL S$PARA#IO% 7& )onation propter nuptias in >a"or o> the ?uilty spouse may be re"oOed 1Art& 263 2& Innocent spouse may also re"oOe desi?nation o> ?uilty spouse as bene>iciary in an insurance policy@ e"en i> such stipulations are irre"ocable 1Art& 263& ;& Obli?ation >or mutual support ceases@ but the court may order the ?uilty spouse to support the innocent spouse& 1Art& '983 8& #he Ci>e shall continue to use the surname o> the husband e"en a>ter the decree >or le?al separation& A!0ILI%!<PA%!ALA%!A%I #he option to re"oOe o> the desi?nation o> ?uilty spouse as bene>iciary in an insurance policy should pre"ail@ notCithstandin? contrary pro"isions in the Insurance Code& R0L$ O% R$CO%CILIA#IO%I Should the spouses reconcile@ they should >ile a correspondin? joint mani>estation under oath o> such reconciliation 1Art& 273& PROF& BALA%$I It is not the reconciliation per se but the >ilin? o> the reDuired mani>estation that produces the e>>ects enumerated in Art& 22& $FF$C#S OF R$CO%CILIA#IO% 1AR#& 223I '& Proceedin?s >or le?al separation shall be terminated at Chate"er sta?e& ,& I> there is a >inal decree o> le?al separation@ it shall be set aside& 4& #he separation o> property and >or>eiture o> share o> ?uilty spouse shall subsist@ unless the spouses a?ree to re"i"e their >ormer property re?ime or to institute another property re?ime 1c>& Art& 2;3& O#H$R $FF$C#S OF R$CO%CILIA#IO% 6& oint custody o> children is restored& 7& #he ri?ht to intestate succession by ?uilty spouse >rom innocent spouse is restored& 2& #he ri?ht to testamentary succession depends on the Cill o> the innocent spouse& I5& Ri?hts and Obli?ations BetCeen Husband and -i>e Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA8 o> 49 I5& RI!H#S A%) OBLI!A#IO%S
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B$#-$$% H0SBA%) A%) -IF$ Obli?ations o> Spouses '& Li"e to?ether 1Art& 283 ,& Obser"e mutual lo"e@ respect@ and >idelity 1Art& 283 4& Render mutual help and support 1Art& 283 6& FiA the >amily domicile& In case o> disa?reement@ the court shall decide& 1Art& 293 7& ointly support the >amily& 1Art& ;:3 2& *ana?e the household& 1Art& ;'3 Ri?hts o> Spouses '& In case the other spouse ne?lects his or her duties or commit acts Chich tend to brin? dan?er@ dishonor or injury to the >amily@ the a??rie"ed party may apply the court >or relie>& 1Art& ;,3 ,& $ither spouse may eAercise any le?itimate pro>ession@ Cithout need >or consent o> the other& #he other spouse may only object on "alid@ serious@ and moral ?rounds& 1Art& ;43 In case o> disa?reement@ the Court shall decide Chether 1'3 the objection is proper@ and 1,3 bene>it has accrued to the >amily be>ore the objection& 0se o> Surname A& *ARRI$) -O*$%I A married Coman may useI '& Her maiden >irst name and surname and add her husbandJs surname@ or ,& Her maiden >irst name and her husbandJs surname or 4& Her husbandJs >ull name@ but pre>iAin? a Cord indicatin? that she is his Ci>e@ such as G*rs&H 1Art& 4;:@ CC3 #he Ci>e has the option to choose Chich amon? these names she should use& Should she decide to Oeep her maiden name@ the use o> the Cord GmayH in the pro"ision indicates that she may do so&& 1A 0S Case alloCed a Coman to Oeep her maiden name especially because many o> her pro>essional relations already OnoC her by that name&3 In Yasin " ShariMa )istrict Court@ the Supreme Court@ by Cay o> obiter dictum@ said that the Coman only has an option and not a duty to use the surname o> her husband@ as pro"ided >or in Art& 4;:@ CC& It also said that Chen her husband dies@ the Coman can re"ert to her old name Cithout need >or judicial declaration& B& -I)O-SI A CidoC may use the deceased husbandMs
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surname as thou?h he Cere still li"in?& 1Art& 4;4@ CC3 C& *IS#R$SS$SI In Le?amia " IAC@ the Supreme Court alloCed the mistress to use her li"e<in partnerMs name@ since e"eryone already OneC that she Cas a mistress@ so as to a"oid con>usion& 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA9 o> 49 5& PROP$R#Y R$LA#IO%S B$#-$$% SPO0S$S OR)$R #O B$ FOLLO-$) 1AR#S& ;6@ ;73 '& *arria?e settlements be>ore marria?e R spouses can a?ree to Chate"er re?ime they Cant@ be it ACP@ CP!@ or complete separation& ,& Pro"isions o> the Ci"il Code R I> there are no marria?e settlements@ the Absolute Community o> Property Cill be >olloCed 4& Local Customs #he rule that ACP is the de>ault mode o> property relations absent any marria?e settlement applies to all Filipinos@ re?ardless o> the place o> the marria?e and their residence R Art& 8: R$/0IR$*$%#S FOR *ARRIA!$ S$##L$*$%#S 1AR#& ;;3 '& *ust be in Critin? 1public or pri"ate3 ,& Si?ned by the parties 4& $Aecuted be>ore the celebration o> the marria?e 6& I> party needs parental consent@ parentE?uardian must be a party to the settlement 7& I> party is under ci"il interdiction or other disability 1not includin? insanity3@ court appointed ?uardian must be a party 2& *ust be re?istered in local ci"il re?istry R to a>>ect third persons 1I> not re?istered@ Cill not prejudice third persons@ ACP Cill apply3 !$%$RAL R0L$I All modi>ications to the marria?e settlement must be made be>ore the marria?e is celebrated& $=C$P#IO%SI '& Le?al Separation 1Art& 24 1,33 T In such an instance@ the property re?ime is dissol"ed& ,& Re"i"al o> the >ormer property re?ime upon reconciliation i> the spouses a?ree 1Art& 22 1,33 4& A spouse may petition the court >orI
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a& Recei"ership b& udicial separation o> property@ or c& #he authority to be the sole administrator o> the conju?al partnership V I> the other spouse abandons the other Cithout just cause or >ails to comply Cith his or her obli?ations to the >amily& 1Art& ',83 6& udicial )issolution 1Arts& '47 and '423 A& )onations By Reason O> *arria?e )$FI%I#IO% )onations Chich are made be>ore the celebration o> the marria?e@ in consideration o> the same@ and in >a"or o> one or both o> the >uture spouses& 1Art& 8,3 R$/0ISI#$SI '& *ade be>ore the celebration o> marria?e ,& *ade in consideration o> the marria?e 4& In >a"or o> one or both spouses )O%A#IO%S $=CL0)$)I '& ordinary Ceddin? ?i>ts ?i"en a>ter the celebration o> the marria?e ,& donations in >a"or o> >uture spouses made be>ore marria?e but not in consideration thereo> 4& donations made I n >a"or o> persons other than the spouses e"en i> >ounded on the intended marria?e -HO *AY )O%A#$. '& spouses to each other ,& parents o> one or both spouses 4& 4rd persons to either or both spouses )IS#I%!0ISH$) FRO* OR)I%ARY )O%A#IO%SI )onations Propter %uptias Ordinary )onations )oes not reDuire eApress acceptance $Apress acceptance necessary *ay be made by minors 1Art& ;83 Cannot be made by minors *ay include >uture property Cannot include >uture property I> present property is donated and property is not absolute community@ limited to 'E7
,2
%o limit to donation o> present property pro"ided le?itimes are not impaired !rounds >or re"ocation < In Art& 82 !rounds >or re"ocation < in donation laCs R0L$S B$FOR$ *ARRIA!$ !eneral Rule Future spouses cannot donate to each other more than 'E7 o> their present property 1eAcess shall be considered "oid3 1Art& 863 $Aception I> they are ?o"erned by ACP& )0RI%! *ARRIA!$ !eneral Rule Spouses cannot donate to each other@ directly or indirectly 1donations made by spouses to each other durin? the marria?e are "oid3 1Art& 8;3 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA': o> 49 $Aception *oderate ?i>ts on the occasion o> any >amily rejoicin?& In *atabuena " Cer"antes@ the Supreme Court ruled that Art& 8; is applicable e"en to common<laC spouses& R$ASO%S FOR R$5OCA#IO% OF )O%A#IO% PROP#$R %0P#IAS 1AR#& 823I '& I> the marria?e is not celebrated or judicially declared "oid ab initio@ eAcept donations made in settlements& ,& -hen the marria?e taOes place Cithout the consent o> the parents or ?uardians@ as reDuired by laC& 4& -hen the marria?e is annulled@ and the donee acted in bad >aith& 6& 0pon le?al separation@ i> the donee is the ?uilty spouse& 7& I> there is a resolutory condition@ and it is not complied Cith& 2& -hen donee has committed an act o> in?ratitude@ such asI a& An o>>ense a?ainst person or property o> donor@ or his Ci>e or children under parental authority
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b& An imputation to the donor o> any criminal o>>ense@ or any act in"ol"in? moral turpitude@ e"en i> pro"en@ unless the crime is committed a?ainst the donee@ his Ci>e or children under his authority& c& Re>usin? to support the donor@ i> heEshe is le?ally reDuired to do so& #he donee may choose to Cai"e hisEher ri?ht to re"oOe the donation@ in Chich case the donee Cill Oeep the property& #he action >or >ilin? >or re"ocation o> donation prescribes& B& Absolute Community O> Property -H$% I# CO**$%C$SI At the precise moment o> the celebration o> the marria?e 1Art& 883@ not just at the day o> the celebration& HoCe"er@ i> the marria?e is celebrated be>ore the Family Code tooO e>>ect 1'9883@ the de>ault property re?ime is the Conju?al Partnership o> !ains 1CP!3& -AI5$R OF RI!H#SI !$%$RAL R0L$ %O# ALLO-$) 1Art& 893 $=C$P#IO%S '& Cith the marria?e subsistin?@ in case o> a judicial separation o> property@ Chich includes dissolution o> absolute community or conju?al partnership as a result o> le?al separation& ,& in case the marria?e is dissol"ed 1by death o> one o> the spouses3 or annulled& -HA# I# CO%SIS#SI All the property oCned by the spouses at the time o> the celebration o> the marria?e or acDuired therea>ter& 1Art& 9'3 0nder the ACP@ spouses cannot eAclude speci>ic properties >rom the re?ime& -HA# IS $=CL0)$) 1R$S$R5$) PROP$R#Y3I '& Properties acDuired by a ?ratuitous title@ i&e& donation@ inheritance by testate and intestate succession@ includin? the >ruits o> such properties T $AceptionI -hen it Cas eApressly pro"ided by the donor or testator that the property shall >orm part o> the ACP3B ,& Properties >or personal use@ e&?& clothes@ toilet articles@ booOs T $AceptionI Pieces o> jeCelry < they >orm part o> the ACP 4& Properties acDuired be>ore the marria?e@ >or those Cith le?itimate descendants Cith a
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>ormer marria?e 1to protect ri?hts o> children by a >ormer marria?e3& PR$S0*P#IO% All properties acDuired durin? the marria?e >orm part o> the ACP@ unless it be pro"en that they are eAcluded& 1Art& 943 CHAR!$S 0PO% #H$ ACP 1AR#& 963I '& Support a& Support o> ille?itimate children o> either spouse ?o"erned by 193 b& Support shall be ?i"en to spouses e"en i> they are not li"in? to?ether@ eAcept Chen a spouse lea"es the conju?al home Cithout just cause c& Support shall be ?i"en to the spouses durin? pendency o> action >or le?al separation 1Art 2'3 or >or annulment o> marria?e 1Art& 693 ,& )ebts and Obli?ations Contracted )urin? *arria?e a& $ither by both spouses or one o> them@ Cith the consent o> the other& b& In 1,3 and 143@ creditors need not pro"e that the debts bene>ited the >amily& 4& )ebts Contracted by one Spouse -ithout Consent o> the other a& ACP liable only to the eAtent that the debt bene>ited the >amily& b& ReasonI spouses are joint administrators o> community property@ and one should not act Cithout the consent o> the other& 6& #aA@ Liens@ Repairs on Community Property a& #aAes on property itsel> and its >ruits@ includin? any surchar?es on real estate taAes& b& G*inor repairsH are those >or mere preser"ation o> property or those caused by ordinary Cear and tearB G*ajor repairsH include those caused by eAtraordinary e"ents such as storms @ >loods@ etc& 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA'' o> 49 7& #aAes and $Apenses >or *ere preser"ation o> Separate properties a& Applies only to separate properties by either spouse bein? used by the >amily@ not those that do not bene>it the >amily& b& $Apenses limited to minor repairs& 2& $Apenses >or pro>essional@ 5ocational@ or
