SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFESPAN SPIRITUAL GROWTH COMES IN WAYS AND AT TIMES LEAST EXPECTED SPIRITUAL VS.

RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT Is a dynamic process where the individual becomes increasingly aware of the: Meaning Purpose Values in LIFE

Two Directional Process: V E R T HORIZONTAL C A L One can be more developed than the other component. RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT Is the individuals acceptance of a particular system of: Beliefs Values Rules of conduct Rituals

Do religious and spiritual developments parallel each other? Not always Religious development ideally leads to spiritual development but people can get hung up in a particular stage of spiritual or religious growth just as in psychological growth and development. SPIRITUAL/RELIGIOUS MILESTONE Spiritual milestone are not as apparent as religious milestone which include baptism, confirmation, holy communion, etc. therefore, there is the need to examine the psychological milestones for their implications. Hence, it cannot be pigeon, holed, staged, and sequenced as easily as physical and emotional growth. ROLE OF FAITH AND HOPE IN SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT I. FAITH Multidimensional Word: Two Qualities: 1. Faith Given (vertical) It is a gift from a Supreme Being. Lord, I believe, help my unbelief It is a leap from what is to what is not known. (horizontal) As a noun: Refers to a belief in or assent to something unseen Verb: A way of being, living, imagining It is a pre-requisite for spiritual growth to occur.

2. Faith Developed: Developmental It matures and changes in response to life events.

Belief in God as a punitive God: (Papa Dios will punish you if you are bad.) To a loving God who loves unconditionally. James Fowler Is the only one of the authors to have conducted qualitative research to support his theory

According to him, faith is universally present in nonreligious as well as religious persons. In this sense, faith is the quality that acknowledges life as meaningful and that gives individuals the ability to make and maintain meaning in life. FOWLERS SEVEN STAGES OF FAITH PIMSICU PRIMAL FAITH (Infancy) A pre-language disposition of trust forms the mutuality of ones relationships with parents and others to offset the anxiety that results from separation that occur during infancy

INTUITIVE: Projective faith (Early Childhood) Imagination, stimulated by stories, gestures, and feelings to create long-lasting images that represent both the protective and threatening power surrounding ones life.

MYTHIC-LITERAL FAITH (Childhood and beyond) The developing ability to think logically helps one order the world with categories of casualty, space, and time; to enter into the perspectives of others; and to capture life. (adolescence and beyond)

SYNTHETIC-CONVENTIONAL FAITH

New cognitive abilities make mutual perspective taking possible and require one to integrate diverse self-images into a coherent identity. A personal and largely unreflective synthesis of and values evolves to support identity and to capture unite one in emotional solidarity with others.

INDIVIDUATIVE-REFLECTIVE FAITH (young adulthood and beyond) Critical reflection ones beliefs and values, understanding of the self and others as part of a social system, and the assumption of responsibility for making choices of ideology and life style open the way for commitments in relationships and vocation

CONJUNCTIVE FAITH (midlife and beyond) The embrace of polarities in ones life, alertness to paradox, and the need for multiple interpretations of reality mark this stage. Symbol and story, metaphor and myth (from ones own tradition and others), are newly appreciated as vehicles for grasping truth.

UNIVERSALIZING FAITH (midlife or beyond) Beyond paradox and polarities, persons in this stage grounded in a oneness with the power of being. Their visions and commitments free them for a passionate yet

detached spending of the self in love, devoted to overcoming division, oppression and brutality LeRoy Aden He looks at faith as a dynamic and multidimensional reality that can be described variously as trust, assent, obedience and self-surrender He examines faith as a gift from a higher being as well as a developmental phenomenon. His developmental approach draws exclusively on Erik Eriksons epigenetic theory of human development. ADENS EIGHT STAGES OF FAITH TCOAISUU FAITH AS TRUST (infancy) Infants develops a basic sense of trust toward self and others. This may form the basis for trust in a higher being.

FAITH AS COURAGE (early childhood) Child learns when to let go and take hold to affirm self in an undifferentiated way. This primitive faith allows an adult to feel affirmation of self in relation to a higher being.

FAITH AS OBEDIENCE (preschool) Child learns to balance self-assertion to the will of others. The child learns to balance inner desires with requirements made by others. This faith is ultimately translated into obedience to what are perceived to be the demands of Supreme Being.

FAITH AS ASSENT (school age) Child learns to master his or her universe and to be competent. This seeking of competence extends to knowledge and understanding of a Supreme Being.

FAITH AS IDENTITY (adolescence) Adolescence seeks ego identity, which consists of a realistic knowledge and experiences between how he or she is viewed by society. This gives a sense of unity to self. The successful accomplishment of this task allows the adolescent to view the self as worthy in relationship to a Supreme Being.

