FiberNLS

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Photonic Modules > Fibers > FiberNLS

FiberNLS
Nonlinear Dispersive Fiber (NLS)

Purpose
When used with sampled-mode si nals! this module solves the nonlinear Schroedin er (NLS) e"uation describin the propa ation o# linearl$-polari%ed optical waves in #ibers usin the split-step Fourier method& Dependin on the si nal representation! di##erent e##ects are represented' i# the si nals are in a Sin le Fre"uenc$ (and (SF()! or )oinSampled(ands * +N! the model ta,es into account stimulated -aman scatterin (S-S)! #our-wave mi.in (FWM)! sel#-phase modulation (SPM)! cross-phase modulation (/PM)! #irst order roup-velocit$ dispersion (01D)! second order 01D and attenuation o# the #iber& 2# the si nals are in a Multiple Fre"uenc$ (and (MF()! the above e##ects are calculated within each band& 3se the module 3niversalFiber (or 3niversalFiberFwd) to include interactions between MF(s and also between MF(s and Parameteri%ed Si nals& For Parameteri%ed Si nals (4W representation) an ordinar$ di##erential e"uation s$stem includin Stimulated -aman Scatterin (S-S) and #re"uenc$ dependent attenuation is applied& For this to operate 4onvert5oParameteri%ed must be set to +N&

Keywords
Fiber! Nonlinear! Split Step! -aman! /PM! FWM! SPM! 01D

Inputs
Port input Purpose 2nput optical si nal Signal/Data Type +ptical (loc,s

Outputs
Port output Purpose +utput optical si nal Signal/Data Type +ptical (loc,s

Parameters
In this section:
Ph$sical Numerical6Split-Step Parameters Numerical6-aman Parameters 7nhanced

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Physical
Name and Description Unit 8% Type #loat Volatile $es Value a ange De!ault Value >?@&>e>A

ReferenceFrequency
-e#erence #re"uenc$ #or the speci#ied parameters&

9:;<=

Length
Fiber len th&

#loat

$es

=:&:;<=

>&:e@

GroupRefractiveIndex
0roup re#ractive inde. o# the #undamental #iber mode at the re#erence #re"uenc$&

#loat

$es

=:&:;<=

>&BC

Attenuation
Fiber attenuation per meter i# DttFileName is not speci#ied&

d(Em

#loat

$es

w =:&:;>:e-A9

:&Ae-@

AttFileName
File #or attenuation vs& #re"uenc$&

input#ile

$es

Dispersion
Dispersion coe##icient in terms o# wavelen th&

sEmFA

#loat

$es

H9 sEmF@ #loat $es

=-G::e-H;G::ew

>He-H

DispersionSlope
Slope o# the dispersion coe##icient with wavelen th&

=G:&:e@;G:&:e@9 w =-G:e-A:;G:ea

:&:Ie@

NonLinearIndex
Nonlinear re#ractive inde. measured with constant linear polari%ation& For #ibers with randoml$ var$in bire#rin ence this value should be reduced b$ a #actor o# IE?&

mFAEW

#loat

$es

A&He-A:

A:9

CoreArea
7##ective core area o# the #iber #or nonlinear calculations&

mFA

#loat

$es

9:&:;<=

I:&:e->A

au!
2nverse o# the ne ative #re"uenc$ o##set o# the -aman ain pea, #rom the -aman pump #re"uenc$&

#loat

$es

=>e->G;G:e->G9 a

>A&Ae->G

au"
>E=AJpiJ(width o# the -aman ain curve)9&

#loat

$es

=>e->G;G:e->G9 a

@A&:e->G

RamanCoefficient
Fractional contribution o# the dela$ed -aman response&

#loat

$es

a =:&:;>&:9

:&:

Numerical\SplitNumerical\Split-Step Parameters
Name and Description Unit Type enum Volatile $es Value ange De!ault Value NonlinearPhase4han e

StepSelection#ethod
De#ines the method #or selectin the si%e o# the step in the split-step #ourier method& When Local7rrorMethod is selected! the step si%e is