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Sel><Impro"ement Course o> Spouses a& Intention o> the laC is to encoura?e the spouses to impro"e themsel"es >or the bene>it not just o> their >amily but o> the Chole nation as Cell& ;& Ante<nuptial )ebts that Bene>ited the Family a& I> the ante<nuptial debt did not bene>it the >amily@ applicable rule is 193& b& e&?& loans incurred by husband prior to marria?e to purchase conju?al home 8& )onations by Spouses to Common Le?itimate Children a& Bene>iciaries should be common le?itimate children o> spouses& b& )onation should be made by both spousesB otherCise@ the ACP is not liable& 9& Ante<%uptial )ebts not under 1;3@ Support o> Ille?itimate Children@ Liabilities o> $ither Spouse Arisin? >rom /uasi<)elict a& I> the debtor<spouse has no eAclusi"e property or his or her property is insu>>icient& b& 0nder Art& ,:7 o> CC@ ?uilty spouse has no obli?ation to reimburse to the ACP indemnities paid by ACO on account o> a crime or Duasi<delict committed by him or her& 0nder the Family Code@ hoCe"er@ the ACP is considered merely to ha"e ad"anced these indemnitiesB they shall be deducted >rom the share o> the ?uilty spouse at the time o> the liDuidation o> the absolute community& ':&$Apenses o> Liti?ation betCeen Spouses a& $Apenses o> these liti?ations are actions >or support by one spouse a?ainst the other or >or support and custody o> children@ le?al separation@ and annulment o> marria?e& b& I> the spouse Cho >iles the case loses@ the ACP is not liable >or the eApenses incurred durin? liti?ation& A)*I%IS#RA#IO% OF PROP$R#YI Belon?s to both spouses jointly& I> they disa?ree the husbandMs decision pre"ails& HoCe"er@ the Ci>e has >i"e years >rom the date o> the decision to ?o to court >or recourse& OtherCise@ it is presumed that she a?reed Cith the husbandMs decision& 1Art& 923 $=C$P#IO% -hen the other spouse is incapacitated@ or
4:
unable to participate in the administration 1e&?& Chen abroad3& )ISPOSI#IO% OF PROP$R#YI $ither spouse may@ throu?h a Cill@ dispose hisEher interest in the community property& 1Art& 9;3 HoCe"er@ the Cill should re>er only to hisEher oCn share in the community property& )O%A#IO% OF PROP$R#YI )onation o> one spouse Cithout the consent o> the other is not alloCed 1Art& 98@ >olloCin? lo?ic o> Art& 923& $=C$P#IO%S '& *oderate donations to charity due to >amily rejoicin? or distressB ,& *oderate ?i>ts by each spouse to the other due to >amily rejoicin?& %oteI -hatMs moderate depends on the socioeconomic status o> the >amily ACP #$R*I%A#$S 0PO% 1AR#& 993I '& )eath o> either spouse R >olloC rules in Art& ':4 ,& Le?al Separation R >olloC rules in Arts& 24 and 26 4& Annulment or judicial declaration o> nullity R >olloC rules in Arts& 7: to 7, 6& udicial separation o> property durin? marria?e R >olloC rules in Arts& '46 to '48 R0L$S O% )$ FAC#O S$PARA#IO% 1AR#& '::3I !$%$RAL R0L$ )e >acto separation does not a>>ect the ACP& $=C$P#IO%S '& Spouse Cho lea"es the conju?al home Cithout just cause shall not be entitled to support& HeEShe@ hoCe"er@ is still reDuired to support the other spouse and the >amily& ,& I> consent is necessary >or transaction but is Cithheld or otherCise unobtainable@ authoriNation may be obtained >rom the court& 4& Support >or >amily Cill be taOen >rom the ACP& 6& I> ACP is insu>>icient@ spouses shall be solidarily liable& 7& I> it is necessary to administer or encumber separate property o> spouse Cho le>t@ spouse present may asO >or judicial authority to do this& 2& I> ACP is not enou?h and one spouse has no separate property@ spouse Cho has property is liable >or support@ accordin? to pro"isions on support& I% CAS$ OF ABA%)O%*$%# 1AR#& ':'3I
4'
Present spouse may petition the court >orI a& recei"ershipB b& judicial separation o> propertyB or c& authority to be the sole administrator o> the absolute community@ subject to precautionary conditions that the court may impose& Spouse is prima >acie considered to ha"e abandoned the other spouse and the >amily i>I 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA', o> 49 '& heEshe has le>t >or a period o> three months@ ,& heEshe has >ailed to in>orm hisEher Chereabouts >or a period o> three months& PROC$SS OF LI/0I)A#IO% OF ACP 1AR#& ':,3I '& In"entory o> assets o> ACP and o> spouses@ Cith marOet "alues& ,& Obli?ations are paid Cith community property@ and separate obli?ations not char?ed to ACP paid by respecti"e assets o> spouses& 4& Balance@ or net remainder is di"ided eDually betCeen the spouses@ irrespecti"e o> hoC much each brou?ht into the community& 6& I> obli?ations eAceed the assets o> the ACP@ nothin? is di"ided& Creditors can ?o a>ter the separate properties o> the spouses@ Chich are solidarily liable >or the de>iciency& 7& I> personal obli?ations o> a spouse eAceed hisEher separate property@ creditor can ?o a>ter the share o> the spouse on the net remainder o> the ACP@ Cithout prejudice to the pro"isions o> laC on >or>eitures and deli"ery o> presumpti"e le?itimes& 2& A>ter co"erin? all community obli?ations and obli?ations o> spouses@ balance o> separate properties shall be deli"ered to respecti"e spouses or their heirs@ and they Cill also di"ide into tCo eDual shares Chate"er is le>t o> the community assets@ Cithout prejudice to the pro"isions o> laC on >or>eitures and deli"ery o> presumpti"e le?itimes& R0L$S I% CAS$ OF #$R*I%A#IO% OF *ARRIA!$ BY )$A#H OF O%$ OF #H$ SPO0S$S 1AR#& ':43I '& #he community property shall be liDuidated in the same proceedin? >or the settlement o> the estate o> the deceased spouse&
4,
,& I> no such judicial settlement proceedin? is instituted@ sur"i"in? spouse shall liDuidate the community property either judicially or eAtra<judicially Cithin one year >rom the death o> the deceased spouse& PROC$)0R$ FOR LI/0I)A#IO% OF CO**0%I#Y PROP$R#I$S OF #-O *ARRIA!$S 1AR#& ':63I '& )etermine the capital@ >ruits@ and income o> each community upon such proo> as may be considered accordin? to the rules o> e"idence& ,& In case o> doubt as to Chich community the eAistin? properties belon?@ they shall be di"ided betCeen tCo communities in proportion to the capital and duration o> each& C& Conju?al Partnership O> !ains -H$R$ I# APPLI$SI '& For marria?es be>ore the implementation o> the Family Code& ,& For marria?es a>ter the Family Code@ i> a?reed to by the parties throu?h a marria?e settlement& H0SBA%) A%) -IF$ PLAC$ I% CO**O% F0%)I '& #he proceeds@ products@ >ruits@ and income o> their separate propertiesB ,& $"erythin? acDuired by them Cithin marria?e throu?h their oCn e>>ortsB 4& $"erythin? acDuired by them by chance $ach spouse has hisEher oCn property and hisEher oCn debts& 0pon dissolution o> marria?e or partnership@ the net ?ains or bene>its >rom the partnership shall be di"ided eDually betCeen the spouses@ unless they ha"e a?reed on another manner o> di"ision in their marria?e settlement& In )e Ansaldo " Sheri>> o> *anila@ the Supreme Court ruled that the spouses are not cooCners o> the conju?al properties durin? the marria?e and cannot alienate the supposed W interest o> each in the said properties& #he interest o> the spouses in the conju?al properties is only inchoate or a mere eApectancy and does not ripen into title until it appears a>ter the dissolution and liDuidation o> the partnership that there are net assets 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA'4 o> 49
44
CP! 5S& ACPI CP! ACP '& Property acDuired be>ore marria?e& $ach spouse retains hisEher propertyB only >ruits part o> conju?al property Properties become part o> community property ,& Property acDuired durin? marria?e Part o> conju?al property Becomes conju?al property& 4& 0pon dissolution o> marria?e Separate properties are returnedB net pro>its di"ided eDually betCeen spouses or heirs& %et remainder o> ACP di"ided eDually betCeen spouses or heirs& 6& Basis Capital and properties o> spouses Oept separate and distinct >rom bene>itsB insurmountable obstacle to presumption o> solidarity *utual trust and con>idence betCeen spousesB >osters oneness o> spouses 7& LiDuidation $Aclusi"e properties Cill ha"e to be identi>ied and returned@ and sometimes@ identi>ication is di>>icult& $asier to liDuidate because net remainder o> community properties are simply di"ided betCeen spouses or heirs CP! 5S& OR)I%ARY PAR#%$RSHIPI CP! Ordinary partnership '& $Aistence $Aists Cith the mere >act o> marria?e Comes into eAistence accordin? to a?reement betCeen parties ,& Purpose@ duration@ and rules Predetermined by le?islator@ the laC >iAin? its conditions& )etermined by Cill o> partners& 4& Pro>its )i"ided eDually betCeen spouses@ irrespecti"e o> the amount o> capital that they brin? into marria?e )epends upon respecti"e capitals o> partners@ or upon their a?reement 6& $Duality %o eDuality betCeen spouses in control@ mana?ement@ and disposition@ because the laC ?rants the husband some predominance& !eneral rule is that all partners ha"e eDual ri?hts in administration@ mana?ement@ and
46
control o> partnership& 7& Personality %o juridical personality Considered a juridical person 2& Commencement At precise moment o> celebration o> marria?e At the time a?reed upon by partners ;& Re?ulation By laC By a?reement o> partiesB subsidiarily@ by laC 8& Purpose %ot particularly >or pro>it For pro>it 9& Causes >or dissolution )eath@ le?al separation@ annulment@ )%@ judicial separation o> property )eath@ insol"ency@ ci"il interdiction@ termination o> term@ eApress Cill o> any partner@ etc& 1Arts '84:<'94'3 ':& $>>ect o> death o> a partner )issolution o> partnership Sur"i"in? partners may choose to continue partnership ''& )i"ision o> properties Only upon dissolution #here can be di"ision o> pro>its Cithout dissolution ',& *ana?ement ointB in case o> disa?reement@ the husbandMs decision shall pre"ail@ Ci>e has recourse to courts Same as indi"idual partners@ eAcept Chen one or more partners desi?nated as mana?ers& 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA'6 o> 49 $=CL0SI5$ PROP$R#I$S OF #H$ SPO0S$SI PROP$R#Y BY )IR$C# AC/0ISI#IO%@ OR PROP$R#Y #HA# IS ORI!I%ALLY $=CL0SI5$ '& Property brou?ht into marria?e by each spouse as hisEher oCn R Art& ':91'3 ,& Property acDuired by either spouse durin? the marria?e by ?ratuitous title R Art ':9 1,3 PROP$R#Y BY S0BS#I#0#IO% 4& Property acDuired by ri?ht o> redemption@ by barter@ or by eAchan?e Cith property belon?in? to either spouse R Art& ':9 143 6& Property purchased Cith eAclusi"e money o> either spouse< Art& ':9 163 O#H$R S$PARA#$ PROP$R#Y 7& Collection o> credits belon?in? to one spouse eAclusi"ely 2& Sale o> separate property o> a spouse
47
;& Indemnity paid in cash o> eApropriation o> separate property or under an insurance policy co"erin? separate property& 8& Possession does not a>>ect oCnership o> separate property& Spouses retain oCnership@ possession@ administration@ and enjoyment o> their eAclusi"e properties 1Art& '':3& $ither spouse may trans>er administration o> hisEher eAclusi"e property to the other@ pro"ided that it isI '& In a public instrument ,& Recorded in the re?istry o> property o> the place Chere the property is located& Ri?hts to mort?a?e@ encumber@ alienate@ or dispose o> hisEher property belon? to the oCnerspouse and are conseDuences o> hisEher ri?ht o> oCnership& 1Art& '''3 OCner<spouse can also appear alone in court to liti?ate Cith respect to hisEher eAclusi"e property& 1Art& '''3 Alienation o> eAclusi"e property administered by the other automatically terminates and the administration o"er such property and the proceeds o> the alienation shall be turned o"er to the oCner<spouse& 1Art& '',3 PR$S0*P#IO% All property acDuired durin? the marria?e@ Chether the acDuisition appears to ha"e been made@ contracted or re?istered in the name o> one or both spouses@ is presumed to be conju?al unless the contrary is pro"ed& 1Art& ''23 PROP$R#I$S #HA# CO*POS$ CP!I '& PROP$R#I$S AC/0IR$) BY O%$RO0S #I#L$ )0RI%! #H$ *ARRIA!$ A# $=P$%S$ OF CO**O% F0%) 1AR#& ''; 1'33 #he test is the ori?in o> the money in"ested in the purchaseB i> it came >rom conju?al >unds@ the property acDuired is conju?al& ,& PROP$R#I$S AC/0IR$) #HRO0!H #H$ LABOR@ I%)0S#RY@ -OR(@ PROF$SSIO% OF $I#H$R OR BO#H SPO0S$S 1AR#& ''; 1,33 Include all income >rom CorO@ labor or industry@ o> either or both spouses@ Chether in the >orm o> Ca?es@ salaries@ honoraria@ practice o> a pro>ession@ income >rom business e"en i> the capital comes >rom the eAclusi"e property o> one o> the spouses@ commissions@ bonuses@ etc& 4& FR0I#S FRO* CO**O% PROP$R#Y@ A%) %$# FR0I#S OF $=CL0SI5$ PROP$R#Y OF $ACH SPO0S$
42
1AR#& ''; 1433 All Oinds o> >ruits >rom conju?al properties as Cell as the eAclusi"e properties o> the spouses@ Chether natural@ industrial@ or ci"il@ liOe youn? o> animals@ produce o> land@ earnin?s >rom business@ etc& But only net income or >ruits o> eAclusi"e property o> the spouses become conju?al& #he eApenses >or production@ administration@ and preser"ation should be taOen >rom the ?ross >ruits@ and the oCner<spouse is entitled to retain the ?ross income until these eApenses are paid I> >ruits Cere pendin? on separate@ property o> a spouse at&the time o> the marria?e@ the har"est collected durin? the marria?es is conju?al@ and the conju?al partnership is not bound to pay the eApenses@ o> culti"ation to the spouse Cho oCns the property >rom Chich the >ruits Cere har"ested@ because the ri?ht o> the conju?al partnership is a real ri?ht o> usu>ruct and there>ore@ the laC on usu>ruct should apply 6& SHAR$ OF $I#H$R SPO0S$ I% HI))$% #R$AS0R$@ -H$#H$R AS FI%)$R OR O-%$R OF PROP$R#Y -H$R$ #R$AS0R$ IS FO0%) 1AR#& '';1633 Hidden treasure >ound by <the& spouses on the property o> either o> them is conju?al& I> the oCner o> the property Chere the treasure is >ound is one o> the spouses and the treasure is >ound by a stran?er@ the one<hal> share o> the oCner o> the property ?oes to@ the conju?al partnership& I> the property Chere the treasure is >ound belon?s to <a stran?er and the treasure is >ound by one o> the spouses@ the one<hal> share o> the >inder is conju?al& 7& PROP$R#I$S AC/0IR$) #HRO0!H OCC0PA#IO% S0CH AS FISHI%! OR H0%#I%! 1AR#& ''; 1733 #hese include Cild animals cau?ht by the husband in the >orest Chile huntin?@ and all Oinds o> marine li>e cau?ht Chile >ishin?& #he theory is that animals in the >orest and >ishes in the ocean are res nullius and do not belon? to anyone@ and i> one o> the spouses catches any o> them@ the bene>it is not his alone but >or the conju?al partnership& 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA'7 o> 49 2& LI5$S#OC( $=IS#I%! A# )ISSOL0#IO% OF
