Communication, Code and Culture Week 3: 23rd October 2012 Categorization Example They described story about ra!

!eyard in "acao #China$% There is ra!estone &here the 'ollo&in is en ra!ed #George Wells 1775$ &hat(s special ) no usual capital*lo&er case letters, looked more like +hand&ritin , ) so &hat happened-.hip and cre& &ere ship&recked and /eor e died% 0is shipmates &rote Chinese people a sample #a letter$ o' &hat to en ra!e on the ra!estone% Chinese &ere con'used #other &ritin system$ so the copied the .ample as ood as they could +read, it #they had no idea &hat the tokens &ere and &hat they meant ) couldn(t identi'y date 1so only 1223 &as en ra!ed$% Models are like maps 4 +no purpose map, doesn(t exist ) there is al&ays a purpose5 6ut its material is selecti!e #only partial, a map can(t account 'or e!erythin , 1:1 relation is impossible$ Compare 7ondon under round map and street map #see in the 8eader$: 9nder round map is not the same as reality ) di''erent distances bet&een stations, not e!ery street is strai ht ahead but &ith cur!es, and not e!erythin is included #no houses, other street names etc%$ so there are misrepresentations, 69T the map achie!es its o&n purpose : representin an abstract system underlyin reality #street map has another one$ u can(t say there is a good/bad map ) it depends on its o&n purpose models are al&ays selective (partial$ representation o' reality How are models made? Chomsky re'ers to model o' idealization ) remo!e #extraneous ) ; am not sure about this &ord$ details about 'eatures o' the lan ua e 3 processes are in!ol!ed simultaneously: 1% Regularization: di''erent &ays o' per'ormin #hesitatin , humblin , speakin &ith a 'ull mouth 1$ :< lan ua e is 'ull o' irre ularities :< &e should et rid o' these irre ularities :< re ulari=ation 2% Standardization: no dialect*!ariation ) stable lan ua e 3% De-contextualization: et rid o' context &hen analysin the lan ua e #'ocus only on the lan ua e itsel'$ i' you remo!e the details you arri!e at abstract lan ua e properties #basic structures$ Where does the data come from? Whose is it? 3 di''erent sources :< 3 >(s P1 1 'irst person data1 Introspection 1 the intuitions o' a representati!e speaker #is main source$ P21 second person data 1 Elicitation 1reactions o' other nati!e speakers #ask other competent lan ua e speakers$ you &ant to et in'ormed P 1 third person data 1 !bservation 1obser!e beha!iour o' nati!e speakers #&hile interactin $ use all 3>(s other&ise some in'ormation mi ht et lost Process of classification #Chomsky$ ) How is code/model constructed .entences ha!e constituents ordered in certain &ay% The duke a!e my aunt this teapot #example ) see 8eader$ is &ell 'ormed sentences

.tructural principles #principles o' or ani=ation$ : .?@T4/"4T;C: hori=ontal axis, seAuence o' &ords ordered hori=ontally 4 B6 B C BC The duke a!e my aunt this teapot% : >484C;/"4T;C: !ertical axis, replace items but still same structure, e!ery constituent can be replaced by an eAui!alent one%

41 1"#e du$e a!e my aunt this teapot 421 t#e $ing a!e my aunt this teapot 431 %& brot#er 11 4D 11% these 2 principles constitute basic structures, they interrelate &ith each other and operate on all lin uistic le!els55 >honolo ical le!el: &ord le!el 1 in En lish combination dE is possible, so eAui!alent sounds are possible but not all o' them do actually mean somethin #de and du doesn(t exist in En lish$ di pi du Fde Fdu "orpholo ical le!el: 2 morphemes #pre'ix*su''ix B root$, seAuence, ordered synta matically, and the other examples #unclean, unclear$ also 'it into paradi matic association% 9n : able : clean : clear care : 'ul thou ht dread

.yntactic le!el: ?ou can take out a bit o' the structure and put in another one The duke a!e my aunt this teapot% * !isited my aunt% * died% eAui!alent verb p#rases, can be replaced and sentence structure is still correct

The EEEE duke 11 old silly bra!e

eAui!alent noun p#rases, #can be adGecti!es but also the duke, &ho 1%, a!e my aunt this teapot%

The* a * this * that duke 1% Closed system #'orm &ords$, some positions are restricted to a closed set o' &ords #restricted number o' eAui!alents$ The * #old$ * #Cuke$ 1 open choice*system #content &ords$ 1,old, can be replaces by an endless number o' paradi matic association &ords%

nowledge procedural #experiences$ :< @ati!e speakers can(t say &hy they ha!e used this speci'ic structure% declarati!e #explanations$ :< 7in uists can explain &hy people use certain patterns, beha!e in this &ays%

Criticism to Chomsky(s &ork: ;t is too 'ormal his models are too limited, only 'ocused on the declarati!e kno&led e5 :< it should be closer to procedural kno&led e #peoples( experiences$ Heine #not sure about the name, but it should be in the reader$ proposes: "dea of communicati!e competence #and not only analysis lin uistic competence ) Chomsky$ Heatures: 1% Whether #and to &hat de ree$ somethin is 'ormally possible #to kno& &hat is possible accordin to the rules o' the lan ua e :< lin uistic competence$ 2% Whether #and to &hat de ree$ somethin is 'easible in !irtue o' the means o' implementation a!ailable #e% % &hen somethin is not easy to process, but still # rammatically$ correct 1 it is possible but not !ery 'easible ) example 'rom reader :< nestin structures$ 3% Whether #and to &hat de ree$ somethin is appropriate #adeAuate$, happy, success'ul in relation to a context in &hich it is used and e!aluated :< lan ua e is al&ays contextuali=ed D% Whether #and to &hat de ree$ somethin is in 'act done, actually per'ormed and &hat its doin entails% all 'actors are eAually important and all come to ether &hen lan ua e is used% ho& the relate to each other: relationship bt&% possibility and 'easibility appropriateness and context*per'ormance e% % .peakin about a meetin 1 +&as it 10 am tomorro&-, past tense B tomorro& don(t &ork usually, but in the ri ht context it does%