Local7rrorMethod! NonlinearPhase4han e! 4onstantStep

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overned b$ 5ar etLocal7rror parameter& 2# NonlinearPhase4han e is selected! the step si%e is speci#ied b$ Ma.Phase4han e parameter& For 4onstantStep settin ! the #i.ed step si%e e"ual to Ma.StepWidth in used in simulation&

SymmetricSplitStep
5$pe o# the split-step Fourier method& (conte.t sensitive)

enum

$es

N+! K7S

No

#axStep$idth
Ma.imum step width allowed in the split-step Fourier method&

#loat

$es

9:&:;<=

>&:e@

#inSplitStep$idth
5he minimum allowed step width in the splitstep Fourier method& (conte.t sensitive)

#loat

$es

=:&:;<=

>&:

InitialSplitStep$idth
2nitial step width #or local error method in the split-step Fourier al orithm& (conte.t sensitive)

#loat

$es

9:&:;<=

>&:e@

argetLocal%rror
Ma.imum tolerable local error in the split-step Fourier method& 5he step width is chosen in such a wa$ that the local error on a sin le simulation step is within =5ar etLocal7rrorEA; AJ5ar etLocal7rror9& Smaller values o# 5ar etLocal7rror result in smaller steps! which provide better accurac$! but re"uire lon er computation time& 5he upper and lower limits o# the step width are set b$ the parameters Ma.StepWidth and MinSplitStepWidth! respectivel$& (conte.t sensitive)

#loat

$es

9:;<=

>&:e-@

#ax&haseChange
Ma.imum tolerable phase chan e across one step o# the splitstep Fourier method& 5he step width is chosen in such a wa$ that the phase o# the optical #ield in the nonlinear step does not chan e b$ more than Ma.Phase4han e over

de

#loat

$es

9:;<=

:&:G

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the step& Smaller values o# Ma.Phase4han e result in smaller steps! which provides better accurac$! but re"uires lon er computation time& 5he upper and lower limits o# the step width is set b$ the parameters Ma.StepWidth and MinSplitStepWidth! respectivel$& (conte.t sensitive)

Numerical\Raman Parameters
Name and Description Unit Type int Volatile $es Value ange a =>;>e?9 De!ault Value >:

Fi'er&arts
For -aman interaction between Parameteri%ed si nals& 5he number o# sub-inte rations used alon the #iber b$ the +D7 solver&

#axStepsNum'er
For -aman interaction between Parameteri%ed si nals& 5he ma.imum number o# +D7 inte ration steps allowed #or one #iber part&

int

$es

a =>;>e?9

>:::::

RelativeAccuracy
For -aman interaction between Parameteri%ed si nals& 5he re"uired accurac$ that the +D7 solver should reach be#ore stoppin ! unless Ma.StepsNumber is e.ceeded&

#loat

$es

=>eA:;>e->9 a

>e-H

InitialStep$idth
For -aman interaction between Parameteri%ed si nals& 5he duration o# the #irst timestep used b$ the +D7 solver&

#loat

$es

=>e>G;>e-?9 a

>:e->A

#inimumStep$idth
For -aman interaction between Parameteri%ed si nals& 5he minimum duration o# the timestep used b$ the +D7 solver&

#loat

$es

=:;>e-?9 a

:&:

Enhanced
Name and Description Unit Type enum Volatile $es Value ange N+! K7S De!ault Value Kes

(oinSignal)ands
)oin all sampled si nal bands to one si nal band&

AddNoise)ins oSignal
2ncorporate Noise (ins into si nal bands i# applicable&

enum

$es

N+! K7S

Kes

Convert o&arametri*ed
De#ines i# input si nals are converted to Parameteri%ed si nals& Must be set to K7S i# -aman interaction is to be calculated! even i# input si nals are alread$ Parameteri%ed&