4;
PAR#%$RSHIP I% $=C$SS OF -HA# IS BRO0!H# BY $I#H$R SPO0S$ #O #H$ *ARRIA!$ 1AR#& ''; 1233 -hile Art& '79 o> the Ci"il Code classi>ies as conju?al all animals eAistin? at the dissolution o> the partnership XeAceedin?X that brou?ht to the marria?e by each spouse@ this particular pro"ision o> the Family Code considers@ as conju?al all Xli"estocO eAistin? at the dissolution o> the partnership in eAcess o> each Oind brou?ht to the marria?e by either spouse&X ;& PROP$R#I$S AC/0IR$) BY CHA%C$@ S0CH AS -I%%I%!S FRO* !A*BLI%! OR B$##I%! 1AR#& ''; 1;33 I> a Cinnin? lottery or sCeepstaOes ticOet is bou?ht by a spouse Cith his or her oCn money or the ticOet Cas ?i"en ?ratuitously by a >riend@ the priNe Cill be separate property o> the spouse Cho oCns the ticOet& I>@ hoCe"er@ the ticOet is purchased Cith conju?al >unds@ the priNe Cill be conju?al& Presumption A lottery or sCeepstaOes ticOet acDuired durin? the marria?e Cas bou?ht Cith conju?al >unds@ and the priNe is there>ore@ conju?al& SP$CIAL CAS$S %O# I%CL0)$) I% AR#& ''; Land obtained by either spouse or by both throu?h a loan is conju?al@ and so is the loan@ and the spouses Cill be solidarily liable >or said loan Cith their separate properties i> later@ the community property is not enou?h to pay >or the same& T -here propertyJ belon?in? to one spouse is con"erted into another Oind totally di>>erent in nature >rom its ori?inal >orm 1e&?&B Chen@ a nipa JsCamp is con"erted into a >ishpond3@ durin? the marria?e the con"erted property is conju?al in the absence o> proo> that the eApenses o> con"ersion Cere eAclusi"ely >or the account o> the ori?inal oCner<spouse& But said oCner<spouse is entitled to reimbursement o> the "alue o> the ori?inal property >rom the conju?al partnership *oney recei"ed under the Social Security Act is not conju?al@ althou?h<the employeespouse contributes to the SSS Cith his salaries@ but belon?s to the desi?nated bene>iciary under the Social Security LaC Intellectual property@ liOe copyri?ht or patent@ should@ accordin? to #olentino@ citin?
48
Planiol and Ripert@ be considered separate property o> the spouse Cho produces or in"ents or disco"ers it@ this property bein? o> a special type@ almost a part o> oneJs person or taOen >rom his personality and the physical or eAternal mani>estation o> his intellect or ?enius@ that it is not simply a product o> oneJs CorO or industry but should be considered as pertainin? eAclusi"ely to its creator Business property liOe trade<marOs@ trade names@ ser"ice marOs@ business ?oodCill@ and similar Oinds o> property are@ hoCe"er@ merely accessories to some commercial establishment or product@ so that i> such establishment or product is separate property o> one spouse@ then the business property is separate property@ the same bein? an accessory that >olloCs the principalB but all bene>its or earnin?s deri"ed >rom these di>>erent Oinds o> property durin? the marria?e should belon? to the conju?al property 1#olentino@ id&@ citin? the same authority3& PROP$R#I$S P0RCHAS$) BY I%S#ALL*$%# I> the property Cas bou?ht on installment by a spouse be>ore the marria?e and the contract o> sale is such that oCnership Cas already "ested on the buyer<spouse at the time o> the eAecution o> the contract@ the property is $=CL0SI5$ PROP$R#Y o> said buyer<spouse@ e"en i> installments on the price up to >ull payment came >rom the conju?al >unds& #he amounts paid by the conju?al partnership shall@ hoCe"er@ be reimbursed to it by the oCner<spouse at the time o> the liDuidation o> the partnership& I>@ hoCe"er@ the contract o> sale on installment is such that oCnership did not "est on the buyer at the time o> the eAecution o> the sale and oCnership "ested only a>ter the Chole price Cas paid durin? the marria?e and out o> conju?al >unds@ the PROP$R#Y IS CO% 0!AL but the partnership shall reimburse the buyer<spouse the installments paid by him or her be>ore the marria?e& In LorenNo "& %icolas@ it Cas held that property bou?ht on installment by either spouse be>ore the marria?e and Cas >ully paid only a>ter the marria?e but oCnership had "ested on the
49
buyer spouse be>ore the marria?e@ is separate property o> the buyer<spouse@ althou?h the installments paid by the conju?al partnership durin? the marria?e must be reimbursed to it upon liDuidation& CHAR!$S 0PO% CP! 1AR#& ','3 KCF& CHAR!$S #O ACPLI '& #he support o> the spouse@ their common children@ and the le?itimate children o> either spouseB hoCe"er@ the support o> ille?itimate children shall be ?o"erned by the pro"isions o> this Code on SupportB ,& All debts and obli?ations contracted durin? the marria?e by the desi?nated administratorspouse >or the bene>it o> the conju?al partnership o> ?ains@ or by both spouses or by one o> them Cith the consent o> the otherB 4& )ebts and obli?ations contracted by either spouse Cithout the consent o> the other to the eAtent that the >amily may ha"e bene>itedB 6& All taAes@ liens@ char?es@ and eApenses@ includin? major or minor repairs upon the conju?al partnership propertyB 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA'2 o> 49 7& All taAes and eApenses >or mere preser"ation made durin? the marria?e upon the separate property o> either spouseB 2& $Apenses to enable either spouse to commence or complete a pro>essional@ "ocational@ or other acti"ity >or sel><impro"ementB ;& Ante<nuptial debts o> either spouse inso>ar as they ha"e redounded to the bene>it o> the >amilyB 8& #he "alue o> Chat is donated or promised by both spouses in >a"or o> their common le?itimate children >or the eAclusi"e purpose o> commencin? or completin? a pro>essional or "ocational course or other acti"ity >or sel>impro"ementB and 9& $Apenses o> liti?ation betCeen the spouses unless the suit is >ound to ?roundless& I> the conju?al partnership is insu>>icient to co"er the >ore?oin? liabilities@ the spouses shall be solidarily liable >or the unpaid balance Cith their separate properties& A)*I%IS#RA#IO% OF #H$ CP!I Husband and Ci>e are joint administrators o>
6:
the >amily properties and eAercise joint authority o"er the persons and properties o> their children Same pro"isions as those o> Art& 92 1admin& o> the ACP3 -H$% O%$ SPO0S$ IS I%CAPACI#A#$) OR 0%ABL$ #O PAR#ICIPA#$ I% A)*I%IS#RA#IO% #he other spouse may assume sole poCers o> administration in the e"ent that one spouse is incapacitated or otherCise unable to participate in the administration o> the CP!& HoCe"er@ these sole poCers o> administration do not include disposition or encumbrance 1as these are acts o> oCnership or dominion3 #o be able to dispose or encumber properties o> the CP!@ either o> the >olloCin? is necessaryI a& authority o> the courtB or b& Critten consent o> the other spouse& In the absence o> said judicial authority or Critten consent@ the disposition or encumbrance shall be "oid& $% OY*$%# OF #H$ CP!I '& #he enjoyment o> the CP! shall belon? to both spouses jointly& ,& $ither spouse may enjoy or use the properties o> the CP! liOe a beach house or a >amily car as lon? as the use is in accordance Cith the purpose o> the thin? Cithout injurin? it and the other spouse is not pre"ented >rom liOeCise usin? it& )ISPOSI#IO% OR $%C0*BRA%C$ OF #H$ CP!I )ISPOSI#IO% OF PROP$R#Y Alienation o> said property in any >orm@ such as sale@ donation@ or assi?nment& $%C0*BRA%C$ OF PROP$R#Y Includes a real estate mort?a?e o> immo"able property or a chattel mort?a?e or pled?e o> personal property o> the CP!& )isposition or encumbrance o> conju?al property reDuires the consent or appro"al by both spouses& *ere aCareness o> a transaction is %O# consent I> the consent cannot be obtained or unjustly Cithheld@ then the other spouse may brin? the matter to court and secure judicial authority >or said disposition or encumbrance& I> there is no consent o> the other spouse nor judicial authority@ the disposition or encumbrance shall be "oid&
6'
)ISPOSI#IO% BY -ILL Same rule as Art& 9;I $ither spouse may dispose by Cill o> his interest in the ACP& 1but there is no pro"ision speci>ically >or CP!3& )ISSOL0#IO% OF CP! 1AR#& ',83I '& Prepare in"entory@ listin? separately all the properties o> the conju?al partnership and the eAclusi"e properties o> each spouse& ,& Amounts ad"anced by the conju?al partnership in payment o> personal debts and obli?ations o> either spouse shall be credited to the conju?al partnership& 4& $ach spouse shall be reimbursed >or the use o> his or her eAclusi"e >unds in the acDuisition o> property or >or the "alue o> his or her eAclusi"e property@ the oCnership o> Chich has been "ested by laC in the conju?al partnership& 6& #he debts and obli?ations o> the conju?al partnership shall be paid out o> the conju?al assets& In case o> insu>>iciency o> said assets@ the spouses shall be solidarily liable >or the unpaid balance Cith their separate properties@ in accordance Cith the pro"isions o> para?raph , o> Article ','& 7& -hate"er remains o> the eAclusi"e properties o> the spouses shall therea>ter be deli"ered to each o> them& 2& 0nless the oCner had been indemni>ied >rom Chate"er source@ the loss or deterioration o> mo"ables used >or the bene>it o> the >amily@ belon?in? to either spouses@ e"en due to >ortuitous e"ent@ shall be paid to said spouse >rom the conju?al >unds@ i> any& ;& #he net remainder o> the conju?al partnership properties@ or the pro>its@ Chich shall be di"ided eDually betCeen husband and Ci>e@ unless a di>>erent proportion or di"ision Cas a?reed upon in the marria?e settlements or 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA'; o> 49 unless there has been a "oluntary Cai"er or >or>eiture o> such share as pro"ided in this Code& $FF$C#S OF )ISSOL0#IO% -hate"er is acDuired by the sur"i"in? spouse a>ter the termination o> the CP! >orms part o> his or her eAclusi"e property& An obli?ation incurred by a sur"i"in? spouse
6,
a>ter the death o> the other spouse@ can no lon?er be char?ed a?ainst the property o> the CP! Chich has been terminated by such death& ALI$%A#IO% BY S0R5I5ORS I> it becomes necessary to pay outstandin? obli?ations o> the CP! a>ter the death o> one o> the spouses@ a sale may be made o> a portion o> the CP!@ pro"ided the sale is made in the manner and Cith the >ormalities established by the Rules o> Court >or the sale o> property o> deceased persons& Such disposition cannot include the hal> that may be adjudicated to heirs o> the deceased spouse& #his rule applies not only to sale@ but also to mort?a?es& RI!H#S OF #HIR) P$RSO%S )issolution o> the conju?al property must be recorded in the re?istry o> property in order to a>>ect third persons dealin? Cith re?istered property& -hen third persons are in conni"ance Cith the sur"i"in? husband or OnoCin?ly lend their aid@ directly or indirectly to the commission o> >raudulent acts by the husband@ the court Cill see to it that they do not pro>it by their misconduct@ and the >raud to Chich they are parties Cill "itiate and annul all their transactions& #he purchaser in ?ood >aith must be held to taOe a ?ood and "alid title Chich cannot be set aside therea>ter upon proo> that in maOin? the sale@ or in the use made o> the proceeds@ the husband acted in >raud o> the ri?hts o> the heirs& #he heirs must seeO their remedy a?ainst the husband& *$#HO)S OF LI/0I)A#IO% '& by eAtra<judicial partition betCeen the husband and Ci>e or their heirs ,& by an ordinary action >or partition 4& by testate and intestate proceedin?s )& Separation o> Properties )urin? *arria?e -hen there is no stipulation betCeen the parties@ Separation o> Properties taOes place only upon judicial order& 1Art& '463& udicial separation o> properties may be "oluntary or because o> a su>>icient cause& S0FFICI$%# CA0S$S FOR 0)ICIAL S$PARA#IO% OF PROP$R#I$S 1AR#& '473I '& Spouse o> the petitioner has been sentenced to a penalty Chich carries Cith it ci"il interdiction&
64