FAITH A SELF-SURRENDER (young adulthood) The individual learns to give of self wholeheartedly in a reciprocal relationship. This actualizes the individuals need to give self to a reality that is larger and yet more basic than the thoughts and desires of self.

FAITH AS UNCONDITIONAL CARING (midlife)

The individual is faced with the challenge of making a significant contribution to humankind and becoming a proactive source of generation and nurturance. In relation to a higher being, the individual loves the being with all his or her heart, soul and mind.

FAITH AS UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE Individual is faced with the challenge of finding meaning in the face of physical decline. In the struggle of faith emerges as the affirmation of both the finite and the eternal value of life.

John Westerhoff Suggests that faith is a way of behaving WESTERHOFFS FOUR STAGES OF FAITH EASO

EXPERIENCED FAITH (infancy early adolescence) Children experience faith by interacting with others who are living a particular faith tradition. AFFILIATIVE FAITH (late adolescence) Adolescents actively participate in activities that characterize a particular faith tradition. The adolescent feels a sense of belonging, experiences an awe and wonderment, and acknowledges the authority of the faith community to which the adolescent belongs. SEARCHING FAITH (young adulthood) The young adult engages in a process of questioning and doubting his or her faith. Out of this struggle, the individual acquires a cognitive as well as an affective faith. OWNED FAITH (middle adulthood old age) People desire to put faith into personal and social action, and they are willing to stand up for what they believe, even against their community of nurture. II. HOPE Is critical to spiritual development and possesses both vertical and horizontal dimension. WEISSMAN identifies hope as pre-requisites for effective coping with the demands and challenges of life events such as illness, misfortunes, and crises. Four Major Themes Associated with HOPE 1. Orientation towards the future

2. Goal setting Goal can be = earthly (material) or divine 1. Action plan to meet goal With hope, man acts, moves achieve. Without hope, he is dull, listless, moribund. 1. Establishing interpersonal relationship body experiences hunger and the satisfactions of that hunger because of such experiences if ever since he is hungry (hopes) that his hunger will be alleviated According to ERICKSON, hope is the outcome of achieving an appropriate balance between trust and mistrust and therefore, is the first developmental task of life. Trust in others, self and the environment is the genesis of hope. Hope that is grounded only in the world will result to disappointment/despair. Hope grounded on the Supreme Being is sustained with peace and joy in spite of disappointments. SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFESPAN INFANCY Babies are born without religious beliefs. Have undefined life. Therefore, infancy plays a significant role in the development of both religious belief and spirituality. Without words and the ability to conceptualize infants learn about the world through experiences with the caregivers. Such experiences create images linked with feelings in the babys mind. If mother cares for the baby with gentleness, consistency and love the baby experiences feelings of trust and the baby begins to HOPE to anticipate the future, to hope that needs will be met and comfort will be given. Q What is the role of infancy in the development of both religious beliefs and spirituality? HOPE This most critical psycho-social stage is characterized by the need to balance trust with mistrust. Erickson claims that the development of a healthy balance between trust and mistrust affects all of lifes experiences including the ability to participate in an organized religion. The model of the mother baby relationship in which the baby is totally dependent on the mother to have needs met, can translate to a creator-creature model. EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-3 y/o) Developmental task mastering motor skills, childs ability to move around, explore, touch, taste make the child assert self and acquiesced to another

In toilet training, the child learns to yield or assert self in the process the child gains a sense of self-worth and power In both religious and spiritual sense, this sense of self-worth is important. The groundwork for spiritual development requires self-worth Horizontally Individual who feel unworthy will have difficulty accepting the worth of other people, values and endeavors outside them Vertically Spiritual development requires that individual believe that a supreme being loves them for who they are at any given moment and that they are lovable to God PRE-SCHOOL (4-5 y/o) Task balancing self-assertion and self-discipline Inability to achieve this balance causes child to feel guilty. Strict parents who teach child who disobeys as bad and acceptable will have undesirable effects on religious development. SCHOOL AGE (6-10 y/o) Task industry and competence. The child master proficiency and knowledge in the art of doing things. Failure to accomplish this task will lead to feeling of inferiority. Effects: affects persons participation in an organized Decrease appreciation of personal talents and capabilities Diminished ability to relate with others including God ADOLESCENCE Time of conflicts and rebellion as individual struggles to achieve a clear sense of who they are and where they are going. Must have sense of self-identity, before they can be true to others, self, God. Inability to accomplish this task will result to confused person. Stage of questioning YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Developmental task intimacy Having attained self-identity, the person can commit herself now to intimate relationships A healthy balance between intimacy and isolation results to Love of Self Others God Call of intimacy with God Religious vocation Marriage Single Life MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Developmental task generativity Balance between generativity and stagnation results to care and caring Nurturing of children; sharing in the generativity of God LATER MATURITY Developmental task ego integrity vs despair Balance results to wisdom Vertical spiritual growth is manifested in: 1. Service James 2: 14-17 2. Prayer central in spiritual growth and God relatedness 3. Stewardship caretaker NURSING IMPLICATIONS 1. Spirituality is not something to be judged but assessed and accepted. 2. Interventions at the physical/psychological social levels are also intervention for the spiritual needs of horizontal dimension 3. Awareness that spirituality progresses over life span. SPIRITUALITY OF THE NURSE