enum

$es

N+! K7S

No

Active
De#ines i# the module is active or not&

enum

$es

+n! +##

+n

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Description
5he sampled bands must contain a sin le si nal polari%ation& 8owever! unpolari%ed noise can be propa ated in Noise (ins& 5his is use#ul #or saturatin optical ampli#iers with both polari%ations o# noise& 8owever! this unpolari%ed noise should not be added to the sampled band! as onl$ a linearpolari%ation sampled si nal can be handled& 5his re"uires the 0lobal Parameter In'andNoise)ins * ON! and the #iber parameter AddNoise)ins oSignal * OFF& 5his is one o# the simplest #iber models in the ran e& 2t is the basis o# man$ #iber simulations& 8owever! more comple. #iber models are provided to o##er more #le.ibilit$ in terms o# input data #ormat! interactions between si nal representations! bidirectional -aman ampli#ication! dispersion decreasin #iber (UniversalFiber or UniversalFiberFwd)! polari%ation mode dispersion (FiberNLS_PMD)! #ast simulation o# Litter in -M s$stems (JitterLongHaul! JitterShortHaul)! and simulation with aperiodic wave#orms (TimeDomainFiber)&
Note: For simulations where the nonlinear e##ects are unimportant! simpl$ set NonLinearIndex to %ero and i nore the parameters CoreArea! au!! au"! RamanCoefficient! and all settin s in the Numerical Parameters cate or$&

5he simulation speed o# this module can be improved usin parallel computations on a multi-core central processin unit (4P3) or a supported raphical processin unit (0P3)! see 4hapter @! N3ser 2nter#ace -e#erenceO in the VPItransmissionMa er!"#VPI$om%onentMa er!#User#Inter&a$e# 'e&eren$e #or details on supported hardware and 032 controls #or parallel simulations& 5he FiberNLS module can use parallel computations #or the split-step Fourier al orithm& (oth FF5 calculation and multiplication o# the sample arra$s will be done in parallel& When both multithreadin within modules and 0P3-assisted computation are switched on and supported b$ the hardware! the module will use the 0P3! as it usuall$ reduces the simulation time&
Note: +nl$ calculations with sampled bands will be paralleli%ed! both on the 4P3 and 0P3&

Split"Step #ourier Implementation

In this section:
Dispersion +perator Nonlinear +perator (with no -aman e##ect) Split-Step Fourier Method Nonlinear +perator (with -aman e##ect)

5he enerali%ed nonlinear SchrPdin er e"uation is used to describe the inband e##ects'

$%&

where

denotes the slowl$-var$in comple.-envelope o# the electric #ield o# the li ht wave! characteri%es its power! is the nonlinearit$ operator! and is the dispersion

operator&

Dispersion Operator

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Note: For linear fibers, this is the only part of the theory that is required, as a single-section model will be applied if the NonLinearIndex is zero.

By removing changing the time reference to remove the intrinsic fiber delay, the dispersion operator can be written as:

(2)

where: 6 #s 'm. describes the first order group-velocity dispersion *781-, and is related to the 2 Dispersion parameter at the reference wavelength *) c'ReferenceFrequency- by
(

(3)

The dispersion parameter, D , has to be entered in !" units #$%

/

-&

s'm ) $ ps'*+m , nm-.

6 #s 'm. the second order 781 slope, and is related to the DispersionSlope S ) dD 'd by: 3

(4)

The dispersion slope parameter, S , also has to be entered in !" units #$% s'm ) $ ps' *+m , nm -.
Note: !etting the DispersionSlope to zero does not give a constant pulse spreading on each 012 channel. This is because the dispersion is specified in terms of wavelength, but implemented in terms of optical frequency. This is apparent when Dispersion and DispersionSlope are set to zero, but there remains some pulse spreading.
(

9 #$'m. the attenuation constant. The Attenuation parameter a #dB'm. is related to 9 by

. (5)

The parameter AttFileName can be used to specify a file that contains the Attenuation parameter #dB'm. vs. the optical frequency #3z.. The file format is:
193e12 0.2e3 193.1e12 0.2e3 193.2e12 0.2e3

Nonlinear Operator (with no Raman effect)

"f stimulated 4aman is to be e5cluded from the simulation *parameter RamanCoefficient ) 0- the nonlinear operator is simply given by:

(6)

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and depends on the nonlinear inde5 n *parameter NonlinearIndex, see :olarization 2 ;onsiderations-, the effective CoreArea A , as well as on the reference frequency f and the eff ref velocity of light in vacuum c.