,& Spouse o> the petitioner has been judicially declared an absentee& 4& Loss o> parental authority o> the spouse o> petitioner has been decreed by the court& 6& Spouse o> the petitioner has abandoned the latter or >ailed to comply Cith his or her obli?ations to the >amily& 7& #he spouse ?ranted the poCer o> administration in the marria?e settlements has abused that poCer& 2& At the time o> the petition@ the spouses ha"e been separated in >act >or at least one year and reconciliation is hi?hly improbable& In the cases pro"ided >or in %umbers 1'3@ 1,3 and 143@ the presentation o> the >inal jud?ment a?ainst the ?uilty or absent spouse shall be enou?h basis >or the ?rant o> the decree o> judicial separation o> property& In cases pro"ided >or in numbers 163@ 173@ and 123@ a preponderance o> e"idence is reDuired to secure a judicial separation o> property& 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA'8 o> 49 AF#$R 0)ICIAL S$PARA#IO% OF PROP$R#Y ACP or CP! Cill be liDuidated@ accordin? to the pro"isions o> the Family Code& 1Art& '4;3 R$5I5AL OF PROP$R#Y R$!I*$ I% #H$ FF& I%S#A%C$S 1AR#& '6'3I '& -hen the ci"il interdiction terminates& ,& -hen the absentee spouse reappears& 4& -hen the court@ bein? satis>ied that the spouse ?ranted the poCer o> administration in the marria?e settlements Cill not a?ain abuse that poCer@ authoriNes the resumption o> said administration& 6& -hen the spouse Cho has le>t the conju?al home Cithout a decree o> le?al separation resumes common li>e Cith the otherB 7& -hen parental authority is judicially restored to the spouse pre"iously depri"ed thereo>B 2& -hen the spouses Cho ha"e separated in >act >or at least one year@ reconcile and resume common li>e& ;& -hen a>ter "oluntary dissolution o> the absolute community o> property or conju?al partnership has been judicially decreed upon the joint petition o> the spouses@ they a?ree to the
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re"i"al o> the >ormer property re?ime& %o "oluntary separation o> property may therea>ter be ?ranted& #RA%SF$R OF A)*I%IS#RA#IO% #O #H$ O#H$R SPO0S$ -H$% 1AR#& '6,3I '& -hen one spouse becomes the ?uardian o> the other& ,& -hen one spouse is judicially declared an absentee& 4& -hen one spouse is sentenced to a penalty Chich carries Cith it ci"il interdiction& 6& -hen one spouse becomes a >u?iti"e >rom justice or is in hidin? as an accused in a criminal case& I> the other spouse is not Duali>ied by reason o> incompetence@ con>lict o> interest@ or any other just cause@ the court shall appoint a suitable person to be the administrator& $& Re?ime o> Separation o> Property !O5$R%$) BYI *arria?e settlementsB pro"isions o> the Code are only suppletory& 1Art& '643 (I%)S OF S$PARA#IO% 1AR#& '663I '& Present Property@ Future Property@ Both ,& #otal separation@ Partial separation 1remainin? property is considered part o> the absolute community3 A)*I%IS#RA#IO%I $ach spouse shall oCn@ dispose@ possess@ administer@ and enjoy hisEher oCn estate@ Cithout need >or consent o> the other& 1Art& '673 FA*ILY $=P$%S$SI $ach spouse shall contribute to the >amily eApenses@ in proportion to their income& In case o> insu>>iciency@ the marOet "alue o> their separate properties& 1Art& '623 Liability o> spouses to the creditors o> the >amily shall be SOLI)ARY& 1Art& '62@ par& ,3 F& 0nions -ithout *arria?e 0%IO%S !O5$R%$) BY AR#ICL$ '6;I '& -hen a man and a Coman capacitated to marry each other li"e eAclusi"ely Cith each other as husband and Ci>e Cithout the bene>it o> marria?e ,& A man and a Coman li"in? to?ether under a "oid marria?e 1inapplicable to bi?amous marria?e3 R$/0ISI#$S '& #he man and the Coman must ha"e capacity to marry each other&
67
,& #he man and the Coman cohabit& 4& #he cohabitation is eAclusi"e& 6& #he man and the Coman are not married to each other or are married to each other but the marria?e is "oid& CO<O-%$RSHIP I% '& -a?es and salaries earned by either spouse durin? the cohabitation& ,& Properties acDuired by them throu?h their joint CorO or industry durin? the cohabitation& Presumption R properties acDuired durin? the cohabitation are presumed to ha"e been acDuired throu?h their joint e>>orts@ CorO or industry CP! Absolute Community -hat ?ets di"ided betCeen the spouses. Only the net pro>its $ntire common mass o> property Chich remains a>ter the payments o> the debts and obli?ations o> the absolute community -hy. Spouses retain their separate properties Chich do not become part o> the conju?al properties All the separate properties o> the spouses be>ore the marria?e become part o> the community property& < each spouse loses oCnership o> Chate"er properties heEshe brou?ht to the marria?e& 5& Property Relations BetCeen Spouses Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA-
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'9 o> 49 Party Cho did not participate in the acDuisition by the other party o> any property shall be deemed to ha"e contributed jointly in the acDuisition thereo> i> the >or?erMs e>>orts consisted in the care and maintenance o> the >amily and o> the household I> the partner did not acDuire the property directly@ that partnerJs e>>orts must consist o> the care and maintenance o> the >amily and o> the household in order >or such party to oCn 'E, o> the acDuired property& In *aAey "s& CA@ the Supreme Court said that the co<oCnership arises e"en i> the commonlaC Ci>e does not CorO is not ?ain>ully employed& #he common<laC Ci>e is still a co<oCner since she ran the household and held the >amily purse e"en i> she did not contribute thereto R0L$S Parties cannot encumber or dispose by acts inter "i"os their share in the property acDuired durin? their cohabitation until termination In case o> "oid marria?e R i> only one party is in ?ood >aith@ the share o> the spouse Cho is in bad >aith shall be >or>eited '& In >a"or o> their common children ,& In case o> de>ault o> or Cai"er by any or all o> the common children or their descendants each "acant share shall belon? to the respecti"e sur"i"in? descendants 4& In the absence o> such descendants@ such share belon?s to the innocent party 0%IO%S !O5$R%$) BY AR#ICL$ '68 People incapacitated to marry each other '& Bi?amous marria?es ,& Adulterous relationships 4& Relationships in a state o> concubina?e 6& Relationships Chere both man and Coman are married to other persons 7& *ultiple alliances o> the same married man R0L$S Only properties acDuired by the parties throu?h their actual joint contribution o> money@ property or industry shall be oCned in common in proportion to their respecti"e contributions& Presumption Contributions and share o> the parties to the properties acDuired durin? the cohabitation are eDual& I> one party is "alidly married to anotherI
6;
'& HisEher share in the co<oCned properties Cill accrue to the ACPECP! o> hisEher eAistin? "alid marria?e ,& I> the party Cho acted in bad >aith is not "alidly married to another@ hisEher share shall be >or>eited in the same manner as that pro"ided in Art '6; #he same rules on >or>eiture shall apply i> both parties are in bad >aith& 5I& #he Family Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,: o> 49 5I& #H$ FA*ILY FA*ILY R$LA#IO%S I%CL0)$ #HOS$I '& BetCeen husband and Ci>eB ,& BetCeen parents and childrenB 4& Amon? brothers and sisters@ Chether o> the >ull or hal><blood& !$%$RAL R0L$I For a suit betCeen members o> the same >amily shall prosper@ the >olloCin? are reDuiredI '& $arnest e>>orts toCards a compromise ha"e been made ,& Such e>>orts ha"e >ailed 4& Such earnest e>>orts and the >act o> >ailure must be alle?ed -ithout these 4@ the case Cill be dismissed& $=C$P#IO%I Cases Chich cannot be compromised& 1Article ,:473I '& ci"il status o> persons@ ,& "alidity o> marria?e or a le?al separation@ 4& any ?round >or le?al separation@ 6& >uture support@ 7& jurisdiction o> courts@ 2& >uture le?itime #he Family Home )$FI%I#IO% )Cellin? place o> a person and his >amily A real ri?ht@ Chich is ?ratuitous@ inalienable@ and >ree >rom attachment@ constituted o"er the dCellin? place and the land on Chich it is situated@ Chich con>ers upon a particular >amily the ri?ht to enjoy such properties@ Chich must remain Cith the person constitutin? it and its heirs #he house and lot must be oCned by the person Cho constitutes it as it ins in the nature o> the >amily home to be permanent #o constitute the >amily home@ there must be
68
actual occupancy Cith the intention o> dedicatin? the premises >or such purpose Cannot be constituted upon premises permanently used >or business purposes $Aempted >rom eAecution@ >orced sale@ and attachment LI*I#A#IO%SI '& $ach >amily can ha"e only one >amily home& %o other >amily home can be established Cithout >irst dissol"in? the eAistin? one& ,& #he >amily home can be constituted only on the dCellin? place and there>ore in the locality Chere the >amily has its domicile& 4& #he "alue o> the >amily home must not eAceed the limit >iAed by laC H$A) OF #H$ FA*ILYI $"ery person Cho is residin? in the dCellin? house Cith him or her@ and under his or her care and maintenance@ any o> the >olloCin?I '& His or her minor child@ ?randchild or child o> his or her deceased Ci>e or husbandB ,& A minor brother or sister or a minor child o> a deceased brother or sisterB 4& #he >ather@ mother@ ?rand>ather@ ?randmother o> a deceased husband or Ci>e 6& An unmarried sister or any other o> the relati"es mentioned Cho has attained the a?e o> majority but is unable to taOe care or support himsel>& B$%$FICIARI$S OF #H$ FA*ILY HO*$ 1AR#& '763I '& #he husband and Ci>e@ or an unmarried person Cho is the head o> the >amily& ,& #heir parents@ ascendants@ descendants@ brothers and sisters@ le?itimate or ille?itimate@ Cho are li"in? in the >amily home and Cho depend upon the head o> the >amily >or le?al support& R$/0ISI#$S #O B$ A B$%$FICIARY '& #he relationship is Cithin those enumerated ,& #hey li"e in the >amily home 4& #hey are dependent >or le?al support on the head o> the >amily $=C$P#IO%S I% #H$ $=$*P#IO% OF #H$ FA*ILY HO*$ FRO* $=$C0#IO% 1AR#& '723I '& %onpayment o> taAes& ,& )ebts incurred prior to the constitution o> the >amily home& 4& )ebts secured by mort?a?es on the premises be>ore or a>ter such constitution& 6& )ebts due to laborers@ mechanics@ architects@
69
builders@ materialmen and others Cho ha"e rendered ser"ice or >urnished material >or the construction o> the buildin?& O#H$R R0L$S #he >amily home must be part o> the properties o> the ACP or CP!@ or o> the eAclusi"e properties o> either spouse& 1Art& '723 Property that is the subject o> a conditional sale on installments Chere oCnership is re"ersed by the "endor only to ?uarantee payment o> the purchase price may be constituted as a >amily home 1Art& '72 1,33& 5alueI shall not eAceed P4::@::: >or urban areas@ P,::@::: >or rural areas@ at the time o> the constitution 1Art& '7;3 T 0rban AreasI chartered cities and municipalities Chose annual income at 5I& #he Family Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,' o> 49 least eDuals that le?ally reDuired >or chartered cities& T Rural AreasI all other municipalities& S$LLI%! #H$ FA*ILY HO*$ 1AR#& '783 Family home may be sold@ alienated@ donated@ assi?ned@ or encumbered by the oCners& R$/0IR$*$%#S '& the Critten consent o> the person constitutin? it@ ,& hisEher spouse@ and 4& majority o> the bene>iciaries o> le?al a?e& 6& I> there is a con>lict@ the Court Cill decide& I% CAS$ OF )$A#H 1AR#& '793I Family home shall continue despite the death o> one or both spouses or o> the unmarried head o> the >amily >or a period o> ten years@ or as lon? as there is a minor bene>iciary& #he heirs cannot partition the home unless the court >inds compellin? reasons there>or& R$/0ISI#$S FOR CR$)I#OR #O A5AIL OF #H$ RI!H# 0%)$R AR#ICL$ '2:I '& He must be a jud?ment creditorB ,& His claim is not amon? those eAcepted under Article'77@ and 4& He has reasonable ?rounds to belie"e that the >amily home is Corth more than the maAimum amount >iAed in Article '7; PROC$)0R$ #O A5AIL OF RI!H# 0%)$R
7:
AR#ICL$ '2:I '& #he creditor must >ile a motion in the court proceedin? Chere he obtained a >a"orable >or a Crit o> eAecution a?ainst the >amily home& ,& #here Cill be a hearin? on the motion Chere the creditor must pro"e that the actual "alue o> the >amily home eAceeds the maAimum amount >iAed by the FC either at the time o> its constitution or as a result o> impro"ements introduced therea>ter its constitution& 4& I> the creditor pro"es that the actual "alue eAceeds the maAimum amount the court Cill order its sale in eAecution& 6& I> the >amily home is sold >or more than the "alue alloCed@ the proceeds shall be applied as >olloCsI a& First@ the obli?ation enumerated in Article '77 must be paid b& #hen the jud?ment in >a"or o> the creditor Cill be paid@ plus all the costs o> eAecution c& #he eAcess@ i> any@ shall be deli"ered 5II& PA#$R%I#Y A%) FILIA#IO% A& )e>inition PA#$R%I#Y #he relationship or status o> a person Cith respect to his or her child 1paternity includes maternity3& FILIA#IO% #he status o> a person Cith respect to his or her parents& #YP$S OF FILIA#IO% '& %atural a& Le?itimate 1Art& '263 b& Ille?itimate 1Arts&'27@ ';7@ ';23 c& Le?itimated 1Arts& '2;<';,3 ,& By Adoption 1R&A& %o& 877, 1G)omestic Adoption ActH3 and R&A& %o& 8:64 1GIntercountry Adoption ActH33 4 #YP$S OF L$!I#I*A#$ CHIL)R$% '& Le?itimate proper ,& Le?itimated 4& Adopted , #YP$S OF ILL$!I#I*A#$ CHIL)R$% '& Children o> parents disDuali>ied to marry each other at conception and marria?e& ,& Children o> parents Duali>ied to marry each other Only this Oind can be le?itimated by subseDuent marria?e& B& Le?itimate Children