PRAYER I. II. Definition: Lifting up of ones mind and heart to God Descriptions: 1. Prayer is an activity of faith 2. Prayer is a privilege 3. Prayer is a gift 4. Prayer leads to union with God 5. Prayer is an experience of God loving you and in return an expression of your love 6. Prayer centered more on Gods activity faith 7. It is of God who guides and directs you 8. Prayer is sacrifice possessed by God and 9. Prayer is a sacrifice of time 10.Prayer is a time to experience our NURSING APPROACHES TO SPIRITUALITY Nursing has increased its interest in providing holistic care developed three diverse but interrelated approaches to spirituality: 1. Spiritual distress 2. Spiritual needs 3. Spiritual well being I. SPIRITUAL DISTRESS Definition: Distress of the human spirita disruption in the life principle which pervades a persons entire being. Characteristics according to NANDA: > Expresses concerns with meaning of life/ death or any belief system > Anger towards God > Questions meaning of suffering helplessness and poverty in prayer. than for God on your own is an activity of greater

transformed by him

> Verbalizes inner conflict about beliefs, relationship with deity > Questions meaning of existence > Unable to participate in usual religious practices, seeks spiritual assistance Questions moral/ ethical implications of therapeutic regimen Displacement of anger towards religious representative Nightmares or sleep disturbances Alteration of behavior or mood evidenced by anger. Crying, withdrawal, preoccupation, anxiety, hostility or apathy These characteristics suggest a vertical (e.g. deity, God, values, beliefs) and/ or horizontal (meaning, existence, religious practices, spiritual assistance) Spirituality is observed through the: Persons mood, Emotions, and Physical well being. Client self report, therefore, is essential in the validation of spiritual distress. II. SPIRITUAL NEEDS Definition: any factor necessary to establish and/ or maintain a persons dynamic personal relationship with God and out of that relationship to experience Forgiveness, Love, Hope, Trust, and Meaning and purpose of life Stallwood and Stoll used a 2 dimensional approach to spiritual needs: 1. Relationship with God as defined by client 2. The persons experiences Characteristics (Flesner) Lack of loving relationship characterized by: Lack of healthy loving relationship with God or transcendent power Lack of belief in God, or a higher power immature love, dependent need of God. *Lack of healthy self love Feels unworthy of the love of God or others inability to realistically accept self as a worth while individual with strengths and weaknesses * Lack of ability to give and receive love from others Uses and manipulates others to get what one wants and feels others dont love them as they are must earn love. * Lack of trust characterized by: Lack of openness to God or a higher power Fear of Gods intentions Feelings of alienation and loneliness

*Lack of meaning and purpose in life Lack of reason for living Inability to know and thus act out ones true values Feelings of inner emptiness * High field and Cason give 4 spiritual needs with healthy behaviors exhibited 1. Need for meaning and purpose in life Lives in accordance with his/ her value system Expresses desire to participate in religious rituals 2. Need to receive love Expresses feelings of being loved by others/ God Expresses feelings of forgiveness by others/ God 3. Need to give love Expresses love for others through actions Seeks the good of others 4. Need for hope and creativity Sets realistic health goals Values the inner self more than the physical self Fish and Shelley identifies 3 spiritual needs: = Need for meaning and purpose = Need for love and relatedness = Need for forgiveness III. SPIRITUAL WELL - BEING Definition: the affirmation of life in a relationship with God, self, community and environment that nurtures and celebrates wholeness. (National Interfaith Coalition on Aging NICA) Indicates WHOLENESS - Dependence on the source of life - Saying yes to life in spite of negative circumstances. For all that has been, THANKS! For all that will be, YES! = Inner peace harmony Components: 1. Religious vertical God 2. Sociopsychological Horizontal persons sense of meaning and satisfaction with life

SPIRITUAL WELL BEING is the behavioral expressions of spiritual health. Spiritual wellness illness continuum of behavior Ebb peak experience flow of ones spirituality. Fluctuates: - In accordance to alterations - How they place impact on daily events of life. Role expectations of the Nurse 1. RN to acknowledge his own personal spiritual journey. It is in the continuous meeting of ones spiritual needs that one will know the meaning of spiritual well being. 2. The greatest gift the nurse can give to his client is ones personal, living, spiritual richness. 3. Such gift inevitably will encourage client towards spiritual well being.