Split-Step Fourier Metho

The split-step Fourier method divides the fiber into alternate sections of two types. The first type represents the dispersion in the frequency domain, the second represents the nonlinearity in the time domain. The choice of step-size is crucial in achieving a balance between computation time and accuracy. The step size, <z *the length of fiber represented by one nonlinearity and one dispersion operatoris determined according to the following parameter settings: "f StepSelectionMethod ) LocalErrorMethod, the module ta+es the step according to the algorithm described in #$., maintaining the relative error at each step within range #'(E ., where the desired error value is defined by the parameter "ar et#rror$alue. This mode is rather similar to adaptive step algorithms routinely used in ordinary differential equations. 0hen using the local error method, the following should be observed: ! Focal error method has greater order with respect to step size than the other options available for the fiber modules, which means that it will be more efficient *require less steps- for high-accuracy simulations. 3owever, due to a larger number of computations per step, low-accuracy simulations can be somewhat longer. ! "n some cases, such as propagation of several frequency components in a shifteddispersion fiber, local error method tends to ma+e larger errors in low-power regions of the spectrum *li+e the F02 products-. "f StepSelectionMethod ) NonlinearPhaseChange, the step size, <z , determined by not = allowing the nonlinear phase shift *proportional to optical power- to e5ceed a defined value, MaxPhaseChan e. This gives a step size

(")

where <= *radians- is the ma5imum acceptable nonlinear phase shift$. The parameter nl MaxPhaseChan e sets the ma5imum acceptable phase change *but in degrees- and is normally within the range of %.%&>%.( degs.
Note: For both local error and nonlinear phase change methods, the step size is limited from above and below by settings of the parameters MaxStep!idth and MinSplitStep!idth, respectively. "f the desired step size is less than MinSplitStep!idth, the module will stop with an error message. ?ormally, the minimal step size should be set as a @guard conditionA to ensure that the simulation will not ta+e an e5cessive amount of time. "f the desired step size is larger than MaxStep!idth, the module will use the ma5imal allowed step size. This is normally set to be far less than the wal+-off length *the fiber distance that produces a relative phase shift of (B radians between the carriers- between two optical carriers due to dispersion. Cbviously, the wider the 012 spectrum within a !FB, the shorter the step length should be. This actually shows that it is better to model a few 012 channels in an !FB, than all channels *this is called the 2ean Field Dpproach, and is discussed in the VPItransmissionMakerOptical Systems Users Manual-.

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"f StepSelectionMethod ) ConstantStep, the constant step size equal to the value of the MaxStep!idth parameter will be used. Dssuming a propagation of optical signals in Gz direction and a symmetrical split-step algorithm *parameter SymmetricSplitStep is set to YES, or if the parameter StepSelectionMethod is set to LocalErrorMethod2-, the mathematical formalism of the procedure can be described as follows:

(#)

"f the parameter SymmetricSplitStep is set to NO, the equation changes to:
($)

The nonlinearity operator operator

is applied on the field at locus z . Therefore, the e5act dependence of 0

on the time-dependent amplitude in the interval <z is replaced by its start value:
(%&)

Nonlinear Operator (with Raman effect)

"f the parameter RamanCoefficient is not zero, the nonlinearity operator is e5tended to:

(%%)

where

*parameter RamanCoefficient- represents the fractional contribution of the delayed which is appro5imated by:

4aman response

,tL%

(%2)

"n Hquation $$, *parameter "au%- and *parameter "au&- are two adIustable parameters to provide a good fit to the 4aman-gain spectrum: "au% *s- is the inverse of the frequency offset *in radians's- between the 4aman pump and pea+ 4aman gain,

)%.$J, K )$(.( fs, K )/( fs giving an offset of $/ T3z and a 1 2 width of $% T3z. The appro5imated 4aman gain and a realistic spectrum which has been measured in silica fibers are shown in Figure $. The commonly used values are

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Fi'ure % H5ample of the measured *thic+ line- and appro5imated *thin line, default parameter setting- 4aman spectra for pure silica at $M%% nm

(arameteri)e
,n thi* *ection:

Si'nal* an

Noi*e +in*: Raman *catterin'

:olarization ;onsiderations

For :arameterized !ignals and ?oise Bins, the effect of stimulated 4aman scattering is modeled by the following ordinary differential equations:

(%3)

where A is the amplitude of the i th :arameterized !ignal, N is the amplitude of the k th ?oise Bin,

and 9 , 9 are representing their attenuation coefficients, respectively. "n Hquation $(, f describes i k r the fractional contribution of the delayed 4aman response to the nonlinearity coefficient N and represents the imaginary part of the Fourier-transformed 4aman response function at the frequency difference between the :arameterized !ignals *f O f -. "n the lower equation,

denotes the imaginary part of the Fourier transformed 4aman response function at the frequency difference between the ?oise Bins and the :arameterized !ignals. This system of ordinary differential equations is solved using a Pth-order 4unge-Qutta equation solver. The parameters MaxStepsNum'er, MaxPhaseChan e, Relati(eAccuracy, InitialStep!idth, MinimumStep)idth are used to tune the equation solver. The parameter Fi'erParts can be used to subdivide the fiber length into several sections. For each of these parts the integration algorithm is restarted. The demonstration Optical Systems Demos ! "#aracterization ! $aman Scatterin% ! $aman Po&er 'ransfer illustrates this mode of operation.

(olari)ation -on*i eration*

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!:2 is different for linear, circular and random polarizations. "n a real fiber, :olarization-2ode 1ispersion *:21- leads to a random evolution of polarization *between linear and circular- along the fiber, which means that the strength of the !:2 varies along the fiber *linear polarization produces a stronger pea+ field than circular polarization-. Dveraging over all polarization states *assuming complete polarization mi5ing, i.e., when the fiber is much longer than the beat length and correlation length- gives a well-+nown factor of J'R. This factor is often already included in the measured value of the nonlinear refractive inde5, n . "n this case, the n value can be directly used 2 2 for the parameter NonlinearIndex. 3owever, if you use the n value that has been measured 2 without this correction, i.e. for constant linear polarization, the measured n should be multiplied by 2 a factor J'R before being input as a parameter. To model the average effect of S:2 between channels *using a !FB-, where the polarizations of the channels rotate with respect to one another over the length of the fiber, the nonlinear factor should be reduced by a factor ('/ *or /'P if the measured n value already includes the J'R factor-. For 2 worst-case calculations *where the polarization remains linear along the fiber-, the nonlinear refractive inde5 should not be reduced. ?ote that it is not possible to apply valid correction factors simultaneously to !:2 and S:2 using this model. For accurate simultaneous simulation of the mentioned effects the more comple5 fiber models (i)erN*S+PMD, Uni,ersal(i)er or Uni,ersal(i)er(&d should be used.

Si'nal Repre*entation
,n thi* *ection:
Bloc+

+loc.
!ingle Frequency Bands *!FBs- are simulated using the split-step Fourier method. Dll signals are assumed to be polarization aligned within the band. 2ultiple Frequency Bands *2FBs- are individually simulated using the split-step Fourier method. ?o interaction between the bands is calculated. That is, 4aman power transfer, S:2 and F02 between the bands are not calculated. 2FBs may be converted to an !FB by setting *oinSi nal+ands to ON. :arameterized !ignals are computed solving the above system of ordinary differential equations using a Pth-order 4unge-Qutta equation solver. Con(ert"oParameteri,ed should be set to ON. Dny sampled signals will be converted to :arameterized !ignals if Con(ert"oParameteri,ed is set to ON. For parameterized signals, the values of a number of physical parameters are saved to the trac+ing data *see ;hapter M of the VPItransmissionMakerOptical Systems Users Manual-. They can be visualized using the *inkAnalyzer module. The fiber parameter -roupRefracti(eIndex is used to calculate the fiber delay *"ransit"ime in *inkAnalyzer-. The accumulated self-phase modulation in the signal trac+ing data is characterized by the phase shift and is calculated according to #(.
(%4)

where

is the input signal power and

is the effective fiber length.

Noi*e +in* The system of ordinary differential equations includes the interaction between ?oise Bins and :arameterized !ignals when Con(ert"oParameteri,ed is set to ON. +oun ar/ -on ition* :eriodic. For Dperiodic Boundary ;onditions see 'imeDomain(i)er.