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)$FI%I#IO% concei"ed OR born )0RI%! marria?e concei"ed durin?@ born a>ter concei"ed be>ore@ born durin? concei"ed A%) born durin? Any child born concei"ed or born durin? marria?e o> parents 1Art& '2:3 AR#IFICIAL I%S$*I%A#IO% Impre?nation o> a >emale Cith the semen >rom a male Cithout seAual intercourse It may beI '& o> the husband 1AIH Rhomolo?ous arti>icial insemination3 < L$!I#I*A#$ ,& o> a donor 1AI) Rheterolo?ous arti>icial insemination3 R L$!I#I*A#$ IF R0L$S AR$ FOLLO-$) 4& combination o> the husbandMs and a donorMs 1AIC Rcon>used or combined arti>icial insemination3 #OL$%#I%OI I> the consent is not Critten@ >a"or o> le?itimacyB Critten consent not essential@ other 5II& Paternity and Filiation Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,, o> 49 e"idence is O( 1analo?ous to marria?e certi>icates3 FOR CHIL) BOR% #HRO0!H AI) #O B$ L$!I#I*A#$ 1AR#& '2:3I '& Both must authoriNeErati>y ,& in a Critten instrument 4& si?ned be>ore birth o> child 6& Re?istered in ci"il re?istry to?ether Cith certi>icate& I% 5I#RO F$R#ILI+A#IO% An o"um o> another Coman is used& %O# co"ered by the Family Code& PROF& A!0ILI%!<PA%!ALA%!A%I AI pro"ides a remedy >or impotent men& #here is no remedy >or Comen as surro?acy is >orbidden& C& Impu?nin? Le?itimacy !RO0%)S #O I*P0!% L$!I#I*ACY OF A CHIL)I '& PHYSICAL I*POSSIBILI#Y It Cas impossible >or the husband to ha"e seA Cith his Ci>e Cithin the >irst ',: days 1period o> conception3 o> the 4:: days Chich immediately preceded the birth o> the child because o>I a& Physical incapacity R impotence@ not sterility& #his presumption is so stron? that e"idence must be so con"incin? to justi>y
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the bastardiNation 1there really is this term3 o> the child& In the case o> #arleton "& #hompson@ the ?uyMs penis Cas cut o>> but the court still declared him to be the >ather since e"en i> cut@ it Cas still 4 inches lon? 1lon? enou?h to be able to copulate3& b& Li"in? Separately R *ere remoteness is not su>>icient& c& Serious Illness R Illness must be serious to absolutely pre"ent him >rom ha"in? seA& -HY. Because i> it is impossible >or the husband to ha"e seA Cith his Ci>e durin? the said period o> ',: days@ the child could not be his le?itimate child& ,& Biolo?ical or other scienti>ic ?rounds a& Blood ?roupin? tests R can determine nonpaternity but not paternity 1eA& A<B<O test3& b& Human LeuOocyte Anti?en #est 1HLA3 R can pro"e identity betCeen child and >ather Cith a probability eAceedin? 98F& c& )%A test d& 5asectomy S$*PIO<)IYI A double "asectomy@ to?ether Cith other pieces o> e"idence@ can shoC the impossibility o> the alle?ed >ather sirin? his supposed child& S#A& *ARIAI #he >act that the husband has under?one "asectomy is not enou?h proo> to rebut the presumption o> le?itimacy 1Cocharan "& Cocharan3& 4& Consent in arti>icial insemination is de>ecti"ely secured #he only person Cho can impu?n the le?itimacy o> the child on this ?round is only the husband& -i>e is barred because o> Articles '2;@ ';:@ and ';'& R0L$ 0%)$R #H$ CI5IL CO)$ 1I*P0!%I%! L$!I#I*ACY OF A CHIL)3 #here is only one Oind o> proo> 1same ',:<4:: day rule3 It does not taOe into account the modern ad"ances in science and technolo?y& #H$ CHIL) IS CO%SI)$R$) L$!I#I*A#$ AL#HO0!HI #he mother may ha"e declared a?ainst its le?itimacyB #he mother may ha"e been sentenced as an adulteress 1Art& '2;3 R$ASO%S FOR R0L$ '& #he mother@ in a >it o> an?er or to arouse
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jealousy on the part o> the husband@ mi?ht ha"e declared a?ainst the childMs le?itimacy@ e"en i> such declaration is untrue& ,& $"en the Ci>e@ Cho has had carnal OnoCled?e Cith her husband and Cith her paramour@ Could not be able to tell Cith certainty Cho is the real >ather o> her child& 4& #he husband@ Chose honor is o>>ended@ mi?ht ha"e been able to obtain >rom his Ci>e throu?h coercion a con>ession o> her ?uilt o> adultery@ but this does not mean that the child be?otten by her is not that o> her husband& #OL$%#I%OI #his pro"ision applies to the child o> a Ci>e Cho Cas raped& I% CAS$ OF #-O *ARRIA!$S OF *O#H$R 1AR#& '283I For the child to be considered the child o> the 'st husband@ the >olloCin? reDuisites must concurI '& #he mother must ha"e married a?ain Cithin 4:: days >rom the termination o> her >irst marria?e ,& #he child Cas born Cithin the same 4:: days a>ter the termination o> the >ormer marria?e o> its mother 4& #he child Cas born be>ore '8: days a>ter the solemniNation o> its motherJs ,nd marria?e For the child to be considered the child o> the ,nd husband@ the >olloCin? reDuisites must concurI #ermination o> 'st marria?e Celebration o> ,nd marria?e '8: days a>ter celebration o> ,nd marria?e 4:: days a>ter termination o> 'st marria?e Child o> the 'st marria?e Child o> the ,nd marria?e 5II& Paternity and Filiation Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,4 o> 49 '& #he mother must ha"e married a?ain Cithin 4:: days >rom the termination o> the marria?e ,& #he child Cas born Cithin the same 4::
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days a>ter the termination o> its motherJs >irst marria?e 4& #he child Cas born a>ter '8: days >olloCin? the solemniNation o> its motherJs second marria?e #he >irst marria?e must be terminated either by death or annulment& #here is no presumpti"e rule on the status o> a child born a>ter 4:: days >olloCin? the termination o> the marria?e& 1Art& '293 ReasonI 4:: days is the lon?est period o> ?estation& -HO CA% I*P0!% #H$ L$!I#I*ACY OF A CHIL). Only the H0SBA%)& His heirs can only impu?n the le?itimacy o> a child born to his Ci>e ChenI '& #he husband died be>ore the eApiration o> the period >iAed >or brin?in? his actionB ,& He died a>ter the >ilin? o> the complaint Cithout ha"in? desisted there>romB or 4& #he child Cas born a>ter the death o> the husband 1Art& ';'3 R$ASO% #o alloC other people@ especially those not belon?in? to the >amily Chere the child Cas born@ to brin? an action to impu?n the le?itimacy o> such child@ Could be to in"ite other actions@ Cith or Cithout basis@ by those Chose only purpose is to breaO up a >amily to satis>y a jealous or re"en?e>ul >eelin?& In Sayson " CA@ the Court held that the le?itimacy o> a child cannot be attacOed collaterally or by Cay o> de>ense to any action or proceedin? >iled >or a di>>erent purpose& #he status o> a child can be Duestioned only in a direct action or proceedin? >iled under this Article -H$% #O I*P0!% #H$ L$!I#I*ACY OF A CHIL) 1AR#& ';:3I '& -ithin ' year R >rom OnoCled?e o> the birth or its recordin? in the ci"il re?ister@ i> the impu?ner resides in the city or municipality Chere the birth tooO place or Cas recordedB ,& -ithin , years R >rom OnoCled?e o> the birth or its recordin? in the ci"il re?ister@ i> the impu?ner resides in the Philippines other than in the city or municipality Chere the birth tooO place or Cas recordedB 4& -ithin 4 years R >rom OnoCled?e o> the birth or its recordin? in the ci"il re?ister@ i> the impu?ner resides abroad@
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I> the birth o> the child has been concealed or Cas unOnoCn to the husband or his heirs@ the abo"e periods shall be countedI '& From the disco"ery or OnoCled?e o> the birth o> the child ,& From the disco"ery or OnoCled?e o> the >act o> re?istration o> the birth@ Chiche"er is earlier& Article ';: is not applicable i> the action is not to impu?n the le?itimacy o> a child but to ha"e the child declared not a child o> the alle?ed mother and not her le?al heir& PROOFS OF FILIA#IO% 1AR#& ';,3I '& #he record o> birth appearin? in the ci"il re?ister or a >inal jud?ment& ,& An admission o> le?itimate >iliation in a public document or a pri"ate handCritten instrument and si?ned by the parent concerned& Or@ in their AbsenceI '& #he open and continuous possession o> the status o> a le?itimate childB or ,& Any other means alloCed by the Rules o> Court and special laCs& A child can claim le?itimacy anytime in his li>e& In case o> insanity or Chen the child dies as a minor@ the ri?ht shall be transmitted to the heirs& In this case they ha"e >i"e years to institute action& 1Art& ';43 RI!H#S OF L$!I#I*A#$ CHIL)R$% 1AR#& ';63I '& #o bear the surnames o> the >ather and the mother@ in con>ormity Cith the pro"isions o> the Ci"il Code on SurnamesB ,& #o recei"e support >rom their parents@ their ascendants@ and in proper cases@ their brothers and sisters@ in con>ormity Cith the pro"isions o> this Code on SupportB and 4& #o be entitled to the le?itimate and other successional ri?hts ?ranted to them by the Ci"il Code& )& Ille?itimate Children Children born outside o> a "alid marria?e are ille?itimate& 1Art& '273 PROOF OF FILIA#IO% #he same as le?itimate children 1Art& ';73 RI!H#S OF ILL$!I#I*A#$ CHIL)R$% 1AR#& ';23 '& #o bear the surname o> their mother and FA#H$R1the ri?ht to use the >atherMs surname is ?ranted to them throu?h RA 9,77@ thereby amendin? Art& ';23
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ReDuirement to use >atherMs Surname T AcOnoCled?ement >rom >ather throu?hI V #he birth certi>icateB V A public documentB or V A pri"ate handCritten instrumentB ,& #o recei"e support >rom their parents@ ascendants@ and in proper cases@ their brothers and sistersB and 4& #o the le?itime and other successional ri?hts ?ranted by laC to le?itimate children& 5II& Paternity and Filiation Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,6 o> 49 #he decision in *osses?eld " CA@ decided in '998@ Chere the Court ruled that the child should be re?istered in the ci"il re?istry under the surname o> the mother@ re?ardless o> the acOnoCled?ement o> the >ather@ cannot noC be >olloCed because o> the ri?ht ?ranted to ille?itimate children by RA 9,77& $& Le?itimated Children L$!I#I*A#IO%I Remedy by means o> Chich those Cho in >act Cere not born in laC>ul CedlocO and should there>ore be considered ille?itimate children are BY FIC#IO% considered le?itimate children@ it bein? supposed that they Cere born Chen their parents Cere "alidly married& It is an act by Chich the Duality o> a le?itimate child is con>erred upon an ille?itimate child& A product o> %A#0R$ A%) LA-& Le?itimation taOes place by a subseDuent "alid marria?e betCeen the parents& Annulment in the >uture does not a>>ect le?itimacy&1Art& ';83 CO*PAR$) #O A)OP#IO% Adoption LaC merely creates by >iction a relation Chich did not in >act eAist& Le?itimation LaC merely maOes le?al Chat eAists by nature& -HO CA% B$ L$!I#I*A#$) 1AR#& ';;3I '& Child Cho is concei"ed and born outside o> CedlocOB and ,& At the time o> conception@ the parents Cere not disDuali>ied by any impediment to marry each other& i&e& children those Cho are not disDuali>ied by any impediment to marry each other
7;
CHIL)R$% OF FOLLO-I%! CA%%O# B$ L$!I#I*A#$) 1B$CA0S$ OF I*P$)I*$%#3 '& Adulterous relationships ,& Incestuous relationships 4& Bi?amous relationships 6& 5oid marria?es by reasons o> public policy under Art& 48 R0L$SI '& RI!H#SI Le?itimated children shall enjoy the same ri?hts as le?itimate children 1Art& ';93 ,& R$#ROAC#I5I#YI #he e>>ects o> le?itimation shall retroact >rom the time o> the childMs birth& 1Art& '8:3 4& )$A#H OF CHIL)I -hen the child dies be>ore the celebration o> the marria?e@ their le?itimation shall bene>it their descendants& 1Art& '8'3 6& I*P0!%I%!I Only those Cho are prejudiced by their ri?hts@ Cithin >i"e years >rom the time o> the cause o> action accrues& 1Art& '8,3 5III& Adoption Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,7 o> 49 5III& A)OP#IO% SPro"isions o> the Family Code ha"e been amended by RA 8:69 1Inter<Country Adoption Act: and RA 877,1)omestic Adoption Act3 A& )e>inition A juridical act Chich creates betCeen tCo persons a relationship similar to that Chich results >rom le?itimate paternity and >iliation& A)OP#IO% 5S& L$!I#I*A#IO%I SI*ILARI#I$S Both are ?i"en status o> a child born in laC>ul CedlocO o> the parents adoptin? or le?itimiNin? it& )IFF$R$%C$S L$!I#I*A#IO% A)OP#IO% Persons a>>ected Only natural children !enerally applies to stran?ers Procedure $Atrajudicial acts o> parents AlCays by judicial decree -ho applies
