Source A Tasoglu, Savas and Demirci, Utkan.

Bioprinting for stem cell research In Bio-Acoustic Mems In Medicine Laboratories Cell Press. Can e found at http!""#e .mit.edu" ammla s"Bioprinting$%&'evie#.pdf

The following passage is excerpted from an online research ournal that re!iews the recent achie!ements in bioprinting and identifies future challenges.

(lthough ioprinting is a )oung field, it has e*perienced a rapid gro#th despite the initial challenges that an emerging field e*periences. +irst, iological challenges for ioprinting have een cell via ilit) and long,term functionalit) post,printing. Concerns regarding potential apoptotic effects after and during the ioprinting have een raised ) the potential future end,users of this technolog) such as iologists, #ho consider ioprinting as an ena ling technolog) for various applications. There is still an unmet need to understand underl)ing mechanisms of cellular damage during ioprinting, although there has een efforts that merge pro a ilistic standing of ho# cells get encapsulated in droplets during ioprinting. - These studies #ill ena le further steps to#ards validating the c)to, and io, compati ilit) of various ioprinting technologies. - Biomaterial development for ioprinting needs to take iological varia les such as c)toto*icit) into consideration, thus limiting the availa le chemistries and temperature ranges, and the rheological range of fluids that are compati le #ith various ioprinting technologies. Bioprinting is an emerging field #ith significant future potential, ecause this method can e integrated #ith conventional la orator) techni.ues, and create high, throughput, efficient, and scala le alternatives to e*isting methods.

Source C /eopoldo, 'on. 0D 1rinting! Determining Its 1ros and Cons In ICC".info Tech. 2ovem er 3, %&30.

The following passage is excerpted from a blog that considers both !iews on #$ printing.

One of the major advantages of 3D printing is that this could be a substitute the cheap labor practice in the manufacturing industry. So instead of tolerating the wrong labor practice, why not turn to 3D printing technology? Another good thing about this innovation is that this could be a medical breakthrough. This may sound unreal but the 3D technology is equipped with the capacity to save lives by enabling organ transplant using the same principle. Incredible! Isnt it? Not only that, 3D technology can also be used with different materials which include resin, wood, metal and plastic to come up with various stuffs ranging from ornaments to tea cups and other fine china and even weapons. Due to versatility of 3D printing technically anything (you can surmise) can be crafted which include, as mentioned earlier, guns. This would really pose immense threat among us because anyone now has the access to guns considering that the prototype can perhaps be downloaded over the internet. This can become a real scenario as the first gun out from 3D has already been successfully made. Theres also likelihood that the rate of juvenile delinquency will increase since minors can now gain access to these weapons. Aside from the looming danger this possesses, 3D printing does not also come cheap since the machine itself isnt widely fabricated and the demand for 3D printing is high due to the rife of online-printing businesses. However, theres also a good chance that counterfeit 3D printers would come out of the market which is a serious crime law.

Source D 45 olat, I rahim and 6u, 6in. Bioprinting to#ards 4rgan +a rication! Challenges and +uture Trends In Academia % online communit& of researchers. Can e found at http!""###.academia.edu"03&7&89"Bioprinting:to#ards:4rgan:+a rication:Challenge s:and:+uture:Trends

The following passage is excerpted from a research paper that identifies the challenge in bioprinting.

4';(2 shortage has ecome more pro lematic in spite of an increase in #illing donors. +rom <ul) %&&& to <ul) %&&3, for e*ample, appro*imatel) =&,&&& people in the United States a#aited an organ transplant, #ith less than a third receiving it. The solution to this pro lem, as #ith the solutions to other grand engineering challenges, re.uires long,term solutions ) uilding or manufacturing living organs from a person>s o#n cells. +or the past three decades, tissue engineering has emerged as a multidisciplinar) field involving scientists, engineers, and ph)sicians, for the purpose of creating iological su stitutes mimicking native tissue to replace damaged tissues or restore malfunctioning organs. Stem cells, which are found in several tissues in the human body, can self-renew to produce more stem cells and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types to form various organs. Although a patients stem cells can be differentiated into organ-specific cells for organ printing, there is still risk of tissue rejection by the receiver. Despite the progress in tissue engineering, several challenges must be addressed for organ printing to become a reality. The most critical challenge in organ printing is the integration of a vascular network, which is also a problem that the majority of tissue engineering technologies are facing. Without vascularization, engineered 3D thick tissue or organs cannot get enough nutrients, gas exchange, and waste removal, all of which are needed for maturation during perfusion. This results in low cell viability and malfunction of artificial organs. Systems must be developed to transport nutrients, growth factors, and oxygen to cells while extracting metabolic waste products such as lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions so the cells can grow and fuse together, forming the organ. Cells in a large 3D organ structure cannot maintain their metabolic functions without vascularization, which is traditionally provided by blood vessels. Bioprinting technology, on the other hand, currently does not allow multi-scale tissue

fabrication where bifurcated vessels are required to be manufactured with capillaries to mimic natural vascular anatomy. Although several researchers have investigated developing vascular trees using computer models, only a few attempts have been made toward fabricating bifurcated or branched channels. Successful maturation towards functional mechanically integrated bifurcated vessels is still a challenge.