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Reinitialization Behavior
Multiple Runs Reinitialization is performed after each run. Restart of Simulation or Reset during Simulation Reinitialization is performed. Reset during Simulation Reinitialization is performed. Module Deactivation If parameter Active is OFF, the optical input signals will be passed through the module without any changes.

Validation
In this section:
(1) Spectral broadening of a Gaussian pulse due to Self !hase "odulation (S!") (#) $emporal e%olution of solitons i) &undamental soliton ii) Second order Soliton

$his section is intended to pro%e the agreement of 'nown theoretical predictions for optical fibers. Since there are numerous theoretical aspects to compare with the beha%ior of computational applications, a choice of two test runs has been made focusing on both the nonlinear and dispersi%e properties implemented in the module. $he two test runs e(plained below concentrate on the temporal and)or spectral e%olution of single pulses in single channels.

(1) Spectral
a) $heor%

roadening of a !aussian pulse due to Self"#hase Modulation (S#M)

It is 'nown *#+, that in the limit of becomes

(no G,-) the nonlinear Schr.dinger e/uation

(1&)

where the normalized amplitude U (z,0) is related to the field amplitude A(z,0) by

(1')

$he nonlinear length L is introduced by NL

(1()

where 1 is defined as described abo%e and P is the pea' power of the Gaussian pulse. $he solution 0

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to (12) is gi%en by
(1))

with a phase argument

(1*)

becomes z 3 z if 4 3 5 (no fiber loss) is assumed. $he phase shift is eff eff time dependent and gi%es rise to a fre/uency chirp 6 7(t). $he latter is gi%en for a Gaussian pulse by $he effecti%e fiber length z
(+,)

where

is the ma(imum phase shift max which is reached at the pulse center *#+. $he spectral broadening is thus a function of the pulse power and the propagation length z. ) Simulation $$he most important parameters are9 PeakPower, NonlinearIndex, Length. :fter e%ery fiber length , the ma(imum phase shift is increased by one radian which, in turn, gi%es rise to an interference pattern stemming from the superposition of the chirped pulse;s fre/uency components. $he number of pea's in the spectrum of the pulse M is appro(imately gi%en by the relation

is the spectral width of the initial pulse, and 8

c) Results $he simulation has been performed with fiber lengths gi%ing 5 <, 5.2 <, =, >.2 < ma(imum phase shift. $he spectral plots resulting from this simulation are shown in &igure # and are in good agreement with *#+.

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-igure + Spectrum of a Gaussian pulse as it propagates along the &iber (Simulation Results). !arameters used9 SampleRate 1024e9, ?itRate 1e9, ?its 1, &@A" 1/(16*BitRate), !ea'!ower 0.1, !R?S$ype ONE.

(+) $emporal evolution of solitons

Solitons are of maBor interest in optical fiber communications. $he term CsolitonD refers to special 'inds of wa%es that can propagate undistorted o%er long distances and remain unaffected after collision with each other. Ideal Solitons e(ist in fibers with anomalous group %elocity dispersion (D E 5, F2 G 5, cf. (H)) and %anishing loss. Solitons are well suited for functional tests of this module, since both nonlinear and dispersi%e properties enter into the numerical simulation.

i) -undamental soliton
a) $heor% $he analytic solution representing solitons is obtained, e.g., applying the in%erse scattering method *#+ *p. 1H#+ to the nonlinear Schr.dinger e/uation. $his method leads to a general solution for solitons of different orders. $he fundamental soliton (first order) will propagate undistorted without change in shape for arbitrarily long distances. : higher order soliton e(hibits an oscillating pattern of its temporal and spectral e%olution.$hese spatial %ariations are periodic with length of z (soliton 0 period) for solitons with an integer order. : fundamental soliton is gi%en by the analytic e(pression
(++)

with the normalized field amplitude U (I, 0), cf. (1J), and

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(+.)