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Only by both parents By one parent alone $>>ect Same status and ri?hts as a le?itimated child not only in rel& to the le?itimiNin? parents but also to other relati"es Creates a rel& only betCeen the child and the adoptin? parent A)OP#IO% O%LY BY 0)ICIAL )$CR$$I It is a juridical act@ a proceedin? in rem Only an adoption made throu?h the court or in pursuance Cith procedure laid doCn under Rule 99 o> the Rules o> Court is "alid in this jurisdiction& Cannot be ?ranted administrati"ely& A mere a?reement betCeen adopter and parents is neither a "alid adoption@ nor the mere >act that child has li"ed Cith the alle?ed adopter Cho has treated him liOe his oCn child su>>icient to establish a "alid adoption& Fact o> adoption is not presumed but must be a>>irmati"ely pro"ed by the person claimin? its eAistence 1throu?h the juridical decree3& B& -ho may adopt 0nder the Ci"il Code@ persons Cho ha"e already children o> their oCn cannot adopt anymore@ unless they are adoptin? their oCn ille?itimate children in order to ele"ate their status@ the reason bein? that@ the old concept o> adoption considered it mainly >or the bene>it o> persons Cho ha"e not been blessed Cith children or Cho ha"e lost them& %O#$I teAts in bold indicate pro"isions Chich are chan?ed by RA 877,3 5III& Adoption Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,2 o> 49 FA*ILY CO)$ RA 87,, Art& '84 '& person o> a?e 1'83 ,& in possession o> >ully ci"il capacity Y le?al ri?hts 4& in a position to support Y care >or his Oids in Oeepin? CEmeans o> the >amily 6& at least '2yrs older than person to be adopted unless the adopter is the parent by nature or sp o> le?itimate parent o> person to be
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adopted 7& spouses jointlyEmarried person CEconsent o> sp eAceptI a& Chen ' seeOs to adopt his oCn ille?it child b& Chen ' sp seeOs to adopt the le?it child o> other 2& not disDuali>ied under FC '86 Full ci"il ri?hts R must ha"e no curtailment o> ci"il ri?hts so that he could >ully eAercise parental authority R must not be su>>erin? >rom limitations on capacity to act such as minority@ insanity or imbecility@ dea>mutism@ prodi?ality@ and ci"il interdiction& %o prohibition >or relati"es to adopt one another@ eAcept in cases enumerated Permits the adoption o> ille?itimate children by their oCn parents because i> the latter Cant to maOe amends@ they should be encoura?ed& It shall raise the child to a le?itimate status& Art& '86& #he >olloCin? persons may not adoptI 1'3 #he ?uardian Cith respect to the Card prior to the appro"al o> the >inal accounts rendered upon the termination o> their ?uardianship relationB 1,3 Any person Cho has been con"icted o> a crime in"ol"in? moral turpitudeB 143 An alien@ eAceptI 1a3 A >ormer Filipino citiNen Cho seeOs to adopt a relati"e by consan?uinityB S 1b3 One Cho seeOs to adopt the le?itimate child o> his or her Filipino spouseB or S 1c3 One Cho is married to a Filipino citiNen and seeOs to adopt jointly Cith his or her spouse a relati"e by consan?uinity o> the latter&S Aliens not included in the >ore?oin? eAceptions may adopt Filipino children in accordance Cith the rules on inter<country adoptions as may be pro"ided by laC& 1,8a@ $& O& 9' and P) 2:43 Sec& ; a3 Any Filipino citiNenI oo> le?al a?e oin possession o> >ull ci"il capacity Y le?al rts oo> ?ood moral characterS onot been con"icted o> any crime in"ol"in? moral turpitude oemotionally Y psycholo?ically capable o> carin? >or childrenS oin a position to support Y care >or hisEher Oids in Oeepin? CEmeans o> the >amily oat least '2 yrs older than adoptee and Cho is
2:
in a position to support and care >or hisEher children in Oeepin? Cith the means o> the >amily& '2 years di>>erence may be Cai"ed Chen adopter is biolo?ical parent or is the sp o> the adopteeMs parent b3 Any alien possessin? the same Duali>ication as abo"e stated >or Filipino nationals@ pro"ided thatI '& his country has diplomatic relations CE RP ,& li"in? in the Phil >or at least 4yrs prior to >ilin? until decreeMs entered 4& certi>ied by his diplomaticEconsular o>>ice or any appropriate a?ency that he has le? capacity to adopt in his country 6& his ?o"Mt alloCs adoptee to enter his country as his adopted child 7& conditions may be Cai"ed >or >>I a& >ormer Filipino citiNen seeOs to adopt relati"e CEin 6th de?ree o> consan?uinityEa>>inityS b& one Cho seeOs to adopt le?itimate child o> hisEher Filipino spS c3 ?uardian Cith respect to the Card a>ter termination o> ?uardianship Y clearance o> his >inancial accountabilities Husband Y-i>e shall jointly adapt eAcept in the >> casesI a&i> ' sp seeOs to adopt le?it child o> other b&i> ' sp seeOs to adopt his oCn ille?itimate child CEconsent o> other spouses c& spouses are le?ally separatedS In case husband and Ci>e jointly adopt@ or one spouse adopts the ille?itimate sonEdau?hter o> the other@ joint parental authority shall be eAercised by the spouses& #he adopted or adopter may be sin?le or married@ but i> married@ the consent to the adoption o> his or her spouse is needed& A?e di>>erence o> '2 years < to ?i"e assurance that adopter has the su>>icient maturity to >ill the role o> a parent to the adopted child& Also@ to approAimate natural >iliation as much as possible& < 5III& Adoption Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,; o> 49 Aliens R stricter in adoption by aliens compared to P) 2:4 because children adopted by
2'
aliens su>>ered cultural and psycholo?ical shocO and could not adjust to their neC li"es in the >orei?n countries Some pedophiles simply abandoned the children a>ter they had satis>ied their seAual desires on them in their >orei?n homes Alle?ed cases Chere children Cere Oilled >or or?an transplants in the >orei?n countries& By restrictin?@ there is some assurance that adopted children Cill recei"e lo"e@ care and protection Art& '87 H Y - must jointly adopt eAceptI a& Chen ' sp seeOs to adopt his oCn ille?it child b& Chen ' sp seeOs to adopt le?it child o> the other Art& '82 in case sps jointly adopt or ' sp adopts le?it child o> other@ joint parental authority shall be eAercised in accordance CEFC Husband and Ci>e may jointly adopt a child& HoCe"er@ it is not obli?atory& One spouse can adopt alone@ but the consent o> the other is reDuired& I> they adopt jointly@ they shall ha"e joint parental authority o"er the adopted child& ReasonI to pre"ent dissension betCeen spouses& #OL$%#I%OI Le?al separation terminates the common li>e betCeen spouses and the reason >or reDuirin? the consent o> one spouse >or the adoption made by the other no lon?er eAists %o con"iction o> crime in"ol"in? moral turpitude R adopter should be morally Duali>ied to do so& Con"iction is necessary bec& O> the presumption o> innocence& Pardon does not remo"e disDuali>ication& $motionally and psycholo?ically capable and in a position to support >amily in Oeepin? Cith the means R parent assumes all duties and responsibilities o> rearin?@ carin?@ educatin?@ supportin? and moldin? the character o> child >or the de"elopment o> his character and Cell<bein?& A person Cho is rich but too old or too CeeO should not be alloCed& Aliens < LiberaliNed the restrictions on adoption by aliens imposed by the Family Code& < Aliens may noC adopt subject to the conditionsEpro"ided
2,
that Duali>ications are satis>ied& Adoption by H Y < Gone spouse adopts the ille?itimate child o> the otherH < in this case@ only one is the adopter@ althou?h Cith the consent o> the other spouse& < I> spouses are le?ally separated@ no need >or joint adoption and the consent o> the other is not necessary& !uardians < may adopt both under FC and RA 87,, pro"ided that ?uardianship is terminated and he has been cleared o> his >inancial accountabilities& ReasonI to pre"ent ?uardian Cho has misused or misappropriated the >unds or properties o> his Card to resort to adoptin? his Card to a"oid an accountin? o> such >unds or properties and possible criminal action& C& -ho may be adopted FA*ILY CO)$ RA 87,, 5III& Adoption Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA,8 o> 49 Art& '8;& #he >olloCin? may not be adoptedI 1'3 A person o> le?al a?e@ unless he or she is a child by nature o> the adopter or his or her spouse@ or@ prior to the adoption@ said person has been consistently considered and treated by the adopter as his or her oCn child durin? minority& 1,3 An alien Cith Chose ?o"ernment the Republic o> the Philippines has no diplomatic relationsB and 143 A person Cho has already been adopted unless such adoption has been pre"iously re"oOed or rescinded& 14:a@ $& O& 9' and P) 2:43 Plurality o> Adoption R A person cannot ha"e tCo adoptin? >athersEmothers& But the adoption o> a child by a married man Cill not bar a subseDuent adoption o> the same child by the Ci>e o> the adoptin? parent 1jointly adopted3& 0pon the death@ or Chen adoption Cas rescinded or re"oOed@ only then can the child be adopted a?ain by another& Adoption o> an adult is not alloCedI < he is old enou?h to taOe care o> himsel> and does not ha"e to depend on anyone else to do so& I> the reason is to share material ad"anta?es Cith the adopted@ he can do so by simply ?i"in? the latter >inancial assistance and lea"in? him somethin? in his Cill& < #he rationale o> adoption is to ?i"e poor@ orphaned@ abandoned children the ad"anta?es and blessin?s o> ha"in? parents Cho Could lo"e@ support@ protect@ rear and educate them until old enou?h
24
$numerated Cho *AY %O# be adopted instead o> *AY B$ adopted& S$C#IO% 8& -ho *ay Be Adopted& Z #he >olloCin? may be adoptedI a& Any person beloC ei?hteen 1'83 years o> a?e Cho has been administrati"ely or judicially declared a"ailable >or adoptionB b& #he le?itimate sonEdau?hter o> one spouse by the other spouseB c& An ille?itimate sonEdau?hter by a Duali>ied adopter to impro"e hisEher status to that o> le?itimacy d& A person o> le?al a?e i>@ prior to the adoption@ said person has been consistently considered and treated by the adopter1s3 as hisEher oCn child since minorityB e& A child Chose adoption has been pre"iously rescindedB or >& A child Chose biolo?ical or adopti"e parent1s3 has diedI Pro"ided@ #hat no proceedin?s shall be initiated Cithin siA 123 months >rom the time o> death o> said parent1s3&Gadministrati"ely or judicially declared a"ailable >or adoptionH < "oluntarily or in"oluntarily committed to the )epartment or to a duly licensed and accredited child<placin? or child<carin? a?ency@ >reed o> the parental authority o> hisEher biolo?ical parent1s3 or ?uardian or adopter1s3 in case o> rescission o> adoption& < X5oluntarily committed childX is one Chose parent1s3 OnoCin?ly and Cillin?ly relinDuishes parental authority to the )epartment& < XIn"oluntarily committed childX is one Chose parent1s3@ OnoCn or unOnoCn@ has been permanently and judicially depri"ed o> parental authority due to abandonmentB substantial@ continuous@ or repeated ne?lectB abuseB or incompetence to dischar?e parental responsibilities& )& Pre<Adoption PR$<A)OP#IO% R counselin? ser"ices >or the biolo?ical parents o> adoptee@ prospecti"e adopti"e parents@ and prospecti"e adoptee& Section 6 under Art& ''' o> Rules and Re?ulation to implement RA 877,I '& Biolo?ical Parent1s3 a& Biolo?ical Parents shall be counseled re?ardin? their optionsI i& to Oeep the child and a"ail o> ser"ices and assistanceB ii& a"ail o> temporary child care
26
arran?ements such as >oster careB or iii& relinDuish the child >or adoption b& #opics to >ocus onI i& the loss o> parental ri?hts o"er the child and as a rule@ not ha"in? >urther contact Cith the childB ii& the importance o> pro"idin? rele"ant in>ormation on the child@ their oCn medical history and >amily bacO?roundB iii& the possibility that the child may be placed >or adoption Cithin the Philippines or in a >orei?n countryB i"& the possibility that in the >uture@ there may be communication Cith the child at their or the childMs initiati"e& "& the ri?ht to reconsider hisEher decision to relinDuish hisEher child Cithin siA 123 months >rom si?nin? the )eed o> 5oluntary Commitment 1)5C3 subject to assessment by the )epartment& c& Continuin? ser"ices shall be pro"ided a>ter relinDuishment to cope Cith >eelin?s o> loss@ etc& and other ser"ices >or hisEher reinte?ration to the community& d& #he biolo?ical parent1s3 Cho decided to Oeep the child shall be pro"ided Cith adeDuate ser"ices and assistance to >ul>ill parental responsibilities& ,& Prospecti"e Adopti"e Parent1s3 a& Biolo?ical Parents shall be counseled re?ardin? their optionsI i& to disseminate basic in>ormation about adoption includin? the adoption process and procedures and the e>>ects o> adoption& ii& to in>orm them o> the ?eneral bacO?round o> children in need o> adopti"e homes includin? children Cith special needsB iii& to de"elop amon? prospecti"e adopti"e parents a respect >or the childMs biolo?ical ori?in and an aCareness o> the importance o> tellin? the child that heEshe is adopted& i"& #o pro"ide a support ?roup >or adopti"e parents Chich shall ?i"e them a "enue 5III& Adoption Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA-
