1 Introduction

Automotive accessories contain components relating to non-essential automotive parts which embellish the look and feel of an automobile or add functionality. Those accessories serve the passenger comfort, safety and the appearance. Increase of safety and comfort is a main objective of car manufacturers as well as of their suppliers and a substantial distinguishing feature in the international competition. Active safety systems as well as driver assistance systems are becoming more and more important. They help to recognize dangerous situations at an early stage, and thus, help to avoid accidents or at least to reduce the accident severity, especially within the permanently increasing traffic density.

2 Historical background
The electrical and electronic systems of the motor vehicle are often the most feared, but at the same time can be the most fascinating aspects of an automobile. The complex circuits and systems now in use have developed in a very interesting way. For many historical developments it is not possible to be certain exactly who invented a particular component, or indeed when, as developments were taking place in parallel, as well as in series. The Benz Patent-Motorwagen used the Benz 954 cc single-cylinder four-stroke engine, built in 1886, is considered as the first automobile. It was a three-wheeled automobile with a rear-mounted engine. The vehicle contained many new inventions. It was constructed of steel tubing with woodwork panels. The steelspoked wheels and solid rubber tires were Benz's own design. Steering was by way of a toothed rack that pivoted the unsprang front wheel. Fully elliptic springs were used at the back along with a live axle and chain drive on both sides. A simple belt system served as a single-speed transmission, varying torque between an open disc and drive disc. It had only essential components for driving, where no accessory was included. When the driving became a popular mode of transportation, automotive systems began to develop rapidly aligned with the technology.

3 Automotive accessories
Currently there is a wide range of accessories available in automotive market where some are installed by the company itself and others can be installed manually such as GPS systems, powers mirrors, power shutters, lcd displays, reverse cameras, security locking systems, monitoring gauges and meters. In this section I cover three most commonly used accessories which are lighting systems, anti-theft, security systems and navigation systems.

3.1 Exterior lighting systems

The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted or integrated to the front, sides, rear, and in some cases the top of the motor vehicle. The purpose of this system is to provide illumination for the driver to operate the vehicle safely after dark, to increase the conspicuity of the vehicle, and to display information about the vehicle's presence, position, size, direction of travel, and driver's intentions regarding direction and speed of travel. Exterior lightings can be listed as driving lamps, fog lamps, concerning lamps, side marker lights and reflectors, signal lights, brake lights, parking lights, reverse lamps. When considering the specifications of these lights, there are regulations and standards concerning colour and the intensity of lights. Sometimes regulations slightly changes depending on countries. Here explain some of the common standards used in worldwide. UN Regulation 87 stipulates that DRLs must emit white light with an intensity of at least 400 candela on axis and no more than 1200 candela in any direction. [1] A dim-dip device operates the low beam headlamps at between 10% and 20% of normal low-beam intensity. The running lamps permitted as an alternative to dim-dip were required to emit at least 200 candela straight ahead, and no more than 800 candela in any direction. Turn signals are required to blink at a steady rate of between 60 and 120 blinks per minute. [2]

3.2 Head lamps

A headlamp system is required to produce a low and a high beam, which may be achieved either by an individual lamp for each function or by a single multifunction lamp.

3.2.1

Low beam

Low beam headlamps provide a distribution of light designed to provide adequate forward and lateral illumination with limits on light directed towards the eyes of other road users, to control glare.

3.2.2

High beam

High beam headlamps provide a bright, centre-weighted distribution of light with no particular control of light directed towards other road users' eyes.

3.3 Tungsten halogen

Tungsten-halogen technology increases the effective luminous efficacy of a tungsten filament, when operating at a higher filament temperature which results in more lumens output per watt input, a tungstenhalogen lamp has a much longer brightness lifetime than similar filaments operating without the halogen regeneration cycle. More recent single-filament bulb designs includes, H7 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1500 lm 10% @ 13.2 V) H8 (35 W @ 12.0 V, 800 lm 15% @ 13.2 V) H9 (65 W @ 12.0 V, 2100 lm 10% @ 13.2 V) H11 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1350 lm 10% @ 13.2 V).

24-volt versions of many bulb types are available for use in trucks, buses, and other commercial and military vehicles.