Aere, N denotes the soliton order with

(+/)

and LD is the dispersi%e length

(+&)

P refers to the pea' power, T is gi%en by T , and the appro(imate relation for the pulse 0 0 FWHM width (sech pulse)
(+')

$herefore, for gi%en %alues of 1 and F and the pulse width TFWHM, the pea' power of a soliton of N 2 th order is uni/uely defined. ) Simulation !ropagation of first and second order solitons has been simulated using the setup which uses a Pulse Sechant Transmitter, a Nonlinear Dispersive Fiber (NLS) module, and %isualizers for the time and fre/uency domain. $he first order pulse should maintain its shape while propagating along the fiber. $his has been tested for up to 155 times the soliton period (appro(. 15,555 'm fiber length). $he results ha%e been e%aluated by comparing the data obtained with the analytical e(pression (##). c) Results $he simulation data obtained for 5=2555 'm fiber length has been found to agree /uite well with (##). $he pulse shapes for the numerical and theoretical results are shown in &igure >. Ko difference can be seen.

-igure . !ulse shape of a fundamental soliton after z35 'm and z32555 'm

$he following parameter settings ha%e been used for the simulation9

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SampleRate BitRate Bits Re erence!re"#enc$ Length Atten#ation Dispersion

1024e9 1e9 1 19".1e12 $ar%in & see te't 0 16.0e6

NonlinearIndex CoreArea MaxStepWidth MaxPhaseChange !W%M PeakPower DispersionSlope

2.6e20 80.0e12 set to fiber len t! 0.0# 1/(16*BitRate) (see te't) (see te't)

$he parameter Length was chosen according to multiples of the soliton period z . MaxStepWidth was 0 set to the fiber length. $o obtain a soliton of order N, the parameter PeakPower has to be set according to e/uation (#H), depending on the settings of the other parameters9

(+()

$he parameter DispersionSlope has been adBusted so that the second order G,- F %anishes9 3
. (+))

ii) Second order Soliton

In contrast to the fundamental soliton, there is a periodical change in temporal shape and spectrum of higher order solitons due to propagation along the fiber. :s an e(ample, a second order soliton is simulated. a) $heor% $he periodic e%olution of a higher order soliton is ruled by the group %elocity dispersion F of the 2 fiber and the pulse width T . $he analytic solution found for the #nd order soliton is gi%en by 0

shows a periodic beha%ior with period I 3 < ) #. $he correct implementation of 0 dispersi%e (G,-) and nonlinear effects (S!") in the fiber module may be obser%ed by launching a #nd order soliton into the fiber and by comparing the results with the theoretical predictions. ) Simulation In the diagrams shown in &igure H, the soliton pulse e%ol%es from its initial state to a split state in the time domain and bac' again to the initial shape after one soliton period c) Results $he period length was found to coincide with the predicted theoretical %alue. .

01ample
ptical S!stems Demos " #haracterization " Dispersion $ %err " Four &ave Mi'in(

illustrates the split step &ourier method and the oscillatory growth of &our @a%e "i(ing products along a fiber.

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Figure 4 Time evolution of a 2nd order soliton (N = 2). The fiber length is expressed in terms of the periodic length . Parameter Settings: Sample ate 1024e9! Nonlinear"ndex 2.6e 20! #it ate 1e9! $ore%rea 80.0e12! #its 1! &axStep'idth 1.0e3! ef(re)uenc* 193.1e12! &axPhase$hange 0.05! +ength (see text)! (',& 1/(16*BitRate)! %ttenuation 0! Pea-Po.er (see previous text)! /ispersion 16.0e6! /ispersionSlope (see previous text).

References
456 8. 9. Sin-in! . ,ol:l;nner! <. =.ec-! $. . &en*u-! >8ptimi:ation of the split3step (ourier method in modeling optical3fiber communications s*stems!? J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 25! no. 5! pp. @5A@B! <anuar* 2CCD. 426 E.P. %gra.al! Fiber-Optic Communication Systems! 2nd edition. 'ile* "nterscience! 5FFG! pp. @23@D. 4D6 E. P. %gra.al! Nonlinear Fiber Optics, %cademic Press! 5FFH.
5

Setting to 01

nl

to 22 radians gives the Nonlinear +ength! .hich is a useful metric.

The local error method implicitl* uses s*mmetrical split3step algorithm! see details in 456.

Photonic &odules 7 (ibers 7 (iberN+S I 2C5J 9P"photonics Emb, %ll rights reserved. ....9P"photonics.com forums.9P"photonics.com

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