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,9 o> 49 >or sharin? their adoption eAperiences& b& A certi>icate shall be issued by the )epartment to the prospecti"e adopti"e parents attestin? that they ha"e under?one pre<adoption ser"ices& #he certi>icate shall be made a pre<reDuisite o> the homestudy& 4& Prospecti"e Adoptee a& A prospecti"e adoptee shall be pro"ided Cith counselin? and other support ser"ices appropriate to hisEher a?e and maturity@ and in a manner and lan?ua?e that the child comprehends@ especially to enable himEher to understand Chy heEshe has been relinDuished >or adoption& b& In the case o> a prospecti"e adoptee Chose consent to hisEher oCn adoption is necessary@ the social CorOerEcounselor shall consider the childMs Cishes and opinions@ ensure that hisEher consent is "oluntary and duly in>orm himEher o> the e>>ects o> such consent& $& Adoption Procedure Article 7@ Rules and Re?ulations to implement RA 877,I Steps ' and , >or prospecti"e adopters& Step 4 and 6 >or prospecti"e adoptees '3 Application >or Adoption& Prior to this@ prospecti"e adopters should attend adoption >ora and seminar& Reasonable >ees and char?es are also imposed to adopters& A>ter Chich@ they shall >ile hisEher application >or adoption Cith the )epartment directly or Cith a social ser"ice o>>ice o> a local ?o"ernment unit@ or Cith any licensed accredited child placin? a?ency& Spouses shall >ile their application jointly& ,3 Preparation o> Home Study Report& )epartment representati"es shall conduct home "isits to the applicants to determine Chether they ha"e capacity to adopt or not& #he >olloCin? documentsEcerti>ications are reDuiredI '& Authenticated birth certi>icate ,& *arria?e Contract or )i"orce@ Annulment@ )eclaration o> %ullity@ or Le?al Separation documentsB 4& -ritten consent to the adoption by the le?itimate and adopted sonsEdau?hters@ and ille?itimate sonsEdau?hters i> li"in? Cith the applicant@ Cho are at least ten 1':3 years oldB
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6& Physical and medical e"aluation by a duly licensed physician and psycholo?ical e"aluation by a psycholo?istB 7& %BIEPolice Clearance 2& Latest income taA return or any other documents shoCin? >inancial capability@ e&?& Certi>icate o> $mployment@ BanO Certi>icate or Statement o> Assets and LiabilitiesB ;& #hree 143 character re>erences@ namely >rom the local churchEminister@ the employer@ and a non<relati"e member o> the immediate community Cho ha"e OnoCn the applicant1s3 >or at least three 143 yearsB 8& 4A7 siNed pictures o> the applicant1s3 and hisEher immediate >amily taOen Cithin the last three 143 monthsB 9& Certi>icate o> attendance to pre<adoption >ora or seminars& In addition@ >orei?n nationals shall submit the >olloCin?I ':& Certi>ication that the applicant1s3 ha"e le?al capacity to adopt in hisEher country and that hisEher country has a policy@ or is a si?natory o> an international a?reement@ Chich alloCs a child adopted in the Philippines by its national to enter hisEher country and permanently reside therein as hisEher le?itimate child Chich may be issued by hisEher countryMs diplomatic or consular o>>ice or central authority n intercountry adoption or any ?o"ernment a?ency Chich has jurisdiction o"er child and >amily mattersB or in the absence o> any o> the >ore?oin?@ the Philippine Intercountry Adoption Board may also certi>y that the Philippines and the applicantsM country ha"e an eAistin? a?reement or arran?ement on intercountry adoption Chereby a child Cho has been adopted in the Philippines or has a preadoption placement appro"ed by the Board is alloCed to enter and remain as permanent resident in the applicantMs country as hisEher le?itimate child& ''& Certi>icate o> Residence in the Philippines issued by the Bureau o> Immi?ration or )epartment o> Forei?n A>>airs@ as appropriateB
2;
',& #Co 1,3 character re>erences >rom a nonrelati"es Cho OneC the applicant1s3 in the country o> Chich heEshe is a citiNen or Cas a resident prior to residin? in the Philippines@ eAcept >or those Cho ha"e resided in the Philippines >or more than >i>teen 1'73 yearsB '4& Police Clearance >rom all places o> residence in the past tCo years immediately prior to residin? in the Philippines& In the case o> an applicant Cho is residin? abroad@ but is otherCise Duali>ies to adopt in the Philippines under the pro"isions o> the Act@ the Homestudy report shall be prepared by an accredited >orei?n adoption a?ency& HoCe"er@ a certi>ication >rom the Intercountry Adoption Board shall be reDuired to ensure that said a?ency is accredited& )isappro"al o> Adoption Application& R $Acept Chen >ound by the social CorOer that such application can no lon?er be considered@ there shall be no prejudice to >uture application o> said applicants& 43 Certi>icate O> A"ailability O> Child For Adoption& R %o child shall be placed >or adoption unless a clearance has been obtained >rom the 5III& Adoption Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA4: o> 49 )epartment that said child is a"ailable >or adoption& #he )epartment shall issue the Certi>icate o> A"ailability >or Adoption not later than >i>teen 1'73 days a>ter eApiration o> the siA 123 month period a>ter eAecution o> )eed o> 5oluntary Commitment by the childMs parents or le?al or a>ter receipt o> entry o> jud?ement in case o> in"oluntary commitment& Copy o> the Certi>icate o> A"ailability >or Adoption and Child Study Report shall be sent to the Child -el>are Specialist !roup 1C-S!3 >or purpose o> placement o> the child >or adoption& S FOR BIOLO!ICAL PAR$%#SI In all proceedin?s >or adoption@ a comprehensi"e study report prepared by a licensed social CorOer shall be submitted to the court as proo> that the biolo?ical parent1s3 has been properly counseled and pro"ided other support ser"icesI '& to eAhaust all measures to stren?then >amily
28
ties and Oeep the childB ,& to ensure that their decision to relinDuish their child >or adoption is not caused by stress@ anAiety or pressureB and to ascertain that such decision does not result in improper >inancial ?ain >or those in"ol"ed in it& 63 Supportin? )ocuments O> Child Study Report& R #he child study report shall be prepared only by a licensed and accredited social CorOer o> the )epartment or child carin? a?ency not in"ol"ed in child placement& #he >olloCin? documents shall accompany the child reportI '& Authenticated birth or >oundlin? certi>icate@ Chen appropriateB ,& -ritten Consent to adoption by the biolo?ical parent1s3 or the le?al ?uardian and the Critten consent o> the child i> at least ten 1':3 years old@ si?ned in the presence o> the social CorOer o> the )epartment or child carin? a?ency a>ter proper counselin? as prescribed in Section III o> these RulesB 4& )eath Certi>icate o> biolo?ical parents@ )ecree o> abandonment or )eed o> 5oluntary Commitment@ as appropriateB 6& *edical e"aluation o> the child and hisEher parent1s3@ i> a"ailableB 7& Psycholo?ical $"aluation Chen appropriateB 2& Picture o> the child 73 Submission O> Case Records O> Prospecti"e Adoptees and Prospecti"e Adopti"e Parents& R Case Records o> prospecti"e adoptees and prospecti"e adopti"e parents shall be submitted to the concerned Adoption Resource and Re>erral O>>ice 1ARRO3 Chich Cas established accordin? to Section ,4 o> the Act >or matchin?& 23 *atchin?& R #he matchin? o> the child to an appro"ed adopti"e parent1s3 shall be carried out durin? the re?ular matchin? con>erence by the *atchin? Committee otherCise called the Child -el>are Specialist !roup 1C-S!3 in the re?ional le"el Chere the social CorOers o> the child and >amily are present& I> records o> children and appro"ed adopti"e parentEs are not matched Cithin thirty 14:3 days in the re?ional le"el@ it shall be >orCarded to the )epartmentMs Central O>>ice >or interre?ional matchin? #he matchin? proposal made by the C-S! shall be appro"ed by the )epartment& ;3 Placement& R #he physical trans>er o> a child
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>rom a child carin? a?ency or >oster home to the prospecti"e adopti"e parents Cho shall be responsible >or hisEher care and custody shall be made a>ter the necessary >orm are accomplished and the Pre<Adoption Placement Authority 1PAPA3 has been issued a>ter appro"al o> the Re?ional )irector >or placement Cithin the re?ion or by the )epartment Secretary or hisEher duly authoriNed representati"e in cases o> interre?ional placements& 83 Super"ised #rial Custody& R #he placement o> the child shall taOe e>>ect upon issuance o> the PAPA by the )epartment a>ter Chich the super"ised trial custody shall commence& )urin? the super"ised trial custody@ the social CorOer shall conduct monthly home "isits to monitor adjustment o> the prospecti"e adopter1s3 and child to each other and submit pro?ress report to the )epartment& A copy o> these reports shall be ?i"en to the child carin? a?ency Chere the child came >rom& #he court may upon its oCn motion or on motion o> the petitioner@ reduce or dispense Cith the trial period i> it >inds that it is to the best interest o> the child& In such case@ the court shall state its reasons >or reducin? said period& )isruption o> Pre<Adopti"e Placement& R I> the placementErelationship is >ound unsatis>actory by the child or the adopter1s3@ or both@ or i> the social CorOer >inds that the continued placement o> the child is not in the childMs best interest@ said relationshipEplacement shall be suspended by the )epartment Chich shall recommend to the Adoption Resource and Re>erral O>>ice to consider another possible placement& %eC Placement& R In the e"ent o> the disruption o> the pre<adopti"e placement@ the )epartment shall arran?e Cithout delay a neC placement o> the child@ or@ i> inappropriate@ other alternati"e lon? term care& 93 Consent to Adoption& R I> the adjustment o> the childEadopter1s3 is satis>actory@ the social CorOer shall >orCard to the )epartment the >inal super"isory report Chich shall include the recommendation >or the issuance o> the Critten consent to adoption to be eAecuted by the )epartment& 5III& Adoption Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA4' o> 49
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':3 Filin? O> Petition For Adoption& R the prospecti"e adopti"e parent1s3 shall initiate judicial proceedin? by >ilin? the petition to adopt not later than 4: days >rom date o> receipt o> the )epartmentMs Critten consent to adoption& Issuance o> )ecree o> Adoption and $ntry o> ud?ement& R I>@ a>ter considerin? the recommendation and reports o> the social CorOer and other e"idence@ the Court is satis>ied that the adopter1s3 are Duali>ied to adopt@ then an adoption decree and an $ntry o> ud?ement shall be issued& A copy o> the decree o> adoption shall be >orCarded to the )epartment& #ra"el Authority o> Adopted Child& R %o adoptee shall be issued a tra"el authority unless a decree o> adoption has already became >inal and eAecutory& In this respect@ the amended birth certi>icate shall be presented& I> >or any "alid reason the same cannot be presented@ the >olloCin? is reDuiredI a& copy o> the decree o> adoption and entry o> jud?ement b& a certi>ication >rom the O>>ice o> the Solicitor !eneral that the decision is >inal and eAecutory and that no appeal there >rom has been >iled by the said o>>ice& Recordin? O> #he Court )ecision& R court decision on adoption and the >inality o> decision shall be submitted to the >olloCin? not later that thirty 14:3 days a>ter the court decision has become >inal and eAecutoryI a& Local Ci"il Re?istry O>>ice o> the CityEmunicipality Chere the court issuin? the same is situated b& Re?ister o> Court )ecrees A>ter Chich@ Local Ci"il Re?istry O>>ice shall submit one copy o> the court decision to the Local Ci"il Re?istrar o> the city or municipality Chere the birth o> the adopted child Cas re?istered& #he latter o>>ice shall ha"e the duty to prepare the amended certi>icate o> li"e birth o> the adopted child& #hen@ a copy o> o> the neC birth certi>icate shall be transmitted by the local ci"il re?istrar to the %ational Statistics O>>ice Cithin 4: days >rom re?istration ''3 Post Adoption Ser"ices& R Post Adoption Ser"ices Chich shall include counselin? shall be made a"ailable by the social CorOers o> the )epartment@ social ser"ices unit o> the local ?o"ernment@ child placin? and child carin? a?encies