3.3.1

High intensity discharge (HID)

High-intensity discharge, or HID lamps, sometimes referred to as "xenon lamps" are modified metal halide lamps employing xenon fill gas. Traditional HID lamps such as those used for general lighting has a long warm-up time. Headlamps must provide light very shortly after they are turned on, and xenon gas serves to reduce start-up time. These are mostly used as head lamps.

3.3.2

LED

LEDs are being used with increasing frequency in automotive lamps. They offer very long service life, extreme vibration resistance, and can permit considerably shallower packaging compared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a significant safety performance benefit when employed in stop lights, for when power is applied they rise to full intensity approximately 250 milliseconds ( second) faster than incandescent bulbs [3]. LED lighting systems are sensitive to heat. Due to the negative influences of heat on the stability of photometric performance, LED signal lamps must remain compliant with the intensity requirements for the functions they produce after one minute and after thirty minutes of continuous operation.

3.4 External accessories (Body kits)

Some vehicles are fitted with badly designed bull bars with pointed corners and sharp edges, and some are fitted with accessories which protrude beyond the bumper bar or bull bar. Protrusions and some methods of attachment to the front of vehicles present a danger to other road users and increase the likelihood of injury or damage to a person or another vehicle making contact with the vehicle. An accessory or bull bar fitted to a vehicle must therefore be attached in a manner that does not affect the continuing compliance of the vehicle. [4]

3.5 Anti-theft system

An anti-theft system is any device or method used to prevent or deter the unauthorized appropriation of items considered valuable. There are various methods of prevention to reduce the likelihood of a vehicle getting stolen, Devices used to lock a part of the vehicle necessary in its operation, such as the wheel, steering wheel or brake pedal. A popular steering wheel lock is The Club. Immobilisers, allowing the vehicle to start only if a key containing the correct chip is present in the ignition. These work by locking the steering wheel and disabling the ignition. Chances of theft can also be reduced with various deterrents, which give the impression to the thief that he is more likely to get caught if the vehicle is stolen. These include, Car alarm systems that are triggered if a breaking and entry into the vehicle occurs Microdot identification tags which allow individual parts of a vehicle to be identified Kill-switch circuits are designed to frustrate or slow down the efforts of a determined car thief. Kill-switches are often located between crucial parts of the starting system, between the battery source and the coil, or the fuel pump. A car cannot start without first flipping these kill-switches to closed position.

3.6 Car alarms

A car alarm is an electronic device installed in a vehicle in an attempt to discourage theft of the vehicle itself, its contents, or both. Car alarms should not be confused with immobilizers; although the purpose of both may be to deter car theft, they operate in a dissimilar fashion. An immobilizer generally will not offer any audible or visual theft deterrence, nor require any additional input from the driver than from the driver of a non-immobilizer car. Car alarms can be divided into two categories, OEM (built into the vehicle at the factory) Aftermarket (installed at any time after the car has been built, such as by the new car dealer, an auto accessories store, or the vehicle's owner)
Typically Car Alarms are disarmed or armed by a remote. The remotes recently use Rolling code.

3.7 GPS navigation

A GPS navigation device is a device that receives Global Positioning System (GPS) signals to determine the device's location on earth. Capabilities [5] Includes streets maps, displayed in human readable format via text or in a graphical format Roads or paths that might be taken to get to the destination and display shortest route Turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or speech Traffic congestion maps and suggested alternative directions Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fuelling stations, and tourist attractions Privacy concerns also arise when employers use GPS tracking units to track their employees' location, for example using vehicle tracking systems

4 Conclusion
Automotive accessories have a vast range of devices and components serving passenger safety, comfort and appearance. Automobile companies use the platform strategy in product development, systematic development, modular manufacturing, and integrated supply gradually become the development trend of the auto parts industry. Most manufacturers are making incremental improvements to existing technology. However, electronic control continues to be used in more areas of the vehicle. The main step change in the near future will be the move to 42 V systems, which opens the door for other developments.

5 Bibliography
[1] UN Regulations 87, "Daytime running lamps for power-driven vehicles,". [2] UN Regulation 48, "Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles,". [3] N P Skinner, "An improved braking indicator," in SAE technical paper, 2012. [4] www.rms.nsw.gov.au/. [Online]. http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/registration/vehicle_standards.html [5] M Ellen, "Extended prediction orbit," 2009.