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to de"elop the adoptee@ adopter and the biolo?ical parents& I=& S0PPOR# S0PPOR# e"erythin? indispensable >or sustenance@ dCellin?@ clothin?@ medical attendance@ education and transportation@ in Oeepin? Cith the >inancial capacity o> the >amily 1Art& '963 (inds o> Support '& Le?al R that Chich is reDuired to be ?i"en by laC ,& udicial R that Chich is reDuired to be ?i"en by court order Chether pendente lite or in a >inal jud?ment 4& 5oluntary or Con"entional R by a?reement An eAample o> con"entional support is as >olloC& = donates land to Y& HoCe"er = imposes a mode R Y has to support =Ms mother& Characteristics o> Support '& Personal ,& Intransmissible 4& %ot subject to Cai"er or compensation Cith re?ard to >uture support Support in arrears can be Cai"ed& 6& $Aempt >rom attachment or eAecution 1Art& ,:73 7& Reciprocal on the part o> those Cho are by laC bound to support each other 1Art& '973 2& 5ariable 1Arts& ,:' and ,:,3 -ho Are Obli?ed #o Support $ach Other 1Art& '973 '& #he spousesB ,& Le?itimate ascendants and descendantsB 4& Parents and their le?itimate children and the le?itimate and ille?itimate children o> the latterB 6& Parents and their ille?itimate children and the le?itimate and ille?itimate children o> the latterB and 7& Le?itimate brothers and sisters@ Chether o> >ull or hal><blood& Order o> Support 1Art& '993 '& Spouses ,& )escendants@ nearest in de?ree 4& Ascendants@ nearest in de?ree 6& Brothers and Sisters R0L$SI -hen tCo or more are obli?ed to ?i"e support@ the payment shall be di"ided betCeen them in proportion to their resources 1Art& ,::3 #he amount o> support shall be in proportion
;,
to the resources or means o> the ?i"er and the necessities o> the recipient 1Art& ,:'3 Support shall be reduced or increased proportionately accordin? to the reduction or increase in the necessities o> the recipient I=& Support Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA4, o> 49 and resources o> the one ?i"in? support 1Art& ,:,3 Obli?ation to ?i"e support is demandable >rom the time the person Cho has a ri?ht to recei"e needs it >or maintenance@ but it shall not be paid eAcept >rom the date o> judicial or eAtrajudicial demand 1Art& ,:43 #he person obli?ed to ?i"e support has the option to either pay the alloCance >iAed or recei"e and maintain in the >amily dCellin? the person Cho has the ri?ht to recei"e support 1Art& ,:63 #he ri?ht to recei"e support and the money or property obtained as support shall not be le"ied upon on attachment or eAecution& 1Art& ,:73 -hen support is ?i"en by a stran?er Cithout OnoCled?e o> the person obli?ed to ?i"e support@ the one Cho paid has the ri?ht to be reimbursed@ unless it appears that he ?a"e it Cithout intention o> bein? reimbursed 1Art& ,:23 -hen person obli?ed to ?i"e support unjustly re>uses or >ails to ?i"e support Chen ur?ently needed@ a third person may >urnish support@ Cith a ri?ht o> reimbursement 1Art& ,:;3 In case o> contractual support or that ?i"en by Cill@ the eAcess in amount beyond that reDuired >or le?al support shall be subject to le"y on attachment or eAecution& 1Art& ,:83 Contractual support shall be subject to adjustment Chene"er modi>ication is necessary due to chan?es in circumstances mani>estly beyond contemplation o> the parties& 1Art& ,:93 =& PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y )e>inition PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y 1Patria Potestas3 Gthe mass o> ri?hts and obli?ations Chich parents ha"e in relation to the person and property o> their children until their
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emancipation@ and e"en a>ter this under certain circumstances&H 1*anresa3 Parental authority under the Family Code includes parental Gresponsibility&H It is the ri?ht and duty o> parents to protect their children@ to care >or the in sicOness and health@ and do Chate"er may be necessary >or their care@ maintenance@ and preser"ation& PurposeI #he physical preser"ation and de"elopment o> children@ as Cell as the culti"ation o> their intellect@ and education o> their heart and senses& PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y I%CL0)$SI '& the carin? >or and rearin? o> children >or ci"ic consciousness and e>>iciencyB ,& the de"elopment o> the moral@ mental and physical character and Cell<bein? o> said children PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y *AY O%LY B$ -AI5$) I% CAS$S OFI '& adoption@ ,& ?uardianship@ 4& commitment o> the child in an entity or institution en?a?ed in child care or in a childrenMs home& Both parents eAercise joint authority o"er their children In case o> disa?reement@ the >atherMs decision shall pre"ail@ unless there is judicial order #OL$%#I%OI Ci>eMs authority is subordinated@ althou?h subsidiary@ to that o> the >ather& -HY FA#H$RMS )$CISIO%. Based on tradition& #OL$%#I%OI I> the child is adopted by only one spouse@ then he is under the parental authority o> such adopter& Ille?itimate children are under the parental authority o> the mother 1Art& ';2@ FC3 -HO $=$RCIS$S A0#HORI#Y I% CAS$S OF )$A#H@ ABS$%C$@ R$*ARRIA!$@ OR S$PARA#IO% OF PAR$%#S. In case one parent is absent or already dead@ the present parent 1Art& ,',3& Remarria?e shall not a>>ect the parental authority o"er the children& In case o> separation o> parents@ the parent desi?nated by the court& 1Art& ,'43 =& Parental Authority Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA44 o> 49
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Innocent spouse ?ets custody o> minor children& 1Art 243 #he court shall taOe into account all rele"ant considerations@ especially the choice o> the child o"er se"en years o> a?e@ unless the parent chosen is un>it& #$%)$R Y$ARS PR$S0*P#IO%I %O child under ; years o> a?e shall be separated >rom the mother@ unless the court >inds compellin? reasons to order otherCise& $Aamples o> compellin? reasons areI -hen the mother is insaneB Cith a communicable disease that mi?ht endan?er the li>e or health o> the childB or is maltreatin? the child& Prostitution or in>idelity to husband does not maOe a mother un>it as parent& #he court may aCard custody to third persons@ i> it is in the best interest o> the child& In case o> death@ absence@ or unsuitability o> both parents@ a sur"i"in? ?randparent shall eAercise substitute parental authority& 1Art& ,'63 I> there are se"eral ?randparents@ the one desi?nated by the court 1pursuant to considerations in Art& ,',@ FC3 shall eAercise substitute parental authority& Only in case o> the parentsM death@ absence@ or unsuitability may substitute parental authority be eAercised by the sur"i"in? ?randparent& Substitute Parental Authority $Aercised By 1In Order3 #he sur"i"in? ?randparent@ as pro"ided in Art& ,'6 Oldest brother or sister@ o"er ,' years old@ unless un>it or unDuali>ied& ChildMs actual custodian@ o"er ,' years old@ unless un>it or unDuali>ied& 1Art& ,'23& In case o> >oundlin?s@ abandoned ne?lected or abused children and other children similarly situated@ parental authority shall be entrusted in summary judicial proceedin?s to heads o> childrenJs homes@ orphana?es and similar institutions duly accredited by the proper ?o"ernment a?ency& 1Art& ,';3 Special Parental Authority $Aercised By 1Art& ,'83 '& School@ its administrators and teachers@ or ,& #he indi"idual@ entity or institution en?a?ed in child care& )IS#I%C#IO% B$#-$$% S0BS#I#0#$
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PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#Y A%) SP$CIAL PAR$%#AL A0#HORI#YI Substitute Parental Authority Special Parental Authority It is eAercised in case o> death@ absence@ or i> unsuitability o> parents& Hence@ it is not eAercised by the parents o> parental authority o"er the minor children& It is eAercised concurrently Cith the parental authority o> the parents and rest on the theory that Chile the child is in the custody o> the person eAercisin? special parental authority@ the parents temporarily relinDuish parental authority o"er the child to the latter Ri?hts and )uties O> Parents RI!H#S OF PAR$%#S 0PO% #H$IR CHIL)R$% 1AR#& ,,:3I '& #o ha"e them in their custody ,& #o represent them in all matters a>>ectin? their interests 4& )emand respect and obedience and impose discipline on them 6& Administer their property and income to support the child and the >amily 7& #o ?i"e or Cithhold consent on marria?e@ prenuptial@ donation propter nuptias@ adoption@ and employment 2& #o disinherit them >or just cause )0#I$S OF PAR$%#S 0PO% #H$IR CHIL)R$% 1AR#& ,,:3I '& support and upbrin?in? in accordance to their means ,& educate@ instruct@ and pro"ide them Cith moral and spiritual ?uidance@ and lo"e and understandin? 4& de>end them a?ainst unlaC>ul a??ression 6& ansCer >or dama?es caused by their >ault or ne?li?ence@ and >or ci"il liability >or crimes committed by them
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7& ?i"e their laC>ul inheritance Ri?hts and )uties o> Children RI!H#S OF CHIL)R$% 1AR#&472 CC3 '& parental care ,& recei"e at least elementary education 4& be ?i"en moral and ci"il trainin? by parents or ?uardian 6& li"e in an atmosphere conduci"e to his physical@ moral@ and intellectual de"elopment 1AR#&4 P)2:43 7& to be born Cell 2& ri?ht to a Cholesome >amily li>e =& Parental Authority Persons and Family Relations 0P LA- BAROPS ,::; O%$ 0P LA46 o> 49 ;& ri?ht to a Cell<rounded de"elopment 8& ri?ht to a balanced diet@ adeDuate clothin?@ shelter@ proper medical attention@ and all basic physical reDuirements o> a healthy li>e 9& raised in an atmosphere o> morality and rectitude ':&education commensurate to his abilities ''&>ull opportunities >or a sa>e and Cholesome recreation ',&protection a?ainst eAploitation and other bad in>luences '4&ri?ht to the care@ assistance and protection o> the State '6&ri?ht to an e>>icient and honest ?o"ernment '7&ri?ht to ?roC up as a >ree indi"idual )0#I$S OF CHIL)R$% 1AR#&47; CC3 '& obey and honor his parents or ?uardian ,& respect old relati"es and persons holdin? substitute parental authority 4& eAert his utmost >or his education and trainin? 6& cooperate Cith the >amily in matters >or his oCn ?ood 1AR#&6 P)2:43 7& stri"e to li"e an upri?ht and "irtuous li>e 2& lo"e@ obey@ respect his parents and cooperate Cith them in stren?thenin? the >amily ;& eAtend his lo"e to his brothers and sisters 8& eAert his utmost to de"elop his potentials 9& respect elders@ our customs and traditions@ the memory o> our heroes@ duly constituted authorities@ the laC@ and principles o> democracy ':&participate acti"ely in ci"ic a>>airs >or his de"elopment
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''&help in obser"ance o> human ri?hts@ stren?then >reedom e"eryChere@ and Corld peace )0#I$S OF CHIL)R$% #O-AR)S #H$IR PAR$%#S 10%)$R FA*ILY CO)$3I '& to alCays obser"e and respect re"erence toCard their parents ,& to obey their parents as lon? as they are under their parental authority& Other responsibilities o> children may be >ound in Art 6& o> P) 2:4 1Child and Youth -el>are Code3 #OL$%#I%OI #he duty to honor the parents does not mean that children are to be depri"ed o> the eAercise o> any ri?ht or pre"ented >rom >ul>illin? any le?al@ moral@ or social obli?ation& $>>ect o> Parental Authority 0pon the Property o> the Child 1Art& ,,73 #he Father and *other shall jointly eAercise le?al ?uardianship o"er the property o> the minor child Cithout court appointment In case o> disa?reement@ the >atherMs decision shall pre"ail@ unless there is judicial order to the contrary I> the marOet "alue o> the property or the annual income o> the child eAceeds P7:@:::@ the parent is reDuired to >urnish a bond o> not less than ':F o> the "alue o> the childMs property or income !rounds >or Suspension o> Parental Authority 1Art& ,4'3 '& Con"iction o> parent >or crime Cithout ci"il interdiction ,& #reats child Cith eAcessi"e harassment and cruelty 4& !i"es corruptin? orders@ counsel or eAample 6& Compels child to be? 7& Subjects or alloCs acts o> lasci"iousness #ermination o> Parental Authority 1Art& ,,83 '& )eath o> parents ,& )eath o> child 4& $mancipation o> child I> the parents eAercisin? parental authority has subjected the child or alloCed him to be subjected to seAual abuse@ he shall be permanently depri"ed o> parental authority& special thanOs toI O>>ice o> the Colle?e Secretary 0P Colle?e o> LaC 0P LaC Center 0P Colle?e o> LaC Library 0P LaC BarOps ,::2
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Re"ieC CommitteeI Subject Committee KSubjectL I In>ormation *ana?ement CommitteeI Armi Bayot KheadL & (eisie *ar>il & Paulyne Re?alado #heresa Roldan & Lem Arenas Chino Baybay & #ristan #res"alles & Al Siason
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Persons and Family Relations BarOps Head I PY Caunan Acads Head I Beth Liceralde Subject Head I as !

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